Python 說明文件內容¶
- Python 有什麼新功能?
- Python 3.13 有什麼新功能
- 發布重點摘要
- 新增功能
- 其他語言更動
- 新增模組
- 改進的模組
- argparse
- array
- ast
- asyncio
- base64
- compileall
- concurrent.futures
- configparser
- copy
- ctypes
- dbm
- dis
- doctest
- fractions
- glob
- importlib
- io
- ipaddress
- itertools
- marshal
- math
- mimetypes
- mmap
- multiprocessing
- os
- os.path
- pathlib
- pdb
- queue
- random
- re
- shutil
- site
- sqlite3
- ssl
- statistics
- subprocess
- sys
- tempfile
- time
- tkinter
- traceback
- types
- typing
- unicodedata
- venv
- warnings
- xml
- zipimport
- 最佳化
- Removed Modules And APIs
- New Deprecations
- CPython Bytecode Changes
- C API 變更
- 建置變更
- 移植至 Python 3.13
- Regression Test Changes
- Python 3.13.1 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.12 有什麼新功能
- Python 3.11 有什麼新功能
- Python 3.10 有什麼新功能
- 發布重點摘要
- 新增功能
- 與型別提示相關的新功能
- 其他語言更動
- 新模組
- 改進的模組
- asyncio
- argparse
- array
- asynchat, asyncore, smtpd
- base64
- bdb
- bisect
- codecs
- collections.abc
- contextlib
- curses
- dataclasses
- distutils
- doctest
- encodings
- enum
- fileinput
- faulthandler
- gc
- glob
- hashlib
- hmac
- IDLE 和 idlelib
- importlib.metadata
- inspect
- itertools
- linecache
- os
- os.path
- pathlib
- platform
- pprint
- py_compile
- pyclbr
- shelve
- statistics
- site
- socket
- ssl
- sqlite3
- sys
- _thread
- threading
- traceback
- types
- typing
- unittest
- urllib.parse
- xml
- zipimport
- 最佳化
- 已棄用
- 已刪除
- 移植到 Python 3.10
- CPython 位元組碼變更
- 建置變更
- C API 變更
- Notable security feature in 3.10.7
- Notable security feature in 3.10.8
- Notable changes in 3.10.12
- Python 3.9 有什麼新功能
- Python 3.8 有什麼新功能
- 發布重點摘要
- 新增功能
- Assignment expressions
- Positional-only parameters
- Parallel filesystem cache for compiled bytecode files
- Debug build uses the same ABI as release build
- f-strings support
=
for self-documenting expressions and debugging - PEP 578: Python Runtime Audit Hooks
- PEP 587: Python Initialization Configuration
- PEP 590: Vectorcall: a fast calling protocol for CPython
- Pickle protocol 5 with out-of-band data buffers
- 其他語言更動
- 新增模組
- 改進的模組
- ast
- asyncio
- builtins(內建)
- collections
- cProfile
- csv
- curses
- ctypes
- datetime
- functools
- gc
- gettext
- gzip
- IDLE and idlelib
- inspect
- io
- itertools
- json.tool
- logging
- math
- mmap
- multiprocessing
- os
- os.path
- pathlib
- pickle
- plistlib
- pprint
- py_compile
- shlex
- shutil
- socket
- ssl
- statistics
- sys
- tarfile
- threading
- tokenize
- tkinter
- time
- typing
- unicodedata
- unittest
- venv
- weakref
- xml
- xmlrpc
- 最佳化
- Build and C API Changes
- 已棄用
- API and Feature Removals
- 移植至 Python 3.8
- Python 3.8.1 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.8.2 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.8.3 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.8.8 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.8.9 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.8.10 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.8.10 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.8.12 中顯著的變更
- Notable security feature in 3.8.14
- Notable changes in 3.8.17
- Python 3.7 有什麼新功能
- 發布重點摘要
- 新增功能
- PEP 563: Postponed Evaluation of Annotations
- PEP 538: Legacy C Locale Coercion
- PEP 540: Forced UTF-8 Runtime Mode
- PEP 553: Built-in
breakpoint()
- PEP 539: New C API for Thread-Local Storage
- PEP 562: Customization of Access to Module Attributes
- PEP 564: New Time Functions With Nanosecond Resolution
- PEP 565: Show DeprecationWarning in
__main__
- PEP 560: Core Support for
typing
module and Generic Types - PEP 552: Hash-based .pyc Files
- PEP 545:Python 文件翻譯
- Python Development Mode (-X dev)
- 其他語言更動
- 新模組
- 改進的模組
- argparse
- asyncio
- binascii
- calendar
- collections
- compileall
- concurrent.futures
- contextlib
- cProfile
- crypt
- datetime
- dbm
- decimal
- dis
- distutils
- enum
- functools
- gc
- hmac
- http.client
- http.server
- idlelib and IDLE
- importlib
- io
- ipaddress
- itertools
- locale
- logging
- math
- mimetypes
- msilib
- multiprocessing
- os
- pathlib
- pdb
- py_compile
- pydoc
- queue
- re
- signal
- socket
- socketserver
- sqlite3
- ssl
- string
- subprocess
- sys
- time
- tkinter
- tracemalloc
- types
- unicodedata
- unittest
- unittest.mock
- urllib.parse
- uu
- uuid
- warnings
- xml
- xml.etree
- xmlrpc.server
- zipapp
- zipfile
- C API 變更
- 建置變更
- 最佳化
- Other CPython Implementation Changes
- Deprecated Python Behavior
- Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods
- Deprecated functions and types of the C API
- Platform Support Removals
- API and Feature Removals
- Module Removals
- Windows-only Changes
- 移植至 Python 3.7
- Python 3.7.1 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.7.2 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.7.6 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.7.10 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.7.11 中顯著的變更
- Notable security feature in 3.7.14
- Python 3.6 有什麼新功能
- 發布重點摘要
- 新增功能
- PEP 498: Formatted string literals
- PEP 526: Syntax for variable annotations
- PEP 515: Underscores in Numeric Literals
- PEP 525: Asynchronous Generators
- PEP 530: Asynchronous Comprehensions
- PEP 487: Simpler customization of class creation
- PEP 487: Descriptor Protocol Enhancements
- PEP 519: Adding a file system path protocol
- PEP 495: Local Time Disambiguation
- PEP 529: Change Windows filesystem encoding to UTF-8
- PEP 528: Change Windows console encoding to UTF-8
- PEP 520: Preserving Class Attribute Definition Order
- PEP 468: Preserving Keyword Argument Order
- New dict implementation
- PEP 523: Adding a frame evaluation API to CPython
- PYTHONMALLOC environment variable
- DTrace and SystemTap probing support
- 其他語言更動
- 新模組
- 改進的模組
- array
- ast
- asyncio
- binascii
- cmath
- collections
- concurrent.futures
- contextlib
- datetime
- decimal
- distutils
- encodings
- enum
- faulthandler
- fileinput
- hashlib
- http.client
- idlelib and IDLE
- importlib
- inspect
- json
- logging
- math
- multiprocessing
- os
- pathlib
- pdb
- pickle
- pickletools
- pydoc
- random
- re
- readline
- rlcompleter
- shlex
- site
- sqlite3
- socket
- socketserver
- ssl
- statistics
- struct
- subprocess
- sys
- telnetlib
- time
- timeit
- tkinter
- traceback
- tracemalloc
- typing
- unicodedata
- unittest.mock
- urllib.request
- urllib.robotparser
- venv
- warnings
- winreg
- winsound
- xmlrpc.client
- zipfile
- zlib
- 最佳化
- Build and C API Changes
- Other Improvements
- 已棄用
- 已移除
- 移植至 Python 3.6
- Python 3.6.2 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.6.4 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.6.5 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.6.7 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.6.10 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.6.13 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.6.14 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.4 有什麼新功能
- 發布重點摘要
- 新增功能
- PEP 492 - Coroutines with async and await syntax
- PEP 465 - A dedicated infix operator for matrix multiplication
- PEP 448 - Additional Unpacking Generalizations
- PEP 461 - percent formatting support for bytes and bytearray
- PEP 484 - Type Hints
- PEP 471 - os.scandir() function -- a better and faster directory iterator
- PEP 475: Retry system calls failing with EINTR
- PEP 479: Change StopIteration handling inside generators
- PEP 485: A function for testing approximate equality
- PEP 486: Make the Python Launcher aware of virtual environments
- PEP 488: Elimination of PYO files
- PEP 489: Multi-phase extension module initialization
- 其他語言更動
- 新增模組
- 改進的模組
- argparse
- asyncio
- bz2
- cgi
- cmath
- code
- collections
- collections.abc
- compileall
- concurrent.futures
- configparser
- contextlib
- csv
- curses
- dbm
- difflib
- distutils
- doctest
- enum
- faulthandler
- functools
- glob
- gzip
- heapq
- http
- http.client
- idlelib and IDLE
- imaplib
- imghdr
- importlib
- inspect
- io
- ipaddress
- json
- linecache
- locale
- logging
- lzma
- math
- multiprocessing
- operator
- os
- pathlib
- pickle
- poplib
- re
- readline
- selectors
- shutil
- signal
- smtpd
- smtplib
- sndhdr
- socket
- ssl
- sqlite3
- subprocess
- sys
- sysconfig
- tarfile
- threading
- time
- timeit
- tkinter
- traceback
- types
- unicodedata
- unittest
- unittest.mock
- urllib
- wsgiref
- xmlrpc
- xml.sax
- zipfile
- Other module-level changes
- 最佳化
- Build and C API Changes
- 已棄用
- 已移除
- 移植至 Python 3.5
- Python 3.5.4 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.4 有什麼新功能
- 發布重點摘要
- 新增功能
- 新模組
- 改進的模組
- abc
- aifc
- argparse
- audioop
- base64
- collections
- colorsys
- contextlib
- dbm
- dis
- doctest
- filecmp
- functools
- gc
- glob
- hashlib
- hmac
- html
- http
- idlelib 與 IDLE
- importlib
- inspect
- ipaddress
- logging
- marshal
- mmap
- multiprocessing
- operator
- os
- pdb
- pickle
- plistlib
- poplib
- pprint
- pty
- pydoc
- re
- resource
- select
- shelve
- shutil
- smtpd
- smtplib
- socket
- sqlite3
- ssl
- stat
- struct
- subprocess
- sunau
- sys
- tarfile
- textwrap
- threading
- traceback
- types
- urllib
- unittest
- venv
- wave
- weakref
- xml.etree
- zipfile
- CPython 實作變更
- 已棄用
- 已移除
- 移植至 Python 3.4
- 3.4.3 中的變更
- Python 3.3 有什麼新功能
- 發布重點摘要
- PEP 405:虛擬環境
- PEP 420: Implicit Namespace Packages
- PEP 3118: New memoryview implementation and buffer protocol documentation
- PEP 393: Flexible String Representation
- PEP 397:適用於 Windows 的 Python 啟動器
- PEP 3151: Reworking the OS and IO exception hierarchy
- PEP 380: Syntax for Delegating to a Subgenerator
- PEP 409: Suppressing exception context
- PEP 414: Explicit Unicode literals
- PEP 3155: Qualified name for classes and functions
- PEP 412: Key-Sharing Dictionary
- PEP 362:函式簽名物件
- PEP 421:新增 sys.implementation
- 使用 importlib 作為 import 的實作
- 其他語言更動
- A Finer-Grained Import Lock
- 內建函式和型別
- 新模組
- 改進的模組
- abc
- array
- base64
- binascii
- bz2
- codecs
- collections
- contextlib
- crypt
- curses
- datetime
- decimal
- ftplib
- functools
- gc
- hmac
- http
- html
- imaplib
- inspect
- io
- itertools
- logging
- math
- mmap
- multiprocessing
- nntplib
- os
- pdb
- pickle
- pydoc
- re
- sched
- select
- shlex
- shutil
- signal
- smtpd
- smtplib
- socket
- socketserver
- sqlite3
- ssl
- stat
- struct
- subprocess
- sys
- tarfile
- tempfile
- textwrap
- threading
- time
- types
- unittest
- urllib
- webbrowser
- xml.etree.ElementTree
- zlib
- 最佳化
- 建置和 C API 更改
- 已棄用
- 移植到 Python 3.3
- Python 3.2 有什麼新功能
- PEP 384: Defining a Stable ABI
- PEP 389: Argparse 命令列剖析模組
- PEP 391: Dictionary Based Configuration for Logging
- PEP 3148:
concurrent.futures
模組 - PEP 3147: PYC Repository Directories
- PEP 3149: ABI Version Tagged .so Files
- PEP 3333: Python Web Server Gateway Interface v1.0.1
- 其他語言更動
- New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
- elementtree
- functools
- itertools
- collections
- threading
- datetime 和 time
- math
- abc
- io
- reprlib
- logging
- csv
- contextlib
- decimal and fractions
- ftp
- popen
- select
- gzip 和 zipfile
- tarfile
- hashlib
- ast
- os
- shutil
- sqlite3
- html
- socket
- ssl
- nntp
- certificates
- imaplib
- http.client
- unittest
- random
- poplib
- asyncore
- tempfile
- inspect
- pydoc
- dis
- dbm
- ctypes
- site
- sysconfig
- pdb
- configparser
- urllib.parse
- mailbox
- turtledemo
- Multi-threading
- 最佳化
- Unicode
- 編解碼器
- 文件
- IDLE
- Code Repository
- Build and C API Changes
- 移植至 Python 3.2
- Python 3.1 有什麼新功能
- Python 3.0 有什麼新功能
- Python 2.7 有什麼新功能
- Python 2.x 的未來
- Changes to the Handling of Deprecation Warnings
- Python 3.1 Features
- PEP 372: Adding an Ordered Dictionary to collections
- PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator
- PEP 389: The argparse Module for Parsing Command Lines
- PEP 391: Dictionary-Based Configuration For Logging
- PEP 3106: Dictionary Views
- PEP 3137: The memoryview Object
- 其他語言更動
- New and Improved Modules
- Build and C API Changes
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Porting to Python 2.7
- New Features Added to Python 2.7 Maintenance Releases
- Two new environment variables for debug mode
- PEP 434: IDLE Enhancement Exception for All Branches
- PEP 466: Network Security Enhancements for Python 2.7
- PEP 477: Backport ensurepip (PEP 453) to Python 2.7
- PEP 476: Enabling certificate verification by default for stdlib http clients
- PEP 493: HTTPS verification migration tools for Python 2.7
- New
make regen-all
build target - Removal of
make touch
build target
- 致謝
- Python 2.6 有什麼新功能
- Python 3.0
- Changes to the Development Process
- PEP 343: The 'with' statement
- PEP 366: Explicit Relative Imports From a Main Module
- PEP 370: Per-user
site-packages
Directory - PEP 371: The
multiprocessing
Package - PEP 3101: Advanced String Formatting
- PEP 3105:
print
As a Function - PEP 3110: Exception-Handling Changes
- PEP 3112: Byte Literals
- PEP 3116: New I/O Library
- PEP 3118:修訂緩衝協定
- PEP 3119: Abstract Base Classes
- PEP 3127: Integer Literal Support and Syntax
- PEP 3129: Class Decorators
- PEP 3141: A Type Hierarchy for Numbers
- 其他語言更動
- New and Improved Modules
- Deprecations and Removals
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 2.6
- 致謝
- Python 2.5 有什麼新功能
- PEP 308: Conditional Expressions
- PEP 309: Partial Function Application
- PEP 314: Metadata for Python Software Packages v1.1
- PEP 328: Absolute and Relative Imports
- PEP 338: Executing Modules as Scripts
- PEP 341: Unified try/except/finally
- PEP 342: New Generator Features
- PEP 343:'with' 陳述式
- PEP 352: Exceptions as New-Style Classes
- PEP 353: Using ssize_t as the index type
- PEP 357: The '__index__' method
- 其他語言更動
- New, Improved, and Removed Modules
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 2.5
- 致謝
- Python 2.4 有什麼新功能
- PEP 218: Built-In Set Objects
- PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers
- PEP 289: Generator Expressions
- PEP 292: Simpler String Substitutions
- PEP 318: Decorators for Functions and Methods
- PEP 322: Reverse Iteration
- PEP 324: New subprocess Module
- PEP 327: Decimal Data Type
- PEP 328: Multi-line Imports
- PEP 331: Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions
- 其他語言更動
- New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 2.4
- 致謝
- Python 2.3 有什麼新功能
- PEP 218: A Standard Set Datatype
- PEP 255: Simple Generators
- PEP 263: Source Code Encodings
- PEP 273: Importing Modules from ZIP Archives
- PEP 277: Unicode file name support for Windows NT
- PEP 278: Universal Newline Support
- PEP 279:enumerate()
- PEP 282: The logging Package
- PEP 285: A Boolean Type
- PEP 293: Codec Error Handling Callbacks
- PEP 301: Package Index and Metadata for Distutils
- PEP 302: New Import Hooks
- PEP 305: Comma-separated Files
- PEP 307: Pickle Enhancements
- Extended Slices
- 其他語言更動
- New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
- Pymalloc: A Specialized Object Allocator
- Build and C API Changes
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Porting to Python 2.3
- 致謝
- Python 2.2 有什麼新功能
- Python 2.1 有什麼新功能
- 簡介
- PEP 227: Nested Scopes
- PEP 236: __future__ Directives
- PEP 207: Rich Comparisons
- PEP 230: Warning Framework
- PEP 229: New Build System
- PEP 205: Weak References
- PEP 232: Function Attributes
- PEP 235: Importing Modules on Case-Insensitive Platforms
- PEP 217: Interactive Display Hook
- PEP 208: New Coercion Model
- PEP 241: Metadata in Python Packages
- New and Improved Modules
- Other Changes and Fixes
- 致謝
- Python 2.0 有什麼新功能
- 簡介
- What About Python 1.6?
- New Development Process
- Unicode
- 串列綜合運算(List Comprehension)
- Augmented Assignment
- String Methods
- Garbage Collection of Cycles
- Other Core Changes
- Porting to 2.0
- Extending/Embedding Changes
- Distutils: Making Modules Easy to Install
- XML 模組
- 模組變更
- 新增模組
- IDLE Improvements
- Deleted and Deprecated Modules
- 致謝
- Changelog(更動日誌)
- Python next
- Python 3.13.1 final
- Python 3.13.0 final
- Python 3.13.0 release candidate 3
- Python 3.13.0 release candidate 2
- Python 3.13.0 release candidate 1
- Python 3.13.0 beta 4
- Python 3.13.0 beta 3
- Python 3.13.0 beta 2
- Python 3.13.0 beta 1
- Python 3.13.0 alpha 6
- Python 3.13.0 alpha 5
- Python 3.13.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.13.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.13.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.13.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.12.0 beta 1
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 7
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 6
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 5
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.11.0 beta 1
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 7
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 6
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 5
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.10.0 beta 1
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 7
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 6
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 5
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.9.0 beta 1
- Python 3.9.0 alpha 6
- Python 3.9.0 alpha 5
- Python 3.9.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.9.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.9.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.9.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.8.0 beta 1
- Python 3.8.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.8.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.8.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.8.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.7.0 final
- Python 3.7.0 release candidate 1
- Python 3.7.0 beta 5
- Python 3.7.0 beta 4
- Python 3.7.0 beta 3
- Python 3.7.0 beta 2
- Python 3.7.0 beta 1
- Python 3.7.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.7.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.7.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.7.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.6.6 final
- Python 3.6.6 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.5 final
- Python 3.6.5 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.4 final
- Python 3.6.4 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.3 final
- Python 3.6.3 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.2 final
- Python 3.6.2 release candidate 2
- Python 3.6.2 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.1 final
- Python 3.6.1 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.0 final
- Python 3.6.0 release candidate 2
- Python 3.6.0 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.0 beta 4
- Python 3.6.0 beta 3
- Python 3.6.0 beta 2
- Python 3.6.0 beta 1
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.5.5 final
- Python 3.5.5 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.4 final
- Python 3.5.4 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.3 final
- Python 3.5.3 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.2 final
- Python 3.5.2 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.1 final
- Python 3.5.1 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.0 final
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 4
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 3
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 2
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.0 beta 4
- Python 3.5.0 beta 3
- Python 3.5.0 beta 2
- Python 3.5.0 beta 1
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.13 有什麼新功能
- Python 教學
- 1. 淺嘗滋味
- 2. 使用 Python 直譯器
- 3. 一個非正式的 Python 簡介
- 4. 深入了解流程控制
- 4.1.
if
陳述式 - 4.2.
for
陳述式 - 4.3.
range()
函式 - 4.4.
break
和continue
陳述式 - 4.5. 迴圈的
else
子句 - 4.6.
pass
陳述式 - 4.7.
match
陳述式 - 4.8. 定義函式 (function)
- 4.9. 深入了解函式定義
- 4.10. 間奏曲:程式碼風格 (Coding Style)
- 4.1.
- 5. 資料結構
- 6. 模組 (Module)
- 7. 輸入和輸出
- 8. 錯誤和例外
- 9. Class(類別)
- 10. Python 標準函式庫概覽
- 11. Python 標準函式庫概覽——第二部份
- 12. 虛擬環境與套件
- 13. 現在可以來學習些什麼?
- 14. 互動式輸入編輯和歷史記錄替換
- 15. 浮點數運算:問題與限制
- 16. 附錄
- Python 的設置與使用
- 1. 命令列與環境
- 2. 在 Unix 平臺上使用 Python
- 3. 配置 Python
- 3.1. 建置需求
- 3.2. 產生的檔案
- 3.3. 設定選項
- 3.3.1. 一般選項
- 3.3.2. C compiler options
- 3.3.3. Linker options
- 3.3.4. Options for third-party dependencies
- 3.3.5. WebAssembly 選項
- 3.3.6. 安裝選項
- 3.3.7. Performance options
- 3.3.8. Python Debug Build
- 3.3.9. Debug options
- 3.3.10. Linker options
- 3.3.11. 函式庫選項
- 3.3.12. Security Options
- 3.3.13. macOS 選項
- 3.3.14. iOS Options
- 3.3.15. Cross Compiling Options
- 3.4. Python Build System
- 3.5. Compiler and linker flags
- 4. 在 Windows 上使用 Python
- 4.1. The full installer
- 4.2. The Microsoft Store package
- 4.3. nuget.org 套件
- 4.4. The embeddable package
- 4.5. Alternative bundles
- 4.6. 設定 Python
- 4.7. UTF-8 模式
- 4.8. Python Launcher for Windows
- 4.9. 找尋模組
- 4.10. 額外的模組
- 4.11. 編譯 Python 在 Windows
- 4.12. 其他平台
- 5. 於 macOS 使用 Python
- 6. 在 Android 上使用 Python
- 7. 在 iOS 上使用 Python
- 8. 編輯器與 IDE
- Python 語言參考手冊
- 1. 簡介
- 2. 詞法分析
- 3. 資料模型
- 3.1. 物件、數值和型別
- 3.2. 標準型別階層
- 3.2.1. None
- 3.2.2. NotImplemented
- 3.2.3. Ellipsis
- 3.2.4.
numbers.Number
- 3.2.5. Sequences
- 3.2.6. Set(集合)型別
- 3.2.7. 對映
- 3.2.8. 可呼叫型別
- 3.2.9. 模組
- 3.2.10. Custom classes
- 3.2.11. 類別實例
- 3.2.12. I/O objects (also known as file objects)
- 3.2.13. Internal types
- 3.3. Special method names
- 3.3.1. Basic customization
- 3.3.2. Customizing attribute access
- 3.3.3. Customizing class creation
- 3.3.4. Customizing instance and subclass checks
- 3.3.5. Emulating generic types
- 3.3.6. Emulating callable objects
- 3.3.7. Emulating container types
- 3.3.8. Emulating numeric types
__add__()
__sub__()
__mul__()
__matmul__()
__truediv__()
__floordiv__()
__mod__()
__divmod__()
__pow__()
__lshift__()
__rshift__()
__and__()
__xor__()
__or__()
__radd__()
__rsub__()
__rmul__()
__rmatmul__()
__rtruediv__()
__rfloordiv__()
__rmod__()
__rdivmod__()
__rpow__()
__rlshift__()
__rrshift__()
__rand__()
__rxor__()
__ror__()
__iadd__()
__isub__()
__imul__()
__imatmul__()
__itruediv__()
__ifloordiv__()
__imod__()
__ipow__()
__ilshift__()
__irshift__()
__iand__()
__ixor__()
__ior__()
__neg__()
__pos__()
__abs__()
__invert__()
__complex__()
__int__()
__float__()
__index__()
__round__()
__trunc__()
__floor__()
__ceil__()
- 3.3.9. With 陳述式的情境管理器
- 3.3.10. Customizing positional arguments in class pattern matching
- 3.3.11. Emulating buffer types
- 3.3.12. Special method lookup
- 3.4. 協程
- 4. 執行模型
- 5. 模組引入系統
- 6. 運算式
- 6.1. Arithmetic conversions
- 6.2. Atoms
- 6.3. Primaries
- 6.4. Await expression
- 6.5. The power operator
- 6.6. Unary arithmetic and bitwise operations
- 6.7. Binary arithmetic operations
- 6.8. Shifting operations
- 6.9. Binary bitwise operations
- 6.10. Comparisons
- 6.11. Boolean operations
- 6.12. Assignment expressions
- 6.13. Conditional expressions
- 6.14. Lambdas
- 6.15. Expression lists
- 6.16. Evaluation order
- 6.17. Operator precedence
- 7. 簡單陳述式
- 8. 複合陳述式
- 9. 最高層級元件
- 10. 完整的語法規格書
- Python 標準函式庫 (Standard Library)
- 簡介
- 內建函式
abs()
aiter()
all()
anext()
any()
ascii()
bin()
bool
breakpoint()
callable()
chr()
classmethod()
compile()
complex
delattr()
dir()
divmod()
enumerate()
eval()
exec()
filter()
float
format()
getattr()
globals()
hasattr()
hash()
help()
hex()
id()
input()
int
isinstance()
issubclass()
iter()
len()
locals()
map()
max()
min()
next()
object
oct()
open()
ord()
pow()
print()
property
repr()
reversed()
round()
setattr()
slice
sorted()
staticmethod()
sum()
super
type
vars()
zip()
__import__()
- 內建常數
- 內建型別
- 真值檢測
- Boolean(布林)運算 ---
and
,or
,not
- 比較運算
- 數值型別 ---
int
、float
、complex
- Boolean 型別 -
bool
- 疊代器型別
- Sequence Types ---
list
,tuple
,range
- Text Sequence Type ---
str
str
- String Methods
capitalize()
casefold()
center()
count()
encode()
endswith()
expandtabs()
find()
format()
format_map()
index()
isalnum()
isalpha()
isascii()
isdecimal()
isdigit()
isidentifier()
islower()
isnumeric()
isprintable()
isspace()
istitle()
isupper()
join()
ljust()
lower()
lstrip()
maketrans()
partition()
removeprefix()
removesuffix()
replace()
rfind()
rindex()
rjust()
rpartition()
rsplit()
rstrip()
split()
splitlines()
startswith()
strip()
swapcase()
title()
translate()
upper()
zfill()
printf
-style String Formatting
- Binary Sequence Types ---
bytes
,bytearray
,memoryview
- Bytes Objects
- Bytearray Objects
- Bytes and Bytearray Operations
count()
count()
removeprefix()
removeprefix()
removesuffix()
removesuffix()
decode()
decode()
endswith()
endswith()
find()
find()
index()
index()
join()
join()
maketrans()
maketrans()
partition()
partition()
replace()
replace()
rfind()
rfind()
rindex()
rindex()
rpartition()
rpartition()
startswith()
startswith()
translate()
translate()
center()
center()
ljust()
ljust()
lstrip()
lstrip()
rjust()
rjust()
rsplit()
rsplit()
rstrip()
rstrip()
split()
split()
strip()
strip()
capitalize()
capitalize()
expandtabs()
expandtabs()
isalnum()
isalnum()
isalpha()
isalpha()
isascii()
isascii()
isdigit()
isdigit()
islower()
islower()
isspace()
isspace()
istitle()
istitle()
isupper()
isupper()
lower()
lower()
splitlines()
splitlines()
swapcase()
swapcase()
title()
title()
upper()
upper()
zfill()
zfill()
printf
-style Bytes Formatting- Memory Views
- Set Types ---
set
,frozenset
- Mapping Types ---
dict
- 情境管理器型別
- 型別註釋的型別 --- 泛型別名 (Generic Alias)、聯合 (Union)
- Other Built-in Types
- 特殊屬性
- Integer string conversion length limitation
- 內建的例外
- 例外的情境
- 繼承自內建的例外
- 基底類別 (base classes)
- 實體例外
AssertionError
AttributeError
EOFError
FloatingPointError
GeneratorExit
ImportError
ModuleNotFoundError
IndexError
KeyError
KeyboardInterrupt
MemoryError
NameError
NotImplementedError
OSError
OverflowError
PythonFinalizationError
RecursionError
ReferenceError
RuntimeError
StopIteration
StopAsyncIteration
SyntaxError
IndentationError
TabError
SystemError
SystemExit
TypeError
UnboundLocalError
UnicodeError
UnicodeEncodeError
UnicodeDecodeError
UnicodeTranslateError
ValueError
ZeroDivisionError
EnvironmentError
IOError
WindowsError
- 作業系統例外
- 警告
- 例外群組
- 例外階層
- 文本處理 (Text Processing) 服務
string
--- 常見的字串操作re
--- 正規表示式 (regular expression) 操作difflib
--- 計算差異的輔助工具textwrap
--- 文字包裝與填充unicodedata
--- Unicode 資料庫stringprep
--- 網際網路字串準備readline
--- GNU readline 介面rlcompleter
--- GNU readline 的補全函式
- 二進位資料服務
struct
--- 將位元組直譯為打包起來的二進位資料codecs
--- 編解碼器註冊表和基底類別encode()
decode()
lookup()
CodecInfo
getencoder()
getdecoder()
getincrementalencoder()
getincrementaldecoder()
getreader()
getwriter()
register()
unregister()
open()
EncodedFile()
iterencode()
iterdecode()
BOM
BOM_BE
BOM_LE
BOM_UTF8
BOM_UTF16
BOM_UTF16_BE
BOM_UTF16_LE
BOM_UTF32
BOM_UTF32_BE
BOM_UTF32_LE
- Codec Base Classes
- Encodings and Unicode
- Standard Encodings
- Python Specific Encodings
encodings.idna
--- Internationalized Domain Names in Applicationsencodings.mbcs
--- Windows ANSI codepageencodings.utf_8_sig
--- UTF-8 codec with BOM signature
- 資料型別
datetime
--- 日期與時間的基本型別- Aware and Naive Objects
- 常數
- Available Types
timedelta
物件date
物件datetime
物件datetime
today()
now()
utcnow()
fromtimestamp()
utcfromtimestamp()
fromordinal()
combine()
fromisoformat()
fromisocalendar()
strptime()
min
max
resolution
year
month
day
hour
minute
second
microsecond
tzinfo
fold
date()
time()
timetz()
replace()
astimezone()
utcoffset()
dst()
tzname()
timetuple()
utctimetuple()
toordinal()
timestamp()
weekday()
isoweekday()
isocalendar()
isoformat()
__str__()
ctime()
strftime()
__format__()
- 用法範例:
datetime
time
物件tzinfo
物件timezone
物件strftime()
與strptime()
的行為
zoneinfo
--- IANA 時區支援calendar
--- 日曆相關函式Calendar
TextCalendar
HTMLCalendar
LocaleTextCalendar
LocaleHTMLCalendar
setfirstweekday()
firstweekday()
isleap()
leapdays()
weekday()
weekheader()
monthrange()
monthcalendar()
prmonth()
month()
prcal()
calendar()
timegm()
day_name
day_abbr
MONDAY
TUESDAY
WEDNESDAY
THURSDAY
FRIDAY
SATURDAY
SUNDAY
Day
month_name
month_abbr
JANUARY
FEBRUARY
MARCH
APRIL
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUGUST
SEPTEMBER
OCTOBER
NOVEMBER
DECEMBER
Month
IllegalMonthError
IllegalWeekdayError
- 命令列用法
collections
--- 容器資料型態collections.abc
--- 容器的抽象基底類別heapq
--- 堆積佇列 (heap queue) 演算法bisect
--- 陣列二分演算法 (Array bisection algorithm)array
--- 高效率的數值型陣列weakref
--- 弱參照types
--- 動態型別建立與內建型別名稱- Dynamic Type Creation
- Standard Interpreter Types
NoneType
FunctionType
LambdaType
GeneratorType
CoroutineType
AsyncGeneratorType
CodeType
CellType
MethodType
BuiltinFunctionType
BuiltinMethodType
WrapperDescriptorType
MethodWrapperType
NotImplementedType
MethodDescriptorType
ClassMethodDescriptorType
ModuleType
EllipsisType
GenericAlias
UnionType
TracebackType
FrameType
GetSetDescriptorType
MemberDescriptorType
MappingProxyType
CapsuleType
- Additional Utility Classes and Functions
- Coroutine Utility Functions
copy
--- 淺層 (shallow) 和深層 (deep) 複製操作pprint
--- 資料美化列印器reprlib
---repr()
的替代實作enum
--- 對列舉的支援graphlib
—-- 使用類圖 (graph-like) 結構進行操作的功能
- 數值與數學模組
numbers
--- 數值的抽象基底類別math
--- 數學函式cmath
--- 複數的數學函式decimal
--- 十進位固定點和浮點運算- Quick-start Tutorial
- Decimal objects
Decimal
adjusted()
as_integer_ratio()
as_tuple()
canonical()
compare()
compare_signal()
compare_total()
compare_total_mag()
conjugate()
copy_abs()
copy_negate()
copy_sign()
exp()
from_float()
fma()
is_canonical()
is_finite()
is_infinite()
is_nan()
is_normal()
is_qnan()
is_signed()
is_snan()
is_subnormal()
is_zero()
ln()
log10()
logb()
logical_and()
logical_invert()
logical_or()
logical_xor()
max()
max_mag()
min()
min_mag()
next_minus()
next_plus()
next_toward()
normalize()
number_class()
quantize()
radix()
remainder_near()
rotate()
same_quantum()
scaleb()
shift()
sqrt()
to_eng_string()
to_integral()
to_integral_exact()
to_integral_value()
- Logical operands
- Context objects
getcontext()
setcontext()
localcontext()
BasicContext
ExtendedContext
DefaultContext
Context
clear_flags()
clear_traps()
copy()
copy_decimal()
create_decimal()
create_decimal_from_float()
Etiny()
Etop()
abs()
add()
canonical()
compare()
compare_signal()
compare_total()
compare_total_mag()
copy_abs()
copy_negate()
copy_sign()
divide()
divide_int()
divmod()
exp()
fma()
is_canonical()
is_finite()
is_infinite()
is_nan()
is_normal()
is_qnan()
is_signed()
is_snan()
is_subnormal()
is_zero()
ln()
log10()
logb()
logical_and()
logical_invert()
logical_or()
logical_xor()
max()
max_mag()
min()
min_mag()
minus()
multiply()
next_minus()
next_plus()
next_toward()
normalize()
number_class()
plus()
power()
quantize()
radix()
remainder()
remainder_near()
rotate()
same_quantum()
scaleb()
shift()
sqrt()
subtract()
to_eng_string()
to_integral_exact()
to_sci_string()
- 常數
- Rounding modes
- Signals
- Floating-Point Notes
- Working with threads
- Recipes
- Decimal FAQ
fractions
--- 有理數random
--- 生成偽隨機數statistics
--- 數學統計函式
- 函式編程模組
itertools
--- 建立產生高效率迴圈之疊代器的函式functools
--- 可呼叫物件上的高階函式與操作operator
--- 標準運算子替代函式lt()
le()
eq()
ne()
ge()
gt()
__lt__()
__le__()
__eq__()
__ne__()
__ge__()
__gt__()
not_()
__not__()
truth()
is_()
is_not()
abs()
__abs__()
add()
__add__()
and_()
__and__()
floordiv()
__floordiv__()
index()
__index__()
inv()
invert()
__inv__()
__invert__()
lshift()
__lshift__()
mod()
__mod__()
mul()
__mul__()
matmul()
__matmul__()
neg()
__neg__()
or_()
__or__()
pos()
__pos__()
pow()
__pow__()
rshift()
__rshift__()
sub()
__sub__()
truediv()
__truediv__()
xor()
__xor__()
concat()
__concat__()
contains()
__contains__()
countOf()
delitem()
__delitem__()
getitem()
__getitem__()
indexOf()
setitem()
__setitem__()
length_hint()
call()
__call__()
attrgetter()
itemgetter()
methodcaller()
- 運算子與函式間的對映
- 原地 (in-place) 運算子
- 檔案與目錄存取
pathlib
--- 物件導向檔案系統路徑os.path
--- 常見的路徑名操作abspath()
basename()
commonpath()
commonprefix()
dirname()
exists()
lexists()
expanduser()
expandvars()
getatime()
getmtime()
getctime()
getsize()
isabs()
isfile()
isdir()
isjunction()
islink()
ismount()
isdevdrive()
isreserved()
join()
normcase()
normpath()
realpath()
relpath()
samefile()
sameopenfile()
samestat()
split()
splitdrive()
splitroot()
splitext()
supports_unicode_filenames
fileinput
--- 逐列疊代多個輸入串流stat
--- 直譯stat()
的結果S_ISDIR()
S_ISCHR()
S_ISBLK()
S_ISREG()
S_ISFIFO()
S_ISLNK()
S_ISSOCK()
S_ISDOOR()
S_ISPORT()
S_ISWHT()
S_IMODE()
S_IFMT()
filemode()
ST_MODE
ST_INO
ST_DEV
ST_NLINK
ST_UID
ST_GID
ST_SIZE
ST_ATIME
ST_MTIME
ST_CTIME
S_IFSOCK
S_IFLNK
S_IFREG
S_IFBLK
S_IFDIR
S_IFCHR
S_IFIFO
S_IFDOOR
S_IFPORT
S_IFWHT
S_ISUID
S_ISGID
S_ISVTX
S_IRWXU
S_IRUSR
S_IWUSR
S_IXUSR
S_IRWXG
S_IRGRP
S_IWGRP
S_IXGRP
S_IRWXO
S_IROTH
S_IWOTH
S_IXOTH
S_ENFMT
S_IREAD
S_IWRITE
S_IEXEC
UF_SETTABLE
UF_NODUMP
UF_IMMUTABLE
UF_APPEND
UF_OPAQUE
UF_NOUNLINK
UF_COMPRESSED
UF_TRACKED
UF_DATAVAULT
UF_HIDDEN
SF_SETTABLE
SF_SUPPORTED
SF_SYNTHETIC
SF_ARCHIVED
SF_IMMUTABLE
SF_APPEND
SF_RESTRICTED
SF_NOUNLINK
SF_SNAPSHOT
SF_FIRMLINK
SF_DATALESS
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_ARCHIVE
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_COMPRESSED
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DEVICE
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_ENCRYPTED
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_HIDDEN
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_INTEGRITY_STREAM
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NOT_CONTENT_INDEXED
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SCRUB_DATA
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_OFFLINE
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_SPARSE_FILE
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_SYSTEM
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_TEMPORARY
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_VIRTUAL
IO_REPARSE_TAG_SYMLINK
IO_REPARSE_TAG_MOUNT_POINT
IO_REPARSE_TAG_APPEXECLINK
filecmp
--- 檔案與目錄比較tempfile
--- 生成臨時檔案和目錄glob
--- Unix 風格的路徑名稱模式擴展fnmatch
--- Unix 檔案名稱模式比對linecache
--- 隨機存取文字列shutil
— 高階檔案操作
- 資料持久性 (Data Persistence)
pickle
--- Python 物件序列化copyreg
--- 註冊pickle
支援函式shelve
--- Python object persistencemarshal
--- 内部 Python 物件序列化dbm
--- Unix "databases" 的介面sqlite3
--- SQLite 資料庫的 DB-API 2.0 介面- 教學
- Reference
- Module functions
- Module constants
LEGACY_TRANSACTION_CONTROL
PARSE_COLNAMES
PARSE_DECLTYPES
SQLITE_OK
SQLITE_DENY
SQLITE_IGNORE
apilevel
paramstyle
sqlite_version
sqlite_version_info
threadsafety
version
version_info
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_DEFENSIVE
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_DQS_DDL
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_DQS_DML
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_FKEY
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_FTS3_TOKENIZER
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_LOAD_EXTENSION
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_QPSG
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_TRIGGER
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_VIEW
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LEGACY_ALTER_TABLE
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LEGACY_FILE_FORMAT
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_NO_CKPT_ON_CLOSE
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_RESET_DATABASE
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_TRIGGER_EQP
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_TRUSTED_SCHEMA
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_WRITABLE_SCHEMA
- Connection 物件
Connection
cursor()
blobopen()
commit()
rollback()
close()
execute()
executemany()
executescript()
create_function()
create_aggregate()
create_window_function()
create_collation()
interrupt()
set_authorizer()
set_progress_handler()
set_trace_callback()
enable_load_extension()
load_extension()
iterdump()
backup()
getlimit()
setlimit()
getconfig()
setconfig()
serialize()
deserialize()
autocommit
in_transaction
isolation_level
row_factory
text_factory
total_changes
- Cursor 物件
- Row 物件
- Blob 物件
- PrepareProtocol 物件
- 例外
- SQLite and Python types
- Default adapters and converters (deprecated)
- 命令列介面
- How-to guides
- How to use placeholders to bind values in SQL queries
- How to adapt custom Python types to SQLite values
- How to convert SQLite values to custom Python types
- Adapter and converter recipes
- How to use connection shortcut methods
- How to use the connection context manager
- How to work with SQLite URIs
- How to create and use row factories
- How to handle non-UTF-8 text encodings
- 解釋
- 資料壓縮與保存
zlib
--- 相容於 gzip 的壓縮gzip
--- gzip 檔案的支援bz2
--- bzip2 壓縮的支援lzma
--- 使用 LZMA 演算法進行壓縮zipfile
--- 處理 ZIP 封存檔案tarfile
--- 讀取與寫入 tar 封存檔案open()
is_tarfile()
TarError
ReadError
CompressionError
StreamError
ExtractError
HeaderError
FilterError
AbsolutePathError
OutsideDestinationError
SpecialFileError
AbsoluteLinkError
LinkOutsideDestinationError
ENCODING
REGTYPE
AREGTYPE
LNKTYPE
SYMTYPE
CHRTYPE
BLKTYPE
DIRTYPE
FIFOTYPE
CONTTYPE
GNUTYPE_LONGNAME
GNUTYPE_LONGLINK
GNUTYPE_SPARSE
USTAR_FORMAT
GNU_FORMAT
PAX_FORMAT
DEFAULT_FORMAT
- TarFile 物件
- TarInfo 物件
- Extraction filters
- Command-Line Interface
- 範例
- Supported tar formats
- Unicode issues
- 檔案格式
csv
--- CSV 檔案讀取及寫入configparser
--- 設定檔剖析器tomllib
--- 剖析 TOML 檔案netrc
--- netrc 檔案處理plistlib
--- 產生和剖析 Apple.plist
檔案
- 加密服務
- 通用作業系統服務
os
--- 各種作業系統介面error
name
- File Names, Command Line Arguments, and Environment Variables
- Python UTF-8 模式
- 行程參數
ctermid()
environ
environb
fsencode()
fsdecode()
fspath()
PathLike
getenv()
getenvb()
get_exec_path()
getegid()
geteuid()
getgid()
getgrouplist()
getgroups()
getlogin()
getpgid()
getpgrp()
getpid()
getppid()
getpriority()
PRIO_PROCESS
PRIO_PGRP
PRIO_USER
PRIO_DARWIN_THREAD
PRIO_DARWIN_PROCESS
PRIO_DARWIN_BG
PRIO_DARWIN_NONUI
getresuid()
getresgid()
getuid()
initgroups()
putenv()
setegid()
seteuid()
setgid()
setgroups()
setns()
setpgrp()
setpgid()
setpriority()
setregid()
setresgid()
setresuid()
setreuid()
getsid()
setsid()
setuid()
strerror()
supports_bytes_environ
umask()
uname()
unsetenv()
unshare()
CLONE_FILES
CLONE_FS
CLONE_NEWCGROUP
CLONE_NEWIPC
CLONE_NEWNET
CLONE_NEWNS
CLONE_NEWPID
CLONE_NEWTIME
CLONE_NEWUSER
CLONE_NEWUTS
CLONE_SIGHAND
CLONE_SYSVSEM
CLONE_THREAD
CLONE_VM
- File Object Creation
- File Descriptor Operations
close()
closerange()
copy_file_range()
device_encoding()
dup()
dup2()
fchmod()
fchown()
fdatasync()
fpathconf()
fstat()
fstatvfs()
fsync()
ftruncate()
get_blocking()
grantpt()
isatty()
lockf()
F_LOCK
F_TLOCK
F_ULOCK
F_TEST
login_tty()
lseek()
SEEK_SET
SEEK_CUR
SEEK_END
SEEK_HOLE
SEEK_DATA
open()
O_RDONLY
O_WRONLY
O_RDWR
O_APPEND
O_CREAT
O_EXCL
O_TRUNC
O_DSYNC
O_RSYNC
O_SYNC
O_NDELAY
O_NONBLOCK
O_NOCTTY
O_CLOEXEC
O_BINARY
O_NOINHERIT
O_SHORT_LIVED
O_TEMPORARY
O_RANDOM
O_SEQUENTIAL
O_TEXT
O_EVTONLY
O_FSYNC
O_SYMLINK
O_NOFOLLOW_ANY
O_ASYNC
O_DIRECT
O_DIRECTORY
O_NOFOLLOW
O_NOATIME
O_PATH
O_TMPFILE
O_SHLOCK
O_EXLOCK
openpty()
pipe()
pipe2()
posix_fallocate()
posix_fadvise()
POSIX_FADV_NORMAL
POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL
POSIX_FADV_RANDOM
POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE
POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED
POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED
pread()
posix_openpt()
preadv()
RWF_NOWAIT
RWF_HIPRI
ptsname()
pwrite()
pwritev()
RWF_DSYNC
RWF_SYNC
RWF_APPEND
read()
sendfile()
SF_NODISKIO
SF_MNOWAIT
SF_SYNC
SF_NOCACHE
set_blocking()
splice()
SPLICE_F_MOVE
SPLICE_F_NONBLOCK
SPLICE_F_MORE
readv()
tcgetpgrp()
tcsetpgrp()
ttyname()
unlockpt()
write()
writev()
- Querying the size of a terminal
- Inheritance of File Descriptors
- Files and Directories
access()
F_OK
R_OK
W_OK
X_OK
chdir()
chflags()
chmod()
chown()
chroot()
fchdir()
getcwd()
getcwdb()
lchflags()
lchmod()
lchown()
link()
listdir()
listdrives()
listmounts()
listvolumes()
lstat()
mkdir()
makedirs()
mkfifo()
mknod()
major()
minor()
makedev()
pathconf()
pathconf_names
readlink()
remove()
removedirs()
rename()
renames()
replace()
rmdir()
scandir()
DirEntry
stat()
stat_result
statvfs()
supports_dir_fd
supports_effective_ids
supports_fd
supports_follow_symlinks
symlink()
sync()
truncate()
unlink()
utime()
walk()
fwalk()
memfd_create()
MFD_CLOEXEC
MFD_ALLOW_SEALING
MFD_HUGETLB
MFD_HUGE_SHIFT
MFD_HUGE_MASK
MFD_HUGE_64KB
MFD_HUGE_512KB
MFD_HUGE_1MB
MFD_HUGE_2MB
MFD_HUGE_8MB
MFD_HUGE_16MB
MFD_HUGE_32MB
MFD_HUGE_256MB
MFD_HUGE_512MB
MFD_HUGE_1GB
MFD_HUGE_2GB
MFD_HUGE_16GB
eventfd()
eventfd_read()
eventfd_write()
EFD_CLOEXEC
EFD_NONBLOCK
EFD_SEMAPHORE
- Timer File Descriptors
- Linux extended attributes
- 行程管理
abort()
add_dll_directory()
execl()
execle()
execlp()
execlpe()
execv()
execve()
execvp()
execvpe()
_exit()
EX_OK
EX_USAGE
EX_DATAERR
EX_NOINPUT
EX_NOUSER
EX_NOHOST
EX_UNAVAILABLE
EX_SOFTWARE
EX_OSERR
EX_OSFILE
EX_CANTCREAT
EX_IOERR
EX_TEMPFAIL
EX_PROTOCOL
EX_NOPERM
EX_CONFIG
EX_NOTFOUND
fork()
forkpty()
kill()
killpg()
nice()
pidfd_open()
plock()
popen()
posix_spawn()
posix_spawnp()
register_at_fork()
spawnl()
spawnle()
spawnlp()
spawnlpe()
spawnv()
spawnve()
spawnvp()
spawnvpe()
P_NOWAIT
P_NOWAITO
P_WAIT
P_DETACH
P_OVERLAY
startfile()
system()
times()
wait()
waitid()
waitpid()
wait3()
wait4()
P_PID
P_PGID
P_ALL
P_PIDFD
WCONTINUED
WEXITED
WSTOPPED
WUNTRACED
WNOHANG
WNOWAIT
CLD_EXITED
CLD_KILLED
CLD_DUMPED
CLD_TRAPPED
CLD_STOPPED
CLD_CONTINUED
waitstatus_to_exitcode()
WCOREDUMP()
WIFCONTINUED()
WIFSTOPPED()
WIFSIGNALED()
WIFEXITED()
WEXITSTATUS()
WSTOPSIG()
WTERMSIG()
- Interface to the scheduler
SCHED_OTHER
SCHED_BATCH
SCHED_IDLE
SCHED_SPORADIC
SCHED_FIFO
SCHED_RR
SCHED_RESET_ON_FORK
sched_param
sched_get_priority_min()
sched_get_priority_max()
sched_setscheduler()
sched_getscheduler()
sched_setparam()
sched_getparam()
sched_rr_get_interval()
sched_yield()
sched_setaffinity()
sched_getaffinity()
- Miscellaneous System Information