Python 說明文件內容¶
- Python 有什麼新功能？
- Python 3.13 有什麼新功能
- 發布重點摘要
- 新增功能
- 其他語言更動
- 新增模組
- 改進的模組
- argparse
- array
- ast
- asyncio
- base64
- compileall
- concurrent.futures
- configparser
- copy
- ctypes
- dbm
- dis
- doctest
- fractions
- glob
- importlib
- io
- ipaddress
- itertools
- marshal
- math
- mimetypes
- mmap
- multiprocessing
- os
- os.path
- pathlib
- pdb
- queue
- random
- re
- shutil
- site
- sqlite3
- ssl
- statistics
- subprocess
- sys
- tempfile
- time
- tkinter
- traceback
- types
- typing
- unicodedata
- venv
- warnings
- xml
- zipimport
- 最佳化
- Removed Modules And APIs
- New Deprecations
- CPython Bytecode Changes
- C API 變更
- 建置變更
- 移植至 Python 3.13
- Regression Test Changes
- Python 3.13.1 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.12 有什麼新功能
- Python 3.11 有什麼新功能
- Python 3.10 有什麼新功能
- 發布重點摘要
- 新增功能
- 與型別提示相關的新功能
- 其他語言更動
- 新模組
- 改進的模組
- asyncio
- argparse
- array
- asynchat, asyncore, smtpd
- base64
- bdb
- bisect
- codecs
- collections.abc
- contextlib
- curses
- dataclasses
- distutils
- doctest
- encodings
- enum
- fileinput
- faulthandler
- gc
- glob
- hashlib
- hmac
- IDLE 和 idlelib
- importlib.metadata
- inspect
- itertools
- linecache
- os
- os.path
- pathlib
- platform
- pprint
- py_compile
- pyclbr
- shelve
- statistics
- site
- socket
- ssl
- sqlite3
- sys
- _thread
- threading
- traceback
- types
- typing
- unittest
- urllib.parse
- xml
- zipimport
- 最佳化
- 已棄用
- 已刪除
- 移植到 Python 3.10
- CPython 位元組碼變更
- 建置變更
- C API 變更
- Notable security feature in 3.10.7
- Notable security feature in 3.10.8
- Notable changes in 3.10.12
- Python 3.9 有什麼新功能
- Python 3.8 有什麼新功能
- 發布重點摘要
- 新增功能
- Assignment expressions
- Positional-only parameters
- Parallel filesystem cache for compiled bytecode files
- Debug build uses the same ABI as release build
- f-strings support
=for self-documenting expressions and debugging - PEP 578: Python Runtime Audit Hooks
- PEP 587: Python Initialization Configuration
- PEP 590: Vectorcall: a fast calling protocol for CPython
- Pickle protocol 5 with out-of-band data buffers
- 其他語言更動
- 新增模組
- 改進的模組
- ast
- asyncio
- builtins（內建）
- collections
- cProfile
- csv
- curses
- ctypes
- datetime
- functools
- gc
- gettext
- gzip
- IDLE and idlelib
- inspect
- io
- itertools
- json.tool
- logging
- math
- mmap
- multiprocessing
- os
- os.path
- pathlib
- pickle
- plistlib
- pprint
- py_compile
- shlex
- shutil
- socket
- ssl
- statistics
- sys
- tarfile
- threading
- tokenize
- tkinter
- time
- typing
- unicodedata
- unittest
- venv
- weakref
- xml
- xmlrpc
- 最佳化
- Build and C API Changes
- 已棄用
- API and Feature Removals
- 移植至 Python 3.8
- Python 3.8.1 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.8.2 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.8.3 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.8.8 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.8.9 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.8.10 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.8.10 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.8.12 中顯著的變更
- Notable security feature in 3.8.14
- Notable changes in 3.8.17
- Python 3.7 有什麼新功能
- 發布重點摘要
- 新增功能
- PEP 563: Postponed Evaluation of Annotations
- PEP 538: Legacy C Locale Coercion
- PEP 540: Forced UTF-8 Runtime Mode
- PEP 553: Built-in
breakpoint() - PEP 539: New C API for Thread-Local Storage
- PEP 562: Customization of Access to Module Attributes
- PEP 564: New Time Functions With Nanosecond Resolution
- PEP 565: Show DeprecationWarning in
__main__ - PEP 560: Core Support for
typingmodule and Generic Types - PEP 552: Hash-based .pyc Files
- PEP 545：Python 文件翻譯
- Python Development Mode (-X dev)
- 其他語言更動
- 新模組
- 改進的模組
- argparse
- asyncio
- binascii
- calendar
- collections
- compileall
- concurrent.futures
- contextlib
- cProfile
- crypt
- datetime
- dbm
- decimal
- dis
- distutils
- enum
- functools
- gc
- hmac
- http.client
- http.server
- idlelib and IDLE
- importlib
- io
- ipaddress
- itertools
- locale
- logging
- math
- mimetypes
- msilib
- multiprocessing
- os
- pathlib
- pdb
- py_compile
- pydoc
- queue
- re
- signal
- socket
- socketserver
- sqlite3
- ssl
- string
- subprocess
- sys
- time
- tkinter
- tracemalloc
- types
- unicodedata
- unittest
- unittest.mock
- urllib.parse
- uu
- uuid
- warnings
- xml
- xml.etree
- xmlrpc.server
- zipapp
- zipfile
- C API 變更
- 建置變更
- 最佳化
- Other CPython Implementation Changes
- Deprecated Python Behavior
- Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods
- Deprecated functions and types of the C API
- Platform Support Removals
- API and Feature Removals
- Module Removals
- Windows-only Changes
- 移植至 Python 3.7
- Python 3.7.1 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.7.2 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.7.6 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.7.10 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.7.11 中顯著的變更
- Notable security feature in 3.7.14
- Python 3.6 有什麼新功能
- 發布重點摘要
- 新增功能
- PEP 498: Formatted string literals
- PEP 526: Syntax for variable annotations
- PEP 515: Underscores in Numeric Literals
- PEP 525: Asynchronous Generators
- PEP 530: Asynchronous Comprehensions
- PEP 487: Simpler customization of class creation
- PEP 487: Descriptor Protocol Enhancements
- PEP 519: Adding a file system path protocol
- PEP 495: Local Time Disambiguation
- PEP 529: Change Windows filesystem encoding to UTF-8
- PEP 528: Change Windows console encoding to UTF-8
- PEP 520: Preserving Class Attribute Definition Order
- PEP 468: Preserving Keyword Argument Order
- New dict implementation
- PEP 523: Adding a frame evaluation API to CPython
- PYTHONMALLOC environment variable
- DTrace and SystemTap probing support
- 其他語言更動
- 新模組
- 改進的模組
- array
- ast
- asyncio
- binascii
- cmath
- collections
- concurrent.futures
- contextlib
- datetime
- decimal
- distutils
- encodings
- enum
- faulthandler
- fileinput
- hashlib
- http.client
- idlelib and IDLE
- importlib
- inspect
- json
- logging
- math
- multiprocessing
- os
- pathlib
- pdb
- pickle
- pickletools
- pydoc
- random
- re
- readline
- rlcompleter
- shlex
- site
- sqlite3
- socket
- socketserver
- ssl
- statistics
- struct
- subprocess
- sys
- telnetlib
- time
- timeit
- tkinter
- traceback
- tracemalloc
- typing
- unicodedata
- unittest.mock
- urllib.request
- urllib.robotparser
- venv
- warnings
- winreg
- winsound
- xmlrpc.client
- zipfile
- zlib
- 最佳化
- Build and C API Changes
- Other Improvements
- 已棄用
- 已移除
- 移植至 Python 3.6
- Python 3.6.2 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.6.4 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.6.5 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.6.7 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.6.10 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.6.13 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.6.14 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.4 有什麼新功能
- 發布重點摘要
- 新增功能
- PEP 492 - Coroutines with async and await syntax
- PEP 465 - A dedicated infix operator for matrix multiplication
- PEP 448 - Additional Unpacking Generalizations
- PEP 461 - percent formatting support for bytes and bytearray
- PEP 484 - Type Hints
- PEP 471 - os.scandir() function -- a better and faster directory iterator
- PEP 475: Retry system calls failing with EINTR
- PEP 479: Change StopIteration handling inside generators
- PEP 485: A function for testing approximate equality
- PEP 486: Make the Python Launcher aware of virtual environments
- PEP 488: Elimination of PYO files
- PEP 489: Multi-phase extension module initialization
- 其他語言更動
- 新增模組
- 改進的模組
- argparse
- asyncio
- bz2
- cgi
- cmath
- code
- collections
- collections.abc
- compileall
- concurrent.futures
- configparser
- contextlib
- csv
- curses
- dbm
- difflib
- distutils
- doctest
- enum
- faulthandler
- functools
- glob
- gzip
- heapq
- http
- http.client
- idlelib and IDLE
- imaplib
- imghdr
- importlib
- inspect
- io
- ipaddress
- json
- linecache
- locale
- logging
- lzma
- math
- multiprocessing
- operator
- os
- pathlib
- pickle
- poplib
- re
- readline
- selectors
- shutil
- signal
- smtpd
- smtplib
- sndhdr
- socket
- ssl
- sqlite3
- subprocess
- sys
- sysconfig
- tarfile
- threading
- time
- timeit
- tkinter
- traceback
- types
- unicodedata
- unittest
- unittest.mock
- urllib
- wsgiref
- xmlrpc
- xml.sax
- zipfile
- Other module-level changes
- 最佳化
- Build and C API Changes
- 已棄用
- 已移除
- 移植至 Python 3.5
- Python 3.5.4 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.4 有什麼新功能
- 發布重點摘要
- 新增功能
- 新模組
- 改進的模組
- abc
- aifc
- argparse
- audioop
- base64
- collections
- colorsys
- contextlib
- dbm
- dis
- doctest
- filecmp
- functools
- gc
- glob
- hashlib
- hmac
- html
- http
- idlelib 與 IDLE
- importlib
- inspect
- ipaddress
- logging
- marshal
- mmap
- multiprocessing
- operator
- os
- pdb
- pickle
- plistlib
- poplib
- pprint
- pty
- pydoc
- re
- resource
- select
- shelve
- shutil
- smtpd
- smtplib
- socket
- sqlite3
- ssl
- stat
- struct
- subprocess
- sunau
- sys
- tarfile
- textwrap
- threading
- traceback
- types
- urllib
- unittest
- venv
- wave
- weakref
- xml.etree
- zipfile
- CPython 實作變更
- 已棄用
- 已移除
- 移植至 Python 3.4
- 3.4.3 中的變更
- Python 3.3 有什麼新功能
- 發布重點摘要
- PEP 405：虛擬環境
- PEP 420: Implicit Namespace Packages
- PEP 3118: New memoryview implementation and buffer protocol documentation
- PEP 393: Flexible String Representation
- PEP 397：適用於 Windows 的 Python 啟動器
- PEP 3151: Reworking the OS and IO exception hierarchy
- PEP 380: Syntax for Delegating to a Subgenerator
- PEP 409: Suppressing exception context
- PEP 414: Explicit Unicode literals
- PEP 3155: Qualified name for classes and functions
- PEP 412: Key-Sharing Dictionary
- PEP 362：函式簽名物件
- PEP 421：新增 sys.implementation
- 使用 importlib 作為 import 的實作
- 其他語言更動
- A Finer-Grained Import Lock
- 內建函式和型別
- 新模組
- 改進的模組
- abc
- array
- base64
- binascii
- bz2
- codecs
- collections
- contextlib
- crypt
- curses
- datetime
- decimal
- ftplib
- functools
- gc
- hmac
- http
- html
- imaplib
- inspect
- io
- itertools
- logging
- math
- mmap
- multiprocessing
- nntplib
- os
- pdb
- pickle
- pydoc
- re
- sched
- select
- shlex
- shutil
- signal
- smtpd
- smtplib
- socket
- socketserver
- sqlite3
- ssl
- stat
- struct
- subprocess
- sys
- tarfile
- tempfile
- textwrap
- threading
- time
- types
- unittest
- urllib
- webbrowser
- xml.etree.ElementTree
- zlib
- 最佳化
- 建置和 C API 更改
- 已棄用
- 移植到 Python 3.3
- Python 3.2 有什麼新功能
- PEP 384: Defining a Stable ABI
- PEP 389: Argparse 命令列剖析模組
- PEP 391: Dictionary Based Configuration for Logging
- PEP 3148：
concurrent.futures模組 - PEP 3147: PYC Repository Directories
- PEP 3149: ABI Version Tagged .so Files
- PEP 3333: Python Web Server Gateway Interface v1.0.1
- 其他語言更動
- New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
- elementtree
- functools
- itertools
- collections
- threading
- datetime 和 time
- math
- abc
- io
- reprlib
- logging
- csv
- contextlib
- decimal and fractions
- ftp
- popen
- select
- gzip 和 zipfile
- tarfile
- hashlib
- ast
- os
- shutil
- sqlite3
- html
- socket
- ssl
- nntp
- certificates
- imaplib
- http.client
- unittest
- random
- poplib
- asyncore
- tempfile
- inspect
- pydoc
- dis
- dbm
- ctypes
- site
- sysconfig
- pdb
- configparser
- urllib.parse
- mailbox
- turtledemo
- Multi-threading
- 最佳化
- Unicode
- 編解碼器
- 文件
- IDLE
- Code Repository
- Build and C API Changes
- 移植至 Python 3.2
- Python 3.1 有什麼新功能
- Python 3.0 有什麼新功能
- Python 2.7 有什麼新功能
- Python 2.x 的未來
- Changes to the Handling of Deprecation Warnings
- Python 3.1 Features
- PEP 372: Adding an Ordered Dictionary to collections
- PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator
- PEP 389: The argparse Module for Parsing Command Lines
- PEP 391: Dictionary-Based Configuration For Logging
- PEP 3106: Dictionary Views
- PEP 3137: The memoryview Object
- 其他語言更動
- New and Improved Modules
- Build and C API Changes
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Porting to Python 2.7
- New Features Added to Python 2.7 Maintenance Releases
- Two new environment variables for debug mode
- PEP 434: IDLE Enhancement Exception for All Branches
- PEP 466: Network Security Enhancements for Python 2.7
- PEP 477: Backport ensurepip (PEP 453) to Python 2.7
- PEP 476: Enabling certificate verification by default for stdlib http clients
- PEP 493: HTTPS verification migration tools for Python 2.7
- New
make regen-allbuild target - Removal of
make touchbuild target
- 致謝
- Python 2.6 有什麼新功能
- Python 3.0
- Changes to the Development Process
- PEP 343: The 'with' statement
- PEP 366: Explicit Relative Imports From a Main Module
- PEP 370: Per-user
site-packagesDirectory - PEP 371: The
multiprocessingPackage - PEP 3101: Advanced String Formatting
- PEP 3105:
printAs a Function - PEP 3110: Exception-Handling Changes
- PEP 3112: Byte Literals
- PEP 3116: New I/O Library
- PEP 3118：修訂緩衝協定
- PEP 3119: Abstract Base Classes
- PEP 3127: Integer Literal Support and Syntax
- PEP 3129: Class Decorators
- PEP 3141: A Type Hierarchy for Numbers
- 其他語言更動
- New and Improved Modules
- Deprecations and Removals
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 2.6
- 致謝
- Python 2.5 有什麼新功能
- PEP 308: Conditional Expressions
- PEP 309: Partial Function Application
- PEP 314: Metadata for Python Software Packages v1.1
- PEP 328: Absolute and Relative Imports
- PEP 338: Executing Modules as Scripts
- PEP 341: Unified try/except/finally
- PEP 342: New Generator Features
- PEP 343：'with' 陳述式
- PEP 352: Exceptions as New-Style Classes
- PEP 353: Using ssize_t as the index type
- PEP 357: The '__index__' method
- 其他語言更動
- New, Improved, and Removed Modules
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 2.5
- 致謝
- Python 2.4 有什麼新功能
- PEP 218: Built-In Set Objects
- PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers
- PEP 289: Generator Expressions
- PEP 292: Simpler String Substitutions
- PEP 318: Decorators for Functions and Methods
- PEP 322: Reverse Iteration
- PEP 324: New subprocess Module
- PEP 327: Decimal Data Type
- PEP 328: Multi-line Imports
- PEP 331: Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions
- 其他語言更動
- New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 2.4
- 致謝
- Python 2.3 有什麼新功能
- PEP 218: A Standard Set Datatype
- PEP 255: Simple Generators
- PEP 263: Source Code Encodings
- PEP 273: Importing Modules from ZIP Archives
- PEP 277: Unicode file name support for Windows NT
- PEP 278: Universal Newline Support
- PEP 279：enumerate()
- PEP 282: The logging Package
- PEP 285: A Boolean Type
- PEP 293: Codec Error Handling Callbacks
- PEP 301: Package Index and Metadata for Distutils
- PEP 302: New Import Hooks
- PEP 305: Comma-separated Files
- PEP 307: Pickle Enhancements
- Extended Slices
- 其他語言更動
- New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
- Pymalloc: A Specialized Object Allocator
- Build and C API Changes
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Porting to Python 2.3
- 致謝
- Python 2.2 有什麼新功能
- Python 2.1 有什麼新功能
- 簡介
- PEP 227: Nested Scopes
- PEP 236: __future__ Directives
- PEP 207: Rich Comparisons
- PEP 230: Warning Framework
- PEP 229: New Build System
- PEP 205: Weak References
- PEP 232: Function Attributes
- PEP 235: Importing Modules on Case-Insensitive Platforms
- PEP 217: Interactive Display Hook
- PEP 208: New Coercion Model
- PEP 241: Metadata in Python Packages
- New and Improved Modules
- Other Changes and Fixes
- 致謝
- Python 2.0 有什麼新功能
- 簡介
- What About Python 1.6?
- New Development Process
- Unicode
- 串列綜合運算（List Comprehension）
- Augmented Assignment
- String Methods
- Garbage Collection of Cycles
- Other Core Changes
- Porting to 2.0
- Extending/Embedding Changes
- Distutils: Making Modules Easy to Install
- XML 模組
- 模組變更
- 新增模組
- IDLE Improvements
- Deleted and Deprecated Modules
- 致謝
- Changelog（更動日誌）
- Python next
- Python 3.13.1 final
- Python 3.13.0 final
- Python 3.13.0 release candidate 3
- Python 3.13.0 release candidate 2
- Python 3.13.0 release candidate 1
- Python 3.13.0 beta 4
- Python 3.13.0 beta 3
- Python 3.13.0 beta 2
- Python 3.13.0 beta 1
- Python 3.13.0 alpha 6
- Python 3.13.0 alpha 5
- Python 3.13.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.13.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.13.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.13.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.12.0 beta 1
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 7
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 6
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 5
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.11.0 beta 1
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 7
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 6
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 5
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.10.0 beta 1
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 7
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 6
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 5
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.9.0 beta 1
- Python 3.9.0 alpha 6
- Python 3.9.0 alpha 5
- Python 3.9.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.9.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.9.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.9.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.8.0 beta 1
- Python 3.8.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.8.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.8.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.8.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.7.0 final
- Python 3.7.0 release candidate 1
- Python 3.7.0 beta 5
- Python 3.7.0 beta 4
- Python 3.7.0 beta 3
- Python 3.7.0 beta 2
- Python 3.7.0 beta 1
- Python 3.7.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.7.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.7.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.7.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.6.6 final
- Python 3.6.6 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.5 final
- Python 3.6.5 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.4 final
- Python 3.6.4 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.3 final
- Python 3.6.3 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.2 final
- Python 3.6.2 release candidate 2
- Python 3.6.2 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.1 final
- Python 3.6.1 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.0 final
- Python 3.6.0 release candidate 2
- Python 3.6.0 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.0 beta 4
- Python 3.6.0 beta 3
- Python 3.6.0 beta 2
- Python 3.6.0 beta 1
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.5.5 final
- Python 3.5.5 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.4 final
- Python 3.5.4 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.3 final
- Python 3.5.3 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.2 final
- Python 3.5.2 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.1 final
- Python 3.5.1 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.0 final
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 4
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 3
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 2
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.0 beta 4
- Python 3.5.0 beta 3
- Python 3.5.0 beta 2
- Python 3.5.0 beta 1
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.13 有什麼新功能
- Python 教學
- 1. 淺嘗滋味
- 2. 使用 Python 直譯器
- 3. 一個非正式的 Python 簡介
- 4. 深入了解流程控制
- 4.1.
if陳述式 - 4.2.
for陳述式 - 4.3.
range()函式 - 4.4.
break和continue陳述式 - 4.5. 迴圈的
else子句 - 4.6.
pass陳述式 - 4.7.
match陳述式 - 4.8. 定義函式 (function)
- 4.9. 深入了解函式定義
- 4.10. 間奏曲：程式碼風格 (Coding Style)
- 4.1.
- 5. 資料結構
- 6. 模組 (Module)
- 7. 輸入和輸出
- 8. 錯誤和例外
- 9. Class（類別）
- 10. Python 標準函式庫概覽
- 11. Python 標準函式庫概覽——第二部份
- 12. 虛擬環境與套件
- 13. 現在可以來學習些什麼？
- 14. 互動式輸入編輯和歷史記錄替換
- 15. 浮點數運算：問題與限制
- 16. 附錄
- Python 的設置與使用
- 1. 命令列與環境
- 2. 在 Unix 平臺上使用 Python
- 3. 配置 Python
- 3.1. 建置需求
- 3.2. 產生的檔案
- 3.3. 設定選項
- 3.3.1. 一般選項
- 3.3.2. C compiler options
- 3.3.3. Linker options
- 3.3.4. Options for third-party dependencies
- 3.3.5. WebAssembly 選項
- 3.3.6. 安裝選項
- 3.3.7. Performance options
- 3.3.8. Python Debug Build
- 3.3.9. Debug options
- 3.3.10. Linker options
- 3.3.11. 函式庫選項
- 3.3.12. Security Options
- 3.3.13. macOS 選項
- 3.3.14. iOS Options
- 3.3.15. Cross Compiling Options
- 3.4. Python Build System
- 3.5. Compiler and linker flags
- 4. 在 Windows 上使用 Python
- 4.1. The full installer
- 4.2. The Microsoft Store package
- 4.3. nuget.org 套件
- 4.4. The embeddable package
- 4.5. Alternative bundles
- 4.6. 設定 Python
- 4.7. UTF-8 模式
- 4.8. Python Launcher for Windows
- 4.9. 找尋模組
- 4.10. 額外的模組
- 4.11. 編譯 Python 在 Windows
- 4.12. 其他平台
- 5. 於 macOS 使用 Python
- 6. 在 Android 上使用 Python
- 7. 在 iOS 上使用 Python
- 8. 編輯器與 IDE
- Python 語言參考手冊
- 1. 簡介
- 2. 詞法分析
- 3. 資料模型
- 3.1. 物件、數值和型別
- 3.2. 標準型別階層
- 3.2.1. None
- 3.2.2. NotImplemented
- 3.2.3. Ellipsis
- 3.2.4.
numbers.Number - 3.2.5. Sequences
- 3.2.6. Set（集合）型別
- 3.2.7. 對映
- 3.2.8. 可呼叫型別
- 3.2.9. 模組
- 3.2.10. Custom classes
- 3.2.11. 類別實例
- 3.2.12. I/O objects (also known as file objects)
- 3.2.13. Internal types
- 3.3. Special method names
- 3.3.1. Basic customization
- 3.3.2. Customizing attribute access
- 3.3.3. Customizing class creation
- 3.3.4. Customizing instance and subclass checks
- 3.3.5. Emulating generic types
- 3.3.6. Emulating callable objects
- 3.3.7. Emulating container types
- 3.3.8. Emulating numeric types
__add__()__sub__()__mul__()__matmul__()__truediv__()__floordiv__()__mod__()__divmod__()__pow__()__lshift__()__rshift__()__and__()__xor__()__or__()__radd__()__rsub__()__rmul__()__rmatmul__()__rtruediv__()__rfloordiv__()__rmod__()__rdivmod__()__rpow__()__rlshift__()__rrshift__()__rand__()__rxor__()__ror__()__iadd__()__isub__()__imul__()__imatmul__()__itruediv__()__ifloordiv__()__imod__()__ipow__()__ilshift__()__irshift__()__iand__()__ixor__()__ior__()__neg__()__pos__()__abs__()__invert__()__complex__()__int__()__float__()__index__()__round__()__trunc__()__floor__()__ceil__()
- 3.3.9. With 陳述式的情境管理器
- 3.3.10. Customizing positional arguments in class pattern matching
- 3.3.11. Emulating buffer types
- 3.3.12. Special method lookup
- 3.4. 協程
- 4. 執行模型
- 5. 模組引入系統
- 6. 運算式
- 6.1. Arithmetic conversions
- 6.2. Atoms
- 6.3. Primaries
- 6.4. Await expression
- 6.5. The power operator
- 6.6. Unary arithmetic and bitwise operations
- 6.7. Binary arithmetic operations
- 6.8. Shifting operations
- 6.9. Binary bitwise operations
- 6.10. Comparisons
- 6.11. Boolean operations
- 6.12. Assignment expressions
- 6.13. Conditional expressions
- 6.14. Lambdas
- 6.15. Expression lists
- 6.16. Evaluation order
- 6.17. Operator precedence
- 7. 簡單陳述式
- 8. 複合陳述式
- 9. 最高層級元件
- 10. 完整的語法規格書
- Python 標準函式庫 (Standard Library)
- 簡介
- 內建函式
abs()aiter()all()anext()any()ascii()bin()boolbreakpoint()callable()chr()classmethod()compile()complexdelattr()dir()divmod()enumerate()eval()exec()filter()floatformat()getattr()globals()hasattr()hash()help()hex()id()input()intisinstance()issubclass()iter()len()locals()map()max()min()next()objectoct()open()ord()pow()print()propertyrepr()reversed()round()setattr()slicesorted()staticmethod()sum()supertypevars()zip()__import__()
- 內建常數
- 內建型別
- 真值檢測
- Boolean（布林）運算 ---
and,or,not - 比較運算
- 數值型別 ---
int、float、complex - Boolean 型別 -
bool - 疊代器型別
- Sequence Types ---
list,tuple,range - Text Sequence Type ---
strstr- String Methods
capitalize()casefold()center()count()encode()endswith()expandtabs()find()format()format_map()index()isalnum()isalpha()isascii()isdecimal()isdigit()isidentifier()islower()isnumeric()isprintable()isspace()istitle()isupper()join()ljust()lower()lstrip()maketrans()partition()removeprefix()removesuffix()replace()rfind()rindex()rjust()rpartition()rsplit()rstrip()split()splitlines()startswith()strip()swapcase()title()translate()upper()zfill()
printf-style String Formatting
- Binary Sequence Types ---
bytes,bytearray,memoryview- Bytes Objects
- Bytearray Objects
- Bytes and Bytearray Operations
count()count()removeprefix()removeprefix()removesuffix()removesuffix()decode()decode()endswith()endswith()find()find()index()index()join()join()maketrans()maketrans()partition()partition()replace()replace()rfind()rfind()rindex()rindex()rpartition()rpartition()startswith()startswith()translate()translate()center()center()ljust()ljust()lstrip()lstrip()rjust()rjust()rsplit()rsplit()rstrip()rstrip()split()split()strip()strip()capitalize()capitalize()expandtabs()expandtabs()isalnum()isalnum()isalpha()isalpha()isascii()isascii()isdigit()isdigit()islower()islower()isspace()isspace()istitle()istitle()isupper()isupper()lower()lower()splitlines()splitlines()swapcase()swapcase()title()title()upper()upper()zfill()zfill()
printf-style Bytes Formatting- Memory Views
- Set Types ---
set,frozenset - Mapping Types ---
dict - 情境管理器型別
- 型別註釋的型別 --- 泛型別名 (Generic Alias)、聯合 (Union)
- Other Built-in Types
- 特殊屬性
- Integer string conversion length limitation
- 內建的例外
- 例外的情境
- 繼承自內建的例外
- 基底類別 (base classes)
- 實體例外
AssertionErrorAttributeErrorEOFErrorFloatingPointErrorGeneratorExitImportErrorModuleNotFoundErrorIndexErrorKeyErrorKeyboardInterruptMemoryErrorNameErrorNotImplementedErrorOSErrorOverflowErrorPythonFinalizationErrorRecursionErrorReferenceErrorRuntimeErrorStopIterationStopAsyncIterationSyntaxErrorIndentationErrorTabErrorSystemErrorSystemExitTypeErrorUnboundLocalErrorUnicodeErrorUnicodeEncodeErrorUnicodeDecodeErrorUnicodeTranslateErrorValueErrorZeroDivisionErrorEnvironmentErrorIOErrorWindowsError- 作業系統例外
- 警告
- 例外群組
- 例外階層
- 文本處理 (Text Processing) 服務
string--- 常見的字串操作re--- 正規表示式 (regular expression) 操作difflib--- 計算差異的輔助工具textwrap--- 文字包裝與填充unicodedata--- Unicode 資料庫stringprep--- 網際網路字串準備readline--- GNU readline 介面rlcompleter--- GNU readline 的補全函式
- 二進位資料服務
struct--- 將位元組直譯為打包起來的二進位資料codecs--- 編解碼器註冊表和基底類別encode()decode()lookup()CodecInfogetencoder()getdecoder()getincrementalencoder()getincrementaldecoder()getreader()getwriter()register()unregister()open()EncodedFile()iterencode()iterdecode()BOMBOM_BEBOM_LEBOM_UTF8BOM_UTF16BOM_UTF16_BEBOM_UTF16_LEBOM_UTF32BOM_UTF32_BEBOM_UTF32_LE- Codec Base Classes
- Encodings and Unicode
- Standard Encodings
- Python Specific Encodings
encodings.idna--- Internationalized Domain Names in Applicationsencodings.mbcs--- Windows ANSI codepageencodings.utf_8_sig--- UTF-8 codec with BOM signature
- 資料型別
datetime--- 日期與時間的基本型別- Aware and Naive Objects
- 常數
- Available Types
timedelta物件date物件datetime物件datetimetoday()now()utcnow()fromtimestamp()utcfromtimestamp()fromordinal()combine()fromisoformat()fromisocalendar()strptime()minmaxresolutionyearmonthdayhourminutesecondmicrosecondtzinfofolddate()time()timetz()replace()astimezone()utcoffset()dst()tzname()timetuple()utctimetuple()toordinal()timestamp()weekday()isoweekday()isocalendar()isoformat()__str__()ctime()strftime()__format__()- 用法範例：
datetime
time物件tzinfo物件timezone物件strftime()與strptime()的行為
zoneinfo--- IANA 時區支援calendar--- 日曆相關函式CalendarTextCalendarHTMLCalendarLocaleTextCalendarLocaleHTMLCalendarsetfirstweekday()firstweekday()isleap()leapdays()weekday()weekheader()monthrange()monthcalendar()prmonth()month()prcal()calendar()timegm()day_nameday_abbrMONDAYTUESDAYWEDNESDAYTHURSDAYFRIDAYSATURDAYSUNDAYDaymonth_namemonth_abbrJANUARYFEBRUARYMARCHAPRILMAYJUNEJULYAUGUSTSEPTEMBEROCTOBERNOVEMBERDECEMBERMonthIllegalMonthErrorIllegalWeekdayError- 命令列用法
collections--- 容器資料型態collections.abc--- 容器的抽象基底類別heapq--- 堆積佇列 (heap queue) 演算法bisect--- 陣列二分演算法 (Array bisection algorithm)array--- 高效率的數值型陣列weakref--- 弱參照types--- 動態型別建立與內建型別名稱- Dynamic Type Creation
- Standard Interpreter Types
NoneTypeFunctionTypeLambdaTypeGeneratorTypeCoroutineTypeAsyncGeneratorTypeCodeTypeCellTypeMethodTypeBuiltinFunctionTypeBuiltinMethodTypeWrapperDescriptorTypeMethodWrapperTypeNotImplementedTypeMethodDescriptorTypeClassMethodDescriptorTypeModuleTypeEllipsisTypeGenericAliasUnionTypeTracebackTypeFrameTypeGetSetDescriptorTypeMemberDescriptorTypeMappingProxyTypeCapsuleType
- Additional Utility Classes and Functions
- Coroutine Utility Functions
copy--- 淺層 (shallow) 和深層 (deep) 複製操作pprint--- 資料美化列印器reprlib---repr()的替代實作enum--- 對列舉的支援graphlib—-- 使用類圖 (graph-like) 結構進行操作的功能
- 數值與數學模組
numbers--- 數值的抽象基底類別math--- 數學函式cmath--- 複數的數學函式decimal--- 十進位固定點和浮點運算- Quick-start Tutorial
- Decimal objects
Decimaladjusted()as_integer_ratio()as_tuple()canonical()compare()compare_signal()compare_total()compare_total_mag()conjugate()copy_abs()copy_negate()copy_sign()exp()from_float()fma()is_canonical()is_finite()is_infinite()is_nan()is_normal()is_qnan()is_signed()is_snan()is_subnormal()is_zero()ln()log10()logb()logical_and()logical_invert()logical_or()logical_xor()max()max_mag()min()min_mag()next_minus()next_plus()next_toward()normalize()number_class()quantize()radix()remainder_near()rotate()same_quantum()scaleb()shift()sqrt()to_eng_string()to_integral()to_integral_exact()to_integral_value()
- Logical operands
- Context objects
getcontext()setcontext()localcontext()BasicContextExtendedContextDefaultContextContextclear_flags()clear_traps()copy()copy_decimal()create_decimal()create_decimal_from_float()Etiny()Etop()abs()add()canonical()compare()compare_signal()compare_total()compare_total_mag()copy_abs()copy_negate()copy_sign()divide()divide_int()divmod()exp()fma()is_canonical()is_finite()is_infinite()is_nan()is_normal()is_qnan()is_signed()is_snan()is_subnormal()is_zero()ln()log10()logb()logical_and()logical_invert()logical_or()logical_xor()max()max_mag()min()min_mag()minus()multiply()next_minus()next_plus()next_toward()normalize()number_class()plus()power()quantize()radix()remainder()remainder_near()rotate()same_quantum()scaleb()shift()sqrt()subtract()to_eng_string()to_integral_exact()to_sci_string()
- 常數
- Rounding modes
- Signals
- Floating-Point Notes
- Working with threads
- Recipes
- Decimal FAQ
fractions--- 有理數random--- 生成偽隨機數statistics--- 數學統計函式
- 函式編程模組
itertools--- 建立產生高效率迴圈之疊代器的函式functools--- 可呼叫物件上的高階函式與操作operator--- 標準運算子替代函式lt()le()eq()ne()ge()gt()__lt__()__le__()__eq__()__ne__()__ge__()__gt__()not_()__not__()truth()is_()is_not()abs()__abs__()add()__add__()and_()__and__()floordiv()__floordiv__()index()__index__()inv()invert()__inv__()__invert__()lshift()__lshift__()mod()__mod__()mul()__mul__()matmul()__matmul__()neg()__neg__()or_()__or__()pos()__pos__()pow()__pow__()rshift()__rshift__()sub()__sub__()truediv()__truediv__()xor()__xor__()concat()__concat__()contains()__contains__()countOf()delitem()__delitem__()getitem()__getitem__()indexOf()setitem()__setitem__()length_hint()call()__call__()attrgetter()itemgetter()methodcaller()- 運算子與函式間的對映
- 原地 (in-place) 運算子
- 檔案與目錄存取
pathlib--- 物件導向檔案系統路徑os.path--- 常見的路徑名操作abspath()basename()commonpath()commonprefix()dirname()exists()lexists()expanduser()expandvars()getatime()getmtime()getctime()getsize()isabs()isfile()isdir()isjunction()islink()ismount()isdevdrive()isreserved()join()normcase()normpath()realpath()relpath()samefile()sameopenfile()samestat()split()splitdrive()splitroot()splitext()supports_unicode_filenames
fileinput--- 逐列疊代多個輸入串流stat--- 直譯stat()的結果S_ISDIR()S_ISCHR()S_ISBLK()S_ISREG()S_ISFIFO()S_ISLNK()S_ISSOCK()S_ISDOOR()S_ISPORT()S_ISWHT()S_IMODE()S_IFMT()filemode()ST_MODEST_INOST_DEVST_NLINKST_UIDST_GIDST_SIZEST_ATIMEST_MTIMEST_CTIMES_IFSOCKS_IFLNKS_IFREGS_IFBLKS_IFDIRS_IFCHRS_IFIFOS_IFDOORS_IFPORTS_IFWHTS_ISUIDS_ISGIDS_ISVTXS_IRWXUS_IRUSRS_IWUSRS_IXUSRS_IRWXGS_IRGRPS_IWGRPS_IXGRPS_IRWXOS_IROTHS_IWOTHS_IXOTHS_ENFMTS_IREADS_IWRITES_IEXECUF_SETTABLEUF_NODUMPUF_IMMUTABLEUF_APPENDUF_OPAQUEUF_NOUNLINKUF_COMPRESSEDUF_TRACKEDUF_DATAVAULTUF_HIDDENSF_SETTABLESF_SUPPORTEDSF_SYNTHETICSF_ARCHIVEDSF_IMMUTABLESF_APPENDSF_RESTRICTEDSF_NOUNLINKSF_SNAPSHOTSF_FIRMLINKSF_DATALESSFILE_ATTRIBUTE_ARCHIVEFILE_ATTRIBUTE_COMPRESSEDFILE_ATTRIBUTE_DEVICEFILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORYFILE_ATTRIBUTE_ENCRYPTEDFILE_ATTRIBUTE_HIDDENFILE_ATTRIBUTE_INTEGRITY_STREAMFILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMALFILE_ATTRIBUTE_NOT_CONTENT_INDEXEDFILE_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SCRUB_DATAFILE_ATTRIBUTE_OFFLINEFILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLYFILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINTFILE_ATTRIBUTE_SPARSE_FILEFILE_ATTRIBUTE_SYSTEMFILE_ATTRIBUTE_TEMPORARYFILE_ATTRIBUTE_VIRTUALIO_REPARSE_TAG_SYMLINKIO_REPARSE_TAG_MOUNT_POINTIO_REPARSE_TAG_APPEXECLINK
filecmp--- 檔案與目錄比較tempfile--- 生成臨時檔案和目錄glob--- Unix 風格的路徑名稱模式擴展fnmatch--- Unix 檔案名稱模式比對linecache--- 隨機存取文字列shutil— 高階檔案操作
- 資料持久性 (Data Persistence)
pickle--- Python 物件序列化copyreg--- 註冊pickle支援函式shelve--- Python object persistencemarshal--- 内部 Python 物件序列化dbm--- Unix "databases" 的介面sqlite3--- SQLite 資料庫的 DB-API 2.0 介面- 教學
- Reference
- Module functions
- Module constants
LEGACY_TRANSACTION_CONTROLPARSE_COLNAMESPARSE_DECLTYPESSQLITE_OKSQLITE_DENYSQLITE_IGNOREapilevelparamstylesqlite_versionsqlite_version_infothreadsafetyversionversion_infoSQLITE_DBCONFIG_DEFENSIVESQLITE_DBCONFIG_DQS_DDLSQLITE_DBCONFIG_DQS_DMLSQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_FKEYSQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_FTS3_TOKENIZERSQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_LOAD_EXTENSIONSQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_QPSGSQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_TRIGGERSQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_VIEWSQLITE_DBCONFIG_LEGACY_ALTER_TABLESQLITE_DBCONFIG_LEGACY_FILE_FORMATSQLITE_DBCONFIG_NO_CKPT_ON_CLOSESQLITE_DBCONFIG_RESET_DATABASESQLITE_DBCONFIG_TRIGGER_EQPSQLITE_DBCONFIG_TRUSTED_SCHEMASQLITE_DBCONFIG_WRITABLE_SCHEMA
- Connection 物件
Connectioncursor()blobopen()commit()rollback()close()execute()executemany()executescript()create_function()create_aggregate()create_window_function()create_collation()interrupt()set_authorizer()set_progress_handler()set_trace_callback()enable_load_extension()load_extension()iterdump()backup()getlimit()setlimit()getconfig()setconfig()serialize()deserialize()autocommitin_transactionisolation_levelrow_factorytext_factorytotal_changes
- Cursor 物件
- Row 物件
- Blob 物件
- PrepareProtocol 物件
- 例外
- SQLite and Python types
- Default adapters and converters (deprecated)
- 命令列介面
- How-to guides
- How to use placeholders to bind values in SQL queries
- How to adapt custom Python types to SQLite values
- How to convert SQLite values to custom Python types
- Adapter and converter recipes
- How to use connection shortcut methods
- How to use the connection context manager
- How to work with SQLite URIs
- How to create and use row factories
- How to handle non-UTF-8 text encodings
- 解釋
- 資料壓縮與保存
zlib--- 相容於 gzip 的壓縮gzip--- gzip 檔案的支援bz2--- bzip2 壓縮的支援lzma--- 使用 LZMA 演算法進行壓縮zipfile--- 處理 ZIP 封存檔案tarfile--- 讀取與寫入 tar 封存檔案open()is_tarfile()TarErrorReadErrorCompressionErrorStreamErrorExtractErrorHeaderErrorFilterErrorAbsolutePathErrorOutsideDestinationErrorSpecialFileErrorAbsoluteLinkErrorLinkOutsideDestinationErrorENCODINGREGTYPEAREGTYPELNKTYPESYMTYPECHRTYPEBLKTYPEDIRTYPEFIFOTYPECONTTYPEGNUTYPE_LONGNAMEGNUTYPE_LONGLINKGNUTYPE_SPARSEUSTAR_FORMATGNU_FORMATPAX_FORMATDEFAULT_FORMAT- TarFile 物件
- TarInfo 物件
- Extraction filters
- Command-Line Interface
- 範例
- Supported tar formats
- Unicode issues
- 檔案格式
csv--- CSV 檔案讀取及寫入configparser--- 設定檔剖析器tomllib--- 剖析 TOML 檔案netrc--- netrc 檔案處理plistlib--- 產生和剖析 Apple.plist檔案
- 加密服務
- 通用作業系統服務
os--- 各種作業系統介面errorname- File Names, Command Line Arguments, and Environment Variables
- Python UTF-8 模式
- 行程參數
ctermid()environenvironbfsencode()fsdecode()fspath()PathLikegetenv()getenvb()get_exec_path()getegid()geteuid()getgid()getgrouplist()getgroups()getlogin()getpgid()getpgrp()getpid()getppid()getpriority()PRIO_PROCESSPRIO_PGRPPRIO_USERPRIO_DARWIN_THREADPRIO_DARWIN_PROCESSPRIO_DARWIN_BGPRIO_DARWIN_NONUIgetresuid()getresgid()getuid()initgroups()putenv()setegid()seteuid()setgid()setgroups()setns()setpgrp()setpgid()setpriority()setregid()setresgid()setresuid()setreuid()getsid()setsid()setuid()strerror()supports_bytes_environumask()uname()unsetenv()unshare()CLONE_FILESCLONE_FSCLONE_NEWCGROUPCLONE_NEWIPCCLONE_NEWNETCLONE_NEWNSCLONE_NEWPIDCLONE_NEWTIMECLONE_NEWUSERCLONE_NEWUTSCLONE_SIGHANDCLONE_SYSVSEMCLONE_THREADCLONE_VM
- File Object Creation
- File Descriptor Operations
close()closerange()copy_file_range()device_encoding()dup()dup2()fchmod()fchown()fdatasync()fpathconf()fstat()fstatvfs()fsync()ftruncate()get_blocking()grantpt()isatty()lockf()F_LOCKF_TLOCKF_ULOCKF_TESTlogin_tty()lseek()SEEK_SETSEEK_CURSEEK_ENDSEEK_HOLESEEK_DATAopen()O_RDONLYO_WRONLYO_RDWRO_APPENDO_CREATO_EXCLO_TRUNCO_DSYNCO_RSYNCO_SYNCO_NDELAYO_NONBLOCKO_NOCTTYO_CLOEXECO_BINARYO_NOINHERITO_SHORT_LIVEDO_TEMPORARYO_RANDOMO_SEQUENTIALO_TEXTO_EVTONLYO_FSYNCO_SYMLINKO_NOFOLLOW_ANYO_ASYNCO_DIRECTO_DIRECTORYO_NOFOLLOWO_NOATIMEO_PATHO_TMPFILEO_SHLOCKO_EXLOCKopenpty()pipe()pipe2()posix_fallocate()posix_fadvise()POSIX_FADV_NORMALPOSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIALPOSIX_FADV_RANDOMPOSIX_FADV_NOREUSEPOSIX_FADV_WILLNEEDPOSIX_FADV_DONTNEEDpread()posix_openpt()preadv()RWF_NOWAITRWF_HIPRIptsname()pwrite()pwritev()RWF_DSYNCRWF_SYNCRWF_APPENDread()sendfile()SF_NODISKIOSF_MNOWAITSF_SYNCSF_NOCACHEset_blocking()splice()SPLICE_F_MOVESPLICE_F_NONBLOCKSPLICE_F_MOREreadv()tcgetpgrp()tcsetpgrp()ttyname()unlockpt()write()writev()- Querying the size of a terminal
- Inheritance of File Descriptors
- Files and Directories
access()F_OKR_OKW_OKX_OKchdir()chflags()chmod()chown()chroot()fchdir()getcwd()getcwdb()lchflags()lchmod()lchown()link()listdir()listdrives()listmounts()listvolumes()lstat()mkdir()makedirs()mkfifo()mknod()major()minor()makedev()pathconf()pathconf_namesreadlink()remove()removedirs()rename()renames()replace()rmdir()scandir()DirEntrystat()stat_resultstatvfs()supports_dir_fdsupports_effective_idssupports_fdsupports_follow_symlinkssymlink()sync()truncate()unlink()utime()walk()fwalk()memfd_create()MFD_CLOEXECMFD_ALLOW_SEALINGMFD_HUGETLBMFD_HUGE_SHIFTMFD_HUGE_MASKMFD_HUGE_64KBMFD_HUGE_512KBMFD_HUGE_1MBMFD_HUGE_2MBMFD_HUGE_8MBMFD_HUGE_16MBMFD_HUGE_32MBMFD_HUGE_256MBMFD_HUGE_512MBMFD_HUGE_1GBMFD_HUGE_2GBMFD_HUGE_16GBeventfd()eventfd_read()eventfd_write()EFD_CLOEXECEFD_NONBLOCKEFD_SEMAPHORE- Timer File Descriptors
- Linux extended attributes
- 行程管理
abort()add_dll_directory()execl()execle()execlp()execlpe()execv()execve()execvp()execvpe()_exit()EX_OKEX_USAGEEX_DATAERREX_NOINPUTEX_NOUSEREX_NOHOSTEX_UNAVAILABLEEX_SOFTWAREEX_OSERREX_OSFILEEX_CANTCREATEX_IOERREX_TEMPFAILEX_PROTOCOLEX_NOPERMEX_CONFIGEX_NOTFOUNDfork()forkpty()kill()killpg()nice()pidfd_open()plock()popen()posix_spawn()posix_spawnp()register_at_fork()spawnl()spawnle()spawnlp()spawnlpe()spawnv()spawnve()spawnvp()spawnvpe()P_NOWAITP_NOWAITOP_WAITP_DETACHP_OVERLAYstartfile()system()times()wait()waitid()waitpid()wait3()wait4()P_PIDP_PGIDP_ALLP_PIDFDWCONTINUEDWEXITEDWSTOPPEDWUNTRACEDWNOHANGWNOWAITCLD_EXITEDCLD_KILLEDCLD_DUMPEDCLD_TRAPPEDCLD_STOPPEDCLD_CONTINUEDwaitstatus_to_exitcode()WCOREDUMP()WIFCONTINUED()WIFSTOPPED()WIFSIGNALED()WIFEXITED()WEXITSTATUS()WSTOPSIG()WTERMSIG()
- Interface to the scheduler
SCHED_OTHERSCHED_BATCHSCHED_IDLESCHED_SPORADICSCHED_FIFOSCHED_RRSCHED_RESET_ON_FORKsched_paramsched_get_priority_min()sched_get_priority_max()sched_setscheduler()sched_getscheduler()sched_setparam()sched_getparam()sched_rr_get_interval()sched_yield()sched_setaffinity()sched_getaffinity()
- Miscellaneous System Information