Python 說明文件內容¶
- Python 有什麼新功能？
- Python 3.12 有什麼新功能
- Python 3.11 有什麼新功能
- Python 3.10 有什麼新功能
- 摘要 -- 發布重點
- 新功能
- 與型別提示相關的新功能
- 其他語言更動
- 新模組
- 改進的模組
- asyncio
- argparse
- array
- asynchat, asyncore, smtpd
- base64
- bdb
- bisect
- codecs
- collections.abc
- contextlib
- curses
- dataclasses
- distutils
- doctest
- encodings
- enum
- fileinput
- faulthandler
- gc
- glob
- hashlib
- hmac
- IDLE 和 idlelib
- importlib.metadata
- inspect
- itertools
- linecache
- os
- os.path
- pathlib
- platform
- pprint
- py_compile
- pyclbr
- shelve
- statistics
- site
- socket
- ssl
- sqlite3
- sys
- _thread
- threading
- traceback
- types
- typing
- unittest
- urllib.parse
- xml
- zipimport
- 最佳化
- 已棄用
- 已刪除
- 移植到 Python 3.10
- CPython 位元組碼變更
- 建置變更
- C API 變更
- Notable security feature in 3.10.7
- Notable security feature in 3.10.8
- Notable changes in 3.10.12
- Python 3.9 有什麼新功能
- Summary -- Release highlights
- You should check for DeprecationWarning in your code
- New Features
- 其他語言更動
- 新模組
- 改進的模組
- 最佳化
- 已棄用
- 已移除
- Porting to Python 3.9
- 建置變更
- C API 變更
- Python 3.9.1 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.9.2 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.9.3 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.9.5 中顯著的變更
- Notable security feature in 3.9.14
- Notable changes in 3.9.17
- Python 3.8 有什麼新功能
- Summary -- Release highlights
- New Features
- Assignment expressions
- Positional-only parameters
- Parallel filesystem cache for compiled bytecode files
- Debug build uses the same ABI as release build
- f-strings support
=for self-documenting expressions and debugging - PEP 578: Python Runtime Audit Hooks
- PEP 587: Python Initialization Configuration
- PEP 590: Vectorcall: a fast calling protocol for CPython
- Pickle protocol 5 with out-of-band data buffers
- 其他語言更動
- 新增模組
- 改進的模組
- ast
- asyncio
- builtins（內建）
- collections
- cProfile
- csv
- curses
- ctypes
- datetime
- functools
- gc
- gettext
- gzip
- IDLE and idlelib
- inspect
- io
- itertools
- json.tool
- logging
- math
- mmap
- multiprocessing
- os
- os.path
- pathlib
- pickle
- plistlib
- pprint
- py_compile
- shlex
- shutil
- socket
- ssl
- statistics
- sys
- tarfile
- threading
- tokenize
- tkinter
- time
- typing
- unicodedata
- unittest
- venv
- weakref
- xml
- xmlrpc
- 最佳化
- Build and C API Changes
- 已棄用
- API and Feature Removals
- Porting to Python 3.8
- Python 3.8.1 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.8.2 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.8.3 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.8.8 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.8.9 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.8.10 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.8.10 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.8.12 中顯著的變更
- Notable security feature in 3.8.14
- Notable changes in 3.8.17
- Python 3.7 有什麼新功能
- Summary -- Release Highlights
- New Features
- PEP 563: Postponed Evaluation of Annotations
- PEP 538: Legacy C Locale Coercion
- PEP 540: Forced UTF-8 Runtime Mode
- PEP 553: Built-in
breakpoint() - PEP 539: New C API for Thread-Local Storage
- PEP 562: Customization of Access to Module Attributes
- PEP 564: New Time Functions With Nanosecond Resolution
- PEP 565: Show DeprecationWarning in
__main__ - PEP 560: Core Support for
typingmodule and Generic Types - PEP 552: Hash-based .pyc Files
- PEP 545：Python 文件翻譯
- Python Development Mode (-X dev)
- 其他語言更動
- 新模組
- 改進的模組
- argparse
- asyncio
- binascii
- calendar
- collections
- compileall
- concurrent.futures
- contextlib
- cProfile
- crypt
- datetime
- dbm
- decimal
- dis
- distutils
- enum
- functools
- gc
- hmac
- http.client
- http.server
- idlelib and IDLE
- importlib
- io
- ipaddress
- itertools
- locale
- logging
- math
- mimetypes
- msilib
- multiprocessing
- os
- pathlib
- pdb
- py_compile
- pydoc
- queue
- re
- signal
- socket
- socketserver
- sqlite3
- ssl
- string
- subprocess
- sys
- time
- tkinter
- tracemalloc
- types
- unicodedata
- unittest
- unittest.mock
- urllib.parse
- uu
- uuid
- warnings
- xml
- xml.etree
- xmlrpc.server
- zipapp
- zipfile
- C API 變更
- 建置變更
- 最佳化
- Other CPython Implementation Changes
- Deprecated Python Behavior
- Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods
- Deprecated functions and types of the C API
- Platform Support Removals
- API and Feature Removals
- Module Removals
- Windows-only Changes
- Porting to Python 3.7
- Python 3.7.1 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.7.2 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.7.6 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.7.10 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.7.11 中顯著的變更
- Notable security feature in 3.7.14
- Python 3.6 有什麼新功能
- Summary -- Release highlights
- New Features
- PEP 498: Formatted string literals
- PEP 526: Syntax for variable annotations
- PEP 515: Underscores in Numeric Literals
- PEP 525: Asynchronous Generators
- PEP 530: Asynchronous Comprehensions
- PEP 487: Simpler customization of class creation
- PEP 487: Descriptor Protocol Enhancements
- PEP 519: Adding a file system path protocol
- PEP 495: Local Time Disambiguation
- PEP 529: Change Windows filesystem encoding to UTF-8
- PEP 528: Change Windows console encoding to UTF-8
- PEP 520: Preserving Class Attribute Definition Order
- PEP 468: Preserving Keyword Argument Order
- New dict implementation
- PEP 523: Adding a frame evaluation API to CPython
- PYTHONMALLOC environment variable
- DTrace and SystemTap probing support
- 其他語言更動
- 新模組
- 改進的模組
- array
- ast
- asyncio
- binascii
- cmath
- collections
- concurrent.futures
- contextlib
- datetime
- decimal
- distutils
- encodings
- enum
- faulthandler
- fileinput
- hashlib
- http.client
- idlelib and IDLE
- importlib
- inspect
- json
- logging
- math
- multiprocessing
- os
- pathlib
- pdb
- pickle
- pickletools
- pydoc
- random
- re
- readline
- rlcompleter
- shlex
- site
- sqlite3
- socket
- socketserver
- ssl
- statistics
- struct
- subprocess
- sys
- telnetlib
- time
- timeit
- tkinter
- traceback
- tracemalloc
- typing
- unicodedata
- unittest.mock
- urllib.request
- urllib.robotparser
- venv
- warnings
- winreg
- winsound
- xmlrpc.client
- zipfile
- zlib
- 最佳化
- Build and C API Changes
- Other Improvements
- 已棄用
- 已移除
- Porting to Python 3.6
- Python 3.6.2 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.6.4 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.6.5 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.6.7 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.6.10 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.6.13 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.6.14 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.4 有什麼新功能
- Summary -- Release highlights
- New Features
- PEP 492 - Coroutines with async and await syntax
- PEP 465 - A dedicated infix operator for matrix multiplication
- PEP 448 - Additional Unpacking Generalizations
- PEP 461 - percent formatting support for bytes and bytearray
- PEP 484 - Type Hints
- PEP 471 - os.scandir() function -- a better and faster directory iterator
- PEP 475: Retry system calls failing with EINTR
- PEP 479: Change StopIteration handling inside generators
- PEP 485: A function for testing approximate equality
- PEP 486: Make the Python Launcher aware of virtual environments
- PEP 488: Elimination of PYO files
- PEP 489: Multi-phase extension module initialization
- 其他語言更動
- 新增模組
- 改進的模組
- argparse
- asyncio
- bz2
- cgi
- cmath
- code
- collections
- collections.abc
- compileall
- concurrent.futures
- configparser
- contextlib
- csv
- curses
- dbm
- difflib
- distutils
- doctest
- enum
- faulthandler
- functools
- glob
- gzip
- heapq
- http
- http.client
- idlelib and IDLE
- imaplib
- imghdr
- importlib
- inspect
- io
- ipaddress
- json
- linecache
- locale
- logging
- lzma
- math
- multiprocessing
- operator
- os
- pathlib
- pickle
- poplib
- re
- readline
- selectors
- shutil
- signal
- smtpd
- smtplib
- sndhdr
- socket
- ssl
- sqlite3
- subprocess
- sys
- sysconfig
- tarfile
- threading
- time
- timeit
- tkinter
- traceback
- types
- unicodedata
- unittest
- unittest.mock
- urllib
- wsgiref
- xmlrpc
- xml.sax
- zipfile
- Other module-level changes
- 最佳化
- Build and C API Changes
- 已棄用
- 已移除
- Porting to Python 3.5
- Python 3.5.4 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.4 有什麼新功能
- Summary -- Release Highlights
- New Features
- 新模組
- 改進的模組
- abc
- aifc
- argparse
- audioop
- base64
- collections
- colorsys
- contextlib
- dbm
- dis
- doctest
- filecmp
- functools
- gc
- glob
- hashlib
- hmac
- html
- http
- idlelib 與 IDLE
- importlib
- inspect
- ipaddress
- logging
- marshal
- mmap
- multiprocessing
- operator
- os
- pdb
- pickle
- plistlib
- poplib
- pprint
- pty
- pydoc
- re
- resource
- select
- shelve
- shutil
- smtpd
- smtplib
- socket
- sqlite3
- ssl
- stat
- struct
- subprocess
- sunau
- sys
- tarfile
- textwrap
- threading
- traceback
- types
- urllib
- unittest
- venv
- wave
- weakref
- xml.etree
- zipfile
- CPython 實作變更
- 已棄用
- 已移除
- Porting to Python 3.4
- 3.4.3 中的變更
- Python 3.3 有什麼新功能
- Summary -- Release highlights
- PEP 405：虛擬環境
- PEP 420: Implicit Namespace Packages
- PEP 3118: New memoryview implementation and buffer protocol documentation
- PEP 393: Flexible String Representation
- PEP 397：適用於 Windows 的 Python 啟動器
- PEP 3151: Reworking the OS and IO exception hierarchy
- PEP 380: Syntax for Delegating to a Subgenerator
- PEP 409: Suppressing exception context
- PEP 414: Explicit Unicode literals
- PEP 3155: Qualified name for classes and functions
- PEP 412: Key-Sharing Dictionary
- PEP 362：函式簽名物件
- PEP 421：新增 sys.implementation
- 使用 importlib 作為 import 的實作
- 其他語言更動
- A Finer-Grained Import Lock
- 內建函式和型別
- 新模組
- 改進的模組
- abc
- array
- base64
- binascii
- bz2
- codecs
- collections
- contextlib
- crypt
- curses
- datetime
- decimal
- ftplib
- functools
- gc
- hmac
- http
- html
- imaplib
- inspect
- io
- itertools
- logging
- math
- mmap
- multiprocessing
- nntplib
- os
- pdb
- pickle
- pydoc
- re
- sched
- select
- shlex
- shutil
- signal
- smtpd
- smtplib
- socket
- socketserver
- sqlite3
- ssl
- stat
- struct
- subprocess
- sys
- tarfile
- tempfile
- textwrap
- threading
- time
- types
- unittest
- urllib
- webbrowser
- xml.etree.ElementTree
- zlib
- 最佳化
- 建置和 C API 更改
- 已棄用
- 移植到 Python 3.3
- Python 3.2 有什麼新功能
- PEP 384: Defining a Stable ABI
- PEP 389: Argparse 命令列剖析模組
- PEP 391: Dictionary Based Configuration for Logging
- PEP 3148：
concurrent.futures模組 - PEP 3147: PYC Repository Directories
- PEP 3149: ABI Version Tagged .so Files
- PEP 3333: Python Web Server Gateway Interface v1.0.1
- 其他語言更動
- New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
- elementtree
- functools
- itertools
- collections
- threading
- datetime 和 time
- math
- abc
- io
- reprlib
- logging
- csv
- contextlib
- decimal and fractions
- ftp
- popen
- select
- gzip 和 zipfile
- tarfile
- hashlib
- ast
- os
- shutil
- sqlite3
- html
- socket
- ssl
- nntp
- certificates
- imaplib
- http.client
- unittest
- random
- poplib
- asyncore
- tempfile
- inspect
- pydoc
- dis
- dbm
- ctypes
- site
- sysconfig
- pdb
- configparser
- urllib.parse
- mailbox
- turtledemo
- Multi-threading
- 最佳化
- Unicode
- 編解碼器
- 文件
- IDLE
- Code Repository
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 3.2
- Python 3.1 有什麼新功能
- Python 3.0 有什麼新功能
- Python 2.7 有什麼新功能
- Python 2.x 的未來
- Changes to the Handling of Deprecation Warnings
- Python 3.1 Features
- PEP 372: Adding an Ordered Dictionary to collections
- PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator
- PEP 389: The argparse Module for Parsing Command Lines
- PEP 391: Dictionary-Based Configuration For Logging
- PEP 3106: Dictionary Views
- PEP 3137: The memoryview Object
- 其他語言更動
- New and Improved Modules
- Build and C API Changes
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Porting to Python 2.7
- New Features Added to Python 2.7 Maintenance Releases
- Two new environment variables for debug mode
- PEP 434: IDLE Enhancement Exception for All Branches
- PEP 466: Network Security Enhancements for Python 2.7
- PEP 477: Backport ensurepip (PEP 453) to Python 2.7
- PEP 476: Enabling certificate verification by default for stdlib http clients
- PEP 493: HTTPS verification migration tools for Python 2.7
- New
make regen-allbuild target - Removal of
make touchbuild target
- 致謝
- Python 2.6 有什麼新功能
- Python 3.0
- Changes to the Development Process
- PEP 343: The 'with' statement
- PEP 366: Explicit Relative Imports From a Main Module
- PEP 370: Per-user
site-packagesDirectory - PEP 371: The
multiprocessingPackage - PEP 3101: Advanced String Formatting
- PEP 3105:
printAs a Function - PEP 3110: Exception-Handling Changes
- PEP 3112: Byte Literals
- PEP 3116: New I/O Library
- PEP 3118：修訂緩衝協定
- PEP 3119: Abstract Base Classes
- PEP 3127: Integer Literal Support and Syntax
- PEP 3129: Class Decorators
- PEP 3141: A Type Hierarchy for Numbers
- 其他語言更動
- New and Improved Modules
- Deprecations and Removals
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 2.6
- 致謝
- Python 2.5 有什麼新功能
- PEP 308: Conditional Expressions
- PEP 309: Partial Function Application
- PEP 314: Metadata for Python Software Packages v1.1
- PEP 328: Absolute and Relative Imports
- PEP 338: Executing Modules as Scripts
- PEP 341: Unified try/except/finally
- PEP 342: New Generator Features
- PEP 343：'with' 陳述式
- PEP 352: Exceptions as New-Style Classes
- PEP 353: Using ssize_t as the index type
- PEP 357: The '__index__' method
- 其他語言更動
- New, Improved, and Removed Modules
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 2.5
- 致謝
- Python 2.4 有什麼新功能
- PEP 218: Built-In Set Objects
- PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers
- PEP 289: Generator Expressions
- PEP 292: Simpler String Substitutions
- PEP 318: Decorators for Functions and Methods
- PEP 322: Reverse Iteration
- PEP 324: New subprocess Module
- PEP 327: Decimal Data Type
- PEP 328: Multi-line Imports
- PEP 331: Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions
- 其他語言更動
- New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 2.4
- 致謝
- Python 2.3 有什麼新功能
- PEP 218: A Standard Set Datatype
- PEP 255: Simple Generators
- PEP 263: Source Code Encodings
- PEP 273: Importing Modules from ZIP Archives
- PEP 277: Unicode file name support for Windows NT
- PEP 278: Universal Newline Support
- PEP 279：enumerate()
- PEP 282: The logging Package
- PEP 285: A Boolean Type
- PEP 293: Codec Error Handling Callbacks
- PEP 301: Package Index and Metadata for Distutils
- PEP 302: New Import Hooks
- PEP 305: Comma-separated Files
- PEP 307: Pickle Enhancements
- Extended Slices
- 其他語言更動
- New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
- Pymalloc: A Specialized Object Allocator
- Build and C API Changes
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Porting to Python 2.3
- 致謝
- Python 2.2 有什麼新功能
- Python 2.1 有什麼新功能
- 簡介
- PEP 227: Nested Scopes
- PEP 236: __future__ Directives
- PEP 207: Rich Comparisons
- PEP 230: Warning Framework
- PEP 229: New Build System
- PEP 205: Weak References
- PEP 232: Function Attributes
- PEP 235: Importing Modules on Case-Insensitive Platforms
- PEP 217: Interactive Display Hook
- PEP 208: New Coercion Model
- PEP 241: Metadata in Python Packages
- New and Improved Modules
- Other Changes and Fixes
- 致謝
- Python 2.0 有什麼新功能
- 簡介
- What About Python 1.6?
- New Development Process
- Unicode
- 串列綜合運算（List Comprehension）
- Augmented Assignment
- String Methods
- Garbage Collection of Cycles
- Other Core Changes
- Porting to 2.0
- Extending/Embedding Changes
- Distutils: Making Modules Easy to Install
- XML 模組
- 模組變更
- 新增模組
- IDLE Improvements
- Deleted and Deprecated Modules
- 致謝
- Changelog（更動日誌）
- Python next
- Python 3.12.7 final
- Python 3.12.6 final
- Python 3.12.5 final
- Python 3.12.4 final
- Python 3.12.3 final
- Python 3.12.2 final
- Python 3.12.1 final
- Python 3.12.0 final
- Python 3.12.0 release candidate 3
- Python 3.12.0 release candidate 2
- Python 3.12.0 release candidate 1
- Python 3.12.0 beta 4
- Python 3.12.0 beta 3
- Python 3.12.0 beta 2
- Python 3.12.0 beta 1
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 7
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 6
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 5
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.11.0 beta 1
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 7
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 6
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 5
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.10.0 beta 1
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 7
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 6
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 5
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.9.0 beta 1
- Python 3.9.0 alpha 6
- Python 3.9.0 alpha 5
- Python 3.9.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.9.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.9.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.9.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.8.0 beta 1
- Python 3.8.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.8.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.8.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.8.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.7.0 final
- Python 3.7.0 release candidate 1
- Python 3.7.0 beta 5
- Python 3.7.0 beta 4
- Python 3.7.0 beta 3
- Python 3.7.0 beta 2
- Python 3.7.0 beta 1
- Python 3.7.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.7.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.7.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.7.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.6.6 final
- Python 3.6.6 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.5 final
- Python 3.6.5 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.4 final
- Python 3.6.4 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.3 final
- Python 3.6.3 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.2 final
- Python 3.6.2 release candidate 2
- Python 3.6.2 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.1 final
- Python 3.6.1 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.0 final
- Python 3.6.0 release candidate 2
- Python 3.6.0 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.0 beta 4
- Python 3.6.0 beta 3
- Python 3.6.0 beta 2
- Python 3.6.0 beta 1
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.5.5 final
- Python 3.5.5 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.4 final
- Python 3.5.4 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.3 final
- Python 3.5.3 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.2 final
- Python 3.5.2 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.1 final
- Python 3.5.1 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.0 final
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 4
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 3
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 2
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.0 beta 4
- Python 3.5.0 beta 3
- Python 3.5.0 beta 2
- Python 3.5.0 beta 1
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 1
- Python 教學
- 1. 淺嘗滋味
- 2. 使用 Python 直譯器
- 3. 一個非正式的 Python 簡介
- 4. 深入了解流程控制
- 4.1.
if陳述式 - 4.2.
for陳述式 - 4.3.
range()函式 - 4.4.
breakandcontinueStatements - 4.5.
elseClauses on Loops - 4.6.
pass陳述式 - 4.7.
match陳述式 - 4.8. 定義函式 (function)
- 4.9. 深入了解函式定義
- 4.10. 間奏曲：程式碼風格 (Coding Style)
- 4.1.
- 5. 資料結構
- 6. 模組 (Module)
- 7. 輸入和輸出
- 8. 錯誤和例外
- 9. Class（類別）
- 10. Python 標準函式庫概覽
- 11. Python 標準函式庫概覽——第二部份
- 12. 虛擬環境與套件
- 13. 現在可以來學習些什麼？
- 14. 互動式輸入編輯和歷史記錄替換
- 15. 浮點數運算：問題與限制
- 16. 附錄
- Python 的設置與使用
- 1. 命令列與環境
- 2. 在 Unix 平臺上使用 Python
- 3. 配置 Python
- 4. 在 Windows 上使用 Python
- 4.1. The full installer
- 4.2. The Microsoft Store package
- 4.3. nuget.org 套件
- 4.4. The embeddable package
- 4.5. Alternative bundles
- 4.6. 設定 Python
- 4.7. UTF-8 模式
- 4.8. Python Launcher for Windows
- 4.9. 找尋模組
- 4.10. 額外的模組
- 4.11. 編譯 Python 在 Windows
- 4.12. 其他平台
- 5. 在 Mac 系統使用 Python
- 6. 編輯器與 IDE
- Python 語言參考手冊
- 1. 簡介
- 2. 詞法分析
- 3. 資料模型
- 3.1. Objects, values and types
- 3.2. 標準型別階層
- 3.2.1. None
- 3.2.2. NotImplemented
- 3.2.3. Ellipsis
- 3.2.4.
numbers.Number - 3.2.5. Sequences
- 3.2.6. Set types
- 3.2.7. Mappings
- 3.2.8. Callable types
- 3.2.9. 模組
- 3.2.10. Custom classes
- 3.2.11. Class instances
- 3.2.12. I/O objects (also known as file objects)
- 3.2.13. Internal types
- 3.3. Special method names
- 3.3.1. Basic customization
- 3.3.2. Customizing attribute access
- 3.3.3. Customizing class creation
- 3.3.4. Customizing instance and subclass checks
- 3.3.5. Emulating generic types
- 3.3.6. Emulating callable objects
- 3.3.7. Emulating container types
- 3.3.8. Emulating numeric types
__add__()__sub__()__mul__()__matmul__()__truediv__()__floordiv__()__mod__()__divmod__()__pow__()__lshift__()__rshift__()__and__()__xor__()__or__()__radd__()__rsub__()__rmul__()__rmatmul__()__rtruediv__()__rfloordiv__()__rmod__()__rdivmod__()__rpow__()__rlshift__()__rrshift__()__rand__()__rxor__()__ror__()__iadd__()__isub__()__imul__()__imatmul__()__itruediv__()__ifloordiv__()__imod__()__ipow__()__ilshift__()__irshift__()__iand__()__ixor__()__ior__()__neg__()__pos__()__abs__()__invert__()__complex__()__int__()__float__()__index__()__round__()__trunc__()__floor__()__ceil__()
- 3.3.9. With Statement Context Managers
- 3.3.10. Customizing positional arguments in class pattern matching
- 3.3.11. Emulating buffer types
- 3.3.12. Special method lookup
- 3.4. 協程
- 4. 執行模型
- 5. 模組引入系統
- 6. 運算式
- 6.1. Arithmetic conversions
- 6.2. Atoms
- 6.3. Primaries
- 6.4. Await expression
- 6.5. The power operator
- 6.6. Unary arithmetic and bitwise operations
- 6.7. Binary arithmetic operations
- 6.8. Shifting operations
- 6.9. Binary bitwise operations
- 6.10. Comparisons
- 6.11. Boolean operations
- 6.12. Assignment expressions
- 6.13. Conditional expressions
- 6.14. Lambdas
- 6.15. Expression lists
- 6.16. Evaluation order
- 6.17. Operator precedence
- 7. 簡單陳述式
- 8. 複合陳述式
- 9. 最高層級元件
- 10. 完整的語法規格書
- Python 標準函式庫 (Standard Library)
- 簡介
- 內建函式
abs()aiter()all()anext()any()ascii()bin()boolbreakpoint()callable()chr()classmethod()compile()complexdelattr()dir()divmod()enumerate()eval()exec()filter()floatformat()getattr()globals()hasattr()hash()help()hex()id()input()intisinstance()issubclass()iter()len()locals()map()max()min()next()objectoct()open()ord()pow()print()propertyrepr()reversed()round()setattr()slicesorted()staticmethod()sum()supertypevars()zip()__import__()
- 內建常數
- 內建型別
- 真值檢測
- Boolean（布林）運算 ---
and,or,not - 比較運算
- 數值型別 ---
int、float、complex - Boolean 型別 -
bool - 疊代器型別
- Sequence Types ---
list,tuple,range - Text Sequence Type ---
strstr- String Methods
capitalize()casefold()center()count()encode()endswith()expandtabs()find()format()format_map()index()isalnum()isalpha()isascii()isdecimal()isdigit()isidentifier()islower()isnumeric()isprintable()isspace()istitle()isupper()join()ljust()lower()lstrip()maketrans()partition()removeprefix()removesuffix()replace()rfind()rindex()rjust()rpartition()rsplit()rstrip()split()splitlines()startswith()strip()swapcase()title()translate()upper()zfill()
printf-style String Formatting
- Binary Sequence Types ---
bytes,bytearray,memoryview- Bytes Objects
- Bytearray Objects
- Bytes and Bytearray Operations
count()count()removeprefix()removeprefix()removesuffix()removesuffix()decode()decode()endswith()endswith()find()find()index()index()join()join()maketrans()maketrans()partition()partition()replace()replace()rfind()rfind()rindex()rindex()rpartition()rpartition()startswith()startswith()translate()translate()center()center()ljust()ljust()lstrip()lstrip()rjust()rjust()rsplit()rsplit()rstrip()rstrip()split()split()strip()strip()capitalize()capitalize()expandtabs()expandtabs()isalnum()isalnum()isalpha()isalpha()isascii()isascii()isdigit()isdigit()islower()islower()isspace()isspace()istitle()istitle()isupper()isupper()lower()lower()splitlines()splitlines()swapcase()swapcase()title()title()upper()upper()zfill()zfill()
printf-style Bytes Formatting- Memory Views
- Set Types ---
set,frozenset - Mapping Types ---
dict - 情境管理器型別
- 型別註釋的型別 --- 泛型別名 (Generic Alias)、聯合 (Union)
- Other Built-in Types
- 特殊屬性
- Integer string conversion length limitation
- 內建的例外
- 例外的情境
- 繼承自內建的例外
- 基底類別 (base classes)
- 實體例外
AssertionErrorAttributeErrorEOFErrorFloatingPointErrorGeneratorExitImportErrorModuleNotFoundErrorIndexErrorKeyErrorKeyboardInterruptMemoryErrorNameErrorNotImplementedErrorOSErrorOverflowErrorRecursionErrorReferenceErrorRuntimeErrorStopIterationStopAsyncIterationSyntaxErrorIndentationErrorTabErrorSystemErrorSystemExitTypeErrorUnboundLocalErrorUnicodeErrorUnicodeEncodeErrorUnicodeDecodeErrorUnicodeTranslateErrorValueErrorZeroDivisionErrorEnvironmentErrorIOErrorWindowsError- 作業系統例外
- 警告
- 例外群組
- 例外階層
- 文本處理 (Text Processing) 服務
string--- 常見的字串操作re--- 正規表示式 (regular expression) 操作difflib--- 計算差異的輔助工具textwrap--- 文字包裝與填充unicodedata--- Unicode 資料庫stringprep--- 網際網路字串準備readline--- GNU readline 介面rlcompleter--- GNU readline 的補全函式
- 二進位資料服務
struct--- 將位元組直譯為打包起來的二進位資料codecs--- 編解碼器註冊表和基底類別encode()decode()lookup()CodecInfogetencoder()getdecoder()getincrementalencoder()getincrementaldecoder()getreader()getwriter()register()unregister()open()EncodedFile()iterencode()iterdecode()BOMBOM_BEBOM_LEBOM_UTF8BOM_UTF16BOM_UTF16_BEBOM_UTF16_LEBOM_UTF32BOM_UTF32_BEBOM_UTF32_LE- Codec Base Classes
- Encodings and Unicode
- Standard Encodings
- Python Specific Encodings
encodings.idna--- Internationalized Domain Names in Applicationsencodings.mbcs--- Windows ANSI codepageencodings.utf_8_sig--- UTF-8 codec with BOM signature
- 資料型別
datetime--- 日期與時間的基本型別- Aware and Naive Objects
- 常數
- Available Types
timedelta物件date物件datetime物件datetimetoday()now()utcnow()fromtimestamp()utcfromtimestamp()fromordinal()combine()fromisoformat()fromisocalendar()strptime()minmaxresolutionyearmonthdayhourminutesecondmicrosecondtzinfofolddate()time()timetz()replace()astimezone()utcoffset()dst()tzname()timetuple()utctimetuple()toordinal()timestamp()weekday()isoweekday()isocalendar()isoformat()__str__()ctime()strftime()__format__()- 用法範例：
datetime
time物件tzinfo物件timezone物件strftime()與strptime()的行為
zoneinfo--- IANA 時區支援calendar--- 日曆相關函式CalendarTextCalendarHTMLCalendarLocaleTextCalendarLocaleHTMLCalendarsetfirstweekday()firstweekday()isleap()leapdays()weekday()weekheader()monthrange()monthcalendar()prmonth()month()prcal()calendar()timegm()day_nameday_abbrMONDAYTUESDAYWEDNESDAYTHURSDAYFRIDAYSATURDAYSUNDAYDaymonth_namemonth_abbrJANUARYFEBRUARYMARCHAPRILMAYJUNEJULYAUGUSTSEPTEMBEROCTOBERNOVEMBERDECEMBERMonthIllegalMonthErrorIllegalWeekdayError- 命令列用法
collections--- 容器資料型態collections.abc--- 容器的抽象基底類別heapq--- 堆積佇列 (heap queue) 演算法bisect--- 陣列二分演算法 (Array bisection algorithm)array--- 高效率的數值型陣列weakref--- 弱參照types--- 動態型別建立與內建型別名稱- Dynamic Type Creation
- Standard Interpreter Types
NoneTypeFunctionTypeLambdaTypeGeneratorTypeCoroutineTypeAsyncGeneratorTypeCodeTypeCellTypeMethodTypeBuiltinFunctionTypeBuiltinMethodTypeWrapperDescriptorTypeMethodWrapperTypeNotImplementedTypeMethodDescriptorTypeClassMethodDescriptorTypeModuleTypeEllipsisTypeGenericAliasUnionTypeTracebackTypeFrameTypeGetSetDescriptorTypeMemberDescriptorTypeMappingProxyType
- Additional Utility Classes and Functions
- Coroutine Utility Functions
copy--- 淺層 (shallow) 和深層 (deep) 複製操作pprint--- 資料美化列印器reprlib---repr()的替代實作enum--- 對列舉的支援graphlib—-- 使用類圖 (graph-like) 結構進行操作的功能
- 數值與數學模組
numbers--- 數值的抽象基底類別math--- 數學函式cmath--- 複數的數學函式decimal--- 十進位固定點和浮點運算- Quick-start Tutorial
- Decimal objects
Decimaladjusted()as_integer_ratio()as_tuple()canonical()compare()compare_signal()compare_total()compare_total_mag()conjugate()copy_abs()copy_negate()copy_sign()exp()from_float()fma()is_canonical()is_finite()is_infinite()is_nan()is_normal()is_qnan()is_signed()is_snan()is_subnormal()is_zero()ln()log10()logb()logical_and()logical_invert()logical_or()logical_xor()max()max_mag()min()min_mag()next_minus()next_plus()next_toward()normalize()number_class()quantize()radix()remainder_near()rotate()same_quantum()scaleb()shift()sqrt()to_eng_string()to_integral()to_integral_exact()to_integral_value()
- Logical operands
- Context objects
getcontext()setcontext()localcontext()BasicContextExtendedContextDefaultContextContextclear_flags()clear_traps()copy()copy_decimal()create_decimal()create_decimal_from_float()Etiny()Etop()abs()add()canonical()compare()compare_signal()compare_total()compare_total_mag()copy_abs()copy_negate()copy_sign()divide()divide_int()divmod()exp()fma()is_canonical()is_finite()is_infinite()is_nan()is_normal()is_qnan()is_signed()is_snan()is_subnormal()is_zero()ln()log10()logb()logical_and()logical_invert()logical_or()logical_xor()max()max_mag()min()min_mag()minus()multiply()next_minus()next_plus()next_toward()normalize()number_class()plus()power()quantize()radix()remainder()remainder_near()rotate()same_quantum()scaleb()shift()sqrt()subtract()to_eng_string()to_integral_exact()to_sci_string()
- 常數
- Rounding modes
- Signals
- Floating-Point Notes
- Working with threads
- Recipes
- Decimal FAQ
fractions--- 有理數random--- 生成偽隨機數statistics--- 數學統計函式
- 函式編程模組
itertools--- 建立產生高效率迴圈之疊代器的函式functools--- 可呼叫物件上的高階函式與操作operator--- 標準運算子替代函式lt()le()eq()ne()ge()gt()__lt__()__le__()__eq__()__ne__()__ge__()__gt__()not_()__not__()truth()is_()is_not()abs()__abs__()add()__add__()and_()__and__()floordiv()__floordiv__()index()__index__()inv()invert()__inv__()__invert__()lshift()__lshift__()mod()__mod__()mul()__mul__()matmul()__matmul__()neg()__neg__()or_()__or__()pos()__pos__()pow()__pow__()rshift()__rshift__()sub()__sub__()truediv()__truediv__()xor()__xor__()concat()__concat__()contains()__contains__()countOf()delitem()__delitem__()getitem()__getitem__()indexOf()setitem()__setitem__()length_hint()call()__call__()attrgetter()itemgetter()methodcaller()- 運算子與函式間的對映
- 原地 (in-place) 運算子
- 檔案與目錄存取
pathlib--- 物件導向檔案系統路徑os.path--- 常見的路徑名操作abspath()basename()commonpath()commonprefix()dirname()exists()lexists()expanduser()expandvars()getatime()getmtime()getctime()getsize()isabs()isfile()isdir()isjunction()islink()ismount()isdevdrive()join()normcase()normpath()realpath()relpath()samefile()sameopenfile()samestat()split()splitdrive()splitroot()splitext()supports_unicode_filenames
fileinput--- 逐列疊代多個輸入串流stat--- 直譯stat()的結果S_ISDIR()S_ISCHR()S_ISBLK()S_ISREG()S_ISFIFO()S_ISLNK()S_ISSOCK()S_ISDOOR()S_ISPORT()S_ISWHT()S_IMODE()S_IFMT()filemode()ST_MODEST_INOST_DEVST_NLINKST_UIDST_GIDST_SIZEST_ATIMEST_MTIMEST_CTIMES_IFSOCKS_IFLNKS_IFREGS_IFBLKS_IFDIRS_IFCHRS_IFIFOS_IFDOORS_IFPORTS_IFWHTS_ISUIDS_ISGIDS_ISVTXS_IRWXUS_IRUSRS_IWUSRS_IXUSRS_IRWXGS_IRGRPS_IWGRPS_IXGRPS_IRWXOS_IROTHS_IWOTHS_IXOTHS_ENFMTS_IREADS_IWRITES_IEXECUF_NODUMPUF_IMMUTABLEUF_APPENDUF_OPAQUEUF_NOUNLINKUF_COMPRESSEDUF_HIDDENSF_ARCHIVEDSF_IMMUTABLESF_APPENDSF_NOUNLINKSF_SNAPSHOTFILE_ATTRIBUTE_ARCHIVEFILE_ATTRIBUTE_COMPRESSEDFILE_ATTRIBUTE_DEVICEFILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORYFILE_ATTRIBUTE_ENCRYPTEDFILE_ATTRIBUTE_HIDDENFILE_ATTRIBUTE_INTEGRITY_STREAMFILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMALFILE_ATTRIBUTE_NOT_CONTENT_INDEXEDFILE_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SCRUB_DATAFILE_ATTRIBUTE_OFFLINEFILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLYFILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINTFILE_ATTRIBUTE_SPARSE_FILEFILE_ATTRIBUTE_SYSTEMFILE_ATTRIBUTE_TEMPORARYFILE_ATTRIBUTE_VIRTUALIO_REPARSE_TAG_SYMLINKIO_REPARSE_TAG_MOUNT_POINTIO_REPARSE_TAG_APPEXECLINK
filecmp--- 檔案與目錄比較tempfile--- 生成臨時檔案和目錄glob--- Unix 風格的路徑名稱模式擴展fnmatch--- Unix 檔案名稱模式比對linecache--- 隨機存取文字列shutil— 高階檔案操作
- 資料持久性 (Data Persistence)
pickle--- Python 物件序列化copyreg--- 註冊pickle支援函式shelve--- Python object persistencemarshal--- 内部 Python 物件序列化dbm--- Unix "databases" 的介面sqlite3--- SQLite 資料庫的 DB-API 2.0 介面- 教學
- Reference
- Module functions
- Module constants
LEGACY_TRANSACTION_CONTROLPARSE_COLNAMESPARSE_DECLTYPESSQLITE_OKSQLITE_DENYSQLITE_IGNOREapilevelparamstylesqlite_versionsqlite_version_infothreadsafetyversionversion_infoSQLITE_DBCONFIG_DEFENSIVESQLITE_DBCONFIG_DQS_DDLSQLITE_DBCONFIG_DQS_DMLSQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_FKEYSQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_FTS3_TOKENIZERSQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_LOAD_EXTENSIONSQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_QPSGSQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_TRIGGERSQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_VIEWSQLITE_DBCONFIG_LEGACY_ALTER_TABLESQLITE_DBCONFIG_LEGACY_FILE_FORMATSQLITE_DBCONFIG_NO_CKPT_ON_CLOSESQLITE_DBCONFIG_RESET_DATABASESQLITE_DBCONFIG_TRIGGER_EQPSQLITE_DBCONFIG_TRUSTED_SCHEMASQLITE_DBCONFIG_WRITABLE_SCHEMA
- Connection 物件
Connectioncursor()blobopen()commit()rollback()close()execute()executemany()executescript()create_function()create_aggregate()create_window_function()create_collation()interrupt()set_authorizer()set_progress_handler()set_trace_callback()enable_load_extension()load_extension()iterdump()backup()getlimit()setlimit()getconfig()setconfig()serialize()deserialize()autocommitin_transactionisolation_levelrow_factorytext_factorytotal_changes
- Cursor 物件
- Row 物件
- Blob 物件
- PrepareProtocol 物件
- 例外
- SQLite and Python types
- Default adapters and converters (deprecated)
- 命令列介面
- How-to guides
- How to use placeholders to bind values in SQL queries
- How to adapt custom Python types to SQLite values
- How to convert SQLite values to custom Python types
- Adapter and converter recipes
- How to use connection shortcut methods
- How to use the connection context manager
- How to work with SQLite URIs
- How to create and use row factories
- How to handle non-UTF-8 text encodings
- 解釋
- 資料壓縮與保存
zlib--- 相容於 gzip 的壓縮gzip--- gzip 檔案的支援bz2--- bzip2 壓縮的支援lzma--- 使用 LZMA 演算法進行壓縮zipfile--- 處理 ZIP 封存檔案tarfile--- 讀取與寫入 tar 封存檔案open()is_tarfile()TarErrorReadErrorCompressionErrorStreamErrorExtractErrorHeaderErrorFilterErrorAbsolutePathErrorOutsideDestinationErrorSpecialFileErrorAbsoluteLinkErrorLinkOutsideDestinationErrorENCODINGREGTYPEAREGTYPELNKTYPESYMTYPECHRTYPEBLKTYPEDIRTYPEFIFOTYPECONTTYPEGNUTYPE_LONGNAMEGNUTYPE_LONGLINKGNUTYPE_SPARSEUSTAR_FORMATGNU_FORMATPAX_FORMATDEFAULT_FORMAT- TarFile 物件
- TarInfo 物件
- Extraction filters
- Command-Line Interface
- 範例
- Supported tar formats
- Unicode issues
- 檔案格式
csv--- CSV 檔案讀取及寫入configparser--- 設定檔剖析器tomllib--- 剖析 TOML 檔案netrc--- netrc 檔案處理plistlib--- 產生和剖析 Apple.plist檔案
- 加密服務
- 通用作業系統服務
os--- 各種作業系統介面errorname- File Names, Command Line Arguments, and Environment Variables
- Python UTF-8 模式
- 行程參數
ctermid()environenvironbfsencode()fsdecode()fspath()PathLikegetenv()getenvb()get_exec_path()getegid()geteuid()getgid()getgrouplist()getgroups()getlogin()getpgid()getpgrp()getpid()getppid()getpriority()PRIO_PROCESSPRIO_PGRPPRIO_USERPRIO_DARWIN_THREADPRIO_DARWIN_PROCESSPRIO_DARWIN_BGPRIO_DARWIN_NONUIgetresuid()getresgid()getuid()initgroups()putenv()setegid()seteuid()setgid()setgroups()setns()setpgrp()setpgid()setpriority()setregid()setresgid()setresuid()setreuid()getsid()setsid()setuid()strerror()supports_bytes_environumask()uname()unsetenv()unshare()CLONE_FILESCLONE_FSCLONE_NEWCGROUPCLONE_NEWIPCCLONE_NEWNETCLONE_NEWNSCLONE_NEWPIDCLONE_NEWTIMECLONE_NEWUSERCLONE_NEWUTSCLONE_SIGHANDCLONE_SYSVSEMCLONE_THREADCLONE_VM
- File Object Creation
- File Descriptor Operations
close()closerange()copy_file_range()device_encoding()dup()dup2()fchmod()fchown()fdatasync()fpathconf()fstat()fstatvfs()fsync()ftruncate()get_blocking()isatty()lockf()F_LOCKF_TLOCKF_ULOCKF_TESTlogin_tty()lseek()SEEK_SETSEEK_CURSEEK_ENDSEEK_HOLESEEK_DATAopen()O_RDONLYO_WRONLYO_RDWRO_APPENDO_CREATO_EXCLO_TRUNCO_DSYNCO_RSYNCO_SYNCO_NDELAYO_NONBLOCKO_NOCTTYO_CLOEXECO_BINARYO_NOINHERITO_SHORT_LIVEDO_TEMPORARYO_RANDOMO_SEQUENTIALO_TEXTO_EVTONLYO_FSYNCO_SYMLINKO_NOFOLLOW_ANYO_ASYNCO_DIRECTO_DIRECTORYO_NOFOLLOWO_NOATIMEO_PATHO_TMPFILEO_SHLOCKO_EXLOCKopenpty()pipe()pipe2()posix_fallocate()posix_fadvise()POSIX_FADV_NORMALPOSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIALPOSIX_FADV_RANDOMPOSIX_FADV_NOREUSEPOSIX_FADV_WILLNEEDPOSIX_FADV_DONTNEEDpread()preadv()RWF_NOWAITRWF_HIPRIpwrite()pwritev()RWF_DSYNCRWF_SYNCRWF_APPENDread()sendfile()SF_NODISKIOSF_MNOWAITSF_SYNCSF_NOCACHEset_blocking()splice()SPLICE_F_MOVESPLICE_F_NONBLOCKSPLICE_F_MOREreadv()tcgetpgrp()tcsetpgrp()ttyname()write()writev()- Querying the size of a terminal
- Inheritance of File Descriptors
- Files and Directories
access()F_OKR_OKW_OKX_OKchdir()chflags()chmod()chown()chroot()fchdir()getcwd()getcwdb()lchflags()lchmod()lchown()link()listdir()listdrives()listmounts()listvolumes()lstat()mkdir()makedirs()mkfifo()mknod()major()minor()makedev()pathconf()pathconf_namesreadlink()remove()removedirs()rename()renames()replace()rmdir()scandir()DirEntrystat()stat_resultstatvfs()supports_dir_fdsupports_effective_idssupports_fdsupports_follow_symlinkssymlink()sync()truncate()unlink()utime()walk()fwalk()memfd_create()MFD_CLOEXECMFD_ALLOW_SEALINGMFD_HUGETLBMFD_HUGE_SHIFTMFD_HUGE_MASKMFD_HUGE_64KBMFD_HUGE_512KBMFD_HUGE_1MBMFD_HUGE_2MBMFD_HUGE_8MBMFD_HUGE_16MBMFD_HUGE_32MBMFD_HUGE_256MBMFD_HUGE_512MBMFD_HUGE_1GBMFD_HUGE_2GBMFD_HUGE_16GBeventfd()eventfd_read()eventfd_write()EFD_CLOEXECEFD_NONBLOCKEFD_SEMAPHORE- Linux extended attributes
- 行程管理
abort()add_dll_directory()execl()execle()execlp()execlpe()execv()execve()execvp()execvpe()_exit()EX_OKEX_USAGEEX_DATAERREX_NOINPUTEX_NOUSEREX_NOHOSTEX_UNAVAILABLEEX_SOFTWAREEX_OSERREX_OSFILEEX_CANTCREATEX_IOERREX_TEMPFAILEX_PROTOCOLEX_NOPERMEX_CONFIGEX_NOTFOUNDfork()forkpty()kill()killpg()nice()pidfd_open()plock()popen()posix_spawn()posix_spawnp()register_at_fork()spawnl()spawnle()spawnlp()spawnlpe()spawnv()spawnve()spawnvp()spawnvpe()P_NOWAITP_NOWAITOP_WAITP_DETACHP_OVERLAYstartfile()system()times()wait()waitid()waitpid()wait3()wait4()P_PIDP_PGIDP_ALLP_PIDFDWCONTINUEDWEXITEDWSTOPPEDWUNTRACEDWNOHANGWNOWAITCLD_EXITEDCLD_KILLEDCLD_DUMPEDCLD_TRAPPEDCLD_STOPPEDCLD_CONTINUEDwaitstatus_to_exitcode()WCOREDUMP()WIFCONTINUED()WIFSTOPPED()WIFSIGNALED()WIFEXITED()WEXITSTATUS()WSTOPSIG()WTERMSIG()
- Interface to the scheduler
SCHED_OTHERSCHED_BATCHSCHED_IDLESCHED_SPORADICSCHED_FIFOSCHED_RRSCHED_RESET_ON_FORKsched_paramsched_get_priority_min()sched_get_priority_max()sched_setscheduler()sched_getscheduler()sched_setparam()sched_getparam()sched_rr_get_interval()sched_yield()sched_setaffinity()sched_getaffinity()
- Miscellaneous System Information
- Random numbers
io— 處理資料串流的核心工具time--- 時間存取與轉換- 函式
asctime()pthread_getcpuclockid()clock_getres()clock_gettime()clock_gettime_ns()clock_settime()clock_settime_ns()ctime()get_clock_info()gmtime()localtime()mktime()monotonic()monotonic_ns()perf_counter()perf_counter_ns()process_time()process_time_ns()sleep()strftime()strptime()struct_timetime()time_ns()thread_time()thread_time_ns()tzset()
- Clock ID Constants
- Timezone Constants
- 函式
argparse--- Parser for command-line options, arguments and subcommandsgetopt--- 用於命令列選項的 C 風格剖析器logging--- Python 的日誌記錄工具logging.config--- 日誌記錄配置logging.handlers--- 日誌紀錄處理器getpass--- 可攜式密碼輸入工具curses--- 字元儲存格顯示的終端處理- 函式
errorbaudrate()beep()can_change_color()cbreak()color_content()color_pair()curs_set()def_prog_mode()def_shell_mode()delay_output()doupdate()echo()endwin()erasechar()filter()flash()flushinp()getmouse()getsyx()getwin()has_colors()has_extended_color_support()has_ic()has_il()has_key()halfdelay()init_color()init_pair()initscr()is_term_resized()isendwin()keyname()killchar()longname()meta()mouseinterval()mousemask()napms()newpad()newwin()nl()nocbreak()noecho()nonl()noqiflush()noraw()pair_content()pair_number()putp()qiflush()raw()reset_prog_mode()reset_shell_mode()resetty()resize_term()resizeterm()savetty()get_escdelay()set_escdelay()get_tabsize()set_tabsize()setsyx()setupterm()start_color()termattrs()termname()tigetflag()tigetnum()tigetstr()tparm()typeahead()unctrl()ungetch()update_lines_cols()unget_wch()ungetmouse()use_env()use_default_colors()wrapper()
- Window Objects
addch()addnstr()addstr()attroff()attron()attrset()bkgd()bkgdset()border()box()chgat()clear()clearok()clrtobot()clrtoeol()cursyncup()delch()deleteln()derwin()echochar()enclose()encodingerase()getbegyx()getbkgd()getch()get_wch()getkey()getmaxyx()getparyx()getstr()getyx()hline()idcok()idlok()immedok()inch()insch()insdelln()insertln()insnstr()insstr()instr()is_linetouched()is_wintouched()keypad()leaveok()move()mvderwin()mvwin()nodelay()notimeout()noutrefresh()overlay()overwrite()putwin()redrawln()redrawwin()refresh()resize()scroll()scrollok()setscrreg()standend()standout()subpad()subwin()syncdown()syncok()syncup()timeout()touchline()touchwin()untouchwin()vline()
- Constants
ERROKversion__version__ncurses_versionCOLORSCOLOR_PAIRSCOLSLINESA_ALTCHARSETA_BLINKA_BOLDA_DIMA_INVISA_ITALICA_NORMALA_PROTECTA_REVERSEA_STANDOUTA_UNDERLINEA_HORIZONTALA_LEFTA_LOWA_RIGHTA_TOPA_VERTICALA_ATTRIBUTESA_CHARTEXTA_COLORKEY_MINKEY_BREAKKEY_DOWNKEY_UPKEY_LEFTKEY_RIGHTKEY_HOMEKEY_BACKSPACEKEY_F0KEY_FnKEY_DLKEY_ILKEY_DCKEY_ICKEY_EICKEY_CLEARKEY_EOSKEY_EOLKEY_SFKEY_SRKEY_NPAGEKEY_PPAGEKEY_STABKEY_CTABKEY_CATABKEY_ENTERKEY_SRESETKEY_RESETKEY_PRINTKEY_LLKEY_A1KEY_A3KEY_B2KEY_C1KEY_C3KEY_BTABKEY_BEGKEY_CANCELKEY_CLOSEKEY_COMMANDKEY_COPYKEY_CREATEKEY_ENDKEY_EXITKEY_FINDKEY_HELPKEY_MARKKEY_MESSAGEKEY_MOVEKEY_NEXTKEY_OPENKEY_OPTIONSKEY_PREVIOUSKEY_REDOKEY_REFERENCEKEY_REFRESHKEY_REPLACEKEY_RESTARTKEY_RESUMEKEY_SAVEKEY_SBEGKEY_SCANCELKEY_SCOMMANDKEY_SCOPYKEY_SCREATEKEY_SDCKEY_SDLKEY_SELECTKEY_SENDKEY_SEOLKEY_SEXITKEY_SFINDKEY_SHELPKEY_SHOMEKEY_SICKEY_SLEFTKEY_SMESSAGEKEY_SMOVEKEY_SNEXTKEY_SOPTIONSKEY_SPREVIOUSKEY_SPRINTKEY_SREDOKEY_SREPLACEKEY_SRIGHTKEY_SRSUMEKEY_SSAVEKEY_SSUSPENDKEY_SUNDOKEY_SUSPENDKEY_UNDOKEY_MOUSEKEY_RESIZEKEY_MAXACS_BBSSACS_BLOCKACS_BOARDACS_BSBSACS_BSSBACS_BSSSACS_BTEEACS_BULLETACS_CKBOARDACS_DARROWACS_DEGREEACS_DIAMONDACS_GEQUALACS_HLINEACS_LANTERNACS_LARROWACS_LEQUALACS_LLCORNERACS_LRCORNERACS_LTEEACS_NEQUALACS_PIACS_PLMINUSACS_PLUSACS_RARROWACS_RTEEACS_S1ACS_S3ACS_S7ACS_S9ACS_SBBSACS_SBSBACS_SBSSACS_SSBBACS_SSBSACS_SSSBACS_SSSSACS_STERLINGACS_TTEEACS_UARROWACS_ULCORNERACS_URCORNERACS_VLINEBUTTONn_PRESSEDBUTTONn_RELEASEDBUTTONn_CLICKEDBUTTONn_DOUBLE_CLICKEDBUTTONn_TRIPLE_CLICKEDBUTTON_SHIFTBUTTON_CTRLBUTTON_ALTCOLOR_BLACKCOLOR_BLUECOLOR_CYANCOLOR_GREENCOLOR_MAGENTACOLOR_REDCOLOR_WHITECOLOR_YELLOW
- 函式
curses.textpad--- Text input widget for curses programscurses.ascii--- ASCII 字元的工具程式NULSOHSTXETXEOTENQACKBELBSTABHTLFNLVTFFCRSOSIDLEDC1DC2DC3DC4NAKSYNETBCANEMSUBESCFSGSRSUSSPDELisalnum()isalpha()isascii()isblank()iscntrl()isdigit()isgraph()islower()isprint()ispunct()isspace()isupper()isxdigit()isctrl()ismeta()ascii()ctrl()alt()unctrl()controlnames
curses.panel--- curses 的面板堆疊擴充platform--- 對底層平臺識別資料的存取errno--- 標準 errno 系統符號errorcodeEPERMENOENTESRCHEINTREIOENXIOE2BIGENOEXECEBADFECHILDEAGAINENOMEMEACCESEFAULTENOTBLKEBUSYEEXISTEXDEVENODEVENOTDIREISDIREINVALENFILEEMFILEENOTTYETXTBSYEFBIGENOSPCESPIPEEROFSEMLINKEPIPEEDOMERANGEEDEADLKENAMETOOLONGENOLCKENOSYSENOTEMPTYELOOPEWOULDBLOCKENOMSGEIDRMECHRNGEL2NSYNCEL3HLTEL3RSTELNRNGEUNATCHENOCSIEL2HLTEBADEEBADREXFULLENOANOEBADRQCEBADSLTEDEADLOCKEBFONTENOSTRENODATAETIMEENOSRENONETENOPKGEREMOTEENOLINKEADVESRMNTECOMMEPROTOEMULTIHOPEDOTDOTEBADMSGEOVERFLOWENOTUNIQEBADFDEREMCHGELIBACCELIBBADELIBSCNELIBMAXELIBEXECEILSEQERESTARTESTRPIPEEUSERSENOTSOCKEDESTADDRREQEMSGSIZEEPROTOTYPEENOPROTOOPTEPROTONOSUPPORTESOCKTNOSUPPORTEOPNOTSUPPENOTSUPEPFNOSUPPORTEAFNOSUPPORTEADDRINUSEEADDRNOTAVAILENETDOWNENETUNREACHENETRESETECONNABORTEDECONNRESETENOBUFSEISCONNENOTCONNESHUTDOWNETOOMANYREFSETIMEDOUTECONNREFUSEDEHOSTDOWNEHOSTUNREACHEALREADYEINPROGRESSESTALEEUCLEANENOTNAMENAVAILEISNAMEREMOTEIOEDQUOTEQFULLENOTCAPABLEECANCELEDEOWNERDEADENOTRECOVERABLE
ctypes--- 用於 Python 的外部函式庫- ctypes 教學
- Loading dynamic link libraries
- Accessing functions from loaded dlls
- 呼叫函式
- Fundamental data types
- Calling functions, continued
- Calling variadic functions
- Calling functions with your own custom data types
- Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes)
- Return types
- Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference)
- Structures and unions
- Structure/union alignment and byte order
- Bit fields in structures and unions
- Arrays
- Pointers
- Type conversions
- Incomplete Types
- 回呼函式
- Accessing values exported from dlls
- Surprises
- Variable-sized data types
- ctypes reference
- Finding shared libraries
- Loading shared libraries
- Foreign functions
- Function prototypes
- Utility functions
addressof()alignment()byref()cast()create_string_buffer()create_unicode_buffer()DllCanUnloadNow()DllGetClassObject()find_library()find_msvcrt()FormatError()GetLastError()get_errno()get_last_error()memmove()memset()POINTER()pointer()resize()set_errno()set_last_error()sizeof()string_at()WinError()wstring_at()
- Data types
- Fundamental data types
- Structured data types
- Arrays and pointers
- ctypes 教學
- 並行執行 (Concurrent Execution)
threading--- 基於執行緒的平行性active_count()current_thread()excepthook()__excepthook__get_ident()get_native_id()enumerate()main_thread()settrace()settrace_all_threads()gettrace()setprofile()setprofile_all_threads()getprofile()stack_size()TIMEOUT_MAX- Thread-Local Data
- Thread Objects
- Lock Objects
- RLock 物件
- Condition Objects
- Semaphore Objects
- Event Objects
- Timer Objects
- Barrier Objects
- Using locks, conditions, and semaphores in the
withstatement
multiprocessing--- 以行程為基礎的平行性multiprocessing.shared_memory--- 對於共享記憶體的跨行程直接存取concurrent套件concurrent.futures--- 啟動平行任務subprocess--- 子行程管理- Using the
subprocessModule - 安全性注意事項
- Popen Objects
- Windows Popen Helpers
STARTUPINFO- Windows Constants
STD_INPUT_HANDLESTD_OUTPUT_HANDLESTD_ERROR_HANDLESW_HIDESTARTF_USESTDHANDLESSTARTF_USESHOWWINDOWCREATE_NEW_CONSOLECREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUPABOVE_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASSBELOW_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASSHIGH_PRIORITY_CLASSIDLE_PRIORITY_CLASSNORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASSREALTIME_PRIORITY_CLASSCREATE_NO_WINDOWDETACHED_PROCESSCREATE_DEFAULT_ERROR_MODECREATE_BREAKAWAY_FROM_JOB
- Older high-level API
- Replacing Older Functions with the
subprocessModule - Legacy Shell Invocation Functions
- 註解
- Using the
sched--- 事件排程器queue--- 同步佇列 (synchronized queue) 類別contextvars--- 情境變數_thread--- 低階執行緒 API
- Networking and Interprocess Communication
asyncio--- 非同步 I/O- Runners (執行器)
- 協程與任務
- 串流
- 同步化原始物件 (Synchronization Primitives)
- 子行程
- 佇列 (Queues)
- 例外
- 事件迴圈
- Futures
- 傳輸與協定
- Policies
- 平臺支援
- 擴充
- 高階 API 索引
- 低階 API 索引
- 使用 asyncio 開發
socket--- 低階網路介面- Socket 系列家族
- 模組內容
- 例外
- 常數
AF_UNIXAF_INETAF_INET6AF_UNSPECSOCK_STREAMSOCK_DGRAMSOCK_RAWSOCK_RDMSOCK_SEQPACKETSOCK_CLOEXECSOCK_NONBLOCKSOMAXCONNAF_CANPF_CANCAN_BCMCAN_RAW_FD_FRAMESCAN_RAW_JOIN_FILTERSCAN_ISOTPCAN_J1939AF_DIVERTPF_DIVERTAF_PACKETPF_PACKETETH_P_ALLAF_RDSPF_RDSSOL_RDSSIO_RCVALLSIO_KEEPALIVE_VALSSIO_LOOPBACK_FAST_PATHAF_ALGSOL_ALGAF_VSOCKIOCTL_VM_SOCKETS_GET_LOCAL_CIDAF_LINKhas_ipv6BDADDR_ANYBDADDR_LOCALHCI_FILTERHCI_TIME_STAMPHCI_DATA_DIRAF_QIPCRTRSCM_CREDS2LOCAL_CREDSLOCAL_CREDS_PERSISTENTSO_INCOMING_CPUAF_HYPERVHV_PROTOCOL_RAWHVSOCKET_CONNECT_TIMEOUTHVSOCKET_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MAXHVSOCKET_CONNECTED_SUSPENDHVSOCKET_ADDRESS_FLAG_PASSTHRUHV_GUID_ZEROHV_GUID_WILDCARDHV_GUID_BROADCASTHV_GUID_CHILDRENHV_GUID_LOOPBACKHV_GUID_PARENTETHERTYPE_ARPETHERTYPE_IPETHERTYPE_IPV6ETHERTYPE_VLANSHUT_RDSHUT_WRSHUT_RDWR
- 函式
- 建立 sockets
- 其他函式
close()getaddrinfo()getfqdn()gethostbyname()gethostbyname_ex()gethostname()gethostbyaddr()getnameinfo()getprotobyname()getservbyname()getservbyport()ntohl()ntohs()htonl()htons()inet_aton()inet_ntoa()inet_pton()inet_ntop()CMSG_LEN()CMSG_SPACE()getdefaulttimeout()setdefaulttimeout()sethostname()if_nameindex()if_nametoindex()if_indextoname()send_fds()recv_fds()
- Socket 物件
accept()bind()close()connect()connect_ex()detach()dup()fileno()get_inheritable()getpeername()getsockname()getsockopt()getblocking()gettimeout()ioctl()listen()makefile()recv()recvfrom()recvmsg()recvmsg_into()recvfrom_into()recv_into()send()sendall()sendto()sendmsg()sendmsg_afalg()sendfile()set_inheritable()setblocking()settimeout()setsockopt()shutdown()share()familytypeproto
- Notes on socket timeouts
- 範例
ssl--- socket 物件的 TLS/SSL 包裝器- 函式、常數與例外
- Socket 建立
- 語境建立
- 例外
- 隨機產生
- 認證處理
- 常數
CERT_NONECERT_OPTIONALCERT_REQUIREDVerifyModeVERIFY_DEFAULTVERIFY_CRL_CHECK_LEAFVERIFY_CRL_CHECK_CHAINVERIFY_X509_STRICTVERIFY_ALLOW_PROXY_CERTSVERIFY_X509_TRUSTED_FIRSTVERIFY_X509_PARTIAL_CHAINVerifyFlagsPROTOCOL_TLSPROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENTPROTOCOL_TLS_SERVERPROTOCOL_SSLv23PROTOCOL_SSLv3PROTOCOL_TLSv1PROTOCOL_TLSv1_1PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2OP_ALLOP_NO_SSLv2OP_NO_SSLv3OP_NO_TLSv1OP_NO_TLSv1_1OP_NO_TLSv1_2OP_NO_TLSv1_3OP_NO_RENEGOTIATIONOP_CIPHER_SERVER_PREFERENCEOP_SINGLE_DH_USEOP_SINGLE_ECDH_USEOP_ENABLE_MIDDLEBOX_COMPATOP_NO_COMPRESSIONOptionsOP_NO_TICKETOP_IGNORE_UNEXPECTED_EOFOP_ENABLE_KTLSOP_LEGACY_SERVER_CONNECTHAS_ALPNHAS_NEVER_CHECK_COMMON_NAMEHAS_ECDHHAS_SNIHAS_NPNHAS_SSLv2HAS_SSLv3HAS_TLSv1HAS_TLSv1_1HAS_TLSv1_2HAS_TLSv1_3CHANNEL_BINDING_TYPESOPENSSL_VERSIONOPENSSL_VERSION_INFOOPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBERALERT_DESCRIPTION_HANDSHAKE_FAILUREALERT_DESCRIPTION_INTERNAL_ERRORAlertDescriptionSERVER_AUTHCLIENT_AUTHSSLErrorNumberTLSVersionMINIMUM_SUPPORTEDMAXIMUM_SUPPORTEDSSLv3TLSv1TLSv1_1TLSv1_2TLSv1_3
- SSL Sockets
- SSL Contexts
SSLContextcert_store_stats()load_cert_chain()load_default_certs()load_verify_locations()get_ca_certs()get_ciphers()set_default_verify_paths()set_ciphers()set_alpn_protocols()set_npn_protocols()sni_callbackset_servername_callbackload_dh_params()set_ecdh_curve()wrap_socket()sslsocket_classwrap_bio()sslobject_classsession_stats()check_hostnamekeylog_filenamemaximum_versionminimum_versionnum_ticketsoptionspost_handshake_authprotocolhostname_checks_common_namesecurity_levelverify_flagsverify_mode
- Certificates
- 範例
- Notes on non-blocking sockets
- Memory BIO Support
- SSL session
- Security considerations
- TLS 1.3
- 函式、常數與例外
select--- 等待 I/O 完成selectors--- 高階 I/O 多工signal--- 設定非同步事件的處理函式- General rules
- 模組內容
SignalsHandlersSigmasksSIG_DFLSIG_IGNSIGABRTSIGALRMSIGBREAKSIGBUSSIGCHLDSIGCLDSIGCONTSIGFPESIGHUPSIGILLSIGINTSIGKILLSIGPIPESIGSEGVSIGSTKFLTSIGTERMSIGUSR1SIGUSR2SIGWINCHCTRL_C_EVENTCTRL_BREAK_EVENTNSIGITIMER_REALITIMER_VIRTUALITIMER_PROFSIG_BLOCKSIG_UNBLOCKSIG_SETMASKItimerErroralarm()getsignal()strsignal()valid_signals()pause()raise_signal()pidfd_send_signal()pthread_kill()pthread_sigmask()setitimer()getitimer()set_wakeup_fd()siginterrupt()signal()sigpending()sigwait()sigwaitinfo()sigtimedwait()
- 範例
- Note on SIGPIPE
- Note on Signal Handlers and Exceptions
mmap--- 記憶體映射檔案的支援mmapclose()closedfind()flush()madvise()move()read()read_byte()readline()resize()rfind()seek()size()tell()write()write_byte()- MADV_* Constants
MADV_NORMALMADV_RANDOMMADV_SEQUENTIALMADV_WILLNEEDMADV_DONTNEEDMADV_REMOVEMADV_DONTFORKMADV_DOFORKMADV_HWPOISONMADV_MERGEABLEMADV_UNMERGEABLEMADV_SOFT_OFFLINEMADV_HUGEPAGEMADV_NOHUGEPAGEMADV_DONTDUMPMADV_DODUMPMADV_FREEMADV_NOSYNCMADV_AUTOSYNCMADV_NOCOREMADV_COREMADV_PROTECTMADV_FREE_REUSABLEMADV_FREE_REUSE
- MAP_* 常數
- 網際網路資料處理
email--- 郵件和 MIME 處理套件email.message：表示電子郵件訊息EmailMessageas_string()__str__()as_bytes()__bytes__()is_multipart()set_unixfrom()get_unixfrom()__len__()__contains__()__getitem__()__setitem__()__delitem__()keys()values()items()get()get_all()add_header()replace_header()get_content_type()get_content_maintype()get_content_subtype()get_default_type()set_default_type()set_param()del_param()get_filename()get_boundary()set_boundary()get_content_charset()get_charsets()is_attachment()get_content_disposition()walk()get_body()iter_attachments()iter_parts()get_content()set_content()make_related()make_alternative()make_mixed()add_related()add_alternative()add_attachment()clear()clear_content()preambleepiloguedefects
MIMEPart
email.parser：剖析電子郵件訊息email.generator：產生 MIME 文件email.policy: Policy Objectsemail.errors：例外和缺陷類別email.headerregistry：自訂標頭物件email.contentmanager：管理 MIME 內容email：範例email.message.Message: Representing an email message using thecompat32APIMessageas_string()__str__()as_bytes()__bytes__()is_multipart()set_unixfrom()get_unixfrom()attach()get_payload()set_payload()set_charset()get_charset()__len__()__contains__()__getitem__()__setitem__()__delitem__()keys()values()items()get()get_all()add_header()replace_header()get_content_type()get_content_maintype()get_content_subtype()get_default_type()set_default_type()get_params()get_param()set_param()del_param()set_type()get_filename()get_boundary()set_boundary()get_content_charset()get_charsets()get_content_disposition()walk()preambleepiloguedefects
email.mime：從頭開始建立電子郵件和 MIME 物件email.header：國際化標頭email.charset：表示字元集合email.encoders：編碼器email.utils：雜項工具email.iterators：疊代器
json--- JSON 編碼器與解碼器mailbox--- 以各種格式操作郵件信箱mimetypes--- 將檔案名稱對映到 MIME 類型base64--- Base16、Base32、Base64、Base85 資料編碼binascii--- 在二進位制和 ASCII 之間轉換quopri--- 編碼和解碼 MIME 可列印字元資料
- Structured Markup Processing Tools
html--- 超連結標記語言 (HTML) 支援html.parser--- 簡單的 HTML 和 XHTML 剖析器html.entities--- HTML 一般實體的定義- XML 處理模組
xml.etree.cElementTree--- ElementTree XML APIxml.dom--- Document 物件模型 APIxml.dom.minidom--- 最小的 DOM 實作xml.dom.pulldom--- 支援建置部分 DOM 樹xml.sax--- SAX2 剖析器支援xml.sax.handler--- SAX 處理函式的基本類別ContentHandlerDTDHandlerEntityResolverErrorHandlerLexicalHandlerfeature_namespacesfeature_namespace_prefixesfeature_string_interningfeature_validationfeature_external_gesfeature_external_pesall_featuresproperty_lexical_handlerproperty_declaration_handlerproperty_dom_nodeproperty_xml_stringall_properties- ContentHandler 物件
- DTDHandler 物件
- EntityResolver 物件
- ErrorHandler 物件
- LexicalHandler 物件
xml.sax.saxutils--- SAX 工具程式xml.sax.xmlreader--- XML 剖析器的介面xml.parsers.expat--- 使用 Expat 進行快速 XML 剖析ExpatErrorerrorXMLParserTypeErrorString()ParserCreate()- XMLParser 物件
Parse()ParseFile()SetBase()GetBase()GetInputContext()ExternalEntityParserCreate()SetParamEntityParsing()UseForeignDTD()SetReparseDeferralEnabled()GetReparseDeferralEnabled()buffer_sizebuffer_textbuffer_usedordered_attributesspecified_attributesErrorByteIndexErrorCodeErrorColumnNumberErrorLineNumberCurrentByteIndexCurrentColumnNumberCurrentLineNumberXmlDeclHandler()StartDoctypeDeclHandler()EndDoctypeDeclHandler()ElementDeclHandler()AttlistDeclHandler()StartElementHandler()EndElementHandler()ProcessingInstructionHandler()CharacterDataHandler()UnparsedEntityDeclHandler()EntityDeclHandler()NotationDeclHandler()StartNamespaceDeclHandler()EndNamespaceDeclHandler()CommentHandler()StartCdataSectionHandler()EndCdataSectionHandler()DefaultHandler()DefaultHandlerExpand()NotStandaloneHandler()ExternalEntityRefHandler()
- ExpatError 例外
- 範例
- Content Model Descriptions
- Expat error constants
codesmessagesXML_ERROR_ASYNC_ENTITYXML_ERROR_ATTRIBUTE_EXTERNAL_ENTITY_REFXML_ERROR_BAD_CHAR_REFXML_ERROR_BINARY_ENTITY_REFXML_ERROR_DUPLICATE_ATTRIBUTEXML_ERROR_INCORRECT_ENCODINGXML_ERROR_INVALID_TOKENXML_ERROR_JUNK_AFTER_DOC_ELEMENTXML_ERROR_MISPLACED_XML_PIXML_ERROR_NO_ELEMENTSXML_ERROR_NO_MEMORYXML_ERROR_PARAM_ENTITY_REFXML_ERROR_PARTIAL_CHARXML_ERROR_RECURSIVE_ENTITY_REFXML_ERROR_SYNTAXXML_ERROR_TAG_MISMATCHXML_ERROR_UNCLOSED_TOKENXML_ERROR_UNDEFINED_ENTITYXML_ERROR_UNKNOWN_ENCODINGXML_ERROR_UNCLOSED_CDATA_SECTIONXML_ERROR_EXTERNAL_ENTITY_HANDLINGXML_ERROR_NOT_STANDALONEXML_ERROR_UNEXPECTED_STATEXML_ERROR_ENTITY_DECLARED_IN_PEXML_ERROR_FEATURE_REQUIRES_XML_DTDXML_ERROR_CANT_CHANGE_FEATURE_ONCE_PARSINGXML_ERROR_UNBOUND_PREFIXXML_ERROR_UNDECLARING_PREFIXXML_ERROR_INCOMPLETE_PEXML_ERROR_XML_DECLXML_ERROR_TEXT_DECLXML_ERROR_PUBLICIDXML_ERROR_SUSPENDEDXML_ERROR_NOT_SUSPENDEDXML_ERROR_ABORTEDXML_ERROR_FINISHEDXML_ERROR_SUSPEND_PEXML_ERROR_RESERVED_PREFIX_XMLXML_ERROR_RESERVED_PREFIX_XMLNSXML_ERROR_RESERVED_NAMESPACE_URIXML_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENTXML_ERROR_NO_BUFFERXML_ERROR_AMPLIFICATION_LIMIT_BREACH
- 網路協定 (Internet protocols) 及支援
webbrowser--- 方便的網頁瀏覽器控制器wsgiref--- WSGI 工具與參考實作wsgiref.util-- WSGI 環境工具wsgiref.headers-- WSGI 回應標頭工具wsgiref.simple_server-- 一個簡單的 WSGI HTTP 伺服器wsgiref.validate--- WSGI 符合性檢查wsgiref.handlers-- 伺服器 / 閘道基本類別CGIHandlerIISCGIHandlerBaseCGIHandlerSimpleHandlerBaseHandlerrun()_write()_flush()get_stdin()get_stderr()add_cgi_vars()wsgi_multithreadwsgi_multiprocesswsgi_run_onceos_environserver_softwareget_scheme()setup_environ()log_exception()traceback_limiterror_output()error_statuserror_headerserror_bodywsgi_file_wrappersendfile()origin_serverhttp_version
read_environ()
wsgiref.types-- 用於靜態型別檢查的 WSGI 型別- 範例
urllib--- URL 處理模組urllib.request--- 用來開啟 URLs 的可擴充函式庫urlopen()install_opener()build_opener()pathname2url()url2pathname()getproxies()RequestOpenerDirectorBaseHandlerHTTPDefaultErrorHandlerHTTPRedirectHandlerHTTPCookieProcessorProxyHandlerHTTPPasswordMgrHTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealmHTTPPasswordMgrWithPriorAuthAbstractBasicAuthHandlerHTTPBasicAuthHandlerProxyBasicAuthHandlerAbstractDigestAuthHandlerHTTPDigestAuthHandlerProxyDigestAuthHandlerHTTPHandlerHTTPSHandlerFileHandlerDataHandlerFTPHandlerCacheFTPHandlerUnknownHandlerHTTPErrorProcessor- Request Objects
- OpenerDirector 物件
- BaseHandler 物件
- HTTPRedirectHandler 物件
- HTTPCookieProcessor 物件
- ProxyHandler 物件
- HTTPPasswordMgr 物件
- HTTPPasswordMgrWithPriorAuth 物件
- AbstractBasicAuthHandler 物件
- HTTPBasicAuthHandler 物件
- ProxyBasicAuthHandler 物件
- AbstractDigestAuthHandler 物件
- HTTPDigestAuthHandler 物件
- ProxyDigestAuthHandler 物件
- HTTPHandler 物件
- HTTPSHandler 物件
- FileHandler 物件
- DataHandler 物件
- FTPHandler 物件
- CacheFTPHandler 物件
- UnknownHandler 物件
- HTTPErrorProcessor 物件
- 範例
- Legacy interface
urllib.requestRestrictions
urllib.response--- Response classes used by urlliburllib.parse--- 將 URL 剖析成元件urllib.error--- urllib.request 引發的例外類別urllib.robotparser--- robots.txt 的剖析器http--- HTTP 模組http.client--- HTTP 協定用戶端HTTPConnectionHTTPSConnectionHTTPResponseparse_headers()HTTPExceptionNotConnectedInvalidURLUnknownProtocolUnknownTransferEncodingUnimplementedFileModeIncompleteReadImproperConnectionStateCannotSendRequestCannotSendHeaderResponseNotReadyBadStatusLineLineTooLongRemoteDisconnectedHTTP_PORTHTTPS_PORTresponses- HTTPConnection 物件
- HTTPResponse 物件
- 範例
- HTTPMessage 物件
ftplib--- FTP 協定用戶端poplib--- POP3 協定用戶端imaplib--- IMAP4 協定客戶端IMAP4errorabortreadonlyIMAP4_SSLIMAP4_streamInternaldate2tuple()Int2AP()ParseFlags()Time2Internaldate()- IMAP4 物件
append()authenticate()check()close()copy()create()delete()deleteacl()enable()expunge()fetch()getacl()getannotation()getquota()getquotaroot()list()login()login_cram_md5()logout()lsub()myrights()namespace()noop()open()partial()proxyauth()read()readline()recent()rename()response()search()select()send()setacl()setannotation()setquota()shutdown()socket()sort()starttls()status()store()subscribe()thread()uid()unsubscribe()unselect()xatom()PROTOCOL_VERSIONdebugutf8_enabled
- IMAP4 範例
smtplib--- SMTP 協定用戶端uuid--- RFC 4122 定義的 UUID 物件SafeUUIDUUIDbytesbytes_lefieldstime_lowtime_midtime_hi_versionclock_seq_hi_variantclock_seq_lownodetimeclock_seqhexinturnvariantversionis_safegetnode()uuid1()uuid3()uuid4()uuid5()NAMESPACE_DNSNAMESPACE_URLNAMESPACE_OIDNAMESPACE_X500RESERVED_NCSRFC_4122RESERVED_MICROSOFTRESERVED_FUTURE- 命令列的用法
- 範例
- 命令列的範例
socketserver--- 用於網路伺服器的框架TCPServerUDPServerUnixStreamServerUnixDatagramServer- Server Creation Notes
- Server Objects
BaseServerfileno()handle_request()serve_forever()service_actions()shutdown()server_close()address_familyRequestHandlerClassserver_addresssocketallow_reuse_addressrequest_queue_sizesocket_typetimeoutfinish_request()get_request()handle_error()handle_timeout()process_request()server_activate()server_bind()verify_request()
- Request Handler Objects
- 範例
http.server— HTTP 伺服器HTTPServerThreadingHTTPServerBaseHTTPRequestHandlerclient_addressserverclose_connectionrequestlinecommandpathrequest_versionheadersrfilewfileserver_versionsys_versionerror_message_formaterror_content_typeprotocol_versionMessageClassresponseshandle()handle_one_request()handle_expect_100()send_error()send_response()send_header()send_response_only()end_headers()flush_headers()log_request()log_error()log_message()version_string()date_time_string()log_date_time_string()address_string()
SimpleHTTPRequestHandlerCGIHTTPRequestHandler- 安全性注意事項
http.cookies--- HTTP 狀態管理http.cookiejar--- HTTP 客戶端的 Cookie 處理LoadErrorCookieJarFileCookieJarCookiePolicyDefaultCookiePolicyCookie- CookieJar 與 FileCookieJar 物件
- FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers
- CookiePolicy 物件
- DefaultCookiePolicy 物件
blocked_domains()set_blocked_domains()is_blocked()allowed_domains()set_allowed_domains()is_not_allowed()rfc2109_as_netscapestrict_domainstrict_rfc2965_unverifiablestrict_ns_unverifiablestrict_ns_domainstrict_ns_set_initial_dollarstrict_ns_set_pathDomainStrictNoDotsDomainStrictNonDomainDomainRFC2965MatchDomainLiberalDomainStrict
- Cookie 物件
- 範例
xmlrpc--- XMLRPC 伺服器與用戶模組xmlrpc.client--- XML-RPC 客戶端存取xmlrpc.server--- 基本 XML-RPC 伺服器ipaddress--- IPv4/IPv6 操作函式庫- Convenience factory functions
- IP Addresses
- IP Network definitions
- Prefix, net mask and host mask
- Network objects
IPv4Networkversionmax_prefixlenis_multicastis_privateis_unspecifiedis_reservedis_loopbackis_link_localnetwork_addressbroadcast_addresshostmasknetmaskwith_prefixlencompressedexplodedwith_netmaskwith_hostmasknum_addressesprefixlenhosts()overlaps()address_exclude()subnets()supernet()subnet_of()supernet_of()compare_networks()
IPv6Networkversionmax_prefixlenis_multicastis_privateis_unspecifiedis_reservedis_loopbackis_link_localnetwork_addressbroadcast_addresshostmasknetmaskwith_prefixlencompressedexplodedwith_netmaskwith_hostmasknum_addressesprefixlenhosts()overlaps()address_exclude()subnets()supernet()subnet_of()supernet_of()compare_networks()is_site_local
- Operators
- Interface objects
- Other Module Level Functions
- Custom Exceptions
- 多媒體服務
- 國際化
gettext--- 多語言國際化服務locale--- 國際化服務Errorsetlocale()localeconv()nl_langinfo()CODESETD_T_FMTD_FMTT_FMTT_FMT_AMPMDAY_1DAY_2DAY_3DAY_4DAY_5DAY_6DAY_7ABDAY_1ABDAY_2ABDAY_3ABDAY_4ABDAY_5ABDAY_6ABDAY_7MON_1MON_2MON_3MON_4MON_5MON_6MON_7MON_8MON_9MON_10MON_11MON_12ABMON_1ABMON_2ABMON_3ABMON_4ABMON_5ABMON_6ABMON_7ABMON_8ABMON_9ABMON_10ABMON_11ABMON_12RADIXCHARTHOUSEPYESEXPRNOEXPRCRNCYSTRERAERA_D_T_FMTERA_D_FMTERA_T_FMTALT_DIGITS
getdefaultlocale()getlocale()getpreferredencoding()getencoding()normalize()resetlocale()strcoll()strxfrm()format_string()currency()str()delocalize()localize()atof()atoi()LC_CTYPELC_COLLATELC_TIMELC_MONETARYLC_MESSAGESLC_NUMERICLC_ALLCHAR_MAX- Background, details, hints, tips and caveats
- For extension writers and programs that embed Python
- Access to message catalogs
- 程式框架
turtle--- 龜圖學 (Turtle graphics)- 介紹
- 教學
- How to...
- Turtle graphics reference
- Methods of RawTurtle/Turtle and corresponding functions
- Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen and corresponding functions
- Public classes
- 解釋
- Help and configuration
turtledemo--- Demo scripts- Changes since Python 2.6
- Changes since Python 3.0
cmd--- 以列為導向的指令直譯器支援shlex--- 簡單的語法分析
- 以 Tk 打造圖形使用者介面 (Graphical User Interfaces)
tkinter--- Tcl/Tk 的 Python 介面tkinter.colorchooser--- 顏色選擇對話框tkinter.font--- Tkinter 字型包裝器- Tkinter 對話框
tkinter.simpledialog--- 標準 Tkinter 輸入對話框tkinter.filedialog--- File selection dialogstkinter.commondialog--- Dialog window templates
tkinter.messagebox--- Tkinter 訊息提示tkinter.scrolledtext--- 捲動文字小工具tkinter.dnd--- 拖放支援tkinter.ttk--- Tk 主題化小工具- 使用 Ttk
- Ttk Widgets
- Widget
- Combobox
- Spinbox
- Notebook
- Progressbar
- Separator
- Sizegrip
- Treeview
- 選項
- Item Options
- Tag Options
- Column Identifiers
- 虛擬事件
- ttk.Treeview
Treeviewbbox()get_children()set_children()column()delete()detach()exists()focus()heading()identify()identify_row()identify_column()identify_region()identify_element()index()insert()item()move()next()parent()prev()reattach()see()selection()selection_set()selection_add()selection_remove()selection_toggle()set()tag_bind()tag_configure()tag_has()xview()yview()
- Ttk Styling
tkinter.tix--- Tk 擴充小工具- IDLE
- 開發工具
typing--- 支援型別提示- Python 型別系統的技術規範
- 型別別名
- NewType
- 註釋 callable 物件
- 泛型
- 註釋元組 (tuple)
- 類別物件的型別
- Annotating generators and coroutines
- 使用者定義泛型型別
Any型別- 標稱 (nominal) 子型別 vs 結構子型別
- 模組內容
- 特別型別原語 (primitive)
- 協定
- ABCs for working with IO
- 函式與裝飾器
- Introspection helpers
- 常數
- 棄用的別名
- Deprecation Timeline of Major Features
pydoc--- 文件產生器與線上幫助系統- Python 開發模式
doctest--- 測試互動式 Python 範例- Simple Usage: Checking Examples in Docstrings
- Simple Usage: Checking Examples in a Text File
- How It Works
- 基礎 API
- Unittest API
- Advanced API
- Debugging
- Soapbox
unittest--- 單元測試框架- 簡單範例
- 命令執行列介面 (Command-Line Interface)
- Test Discovery（測試探索）
- Organizing test code
- Re-using old test code
- Skipping tests and expected failures
- Distinguishing test iterations using subtests
- Classes and functions
- Test cases
TestCasesetUp()tearDown()setUpClass()tearDownClass()run()skipTest()subTest()debug()assertEqual()assertNotEqual()assertTrue()assertFalse()assertIs()assertIsNot()assertIsNone()assertIsNotNone()assertIn()assertNotIn()assertIsInstance()assertNotIsInstance()assertRaises()assertRaisesRegex()assertWarns()assertWarnsRegex()assertLogs()assertNoLogs()assertAlmostEqual()assertNotAlmostEqual()assertGreater()assertGreaterEqual()assertLess()assertLessEqual()assertRegex()assertNotRegex()assertCountEqual()addTypeEqualityFunc()assertMultiLineEqual()assertSequenceEqual()assertListEqual()assertTupleEqual()assertSetEqual()assertDictEqual()fail()failureExceptionlongMessagemaxDiffcountTestCases()defaultTestResult()id()shortDescription()addCleanup()enterContext()doCleanups()addClassCleanup()enterClassContext()doClassCleanups()
IsolatedAsyncioTestCaseFunctionTestCase
- Grouping tests
- Loading and running tests
TestLoaderTestResulterrorsfailuresskippedexpectedFailuresunexpectedSuccessescollectedDurationsshouldStoptestsRunbufferfailfasttb_localswasSuccessful()stop()startTest()stopTest()startTestRun()stopTestRun()addError()addFailure()addSuccess()addSkip()addExpectedFailure()addUnexpectedSuccess()addSubTest()addDuration()
TextTestResultdefaultTestLoaderTextTestRunnermain()- load_tests Protocol
- Test cases
- Class and Module Fixtures
- Signal Handling
unittest.mock— mock 物件函式庫- 快速導引
- Mock 類別
Mockassert_called()assert_called_once()assert_called_with()assert_called_once_with()assert_any_call()assert_has_calls()assert_not_called()reset_mock()mock_add_spec()attach_mock()configure_mock()__dir__()_get_child_mock()calledcall_countreturn_valueside_effectcall_argscall_args_listmethod_callsmock_calls__class__
NonCallableMockPropertyMockAsyncMock- 呼叫
- 刪除屬性
- Mock 名稱與名稱屬性
- 如同屬性一般附加 mock
- Patchers
- MagicMock 以及魔術方法支援
- 輔助函式
- Order of precedence of
side_effect,return_valueand wraps
unittest.mock--- 入門指南- 2to3 --- 自動將 Python 2的程式碼轉成 Python 3
test--- Python 的回歸測試 (regression tests) 套件test.support--- Python 測試套件的工具TestFailedResourceDeniedverboseis_jythonis_androidunix_shellLOOPBACK_TIMEOUTINTERNET_TIMEOUTSHORT_TIMEOUTLONG_TIMEOUTPGOPIPE_MAX_SIZEPy_DEBUGSOCK_MAX_SIZETEST_SUPPORT_DIRTEST_HOME_DIRTEST_DATA_DIRMAX_Py_ssize_tmax_memusereal_max_memuseMISSING_C_DOCSTRINGSHAVE_DOCSTRINGSTEST_HTTP_URLALWAYS_EQNEVER_EQLARGESTSMALLESTbusy_retry()sleeping_retry()is_resource_enabled()python_is_optimized()with_pymalloc()requires()sortdict()findfile()get_pagesize()setswitchinterval()check_impl_detail()set_memlimit()record_original_stdout()get_original_stdout()args_from_interpreter_flags()optim_args_from_interpreter_flags()captured_stdin()captured_stdout()captured_stderr()disable_faulthandler()gc_collect()disable_gc()swap_attr()swap_item()flush_std_streams()print_warning()wait_process()calcobjsize()calcvobjsize()checksizeof()anticipate_failure()system_must_validate_cert()run_with_locale()run_with_tz()requires_freebsd_version()requires_linux_version()requires_mac_version()requires_IEEE_754()requires_zlib()requires_gzip()requires_bz2()requires_lzma()requires_resource()requires_docstrings()requires_limited_api()cpython_only()impl_detail()no_tracing()refcount_test()bigmemtest()bigaddrspacetest()check_syntax_error()open_urlresource()reap_children()get_attribute()catch_unraisable_exception()load_package_tests()detect_api_mismatch()patch()run_in_subinterp()check_free_after_iterating()missing_compiler_executable()check__all__()skip_if_broken_multiprocessing_synchronize()check_disallow_instantiation()adjust_int_max_str_digits()SuppressCrashReportSaveSignalsMatcher
test.support.socket_helper--- 用於 socket 測試的工具test.support.script_helper--- 用於 Python 執行測試的工具test.support.bytecode_helper--- 用於測試位元組碼能正確產生的支援工具test.support.threading_helper--- Utilities for threading teststest.support.os_helper--- 用於 os 測試的工具FS_NONASCIISAVEDCWDTESTFNTESTFN_NONASCIITESTFN_UNENCODABLETESTFN_UNDECODABLETESTFN_UNICODEEnvironmentVarGuardFakePathset()unset()can_symlink()can_xattr()change_cwd()create_empty_file()fd_count()fs_is_case_insensitive()make_bad_fd()rmdir()rmtree()skip_unless_symlink()skip_unless_xattr()temp_cwd()temp_dir()temp_umask()unlink()
test.support.import_helper--- 用於 import 測試的工具test.support.warnings_helper--- 用於 warnings 測試的工具
- 除錯與效能分析
- 稽核事件表
bdb--- 偵錯器框架BdbQuitBreakpointBdbcanonic()reset()trace_dispatch()dispatch_line()dispatch_call()dispatch_return()dispatch_exception()is_skipped_line()stop_here()break_here()break_anywhere()user_call()user_line()user_return()user_exception()do_clear()set_step()set_next()set_return()set_until()set_trace()set_continue()set_quit()set_break()clear_break()clear_bpbynumber()clear_all_file_breaks()clear_all_breaks()get_bpbynumber()get_break()get_breaks()get_file_breaks()get_all_breaks()get_stack()format_stack_entry()run()runeval()runctx()runcall()
checkfuncname()effective()set_trace()
faulthandler--- 傾印 Python 回溯pdb--- The Python Debugger- Python 的分析器
timeit--- 測量小量程式片段的執行時間trace--- 追蹤或追查 Python 陳述式執行tracemalloc--- 追蹤記憶體配置
- 軟體封裝與發布
- Python Runtime 服務
sys--- 系統特定的參數與函式abiflagsaddaudithook()argvaudit()base_exec_prefixbase_prefixbyteorderbuiltin_module_namescall_tracing()copyright_clear_type_cache()_current_frames()_current_exceptions()breakpointhook()_debugmallocstats()dllhandledisplayhook()dont_write_bytecode_emscripten_infopycache_prefixexcepthook()__breakpointhook____displayhook____excepthook____unraisablehook__exception()exc_info()exec_prefixexecutableexit()flagsfloat_infofloat_repr_stylegetallocatedblocks()getunicodeinternedsize()getandroidapilevel()getdefaultencoding()getdlopenflags()getfilesystemencoding()getfilesystemencodeerrors()get_int_max_str_digits()getrefcount()getrecursionlimit()getsizeof()getswitchinterval()_getframe()_getframemodulename()getprofile()gettrace()getwindowsversion()get_asyncgen_hooks()get_coroutine_origin_tracking_depth()hash_infohexversionimplementationint_info__interactivehook__intern()is_finalizing()last_exclast_typelast_valuelast_tracebackmaxsizemaxunicodemeta_pathmodulesorig_argvpathpath_hookspath_importer_cacheplatformplatlibdirprefixps1ps2setdlopenflags()set_int_max_str_digits()setprofile()setrecursionlimit()setswitchinterval()settrace()set_asyncgen_hooks()set_coroutine_origin_tracking_depth()activate_stack_trampoline()deactivate_stack_trampoline()is_stack_trampoline_active()_enablelegacywindowsfsencoding()stdinstdoutstderr__stdin____stdout____stderr__stdlib_module_namesthread_infotracebacklimitunraisablehook()versionapi_versionversion_infowarnoptionswinver_xoptions
sys.monitoring--- Execution event monitoringsysconfig--- 提供 Python 設定資訊的存取builtins--- 內建物件__main__--- 頂層程式碼環境warnings--- 警告控制dataclasses--- Data Classescontextlib--- Utilities forwith-statement contexts- Utilities
- Examples and Recipes
- Single use, reusable and reentrant context managers
abc--- 抽象基底類別atexit--- 退出處理函式traceback--- 列印或取得堆疊回溯 (stack traceback)__future__--- Future 陳述式定義gc--- 垃圾回收器介面 (Garbage Collector interface)enable()disable()isenabled()collect()set_debug()get_debug()get_objects()get_stats()set_threshold()get_count()get_threshold()get_referrers()get_referents()is_tracked()is_finalized()freeze()unfreeze()get_freeze_count()garbagecallbacksDEBUG_STATSDEBUG_COLLECTABLEDEBUG_UNCOLLECTABLEDEBUG_SAVEALLDEBUG_LEAK
inspect--- 檢視活動物件- Types and members
getmembers()getmembers_static()getmodulename()ismodule()isclass()ismethod()isfunction()isgeneratorfunction()isgenerator()iscoroutinefunction()markcoroutinefunction()iscoroutine()isawaitable()isasyncgenfunction()isasyncgen()istraceback()isframe()iscode()isbuiltin()ismethodwrapper()isroutine()isabstract()ismethoddescriptor()isdatadescriptor()isgetsetdescriptor()ismemberdescriptor()
- 取得原始碼
- Introspecting callables with the Signature object
- 類別與函式
- 直譯器堆疊
- Fetching attributes statically
- Current State of Generators, Coroutines, and Asynchronous Generators
- Code Objects Bit Flags
- Buffer flags
- 命令列介面
- Types and members
site--- Site-specific configuration hook
- 自訂 Python 直譯器
- 引入模組
zipimport--- 從 Zip 封存檔案匯入模組pkgutil--- 套件擴充工具程式modulefinder--- 搜尋腳本所使用的模組runpy--- 定位並執行 Python 模組importlib---import的實作- 簡介
- 函式
importlib.abc-- Abstract base classes related to importimportlib.machinery-- Importers and path hooksimportlib.util-- Utility code for importers- 範例
importlib.resources-- Package resource reading, opening and accessimportlib.resources.abc-- 資源的抽象基底類別importlib.metadata-- 存取套件的元資料- The initialization of the
sys.pathmodule search path
- Python 語言服務
ast--- 抽象語法樹 (Abstract Syntax Trees)- 抽象文法 (Abstract Grammar)
- 節點 (Node) 類別
AST- 根節點
- 文本 (Literals)
- 變數
- 運算式
- 陳述式
- 流程控制
- 模式匹配 (pattern matching)
- 型別參數 (type parameters)
- 函式和類別定義
- async 和 await
ast輔助程式- 編譯器旗標
- 命令列用法
symtable--- 存取編譯器的符號表token--- 與 Python 剖析樹一起使用的常數tok_nameISTERMINAL()ISNONTERMINAL()ISEOF()ENDMARKERNAMENUMBERSTRINGNEWLINEINDENTDEDENTLPARRPARLSQBRSQBCOLONCOMMASEMIPLUSMINUSSTARSLASHVBARAMPERLESSGREATEREQUALDOTPERCENTLBRACERBRACEEQEQUALNOTEQUALLESSEQUALGREATEREQUALTILDECIRCUMFLEXLEFTSHIFTRIGHTSHIFTDOUBLESTARPLUSEQUALMINEQUALSTAREQUALSLASHEQUALPERCENTEQUALAMPEREQUALVBAREQUALCIRCUMFLEXEQUALLEFTSHIFTEQUALRIGHTSHIFTEQUALDOUBLESTAREQUALDOUBLESLASHDOUBLESLASHEQUALATATEQUALRARROWELLIPSISCOLONEQUALEXCLAMATIONOPAWAITASYNCTYPE_IGNORETYPE_COMMENTSOFT_KEYWORDFSTRING_STARTFSTRING_MIDDLEFSTRING_ENDCOMMENTNLERRORTOKENN_TOKENSNT_OFFSETENCODING
keyword--- 檢驗 Python 關鍵字tokenize--- Tokenizer for Python sourcetabnanny--- 偵測不良縮排pyclbr--- Python 模組瀏覽器支援py_compile— 編譯 Python 來源檔案compileall--- 位元組編譯 Python 函式庫dis--- Python bytecode 的反組譯器pickletools--- pickle 開發者的工具
- MS Windows 特有服務
msvcrt--- MS VC++ runtime 提供的有用例程winreg--- Windows 註冊表存取- 函式
CloseKey()ConnectRegistry()CreateKey()CreateKeyEx()DeleteKey()DeleteKeyEx()DeleteValue()EnumKey()EnumValue()ExpandEnvironmentStrings()FlushKey()LoadKey()OpenKey()OpenKeyEx()QueryInfoKey()QueryValue()QueryValueEx()SaveKey()SetValue()SetValueEx()DisableReflectionKey()EnableReflectionKey()QueryReflectionKey()
- 常數
- Registry Handle Objects
- 函式
winsound--- Windows 的聲音播放介面
- Unix 特有服務
posix--- 最常見的 POSIX 系統呼叫pwd--- 密碼資料庫grp--- 群組資料庫termios--- POSIX 風格 tty 控制tty--- 終端機控制函式pty--- 偽終端工具fcntl---fcntl和ioctl系統呼叫resource--- 資源使用資訊error- Resource Limits
RLIM_INFINITYgetrlimit()setrlimit()prlimit()RLIMIT_CORERLIMIT_CPURLIMIT_FSIZERLIMIT_DATARLIMIT_STACKRLIMIT_RSSRLIMIT_NPROCRLIMIT_NOFILERLIMIT_OFILERLIMIT_MEMLOCKRLIMIT_VMEMRLIMIT_ASRLIMIT_MSGQUEUERLIMIT_NICERLIMIT_RTPRIORLIMIT_RTTIMERLIMIT_SIGPENDINGRLIMIT_SBSIZERLIMIT_SWAPRLIMIT_NPTSRLIMIT_KQUEUES
- Resource Usage
syslog--- Unix syslog 函式庫例程
- 模組命令列介面
- 已被取代的模組
aifc--- 讀寫 AIFF 與 AIFC 檔案open()getnchannels()getsampwidth()getframerate()getnframes()getcomptype()getcompname()getparams()getmarkers()getmark()readframes()rewind()setpos()tell()close()aiff()aifc()setnchannels()setsampwidth()setframerate()setnframes()setcomptype()setparams()setmark()writeframes()writeframesraw()
audioop--- 操作原始聲音檔案cgi--- 通用閘道器介面支援cgitb--- CGI 腳本的回溯 (traceback) 管理程式chunk--- 讀取 IFF 分塊資料crypt--- 用於檢查 Unix 密碼的函式imghdr--- 推測圖片種類mailcap--- Mailcap 檔案處理msilib--- 讀寫 Microsoft Installer 檔案nis--- Sun NIS (Yellow Pages) 介面nntplib--- NNTP 協定客戶端optparse--- 命令列選項剖析器- 背景
- 教學
- Reference Guide
- Option Callbacks
- Defining a callback option
- How callbacks are called
- Raising errors in a callback
- Callback example 1: trivial callback
- Callback example 2: check option order
- Callback example 3: check option order (generalized)
- Callback example 4: check arbitrary condition
- Callback example 5: fixed arguments
- Callback example 6: variable arguments
- Extending
optparse - 例外
ossaudiodev--- 對 OSS 相容聲音裝置的存取pipes--- shell pipelines 介面sndhdr--- 判定聲音檔案的型別spwd--- shadow 密碼資料庫sunau--- 讀寫 Sun AU 檔案open()ErrorAUDIO_FILE_MAGICAUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_MULAW_8AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_LINEAR_8AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_LINEAR_16AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_LINEAR_24AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_LINEAR_32AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_ALAW_8AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_FLOATAUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_DOUBLEAUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_ADPCM_G721AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_ADPCM_G722AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_ADPCM_G723_3AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_ADPCM_G723_5- AU_read 物件
- AU_write 物件
telnetlib--- Telnet 客戶端xdrlib--- uuencode 檔案的編碼與解碼xdrlib--- XDR 資料的編碼與解碼
- 安全性注意事項
- 擴充和嵌入 Python 直譯器
- 推薦的第三方工具
- 不使用第三方工具建立擴充
- 1. 以 C 或 C++ 擴充 Python
- 1.1. 一個簡單範例
- 1.2. Intermezzo: Errors and Exceptions
- 1.3. 回到範例
- 1.4. The Module's Method Table and Initialization Function
- 1.5. Compilation and Linkage
- 1.6. Calling Python Functions from C
- 1.7. Extracting Parameters in Extension Functions
- 1.8. Keyword Parameters for Extension Functions
- 1.9. Building Arbitrary Values
- 1.10. Reference Counts
- 1.11. Writing Extensions in C++
- 1.12. Providing a C API for an Extension Module
- 2. Defining Extension Types: Tutorial
- 3. Defining Extension Types: Assorted Topics
- 4. 建立 C 與 C++ 擴充套件
- 5. 建置 Windows 上的 C 和 C++ 擴充
- 1. 以 C 或 C++ 擴充 Python
- 在更大的應用程式中嵌入 CPython 運行環境 (runtime)
- Python/C API 參考手冊
- 簡介
- C API 穩定性
- The Very High Level Layer
- 參照計數
- 例外處理
- 工具
- 抽象物件層 (Abstract Objects Layer)
- 具體物件層
- 基礎物件
- 數值物件
- 序列物件
- 容器物件
- 函式物件
- 其他物件
- Initialization, Finalization, and Threads
- Python 初始化設定
- 記憶體管理
- Object Implementation Support
- API 和 ABI 版本管理
- 安裝 Python 模組
- Python 如何達成任務
- 遷移延伸模組到 Python 3
- Curses Programming with Python
- 描述器 (Descriptor) 指南
- 使用 GDB 來為 C API 擴充功能和 CPython 內部偵錯
- Enum HOWTO
- Programmatic access to enumeration members and their attributes
- Duplicating enum members and values
- Ensuring unique enumeration values
- Using automatic values
- Iteration
- 比較
- Allowed members and attributes of enumerations
- Restricted Enum subclassing
- Dataclass support
- Pickling
- Functional API
- Derived Enumerations
- When to use
__new__()vs.__init__() - How are Enums and Flags different?
- Enum Cookbook
- Subclassing EnumType
- 函式編程 HOWTO
- 如何使用 Logging 模組
- Logging Cookbook
- Using logging in multiple modules
- Logging from multiple threads
- Multiple handlers and formatters
- Logging to multiple destinations
- Custom handling of levels
- Configuration server example
- Dealing with handlers that block
- Sending and receiving logging events across a network
- Adding contextual information to your logging output
- Use of
contextvars - Imparting contextual information in handlers
- Logging to a single file from multiple processes
- Using file rotation
- Use of alternative formatting styles
- Customizing
LogRecord - Subclassing QueueHandler and QueueListener- a ZeroMQ example
- Subclassing QueueHandler and QueueListener- a
pynngexample - An example dictionary-based configuration
- Using a rotator and namer to customize log rotation processing
- A more elaborate multiprocessing example
- Inserting a BOM into messages sent to a SysLogHandler
- Implementing structured logging
- Customizing handlers with
dictConfig() - Using particular formatting styles throughout your application
- Configuring filters with
dictConfig() - Customized exception formatting
- Speaking logging messages
- Buffering logging messages and outputting them conditionally
- Sending logging messages to email, with buffering
- Formatting times using UTC (GMT) via configuration
- Using a context manager for selective logging
- A CLI application starter template
- A Qt GUI for logging
- Logging to syslog with RFC5424 support
- How to treat a logger like an output stream
- Patterns to avoid
- Other resources
- 如何使用正規表示式
- Socket 程式設計指南
- 排序技法
- Unicode HOWTO
- 如何使用 urllib 套件取得網路資源
- Argparse 教學
- ipaddress 模組介紹
- 使用 DTrace 和 SystemTap 檢測 CPython
- Python 對 Linux
perf分析器的支援 - 註釋 (annotation) 最佳實踐
- 隔離擴充模組
- Who should read this
- 背景
- Making Modules Safe with Multiple Interpreters
- Heap Types
- Open Issues
- The Python 2.3 Method Resolution Order
- Python 常見問題
- 一般的 Python 常見問答集
- 程式開發常見問答集
- 設計和歷史常見問答集
- 為什麼 Python 使用縮排將陳述式進行分組？
- 為什麼我會從簡單的數學運算得到奇怪的結果？
- 為何浮點數運算如此不精確？
- 為什麼 Python 字串不可變動？
- 為何「self」在方法 (method) 定義和呼叫時一定要明確使用？
- 為何我不能在運算式 (expression) 中使用指派運算？
- 為何 Python 對於一些功能實作使用方法（像是 list.index()），另一些使用函式（像是 len(list)）？
- 為何 join() 是字串方法而非串列 (list) 或元組 (tuple) 方法？
- 例外處理有多快？
- 為什麼 Python 內沒有 switch 或 case 陳述式？
- 為何不能在直譯器上模擬執行緒，而要使用作業系統的特定實作方式？
- 為何 lambda 運算式不能包含陳述式？
- Python 可以被編譯成機器語言、C 語言或其他種語言嗎？
- Python 如何管理記憶體？
- 為何 CPython 不使用更多傳統的垃圾回收機制？
- 當 CPython 結束時，為何所有的記憶體不會被釋放？
- 為何要把元組 (tuple) 和串列 (list) 分成兩個資料型態？
- 串列 (list) 在 CPython 中是怎麼實作的？
- 字典 (dictionaries) 在 CPython 中是怎麼實作的？
- 為何字典的鍵一定是不可變的？
- 為何 list.sort() 不是回傳排序過的串列？
- 如何在 Python 中指定和強制使用一個介面規範 (interface spec)？
- 為何沒有 goto 語法？
- 為何純字串 (r-string) 不能以反斜線結尾？
- 為何 Python 沒有屬性賦值的 with 陳述式？
- 為何產生器 (generator) 不支援 with 陳述式？
- 為何 if、while、def、class 陳述式裡需要冒號？
- 為何 Python 允許在串列和元組末端加上逗號？
- 函式庫和擴充功能的常見問題
- 擴充/嵌入常見問題集
- 我可以在 C 中建立自己的函式嗎？
- 我可以在 C++ 中建立自己的函式嗎？
- 寫 C 很難；還有其他選擇嗎？
- 如何從 C 執行任意 Python 陳述式？
- How can I evaluate an arbitrary Python expression from C?
- 如何從 Python 物件中提取 C 值？
- 如何使用 Py_BuildValue() 建立任意長度的元組？
- 如何從 C 呼叫物件的方法？
- 我如何捕捉 PyErr_Print() 的輸出（或任何印出到 stdout/stderr 的東西）？
- 如何從 C 存取用 Python 編寫的模組？
- How do I interface to C++ objects from Python?
- 我使用安裝檔案新增了一個模組，但 make 失敗了；為什麼？
- 如何為擴充套件除錯？
- 我想在我的 Linux 系統上編譯一個 Python 模組，但是缺少一些檔案。為什麼？
- 如何從「無效輸入」區分出「不完整輸入」？
- 如何找到未定義的 g++ 符號 __builtin_new 或 __pure_virtual？
- Can I create an object class with some methods implemented in C and others in Python (e.g. through inheritance)?
- 在 Windows 使用 Python 的常見問答集
- 圖形使用者介面常見問答集
- 「為什麼 Python 被安裝在我的機器上？」常見問答集
- 已棄用項目
- 術語表
- 關於這些說明文件
- 處理錯誤 (Bug)
- 版權宣告
- 沿革與授權