Python 說明文件內容¶
- Python 有什麼新功能?
- Python 3.12 有什麼新功能
- Python 3.11 有什麼新功能
- Python 3.10 有什麼新功能
- 摘要 -- 發布重點
- 新功能
- 與型別提示相關的新功能
- 其他語言更動
- 新模組
- 改進的模組
- asyncio
- argparse
- array
- asynchat, asyncore, smtpd
- base64
- bdb
- bisect
- codecs
- collections.abc
- contextlib
- curses
- dataclasses
- distutils
- doctest
- encodings
- enum
- fileinput
- faulthandler
- gc
- glob
- hashlib
- hmac
- IDLE 和 idlelib
- importlib.metadata
- inspect
- itertools
- linecache
- os
- os.path
- pathlib
- platform
- pprint
- py_compile
- pyclbr
- shelve
- statistics
- site
- socket
- ssl
- sqlite3
- sys
- _thread
- threading
- traceback
- types
- typing
- unittest
- urllib.parse
- xml
- zipimport
- 最佳化
- 已棄用
- 已刪除
- 移植到 Python 3.10
- CPython 位元組碼變更
- 建置變更
- C API 變更
- Notable security feature in 3.10.7
- Notable security feature in 3.10.8
- Notable changes in 3.10.12
- Python 3.9 有什麼新功能
- Summary -- Release highlights
- You should check for DeprecationWarning in your code
- New Features
- 其他語言更動
- 新模組
- 改進的模組
- 最佳化
- 已棄用
- 已移除
- Porting to Python 3.9
- 建置變更
- C API 變更
- Python 3.9.1 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.9.2 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.9.3 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.9.5 中顯著的變更
- Notable security feature in 3.9.14
- Notable changes in 3.9.17
- Python 3.8 有什麼新功能
- Summary -- Release highlights
- New Features
- Assignment expressions
- Positional-only parameters
- Parallel filesystem cache for compiled bytecode files
- Debug build uses the same ABI as release build
- f-strings support
=
for self-documenting expressions and debugging - PEP 578: Python Runtime Audit Hooks
- PEP 587: Python Initialization Configuration
- PEP 590: Vectorcall: a fast calling protocol for CPython
- Pickle protocol 5 with out-of-band data buffers
- 其他語言更動
- 新增模組
- 改進的模組
- ast
- asyncio
- builtins(內建)
- collections
- cProfile
- csv
- curses
- ctypes
- datetime
- functools
- gc
- gettext
- gzip
- IDLE and idlelib
- inspect
- io
- itertools
- json.tool
- logging
- math
- mmap
- multiprocessing
- os
- os.path
- pathlib
- pickle
- plistlib
- pprint
- py_compile
- shlex
- shutil
- socket
- ssl
- statistics
- sys
- tarfile
- threading
- tokenize
- tkinter
- time
- typing
- unicodedata
- unittest
- venv
- weakref
- xml
- xmlrpc
- 最佳化
- Build and C API Changes
- 已棄用
- API and Feature Removals
- Porting to Python 3.8
- Python 3.8.1 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.8.2 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.8.3 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.8.8 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.8.9 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.8.10 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.8.10 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.8.12 中顯著的變更
- Notable security feature in 3.8.14
- Notable changes in 3.8.17
- Python 3.7 有什麼新功能
- Summary -- Release Highlights
- New Features
- PEP 563: Postponed Evaluation of Annotations
- PEP 538: Legacy C Locale Coercion
- PEP 540: Forced UTF-8 Runtime Mode
- PEP 553: Built-in
breakpoint()
- PEP 539: New C API for Thread-Local Storage
- PEP 562: Customization of Access to Module Attributes
- PEP 564: New Time Functions With Nanosecond Resolution
- PEP 565: Show DeprecationWarning in
__main__
- PEP 560: Core Support for
typing
module and Generic Types - PEP 552: Hash-based .pyc Files
- PEP 545:Python 文件翻譯
- Python Development Mode (-X dev)
- 其他語言更動
- 新模組
- 改進的模組
- argparse
- asyncio
- binascii
- calendar
- collections
- compileall
- concurrent.futures
- contextlib
- cProfile
- crypt
- datetime
- dbm
- decimal
- dis
- distutils
- enum
- functools
- gc
- hmac
- http.client
- http.server
- idlelib and IDLE
- importlib
- io
- ipaddress
- itertools
- locale
- logging
- math
- mimetypes
- msilib
- multiprocessing
- os
- pathlib
- pdb
- py_compile
- pydoc
- queue
- re
- signal
- socket
- socketserver
- sqlite3
- ssl
- string
- subprocess
- sys
- time
- tkinter
- tracemalloc
- types
- unicodedata
- unittest
- unittest.mock
- urllib.parse
- uu
- uuid
- warnings
- xml
- xml.etree
- xmlrpc.server
- zipapp
- zipfile
- C API 變更
- 建置變更
- 最佳化
- Other CPython Implementation Changes
- Deprecated Python Behavior
- Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods
- Deprecated functions and types of the C API
- Platform Support Removals
- API and Feature Removals
- Module Removals
- Windows-only Changes
- Porting to Python 3.7
- Python 3.7.1 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.7.2 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.7.6 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.7.10 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.7.11 中顯著的變更
- Notable security feature in 3.7.14
- Python 3.6 有什麼新功能
- Summary -- Release highlights
- New Features
- PEP 498: Formatted string literals
- PEP 526: Syntax for variable annotations
- PEP 515: Underscores in Numeric Literals
- PEP 525: Asynchronous Generators
- PEP 530: Asynchronous Comprehensions
- PEP 487: Simpler customization of class creation
- PEP 487: Descriptor Protocol Enhancements
- PEP 519: Adding a file system path protocol
- PEP 495: Local Time Disambiguation
- PEP 529: Change Windows filesystem encoding to UTF-8
- PEP 528: Change Windows console encoding to UTF-8
- PEP 520: Preserving Class Attribute Definition Order
- PEP 468: Preserving Keyword Argument Order
- New dict implementation
- PEP 523: Adding a frame evaluation API to CPython
- PYTHONMALLOC environment variable
- DTrace and SystemTap probing support
- 其他語言更動
- 新模組
- 改進的模組
- array
- ast
- asyncio
- binascii
- cmath
- collections
- concurrent.futures
- contextlib
- datetime
- decimal
- distutils
- encodings
- enum
- faulthandler
- fileinput
- hashlib
- http.client
- idlelib and IDLE
- importlib
- inspect
- json
- logging
- math
- multiprocessing
- os
- pathlib
- pdb
- pickle
- pickletools
- pydoc
- random
- re
- readline
- rlcompleter
- shlex
- site
- sqlite3
- socket
- socketserver
- ssl
- statistics
- struct
- subprocess
- sys
- telnetlib
- time
- timeit
- tkinter
- traceback
- tracemalloc
- typing
- unicodedata
- unittest.mock
- urllib.request
- urllib.robotparser
- venv
- warnings
- winreg
- winsound
- xmlrpc.client
- zipfile
- zlib
- 最佳化
- Build and C API Changes
- Other Improvements
- 已棄用
- 已移除
- Porting to Python 3.6
- Python 3.6.2 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.6.4 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.6.5 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.6.7 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.6.10 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.6.13 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.6.14 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.4 有什麼新功能
- Summary -- Release highlights
- New Features
- PEP 492 - Coroutines with async and await syntax
- PEP 465 - A dedicated infix operator for matrix multiplication
- PEP 448 - Additional Unpacking Generalizations
- PEP 461 - percent formatting support for bytes and bytearray
- PEP 484 - Type Hints
- PEP 471 - os.scandir() function -- a better and faster directory iterator
- PEP 475: Retry system calls failing with EINTR
- PEP 479: Change StopIteration handling inside generators
- PEP 485: A function for testing approximate equality
- PEP 486: Make the Python Launcher aware of virtual environments
- PEP 488: Elimination of PYO files
- PEP 489: Multi-phase extension module initialization
- 其他語言更動
- 新增模組
- 改進的模組
- argparse
- asyncio
- bz2
- cgi
- cmath
- code
- collections
- collections.abc
- compileall
- concurrent.futures
- configparser
- contextlib
- csv
- curses
- dbm
- difflib
- distutils
- doctest
- enum
- faulthandler
- functools
- glob
- gzip
- heapq
- http
- http.client
- idlelib and IDLE
- imaplib
- imghdr
- importlib
- inspect
- io
- ipaddress
- json
- linecache
- locale
- logging
- lzma
- math
- multiprocessing
- operator
- os
- pathlib
- pickle
- poplib
- re
- readline
- selectors
- shutil
- signal
- smtpd
- smtplib
- sndhdr
- socket
- ssl
- sqlite3
- subprocess
- sys
- sysconfig
- tarfile
- threading
- time
- timeit
- tkinter
- traceback
- types
- unicodedata
- unittest
- unittest.mock
- urllib
- wsgiref
- xmlrpc
- xml.sax
- zipfile
- Other module-level changes
- 最佳化
- Build and C API Changes
- 已棄用
- 已移除
- Porting to Python 3.5
- Python 3.5.4 中顯著的變更
- Python 3.4 有什麼新功能
- Summary -- Release Highlights
- New Features
- 新模組
- 改進的模組
- abc
- aifc
- argparse
- audioop
- base64
- collections
- colorsys
- contextlib
- dbm
- dis
- doctest
- filecmp
- functools
- gc
- glob
- hashlib
- hmac
- html
- http
- idlelib 與 IDLE
- importlib
- inspect
- ipaddress
- logging
- marshal
- mmap
- multiprocessing
- operator
- os
- pdb
- pickle
- plistlib
- poplib
- pprint
- pty
- pydoc
- re
- resource
- select
- shelve
- shutil
- smtpd
- smtplib
- socket
- sqlite3
- ssl
- stat
- struct
- subprocess
- sunau
- sys
- tarfile
- textwrap
- threading
- traceback
- types
- urllib
- unittest
- venv
- wave
- weakref
- xml.etree
- zipfile
- CPython 實作變更
- 已棄用
- 已移除
- Porting to Python 3.4
- 3.4.3 中的變更
- Python 3.3 有什麼新功能
- Summary -- Release highlights
- PEP 405:虛擬環境
- PEP 420: Implicit Namespace Packages
- PEP 3118: New memoryview implementation and buffer protocol documentation
- PEP 393: Flexible String Representation
- PEP 397:適用於 Windows 的 Python 啟動器
- PEP 3151: Reworking the OS and IO exception hierarchy
- PEP 380: Syntax for Delegating to a Subgenerator
- PEP 409: Suppressing exception context
- PEP 414: Explicit Unicode literals
- PEP 3155: Qualified name for classes and functions
- PEP 412: Key-Sharing Dictionary
- PEP 362:函式簽名物件
- PEP 421:新增 sys.implementation
- 使用 importlib 作為 import 的實作
- 其他語言更動
- A Finer-Grained Import Lock
- 內建函式和型別
- 新模組
- 改進的模組
- abc
- array
- base64
- binascii
- bz2
- codecs
- collections
- contextlib
- crypt
- curses
- datetime
- decimal
- ftplib
- functools
- gc
- hmac
- http
- html
- imaplib
- inspect
- io
- itertools
- logging
- math
- mmap
- multiprocessing
- nntplib
- os
- pdb
- pickle
- pydoc
- re
- sched
- select
- shlex
- shutil
- signal
- smtpd
- smtplib
- socket
- socketserver
- sqlite3
- ssl
- stat
- struct
- subprocess
- sys
- tarfile
- tempfile
- textwrap
- threading
- time
- types
- unittest
- urllib
- webbrowser
- xml.etree.ElementTree
- zlib
- 最佳化
- 建置和 C API 更改
- 已棄用
- 移植到 Python 3.3
- Python 3.2 有什麼新功能
- PEP 384: Defining a Stable ABI
- PEP 389: Argparse 命令列剖析模組
- PEP 391: Dictionary Based Configuration for Logging
- PEP 3148:
concurrent.futures
模組 - PEP 3147: PYC Repository Directories
- PEP 3149: ABI Version Tagged .so Files
- PEP 3333: Python Web Server Gateway Interface v1.0.1
- 其他語言更動
- New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
- elementtree
- functools
- itertools
- collections
- threading
- datetime 和 time
- math
- abc
- io
- reprlib
- logging
- csv
- contextlib
- decimal and fractions
- ftp
- popen
- select
- gzip 和 zipfile
- tarfile
- hashlib
- ast
- os
- shutil
- sqlite3
- html
- socket
- ssl
- nntp
- certificates
- imaplib
- http.client
- unittest
- random
- poplib
- asyncore
- tempfile
- inspect
- pydoc
- dis
- dbm
- ctypes
- site
- sysconfig
- pdb
- configparser
- urllib.parse
- mailbox
- turtledemo
- Multi-threading
- 最佳化
- Unicode
- 編解碼器
- 文件
- IDLE
- Code Repository
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 3.2
- Python 3.1 有什麼新功能
- Python 3.0 有什麼新功能
- Python 2.7 有什麼新功能
- Python 2.x 的未來
- Changes to the Handling of Deprecation Warnings
- Python 3.1 Features
- PEP 372: Adding an Ordered Dictionary to collections
- PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator
- PEP 389: The argparse Module for Parsing Command Lines
- PEP 391: Dictionary-Based Configuration For Logging
- PEP 3106: Dictionary Views
- PEP 3137: The memoryview Object
- 其他語言更動
- New and Improved Modules
- Build and C API Changes
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Porting to Python 2.7
- New Features Added to Python 2.7 Maintenance Releases
- Two new environment variables for debug mode
- PEP 434: IDLE Enhancement Exception for All Branches
- PEP 466: Network Security Enhancements for Python 2.7
- PEP 477: Backport ensurepip (PEP 453) to Python 2.7
- PEP 476: Enabling certificate verification by default for stdlib http clients
- PEP 493: HTTPS verification migration tools for Python 2.7
- New
make regen-all
build target - Removal of
make touch
build target
- 致謝
- Python 2.6 有什麼新功能
- Python 3.0
- Changes to the Development Process
- PEP 343: The 'with' statement
- PEP 366: Explicit Relative Imports From a Main Module
- PEP 370: Per-user
site-packages
Directory - PEP 371: The
multiprocessing
Package - PEP 3101: Advanced String Formatting
- PEP 3105:
print
As a Function - PEP 3110: Exception-Handling Changes
- PEP 3112: Byte Literals
- PEP 3116: New I/O Library
- PEP 3118:修訂緩衝協定
- PEP 3119: Abstract Base Classes
- PEP 3127: Integer Literal Support and Syntax
- PEP 3129: Class Decorators
- PEP 3141: A Type Hierarchy for Numbers
- 其他語言更動
- New and Improved Modules
- Deprecations and Removals
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 2.6
- 致謝
- Python 2.5 有什麼新功能
- PEP 308: Conditional Expressions
- PEP 309: Partial Function Application
- PEP 314: Metadata for Python Software Packages v1.1
- PEP 328: Absolute and Relative Imports
- PEP 338: Executing Modules as Scripts
- PEP 341: Unified try/except/finally
- PEP 342: New Generator Features
- PEP 343:'with' 陳述式
- PEP 352: Exceptions as New-Style Classes
- PEP 353: Using ssize_t as the index type
- PEP 357: The '__index__' method
- 其他語言更動
- New, Improved, and Removed Modules
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 2.5
- 致謝
- Python 2.4 有什麼新功能
- PEP 218: Built-In Set Objects
- PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers
- PEP 289: Generator Expressions
- PEP 292: Simpler String Substitutions
- PEP 318: Decorators for Functions and Methods
- PEP 322: Reverse Iteration
- PEP 324: New subprocess Module
- PEP 327: Decimal Data Type
- PEP 328: Multi-line Imports
- PEP 331: Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions
- 其他語言更動
- New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 2.4
- 致謝
- Python 2.3 有什麼新功能
- PEP 218: A Standard Set Datatype
- PEP 255: Simple Generators
- PEP 263: Source Code Encodings
- PEP 273: Importing Modules from ZIP Archives
- PEP 277: Unicode file name support for Windows NT
- PEP 278: Universal Newline Support
- PEP 279:enumerate()
- PEP 282: The logging Package
- PEP 285: A Boolean Type
- PEP 293: Codec Error Handling Callbacks
- PEP 301: Package Index and Metadata for Distutils
- PEP 302: New Import Hooks
- PEP 305: Comma-separated Files
- PEP 307: Pickle Enhancements
- Extended Slices
- 其他語言更動
- New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
- Pymalloc: A Specialized Object Allocator
- Build and C API Changes
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Porting to Python 2.3
- 致謝
- Python 2.2 有什麼新功能
- Python 2.1 有什麼新功能
- 簡介
- PEP 227: Nested Scopes
- PEP 236: __future__ Directives
- PEP 207: Rich Comparisons
- PEP 230: Warning Framework
- PEP 229: New Build System
- PEP 205: Weak References
- PEP 232: Function Attributes
- PEP 235: Importing Modules on Case-Insensitive Platforms
- PEP 217: Interactive Display Hook
- PEP 208: New Coercion Model
- PEP 241: Metadata in Python Packages
- New and Improved Modules
- Other Changes and Fixes
- 致謝
- Python 2.0 有什麼新功能
- 簡介
- What About Python 1.6?
- New Development Process
- Unicode
- 串列綜合運算(List Comprehension)
- Augmented Assignment
- String Methods
- Garbage Collection of Cycles
- Other Core Changes
- Porting to 2.0
- Extending/Embedding Changes
- Distutils: Making Modules Easy to Install
- XML 模組
- 模組變更
- 新增模組
- IDLE Improvements
- Deleted and Deprecated Modules
- 致謝
- Changelog(更動日誌)
- Python next
- Python 3.12.7 final
- Python 3.12.6 final
- Python 3.12.5 final
- Python 3.12.4 final
- Python 3.12.3 final
- Python 3.12.2 final
- Python 3.12.1 final
- Python 3.12.0 final
- Python 3.12.0 release candidate 3
- Python 3.12.0 release candidate 2
- Python 3.12.0 release candidate 1
- Python 3.12.0 beta 4
- Python 3.12.0 beta 3
- Python 3.12.0 beta 2
- Python 3.12.0 beta 1
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 7
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 6
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 5
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.11.0 beta 1
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 7
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 6
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 5
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.10.0 beta 1
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 7
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 6
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 5
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.9.0 beta 1
- Python 3.9.0 alpha 6
- Python 3.9.0 alpha 5
- Python 3.9.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.9.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.9.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.9.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.8.0 beta 1
- Python 3.8.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.8.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.8.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.8.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.7.0 final
- Python 3.7.0 release candidate 1
- Python 3.7.0 beta 5
- Python 3.7.0 beta 4
- Python 3.7.0 beta 3
- Python 3.7.0 beta 2
- Python 3.7.0 beta 1
- Python 3.7.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.7.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.7.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.7.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.6.6 final
- Python 3.6.6 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.5 final
- Python 3.6.5 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.4 final
- Python 3.6.4 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.3 final
- Python 3.6.3 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.2 final
- Python 3.6.2 release candidate 2
- Python 3.6.2 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.1 final
- Python 3.6.1 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.0 final
- Python 3.6.0 release candidate 2
- Python 3.6.0 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.0 beta 4
- Python 3.6.0 beta 3
- Python 3.6.0 beta 2
- Python 3.6.0 beta 1
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.5.5 final
- Python 3.5.5 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.4 final
- Python 3.5.4 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.3 final
- Python 3.5.3 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.2 final
- Python 3.5.2 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.1 final
- Python 3.5.1 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.0 final
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 4
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 3
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 2
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.0 beta 4
- Python 3.5.0 beta 3
- Python 3.5.0 beta 2
- Python 3.5.0 beta 1
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 1
- Python 教學
- 1. 淺嘗滋味
- 2. 使用 Python 直譯器
- 3. 一個非正式的 Python 簡介
- 4. 深入了解流程控制
- 4.1.
if
陳述式 - 4.2.
for
陳述式 - 4.3.
range()
函式 - 4.4.
break
andcontinue
Statements - 4.5.
else
Clauses on Loops - 4.6.
pass
陳述式 - 4.7.
match
陳述式 - 4.8. 定義函式 (function)
- 4.9. 深入了解函式定義
- 4.10. 間奏曲:程式碼風格 (Coding Style)
- 4.1.
- 5. 資料結構
- 6. 模組 (Module)
- 7. 輸入和輸出
- 8. 錯誤和例外
- 9. Class(類別)
- 10. Python 標準函式庫概覽
- 11. Python 標準函式庫概覽——第二部份
- 12. 虛擬環境與套件
- 13. 現在可以來學習些什麼?
- 14. 互動式輸入編輯和歷史記錄替換
- 15. 浮點數運算:問題與限制
- 16. 附錄
- Python 的設置與使用
- 1. 命令列與環境
- 2. 在 Unix 平臺上使用 Python
- 3. 配置 Python
- 4. 在 Windows 上使用 Python
- 4.1. The full installer
- 4.2. The Microsoft Store package
- 4.3. nuget.org 套件
- 4.4. The embeddable package
- 4.5. Alternative bundles
- 4.6. 設定 Python
- 4.7. UTF-8 模式
- 4.8. Python Launcher for Windows
- 4.9. 找尋模組
- 4.10. 額外的模組
- 4.11. 編譯 Python 在 Windows
- 4.12. 其他平台
- 5. 在 Mac 系統使用 Python
- 6. 編輯器與 IDE
- Python 語言參考手冊
- 1. 簡介
- 2. 詞法分析
- 3. 資料模型
- 3.1. Objects, values and types
- 3.2. 標準型別階層
- 3.2.1. None
- 3.2.2. NotImplemented
- 3.2.3. Ellipsis
- 3.2.4.
numbers.Number
- 3.2.5. Sequences
- 3.2.6. Set types
- 3.2.7. Mappings
- 3.2.8. Callable types
- 3.2.9. 模組
- 3.2.10. Custom classes
- 3.2.11. Class instances
- 3.2.12. I/O objects (also known as file objects)
- 3.2.13. Internal types
- 3.3. Special method names
- 3.3.1. Basic customization
- 3.3.2. Customizing attribute access
- 3.3.3. Customizing class creation
- 3.3.4. Customizing instance and subclass checks
- 3.3.5. Emulating generic types
- 3.3.6. Emulating callable objects
- 3.3.7. Emulating container types
- 3.3.8. Emulating numeric types
__add__()
__sub__()
__mul__()
__matmul__()
__truediv__()
__floordiv__()
__mod__()
__divmod__()
__pow__()
__lshift__()
__rshift__()
__and__()
__xor__()
__or__()
__radd__()
__rsub__()
__rmul__()
__rmatmul__()
__rtruediv__()
__rfloordiv__()
__rmod__()
__rdivmod__()
__rpow__()
__rlshift__()
__rrshift__()
__rand__()
__rxor__()
__ror__()
__iadd__()
__isub__()
__imul__()
__imatmul__()
__itruediv__()
__ifloordiv__()
__imod__()
__ipow__()
__ilshift__()
__irshift__()
__iand__()
__ixor__()
__ior__()
__neg__()
__pos__()
__abs__()
__invert__()
__complex__()
__int__()
__float__()
__index__()
__round__()
__trunc__()
__floor__()
__ceil__()
- 3.3.9. With Statement Context Managers
- 3.3.10. Customizing positional arguments in class pattern matching
- 3.3.11. Emulating buffer types
- 3.3.12. Special method lookup
- 3.4. 協程
- 4. 執行模型
- 5. 模組引入系統
- 6. 運算式
- 6.1. Arithmetic conversions
- 6.2. Atoms
- 6.3. Primaries
- 6.4. Await expression
- 6.5. The power operator
- 6.6. Unary arithmetic and bitwise operations
- 6.7. Binary arithmetic operations
- 6.8. Shifting operations
- 6.9. Binary bitwise operations
- 6.10. Comparisons
- 6.11. Boolean operations
- 6.12. Assignment expressions
- 6.13. Conditional expressions
- 6.14. Lambdas
- 6.15. Expression lists
- 6.16. Evaluation order
- 6.17. Operator precedence
- 7. 簡單陳述式
- 8. 複合陳述式
- 9. 最高層級元件
- 10. 完整的語法規格書
- Python 標準函式庫 (Standard Library)
- 簡介
- 內建函式
abs()
aiter()
all()
anext()
any()
ascii()
bin()
bool
breakpoint()
callable()
chr()
classmethod()
compile()
complex
delattr()
dir()
divmod()
enumerate()
eval()
exec()
filter()
float
format()
getattr()
globals()
hasattr()
hash()
help()
hex()
id()
input()
int
isinstance()
issubclass()
iter()
len()
locals()
map()
max()
min()
next()
object
oct()
open()
ord()
pow()
print()
property
repr()
reversed()
round()
setattr()
slice
sorted()
staticmethod()
sum()
super
type
vars()
zip()
__import__()
- 內建常數
- 內建型別
- 真值檢測
- Boolean(布林)運算 ---
and
,or
,not
- 比較運算
- 數值型別 ---
int
、float
、complex
- Boolean 型別 -
bool
- 疊代器型別
- Sequence Types ---
list
,tuple
,range
- Text Sequence Type ---
str
str
- String Methods
capitalize()
casefold()
center()
count()
encode()
endswith()
expandtabs()
find()
format()
format_map()
index()
isalnum()
isalpha()
isascii()
isdecimal()
isdigit()
isidentifier()
islower()
isnumeric()
isprintable()
isspace()
istitle()
isupper()
join()
ljust()
lower()
lstrip()
maketrans()
partition()
removeprefix()
removesuffix()
replace()
rfind()
rindex()
rjust()
rpartition()
rsplit()
rstrip()
split()
splitlines()
startswith()
strip()
swapcase()
title()
translate()
upper()
zfill()
printf
-style String Formatting
- Binary Sequence Types ---
bytes
,bytearray
,memoryview
- Bytes Objects
- Bytearray Objects
- Bytes and Bytearray Operations
count()
count()
removeprefix()
removeprefix()
removesuffix()
removesuffix()
decode()
decode()
endswith()
endswith()
find()
find()
index()
index()
join()
join()
maketrans()
maketrans()
partition()
partition()
replace()
replace()
rfind()
rfind()
rindex()
rindex()
rpartition()
rpartition()
startswith()
startswith()
translate()
translate()
center()
center()
ljust()
ljust()
lstrip()
lstrip()
rjust()
rjust()
rsplit()
rsplit()
rstrip()
rstrip()
split()
split()
strip()
strip()
capitalize()
capitalize()
expandtabs()
expandtabs()
isalnum()
isalnum()
isalpha()
isalpha()
isascii()
isascii()
isdigit()
isdigit()
islower()
islower()
isspace()
isspace()
istitle()
istitle()
isupper()
isupper()
lower()
lower()
splitlines()
splitlines()
swapcase()
swapcase()
title()
title()
upper()
upper()
zfill()
zfill()
printf
-style Bytes Formatting- Memory Views
- Set Types ---
set
,frozenset
- Mapping Types ---
dict
- 情境管理器型別
- 型別註釋的型別 --- 泛型別名 (Generic Alias)、聯合 (Union)
- Other Built-in Types
- 特殊屬性
- Integer string conversion length limitation
- 內建的例外
- 例外的情境
- 繼承自內建的例外
- 基底類別 (base classes)
- 實體例外
AssertionError
AttributeError
EOFError
FloatingPointError
GeneratorExit
ImportError
ModuleNotFoundError
IndexError
KeyError
KeyboardInterrupt
MemoryError
NameError
NotImplementedError
OSError
OverflowError
RecursionError
ReferenceError
RuntimeError
StopIteration
StopAsyncIteration
SyntaxError
IndentationError
TabError
SystemError
SystemExit
TypeError
UnboundLocalError
UnicodeError
UnicodeEncodeError
UnicodeDecodeError
UnicodeTranslateError
ValueError
ZeroDivisionError
EnvironmentError
IOError
WindowsError
- 作業系統例外
- 警告
- 例外群組
- 例外階層
- 文本處理 (Text Processing) 服務
string
--- 常見的字串操作re
--- 正規表示式 (regular expression) 操作difflib
--- 計算差異的輔助工具textwrap
--- 文字包裝與填充unicodedata
--- Unicode 資料庫stringprep
--- 網際網路字串準備readline
--- GNU readline 介面rlcompleter
--- GNU readline 的補全函式
- 二進位資料服務
struct
--- 將位元組直譯為打包起來的二進位資料codecs
--- 編解碼器註冊表和基底類別encode()
decode()
lookup()
CodecInfo
getencoder()
getdecoder()
getincrementalencoder()
getincrementaldecoder()
getreader()
getwriter()
register()
unregister()
open()
EncodedFile()
iterencode()
iterdecode()
BOM
BOM_BE
BOM_LE
BOM_UTF8
BOM_UTF16
BOM_UTF16_BE
BOM_UTF16_LE
BOM_UTF32
BOM_UTF32_BE
BOM_UTF32_LE
- Codec Base Classes
- Encodings and Unicode
- Standard Encodings
- Python Specific Encodings
encodings.idna
--- Internationalized Domain Names in Applicationsencodings.mbcs
--- Windows ANSI codepageencodings.utf_8_sig
--- UTF-8 codec with BOM signature
- 資料型別
datetime
--- 日期與時間的基本型別- Aware and Naive Objects
- 常數
- Available Types
timedelta
物件date
物件datetime
物件datetime
today()
now()
utcnow()
fromtimestamp()
utcfromtimestamp()
fromordinal()
combine()
fromisoformat()
fromisocalendar()
strptime()
min
max
resolution
year
month
day
hour
minute
second
microsecond
tzinfo
fold
date()
time()
timetz()
replace()
astimezone()
utcoffset()
dst()
tzname()
timetuple()
utctimetuple()
toordinal()
timestamp()
weekday()
isoweekday()
isocalendar()
isoformat()
__str__()
ctime()
strftime()
__format__()
- 用法範例:
datetime
time
物件tzinfo
物件timezone
物件strftime()
與strptime()
的行為
zoneinfo
--- IANA 時區支援calendar
--- 日曆相關函式Calendar
TextCalendar
HTMLCalendar
LocaleTextCalendar
LocaleHTMLCalendar
setfirstweekday()
firstweekday()
isleap()
leapdays()
weekday()
weekheader()
monthrange()
monthcalendar()
prmonth()
month()
prcal()
calendar()
timegm()
day_name
day_abbr
MONDAY
TUESDAY
WEDNESDAY
THURSDAY
FRIDAY
SATURDAY
SUNDAY
Day
month_name
month_abbr
JANUARY
FEBRUARY
MARCH
APRIL
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUGUST
SEPTEMBER
OCTOBER
NOVEMBER
DECEMBER
Month
IllegalMonthError
IllegalWeekdayError
- 命令列用法
collections
--- 容器資料型態collections.abc
--- 容器的抽象基底類別heapq
--- 堆積佇列 (heap queue) 演算法bisect
--- 陣列二分演算法 (Array bisection algorithm)array
--- 高效率的數值型陣列weakref
--- 弱參照types
--- 動態型別建立與內建型別名稱- Dynamic Type Creation
- Standard Interpreter Types
NoneType
FunctionType
LambdaType
GeneratorType
CoroutineType
AsyncGeneratorType
CodeType
CellType
MethodType
BuiltinFunctionType
BuiltinMethodType
WrapperDescriptorType
MethodWrapperType
NotImplementedType
MethodDescriptorType
ClassMethodDescriptorType
ModuleType
EllipsisType
GenericAlias
UnionType
TracebackType
FrameType
GetSetDescriptorType
MemberDescriptorType
MappingProxyType
- Additional Utility Classes and Functions
- Coroutine Utility Functions
copy
--- 淺層 (shallow) 和深層 (deep) 複製操作pprint
--- 資料美化列印器reprlib
---repr()
的替代實作enum
--- 對列舉的支援graphlib
—-- 使用類圖 (graph-like) 結構進行操作的功能
- 數值與數學模組
numbers
--- 數值的抽象基底類別math
--- 數學函式cmath
--- 複數的數學函式decimal
--- 十進位固定點和浮點運算- Quick-start Tutorial
- Decimal objects
Decimal
adjusted()
as_integer_ratio()
as_tuple()
canonical()
compare()
compare_signal()
compare_total()
compare_total_mag()
conjugate()
copy_abs()
copy_negate()
copy_sign()
exp()
from_float()
fma()
is_canonical()
is_finite()
is_infinite()
is_nan()
is_normal()
is_qnan()
is_signed()
is_snan()
is_subnormal()
is_zero()
ln()
log10()
logb()
logical_and()
logical_invert()
logical_or()
logical_xor()
max()
max_mag()
min()
min_mag()
next_minus()
next_plus()
next_toward()
normalize()
number_class()
quantize()
radix()
remainder_near()
rotate()
same_quantum()
scaleb()
shift()
sqrt()
to_eng_string()
to_integral()
to_integral_exact()
to_integral_value()
- Logical operands
- Context objects
getcontext()
setcontext()
localcontext()
BasicContext
ExtendedContext
DefaultContext
Context
clear_flags()
clear_traps()
copy()
copy_decimal()
create_decimal()
create_decimal_from_float()
Etiny()
Etop()
abs()
add()
canonical()
compare()
compare_signal()
compare_total()
compare_total_mag()
copy_abs()
copy_negate()
copy_sign()
divide()
divide_int()
divmod()
exp()
fma()
is_canonical()
is_finite()
is_infinite()
is_nan()
is_normal()
is_qnan()
is_signed()
is_snan()
is_subnormal()
is_zero()
ln()
log10()
logb()
logical_and()
logical_invert()
logical_or()
logical_xor()
max()
max_mag()
min()
min_mag()
minus()
multiply()
next_minus()
next_plus()
next_toward()
normalize()
number_class()
plus()
power()
quantize()
radix()
remainder()
remainder_near()
rotate()
same_quantum()
scaleb()
shift()
sqrt()
subtract()
to_eng_string()
to_integral_exact()
to_sci_string()
- 常數
- Rounding modes
- Signals
- Floating-Point Notes
- Working with threads
- Recipes
- Decimal FAQ
fractions
--- 有理數random
--- 生成偽隨機數statistics
--- 數學統計函式
- 函式編程模組
itertools
--- 建立產生高效率迴圈之疊代器的函式functools
--- 可呼叫物件上的高階函式與操作operator
--- 標準運算子替代函式lt()
le()
eq()
ne()
ge()
gt()
__lt__()
__le__()
__eq__()
__ne__()
__ge__()
__gt__()
not_()
__not__()
truth()
is_()
is_not()
abs()
__abs__()
add()
__add__()
and_()
__and__()
floordiv()
__floordiv__()
index()
__index__()
inv()
invert()
__inv__()
__invert__()
lshift()
__lshift__()
mod()
__mod__()
mul()
__mul__()
matmul()
__matmul__()
neg()
__neg__()
or_()
__or__()
pos()
__pos__()
pow()
__pow__()
rshift()
__rshift__()
sub()
__sub__()
truediv()
__truediv__()
xor()
__xor__()
concat()
__concat__()
contains()
__contains__()
countOf()
delitem()
__delitem__()
getitem()
__getitem__()
indexOf()
setitem()
__setitem__()
length_hint()
call()
__call__()
attrgetter()
itemgetter()
methodcaller()
- 運算子與函式間的對映
- 原地 (in-place) 運算子
- 檔案與目錄存取
pathlib
--- 物件導向檔案系統路徑os.path
--- 常見的路徑名操作abspath()
basename()
commonpath()
commonprefix()
dirname()
exists()
lexists()
expanduser()
expandvars()
getatime()
getmtime()
getctime()
getsize()
isabs()
isfile()
isdir()
isjunction()
islink()
ismount()
isdevdrive()
join()
normcase()
normpath()
realpath()
relpath()
samefile()
sameopenfile()
samestat()
split()
splitdrive()
splitroot()
splitext()
supports_unicode_filenames
fileinput
--- 逐列疊代多個輸入串流stat
--- 直譯stat()
的結果S_ISDIR()
S_ISCHR()
S_ISBLK()
S_ISREG()
S_ISFIFO()
S_ISLNK()
S_ISSOCK()
S_ISDOOR()
S_ISPORT()
S_ISWHT()
S_IMODE()
S_IFMT()
filemode()
ST_MODE
ST_INO
ST_DEV
ST_NLINK
ST_UID
ST_GID
ST_SIZE
ST_ATIME
ST_MTIME
ST_CTIME
S_IFSOCK
S_IFLNK
S_IFREG
S_IFBLK
S_IFDIR
S_IFCHR
S_IFIFO
S_IFDOOR
S_IFPORT
S_IFWHT
S_ISUID
S_ISGID
S_ISVTX
S_IRWXU
S_IRUSR
S_IWUSR
S_IXUSR
S_IRWXG
S_IRGRP
S_IWGRP
S_IXGRP
S_IRWXO
S_IROTH
S_IWOTH
S_IXOTH
S_ENFMT
S_IREAD
S_IWRITE
S_IEXEC
UF_NODUMP
UF_IMMUTABLE
UF_APPEND
UF_OPAQUE
UF_NOUNLINK
UF_COMPRESSED
UF_HIDDEN
SF_ARCHIVED
SF_IMMUTABLE
SF_APPEND
SF_NOUNLINK
SF_SNAPSHOT
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_ARCHIVE
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_COMPRESSED
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DEVICE
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_ENCRYPTED
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_HIDDEN
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_INTEGRITY_STREAM
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NOT_CONTENT_INDEXED
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SCRUB_DATA
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_OFFLINE
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_SPARSE_FILE
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_SYSTEM
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_TEMPORARY
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_VIRTUAL
IO_REPARSE_TAG_SYMLINK
IO_REPARSE_TAG_MOUNT_POINT
IO_REPARSE_TAG_APPEXECLINK
filecmp
--- 檔案與目錄比較tempfile
--- 生成臨時檔案和目錄glob
--- Unix 風格的路徑名稱模式擴展fnmatch
--- Unix 檔案名稱模式比對linecache
--- 隨機存取文字列shutil
— 高階檔案操作
- 資料持久性 (Data Persistence)
pickle
--- Python 物件序列化copyreg
--- 註冊pickle
支援函式shelve
--- Python object persistencemarshal
--- 内部 Python 物件序列化dbm
--- Unix "databases" 的介面sqlite3
--- SQLite 資料庫的 DB-API 2.0 介面- 教學
- Reference
- Module functions
- Module constants
LEGACY_TRANSACTION_CONTROL
PARSE_COLNAMES
PARSE_DECLTYPES
SQLITE_OK
SQLITE_DENY
SQLITE_IGNORE
apilevel
paramstyle
sqlite_version
sqlite_version_info
threadsafety
version
version_info
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_DEFENSIVE
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_DQS_DDL
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_DQS_DML
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_FKEY
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_FTS3_TOKENIZER
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_LOAD_EXTENSION
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_QPSG
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_TRIGGER
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_VIEW
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LEGACY_ALTER_TABLE
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LEGACY_FILE_FORMAT
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_NO_CKPT_ON_CLOSE
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_RESET_DATABASE
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_TRIGGER_EQP
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_TRUSTED_SCHEMA
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_WRITABLE_SCHEMA
- Connection 物件
Connection
cursor()
blobopen()
commit()
rollback()
close()
execute()
executemany()
executescript()
create_function()
create_aggregate()
create_window_function()
create_collation()
interrupt()
set_authorizer()
set_progress_handler()
set_trace_callback()
enable_load_extension()
load_extension()
iterdump()
backup()
getlimit()
setlimit()
getconfig()
setconfig()
serialize()
deserialize()
autocommit
in_transaction
isolation_level
row_factory
text_factory
total_changes
- Cursor 物件
- Row 物件
- Blob 物件
- PrepareProtocol 物件
- 例外
- SQLite and Python types
- Default adapters and converters (deprecated)
- 命令列介面
- How-to guides
- How to use placeholders to bind values in SQL queries
- How to adapt custom Python types to SQLite values
- How to convert SQLite values to custom Python types
- Adapter and converter recipes
- How to use connection shortcut methods
- How to use the connection context manager
- How to work with SQLite URIs
- How to create and use row factories
- How to handle non-UTF-8 text encodings
- 解釋
- 資料壓縮與保存
zlib
--- 相容於 gzip 的壓縮gzip
--- gzip 檔案的支援bz2
--- bzip2 壓縮的支援lzma
--- 使用 LZMA 演算法進行壓縮zipfile
--- 處理 ZIP 封存檔案tarfile
--- 讀取與寫入 tar 封存檔案open()
is_tarfile()
TarError
ReadError
CompressionError
StreamError
ExtractError
HeaderError
FilterError
AbsolutePathError
OutsideDestinationError
SpecialFileError
AbsoluteLinkError
LinkOutsideDestinationError
ENCODING
REGTYPE
AREGTYPE
LNKTYPE
SYMTYPE
CHRTYPE
BLKTYPE
DIRTYPE
FIFOTYPE
CONTTYPE
GNUTYPE_LONGNAME
GNUTYPE_LONGLINK
GNUTYPE_SPARSE
USTAR_FORMAT
GNU_FORMAT
PAX_FORMAT
DEFAULT_FORMAT
- TarFile 物件
- TarInfo 物件
- Extraction filters
- Command-Line Interface
- 範例
- Supported tar formats
- Unicode issues
- 檔案格式
csv
--- CSV 檔案讀取及寫入configparser
--- 設定檔剖析器tomllib
--- 剖析 TOML 檔案netrc
--- netrc 檔案處理plistlib
--- 產生和剖析 Apple.plist
檔案
- 加密服務
- 通用作業系統服務
os
--- 各種作業系統介面error
name
- File Names, Command Line Arguments, and Environment Variables
- Python UTF-8 模式
- 行程參數
ctermid()
environ
environb
fsencode()
fsdecode()
fspath()
PathLike
getenv()
getenvb()
get_exec_path()
getegid()
geteuid()
getgid()
getgrouplist()
getgroups()
getlogin()
getpgid()
getpgrp()
getpid()
getppid()
getpriority()
PRIO_PROCESS
PRIO_PGRP
PRIO_USER
PRIO_DARWIN_THREAD
PRIO_DARWIN_PROCESS
PRIO_DARWIN_BG
PRIO_DARWIN_NONUI
getresuid()
getresgid()
getuid()
initgroups()
putenv()
setegid()
seteuid()
setgid()
setgroups()
setns()
setpgrp()
setpgid()
setpriority()
setregid()
setresgid()
setresuid()
setreuid()
getsid()
setsid()
setuid()
strerror()
supports_bytes_environ
umask()
uname()
unsetenv()
unshare()
CLONE_FILES
CLONE_FS
CLONE_NEWCGROUP
CLONE_NEWIPC
CLONE_NEWNET
CLONE_NEWNS
CLONE_NEWPID
CLONE_NEWTIME
CLONE_NEWUSER
CLONE_NEWUTS
CLONE_SIGHAND
CLONE_SYSVSEM
CLONE_THREAD
CLONE_VM
- File Object Creation
- File Descriptor Operations
close()
closerange()
copy_file_range()
device_encoding()
dup()
dup2()
fchmod()
fchown()
fdatasync()
fpathconf()
fstat()
fstatvfs()
fsync()
ftruncate()
get_blocking()
isatty()
lockf()
F_LOCK
F_TLOCK
F_ULOCK
F_TEST
login_tty()
lseek()
SEEK_SET
SEEK_CUR
SEEK_END
SEEK_HOLE
SEEK_DATA
open()
O_RDONLY
O_WRONLY
O_RDWR
O_APPEND
O_CREAT
O_EXCL
O_TRUNC
O_DSYNC
O_RSYNC
O_SYNC
O_NDELAY
O_NONBLOCK
O_NOCTTY
O_CLOEXEC
O_BINARY
O_NOINHERIT
O_SHORT_LIVED
O_TEMPORARY
O_RANDOM
O_SEQUENTIAL
O_TEXT
O_EVTONLY
O_FSYNC
O_SYMLINK
O_NOFOLLOW_ANY
O_ASYNC
O_DIRECT
O_DIRECTORY
O_NOFOLLOW
O_NOATIME
O_PATH
O_TMPFILE
O_SHLOCK
O_EXLOCK
openpty()
pipe()
pipe2()
posix_fallocate()
posix_fadvise()
POSIX_FADV_NORMAL
POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL
POSIX_FADV_RANDOM
POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE
POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED
POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED
pread()
preadv()
RWF_NOWAIT
RWF_HIPRI
pwrite()
pwritev()
RWF_DSYNC
RWF_SYNC
RWF_APPEND
read()
sendfile()
SF_NODISKIO
SF_MNOWAIT
SF_SYNC
SF_NOCACHE
set_blocking()
splice()
SPLICE_F_MOVE
SPLICE_F_NONBLOCK
SPLICE_F_MORE
readv()
tcgetpgrp()
tcsetpgrp()
ttyname()
write()
writev()
- Querying the size of a terminal
- Inheritance of File Descriptors
- Files and Directories
access()
F_OK
R_OK
W_OK
X_OK
chdir()
chflags()
chmod()
chown()
chroot()
fchdir()
getcwd()
getcwdb()
lchflags()
lchmod()
lchown()
link()
listdir()
listdrives()
listmounts()
listvolumes()
lstat()
mkdir()
makedirs()
mkfifo()
mknod()
major()
minor()
makedev()
pathconf()
pathconf_names
readlink()
remove()
removedirs()
rename()
renames()
replace()
rmdir()
scandir()
DirEntry
stat()
stat_result
statvfs()
supports_dir_fd
supports_effective_ids
supports_fd
supports_follow_symlinks
symlink()
sync()
truncate()
unlink()
utime()
walk()
fwalk()
memfd_create()
MFD_CLOEXEC
MFD_ALLOW_SEALING
MFD_HUGETLB
MFD_HUGE_SHIFT
MFD_HUGE_MASK
MFD_HUGE_64KB
MFD_HUGE_512KB
MFD_HUGE_1MB
MFD_HUGE_2MB
MFD_HUGE_8MB
MFD_HUGE_16MB
MFD_HUGE_32MB
MFD_HUGE_256MB
MFD_HUGE_512MB
MFD_HUGE_1GB
MFD_HUGE_2GB
MFD_HUGE_16GB
eventfd()
eventfd_read()
eventfd_write()
EFD_CLOEXEC
EFD_NONBLOCK
EFD_SEMAPHORE
- Linux extended attributes
- 行程管理
abort()
add_dll_directory()
execl()
execle()
execlp()
execlpe()
execv()
execve()
execvp()
execvpe()
_exit()
EX_OK
EX_USAGE
EX_DATAERR
EX_NOINPUT
EX_NOUSER
EX_NOHOST
EX_UNAVAILABLE
EX_SOFTWARE
EX_OSERR
EX_OSFILE
EX_CANTCREAT
EX_IOERR
EX_TEMPFAIL
EX_PROTOCOL
EX_NOPERM
EX_CONFIG
EX_NOTFOUND
fork()
forkpty()
kill()
killpg()
nice()
pidfd_open()
plock()
popen()
posix_spawn()
posix_spawnp()
register_at_fork()
spawnl()
spawnle()
spawnlp()
spawnlpe()
spawnv()
spawnve()
spawnvp()
spawnvpe()
P_NOWAIT
P_NOWAITO
P_WAIT
P_DETACH
P_OVERLAY
startfile()
system()
times()
wait()
waitid()
waitpid()
wait3()
wait4()
P_PID
P_PGID
P_ALL
P_PIDFD
WCONTINUED
WEXITED
WSTOPPED
WUNTRACED
WNOHANG
WNOWAIT
CLD_EXITED
CLD_KILLED
CLD_DUMPED
CLD_TRAPPED
CLD_STOPPED
CLD_CONTINUED
waitstatus_to_exitcode()
WCOREDUMP()
WIFCONTINUED()
WIFSTOPPED()
WIFSIGNALED()
WIFEXITED()
WEXITSTATUS()
WSTOPSIG()
WTERMSIG()
- Interface to the scheduler
SCHED_OTHER
SCHED_BATCH
SCHED_IDLE
SCHED_SPORADIC
SCHED_FIFO
SCHED_RR
SCHED_RESET_ON_FORK
sched_param
sched_get_priority_min()
sched_get_priority_max()
sched_setscheduler()
sched_getscheduler()
sched_setparam()
sched_getparam()
sched_rr_get_interval()
sched_yield()
sched_setaffinity()
sched_getaffinity()
- Miscellaneous System Information
- Random numbers
io
— 處理資料串流的核心工具time
--- 時間存取與轉換- 函式
asctime()
pthread_getcpuclockid()
clock_getres()
clock_gettime()
clock_gettime_ns()
clock_settime()
clock_settime_ns()
ctime()
get_clock_info()
gmtime()
localtime()
mktime()
monotonic()
monotonic_ns()
perf_counter()
perf_counter_ns()
process_time()
process_time_ns()
sleep()
strftime()
strptime()
struct_time
time()
time_ns()
thread_time()
thread_time_ns()
tzset()
- Clock ID Constants
- Timezone Constants
- 函式
argparse
--- Parser for command-line options, arguments and subcommandsgetopt
--- 用於命令列選項的 C 風格剖析器logging
--- Python 的日誌記錄工具logging.config
--- 日誌記錄配置logging.handlers
--- 日誌紀錄處理器getpass
--- 可攜式密碼輸入工具curses
--- 字元儲存格顯示的終端處理- 函式
error
baudrate()
beep()
can_change_color()
cbreak()
color_content()
color_pair()
curs_set()
def_prog_mode()
def_shell_mode()
delay_output()
doupdate()
echo()
endwin()
erasechar()
filter()
flash()
flushinp()
getmouse()
getsyx()
getwin()
has_colors()
has_extended_color_support()
has_ic()
has_il()
has_key()
halfdelay()
init_color()
init_pair()
initscr()
is_term_resized()
isendwin()
keyname()
killchar()
longname()
meta()
mouseinterval()
mousemask()
napms()
newpad()
newwin()
nl()
nocbreak()
noecho()
nonl()
noqiflush()
noraw()
pair_content()
pair_number()
putp()
qiflush()
raw()
reset_prog_mode()
reset_shell_mode()
resetty()
resize_term()
resizeterm()
savetty()
get_escdelay()
set_escdelay()
get_tabsize()
set_tabsize()
setsyx()
setupterm()
start_color()
termattrs()
termname()
tigetflag()
tigetnum()
tigetstr()
tparm()
typeahead()
unctrl()
ungetch()
update_lines_cols()
unget_wch()
ungetmouse()
use_env()
use_default_colors()
wrapper()
- Window Objects
addch()
addnstr()
addstr()
attroff()
attron()
attrset()
bkgd()
bkgdset()
border()
box()
chgat()
clear()
clearok()
clrtobot()
clrtoeol()
cursyncup()
delch()
deleteln()
derwin()
echochar()
enclose()
encoding
erase()
getbegyx()
getbkgd()
getch()
get_wch()
getkey()
getmaxyx()
getparyx()
getstr()
getyx()
hline()
idcok()
idlok()
immedok()
inch()
insch()
insdelln()
insertln()
insnstr()
insstr()
instr()
is_linetouched()
is_wintouched()
keypad()
leaveok()
move()
mvderwin()
mvwin()
nodelay()
notimeout()
noutrefresh()
overlay()
overwrite()
putwin()
redrawln()
redrawwin()
refresh()
resize()
scroll()
scrollok()
setscrreg()
standend()
standout()
subpad()
subwin()
syncdown()
syncok()
syncup()
timeout()
touchline()
touchwin()
untouchwin()
vline()
- Constants
ERR
OK
version
__version__
ncurses_version
COLORS
COLOR_PAIRS
COLS
LINES
A_ALTCHARSET
A_BLINK
A_BOLD
A_DIM
A_INVIS
A_ITALIC
A_NORMAL
A_PROTECT
A_REVERSE
A_STANDOUT
A_UNDERLINE
A_HORIZONTAL
A_LEFT
A_LOW
A_RIGHT
A_TOP
A_VERTICAL
A_ATTRIBUTES
A_CHARTEXT
A_COLOR
KEY_MIN
KEY_BREAK
KEY_DOWN
KEY_UP
KEY_LEFT
KEY_RIGHT
KEY_HOME
KEY_BACKSPACE
KEY_F0
KEY_Fn
KEY_DL
KEY_IL
KEY_DC
KEY_IC
KEY_EIC
KEY_CLEAR
KEY_EOS
KEY_EOL
KEY_SF
KEY_SR
KEY_NPAGE
KEY_PPAGE
KEY_STAB
KEY_CTAB
KEY_CATAB
KEY_ENTER
KEY_SRESET
KEY_RESET
KEY_PRINT
KEY_LL
KEY_A1
KEY_A3
KEY_B2
KEY_C1
KEY_C3
KEY_BTAB
KEY_BEG
KEY_CANCEL
KEY_CLOSE
KEY_COMMAND
KEY_COPY
KEY_CREATE
KEY_END
KEY_EXIT
KEY_FIND
KEY_HELP
KEY_MARK
KEY_MESSAGE
KEY_MOVE
KEY_NEXT
KEY_OPEN
KEY_OPTIONS
KEY_PREVIOUS
KEY_REDO
KEY_REFERENCE
KEY_REFRESH
KEY_REPLACE
KEY_RESTART
KEY_RESUME
KEY_SAVE
KEY_SBEG
KEY_SCANCEL
KEY_SCOMMAND
KEY_SCOPY
KEY_SCREATE
KEY_SDC
KEY_SDL
KEY_SELECT
KEY_SEND
KEY_SEOL
KEY_SEXIT
KEY_SFIND
KEY_SHELP
KEY_SHOME
KEY_SIC
KEY_SLEFT
KEY_SMESSAGE
KEY_SMOVE
KEY_SNEXT
KEY_SOPTIONS
KEY_SPREVIOUS
KEY_SPRINT
KEY_SREDO
KEY_SREPLACE
KEY_SRIGHT
KEY_SRSUME
KEY_SSAVE
KEY_SSUSPEND
KEY_SUNDO
KEY_SUSPEND
KEY_UNDO
KEY_MOUSE
KEY_RESIZE
KEY_MAX
ACS_BBSS
ACS_BLOCK
ACS_BOARD
ACS_BSBS
ACS_BSSB
ACS_BSSS
ACS_BTEE
ACS_BULLET
ACS_CKBOARD
ACS_DARROW
ACS_DEGREE
ACS_DIAMOND
ACS_GEQUAL
ACS_HLINE
ACS_LANTERN
ACS_LARROW
ACS_LEQUAL
ACS_LLCORNER
ACS_LRCORNER
ACS_LTEE
ACS_NEQUAL
ACS_PI
ACS_PLMINUS
ACS_PLUS
ACS_RARROW
ACS_RTEE
ACS_S1
ACS_S3
ACS_S7
ACS_S9
ACS_SBBS
ACS_SBSB
ACS_SBSS
ACS_SSBB
ACS_SSBS
ACS_SSSB
ACS_SSSS
ACS_STERLING
ACS_TTEE
ACS_UARROW
ACS_ULCORNER
ACS_URCORNER
ACS_VLINE
BUTTONn_PRESSED
BUTTONn_RELEASED
BUTTONn_CLICKED
BUTTONn_DOUBLE_CLICKED
BUTTONn_TRIPLE_CLICKED
BUTTON_SHIFT
BUTTON_CTRL
BUTTON_ALT
COLOR_BLACK
COLOR_BLUE
COLOR_CYAN
COLOR_GREEN
COLOR_MAGENTA
COLOR_RED
COLOR_WHITE
COLOR_YELLOW
- 函式
curses.textpad
--- Text input widget for curses programscurses.ascii
--- ASCII 字元的工具程式NUL
SOH
STX
ETX
EOT
ENQ
ACK
BEL
BS
TAB
HT
LF
NL
VT
FF
CR
SO
SI
DLE
DC1
DC2
DC3
DC4
NAK
SYN
ETB
CAN
EM
SUB
ESC
FS
GS
RS
US
SP
DEL
isalnum()
isalpha()
isascii()
isblank()
iscntrl()
isdigit()
isgraph()
islower()
isprint()
ispunct()
isspace()
isupper()
isxdigit()
isctrl()
ismeta()
ascii()
ctrl()
alt()
unctrl()
controlnames
curses.panel
--- curses 的面板堆疊擴充platform
--- 對底層平臺識別資料的存取errno
--- 標準 errno 系統符號errorcode
EPERM
ENOENT
ESRCH
EINTR
EIO
ENXIO
E2BIG
ENOEXEC
EBADF
ECHILD
EAGAIN
ENOMEM
EACCES
EFAULT
ENOTBLK
EBUSY
EEXIST
EXDEV
ENODEV
ENOTDIR
EISDIR
EINVAL
ENFILE
EMFILE
ENOTTY
ETXTBSY
EFBIG
ENOSPC
ESPIPE
EROFS
EMLINK
EPIPE
EDOM
ERANGE
EDEADLK
ENAMETOOLONG
ENOLCK
ENOSYS
ENOTEMPTY
ELOOP
EWOULDBLOCK
ENOMSG
EIDRM
ECHRNG
EL2NSYNC
EL3HLT
EL3RST
ELNRNG
EUNATCH
ENOCSI
EL2HLT
EBADE
EBADR
EXFULL
ENOANO
EBADRQC
EBADSLT
EDEADLOCK
EBFONT
ENOSTR
ENODATA
ETIME
ENOSR
ENONET
ENOPKG
EREMOTE
ENOLINK
EADV
ESRMNT
ECOMM
EPROTO
EMULTIHOP
EDOTDOT
EBADMSG
EOVERFLOW
ENOTUNIQ
EBADFD
EREMCHG
ELIBACC
ELIBBAD
ELIBSCN
ELIBMAX
ELIBEXEC
EILSEQ
ERESTART
ESTRPIPE
EUSERS
ENOTSOCK
EDESTADDRREQ
EMSGSIZE
EPROTOTYPE
ENOPROTOOPT
EPROTONOSUPPORT
ESOCKTNOSUPPORT
EOPNOTSUPP
ENOTSUP
EPFNOSUPPORT
EAFNOSUPPORT
EADDRINUSE
EADDRNOTAVAIL
ENETDOWN
ENETUNREACH
ENETRESET
ECONNABORTED
ECONNRESET
ENOBUFS
EISCONN
ENOTCONN
ESHUTDOWN
ETOOMANYREFS
ETIMEDOUT
ECONNREFUSED
EHOSTDOWN
EHOSTUNREACH
EALREADY
EINPROGRESS
ESTALE
EUCLEAN
ENOTNAM
ENAVAIL
EISNAM
EREMOTEIO
EDQUOT
EQFULL
ENOTCAPABLE
ECANCELED
EOWNERDEAD
ENOTRECOVERABLE
ctypes
--- 用於 Python 的外部函式庫- ctypes 教學
- Loading dynamic link libraries
- Accessing functions from loaded dlls
- 呼叫函式
- Fundamental data types
- Calling functions, continued
- Calling variadic functions
- Calling functions with your own custom data types
- Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes)
- Return types
- Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference)
- Structures and unions
- Structure/union alignment and byte order
- Bit fields in structures and unions
- Arrays
- Pointers
- Type conversions
- Incomplete Types
- 回呼函式
- Accessing values exported from dlls
- Surprises
- Variable-sized data types
- ctypes reference
- Finding shared libraries
- Loading shared libraries
- Foreign functions
- Function prototypes
- Utility functions
addressof()
alignment()
byref()
cast()
create_string_buffer()
create_unicode_buffer()
DllCanUnloadNow()
DllGetClassObject()
find_library()
find_msvcrt()
FormatError()
GetLastError()
get_errno()
get_last_error()
memmove()
memset()
POINTER()
pointer()
resize()
set_errno()
set_last_error()
sizeof()
string_at()
WinError()
wstring_at()
- Data types
- Fundamental data types
- Structured data types
- Arrays and pointers
- ctypes 教學
- 並行執行 (Concurrent Execution)
threading
--- 基於執行緒的平行性active_count()
current_thread()
excepthook()
__excepthook__
get_ident()
get_native_id()
enumerate()
main_thread()
settrace()
settrace_all_threads()
gettrace()
setprofile()
setprofile_all_threads()
getprofile()
stack_size()
TIMEOUT_MAX
- Thread-Local Data
- Thread Objects
- Lock Objects
- RLock 物件
- Condition Objects
- Semaphore Objects
- Event Objects
- Timer Objects
- Barrier Objects
- Using locks, conditions, and semaphores in the
with
statement
multiprocessing
--- 以行程為基礎的平行性multiprocessing.shared_memory
--- 對於共享記憶體的跨行程直接存取concurrent
套件concurrent.futures
--- 啟動平行任務subprocess
--- 子行程管理- Using the
subprocess
Module - 安全性注意事項
- Popen Objects
- Windows Popen Helpers
STARTUPINFO
- Windows Constants
STD_INPUT_HANDLE
STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE
STD_ERROR_HANDLE
SW_HIDE
STARTF_USESTDHANDLES
STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW
CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE
CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP
ABOVE_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS
BELOW_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS
HIGH_PRIORITY_CLASS
IDLE_PRIORITY_CLASS
NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS
REALTIME_PRIORITY_CLASS
CREATE_NO_WINDOW
DETACHED_PROCESS
CREATE_DEFAULT_ERROR_MODE
CREATE_BREAKAWAY_FROM_JOB
- Older high-level API
- Replacing Older Functions with the
subprocess
Module - Legacy Shell Invocation Functions
- 註解
- Using the
sched
--- 事件排程器queue
--- 同步佇列 (synchronized queue) 類別contextvars
--- 情境變數_thread
--- 低階執行緒 API
- Networking and Interprocess Communication
asyncio
--- 非同步 I/O- Runners (執行器)
- 協程與任務
- 串流
- 同步化原始物件 (Synchronization Primitives)
- 子行程
- 佇列 (Queues)
- 例外
- 事件迴圈
- Futures
- 傳輸與協定
- Policies
- 平臺支援
- 擴充
- 高階 API 索引
- 低階 API 索引
- 使用 asyncio 開發
socket
--- 低階網路介面- Socket 系列家族
- 模組內容
- 例外
- 常數
AF_UNIX
AF_INET
AF_INET6
AF_UNSPEC
SOCK_STREAM
SOCK_DGRAM
SOCK_RAW
SOCK_RDM
SOCK_SEQPACKET
SOCK_CLOEXEC
SOCK_NONBLOCK
SOMAXCONN
AF_CAN
PF_CAN
CAN_BCM
CAN_RAW_FD_FRAMES
CAN_RAW_JOIN_FILTERS
CAN_ISOTP
CAN_J1939
AF_DIVERT
PF_DIVERT
AF_PACKET
PF_PACKET
ETH_P_ALL
AF_RDS
PF_RDS
SOL_RDS
SIO_RCVALL
SIO_KEEPALIVE_VALS
SIO_LOOPBACK_FAST_PATH
AF_ALG
SOL_ALG
AF_VSOCK
IOCTL_VM_SOCKETS_GET_LOCAL_CID
AF_LINK
has_ipv6
BDADDR_ANY
BDADDR_LOCAL
HCI_FILTER
HCI_TIME_STAMP
HCI_DATA_DIR
AF_QIPCRTR
SCM_CREDS2
LOCAL_CREDS
LOCAL_CREDS_PERSISTENT
SO_INCOMING_CPU
AF_HYPERV
HV_PROTOCOL_RAW
HVSOCKET_CONNECT_TIMEOUT
HVSOCKET_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MAX
HVSOCKET_CONNECTED_SUSPEND
HVSOCKET_ADDRESS_FLAG_PASSTHRU
HV_GUID_ZERO
HV_GUID_WILDCARD
HV_GUID_BROADCAST
HV_GUID_CHILDREN
HV_GUID_LOOPBACK
HV_GUID_PARENT
ETHERTYPE_ARP
ETHERTYPE_IP
ETHERTYPE_IPV6
ETHERTYPE_VLAN
SHUT_RD
SHUT_WR
SHUT_RDWR
- 函式
- 建立 sockets
- 其他函式
close()
getaddrinfo()
getfqdn()
gethostbyname()
gethostbyname_ex()
gethostname()
gethostbyaddr()
getnameinfo()
getprotobyname()
getservbyname()
getservbyport()
ntohl()
ntohs()
htonl()
htons()
inet_aton()
inet_ntoa()
inet_pton()
inet_ntop()
CMSG_LEN()
CMSG_SPACE()
getdefaulttimeout()
setdefaulttimeout()
sethostname()
if_nameindex()
if_nametoindex()
if_indextoname()
send_fds()
recv_fds()
- Socket 物件
accept()
bind()
close()
connect()
connect_ex()
detach()
dup()
fileno()
get_inheritable()
getpeername()
getsockname()
getsockopt()
getblocking()
gettimeout()
ioctl()
listen()
makefile()
recv()
recvfrom()
recvmsg()
recvmsg_into()
recvfrom_into()
recv_into()
send()
sendall()
sendto()
sendmsg()
sendmsg_afalg()
sendfile()
set_inheritable()
setblocking()
settimeout()
setsockopt()
shutdown()
share()
family
type
proto
- Notes on socket timeouts
- 範例
ssl
--- socket 物件的 TLS/SSL 包裝器- 函式、常數與例外
- Socket 建立
- 語境建立
- 例外
- 隨機產生
- 認證處理
- 常數
CERT_NONE
CERT_OPTIONAL
CERT_REQUIRED
VerifyMode
VERIFY_DEFAULT
VERIFY_CRL_CHECK_LEAF
VERIFY_CRL_CHECK_CHAIN
VERIFY_X509_STRICT
VERIFY_ALLOW_PROXY_CERTS
VERIFY_X509_TRUSTED_FIRST
VERIFY_X509_PARTIAL_CHAIN
VerifyFlags
PROTOCOL_TLS
PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT
PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER
PROTOCOL_SSLv23
PROTOCOL_SSLv3
PROTOCOL_TLSv1
PROTOCOL_TLSv1_1
PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2
OP_ALL
OP_NO_SSLv2
OP_NO_SSLv3
OP_NO_TLSv1
OP_NO_TLSv1_1
OP_NO_TLSv1_2
OP_NO_TLSv1_3
OP_NO_RENEGOTIATION
OP_CIPHER_SERVER_PREFERENCE
OP_SINGLE_DH_USE
OP_SINGLE_ECDH_USE
OP_ENABLE_MIDDLEBOX_COMPAT
OP_NO_COMPRESSION
Options
OP_NO_TICKET
OP_IGNORE_UNEXPECTED_EOF
OP_ENABLE_KTLS
OP_LEGACY_SERVER_CONNECT
HAS_ALPN
HAS_NEVER_CHECK_COMMON_NAME
HAS_ECDH
HAS_SNI
HAS_NPN
HAS_SSLv2
HAS_SSLv3
HAS_TLSv1
HAS_TLSv1_1
HAS_TLSv1_2
HAS_TLSv1_3
CHANNEL_BINDING_TYPES
OPENSSL_VERSION
OPENSSL_VERSION_INFO
OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER
ALERT_DESCRIPTION_HANDSHAKE_FAILURE
ALERT_DESCRIPTION_INTERNAL_ERROR
AlertDescription
SERVER_AUTH
CLIENT_AUTH
SSLErrorNumber
TLSVersion
MINIMUM_SUPPORTED
MAXIMUM_SUPPORTED
SSLv3
TLSv1
TLSv1_1
TLSv1_2
TLSv1_3
- SSL Sockets
- SSL Contexts
SSLContext
cert_store_stats()
load_cert_chain()
load_default_certs()
load_verify_locations()
get_ca_certs()
get_ciphers()
set_default_verify_paths()
set_ciphers()
set_alpn_protocols()
set_npn_protocols()
sni_callback
set_servername_callback
load_dh_params()
set_ecdh_curve()
wrap_socket()
sslsocket_class
wrap_bio()
sslobject_class
session_stats()
check_hostname
keylog_filename
maximum_version
minimum_version
num_tickets
options
post_handshake_auth
protocol
hostname_checks_common_name
security_level
verify_flags
verify_mode
- Certificates
- 範例
- Notes on non-blocking sockets
- Memory BIO Support
- SSL session
- Security considerations
- TLS 1.3
- 函式、常數與例外
select
--- 等待 I/O 完成selectors
--- 高階 I/O 多工signal
--- 設定非同步事件的處理函式- General rules
- 模組內容
Signals
Handlers
Sigmasks
SIG_DFL
SIG_IGN
SIGABRT
SIGALRM
SIGBREAK
SIGBUS
SIGCHLD
SIGCLD
SIGCONT
SIGFPE
SIGHUP
SIGILL
SIGINT
SIGKILL
SIGPIPE
SIGSEGV
SIGSTKFLT
SIGTERM
SIGUSR1
SIGUSR2
SIGWINCH
CTRL_C_EVENT
CTRL_BREAK_EVENT
NSIG
ITIMER_REAL
ITIMER_VIRTUAL
ITIMER_PROF
SIG_BLOCK
SIG_UNBLOCK
SIG_SETMASK
ItimerError
alarm()
getsignal()
strsignal()
valid_signals()
pause()
raise_signal()
pidfd_send_signal()
pthread_kill()
pthread_sigmask()
setitimer()
getitimer()
set_wakeup_fd()
siginterrupt()
signal()
sigpending()
sigwait()
sigwaitinfo()
sigtimedwait()
- 範例
- Note on SIGPIPE
- Note on Signal Handlers and Exceptions
mmap
--- 記憶體映射檔案的支援mmap
close()
closed
find()
flush()
madvise()
move()
read()
read_byte()
readline()
resize()
rfind()
seek()
size()
tell()
write()
write_byte()
- MADV_* Constants
MADV_NORMAL
MADV_RANDOM
MADV_SEQUENTIAL
MADV_WILLNEED
MADV_DONTNEED
MADV_REMOVE
MADV_DONTFORK
MADV_DOFORK
MADV_HWPOISON
MADV_MERGEABLE
MADV_UNMERGEABLE
MADV_SOFT_OFFLINE
MADV_HUGEPAGE
MADV_NOHUGEPAGE
MADV_DONTDUMP
MADV_DODUMP
MADV_FREE
MADV_NOSYNC
MADV_AUTOSYNC
MADV_NOCORE
MADV_CORE
MADV_PROTECT
MADV_FREE_REUSABLE
MADV_FREE_REUSE
- MAP_* 常數
- 網際網路資料處理
email
--- 郵件和 MIME 處理套件email.message
:表示電子郵件訊息EmailMessage
as_string()
__str__()
as_bytes()
__bytes__()
is_multipart()
set_unixfrom()
get_unixfrom()
__len__()
__contains__()
__getitem__()
__setitem__()
__delitem__()
keys()
values()
items()
get()
get_all()
add_header()
replace_header()
get_content_type()
get_content_maintype()
get_content_subtype()
get_default_type()
set_default_type()
set_param()
del_param()
get_filename()
get_boundary()
set_boundary()
get_content_charset()
get_charsets()
is_attachment()
get_content_disposition()
walk()
get_body()
iter_attachments()
iter_parts()
get_content()
set_content()
make_related()
make_alternative()
make_mixed()
add_related()
add_alternative()
add_attachment()
clear()
clear_content()
preamble
epilogue
defects
MIMEPart
email.parser
:剖析電子郵件訊息email.generator
:產生 MIME 文件email.policy
: Policy Objectsemail.errors
:例外和缺陷類別email.headerregistry
:自訂標頭物件email.contentmanager
:管理 MIME 內容email
:範例email.message.Message
: Representing an email message using thecompat32
APIMessage
as_string()
__str__()
as_bytes()
__bytes__()
is_multipart()
set_unixfrom()
get_unixfrom()
attach()
get_payload()
set_payload()
set_charset()
get_charset()
__len__()
__contains__()
__getitem__()
__setitem__()
__delitem__()
keys()
values()
items()
get()
get_all()
add_header()
replace_header()
get_content_type()
get_content_maintype()
get_content_subtype()
get_default_type()
set_default_type()
get_params()
get_param()
set_param()
del_param()
set_type()
get_filename()
get_boundary()
set_boundary()
get_content_charset()
get_charsets()
get_content_disposition()
walk()
preamble
epilogue
defects
email.mime
:從頭開始建立電子郵件和 MIME 物件email.header
:國際化標頭email.charset
:表示字元集合email.encoders
:編碼器email.utils
:雜項工具email.iterators
:疊代器
json
--- JSON 編碼器與解碼器mailbox
--- 以各種格式操作郵件信箱mimetypes
--- 將檔案名稱對映到 MIME 類型base64
--- Base16、Base32、Base64、Base85 資料編碼binascii
--- 在二進位制和 ASCII 之間轉換quopri
--- 編碼和解碼 MIME 可列印字元資料
- Structured Markup Processing Tools
html
--- 超連結標記語言 (HTML) 支援html.parser
--- 簡單的 HTML 和 XHTML 剖析器html.entities
--- HTML 一般實體的定義- XML 處理模組
xml.etree.cElementTree
--- ElementTree XML APIxml.dom
--- Document 物件模型 APIxml.dom.minidom
--- 最小的 DOM 實作xml.dom.pulldom
--- 支援建置部分 DOM 樹xml.sax
--- SAX2 剖析器支援xml.sax.handler
--- SAX 處理函式的基本類別ContentHandler
DTDHandler
EntityResolver
ErrorHandler
LexicalHandler
feature_namespaces
feature_namespace_prefixes
feature_string_interning
feature_validation
feature_external_ges
feature_external_pes
all_features
property_lexical_handler
property_declaration_handler
property_dom_node
property_xml_string
all_properties
- ContentHandler 物件
- DTDHandler 物件
- EntityResolver 物件
- ErrorHandler 物件
- LexicalHandler 物件
xml.sax.saxutils
--- SAX 工具程式xml.sax.xmlreader
--- XML 剖析器的介面xml.parsers.expat
--- 使用 Expat 進行快速 XML 剖析ExpatError
error
XMLParserType
ErrorString()
ParserCreate()
- XMLParser 物件
Parse()
ParseFile()
SetBase()
GetBase()
GetInputContext()
ExternalEntityParserCreate()
SetParamEntityParsing()
UseForeignDTD()
SetReparseDeferralEnabled()
GetReparseDeferralEnabled()
buffer_size
buffer_text
buffer_used
ordered_attributes
specified_attributes
ErrorByteIndex
ErrorCode
ErrorColumnNumber
ErrorLineNumber
CurrentByteIndex
CurrentColumnNumber
CurrentLineNumber
XmlDeclHandler()
StartDoctypeDeclHandler()
EndDoctypeDeclHandler()
ElementDeclHandler()
AttlistDeclHandler()
StartElementHandler()
EndElementHandler()
ProcessingInstructionHandler()
CharacterDataHandler()
UnparsedEntityDeclHandler()
EntityDeclHandler()
NotationDeclHandler()
StartNamespaceDeclHandler()
EndNamespaceDeclHandler()
CommentHandler()
StartCdataSectionHandler()
EndCdataSectionHandler()
DefaultHandler()
DefaultHandlerExpand()
NotStandaloneHandler()
ExternalEntityRefHandler()
- ExpatError 例外
- 範例
- Content Model Descriptions
- Expat error constants
codes
messages
XML_ERROR_ASYNC_ENTITY
XML_ERROR_ATTRIBUTE_EXTERNAL_ENTITY_REF
XML_ERROR_BAD_CHAR_REF
XML_ERROR_BINARY_ENTITY_REF
XML_ERROR_DUPLICATE_ATTRIBUTE
XML_ERROR_INCORRECT_ENCODING
XML_ERROR_INVALID_TOKEN
XML_ERROR_JUNK_AFTER_DOC_ELEMENT
XML_ERROR_MISPLACED_XML_PI
XML_ERROR_NO_ELEMENTS
XML_ERROR_NO_MEMORY
XML_ERROR_PARAM_ENTITY_REF
XML_ERROR_PARTIAL_CHAR
XML_ERROR_RECURSIVE_ENTITY_REF
XML_ERROR_SYNTAX
XML_ERROR_TAG_MISMATCH
XML_ERROR_UNCLOSED_TOKEN
XML_ERROR_UNDEFINED_ENTITY
XML_ERROR_UNKNOWN_ENCODING
XML_ERROR_UNCLOSED_CDATA_SECTION
XML_ERROR_EXTERNAL_ENTITY_HANDLING
XML_ERROR_NOT_STANDALONE
XML_ERROR_UNEXPECTED_STATE
XML_ERROR_ENTITY_DECLARED_IN_PE
XML_ERROR_FEATURE_REQUIRES_XML_DTD
XML_ERROR_CANT_CHANGE_FEATURE_ONCE_PARSING
XML_ERROR_UNBOUND_PREFIX
XML_ERROR_UNDECLARING_PREFIX
XML_ERROR_INCOMPLETE_PE
XML_ERROR_XML_DECL
XML_ERROR_TEXT_DECL
XML_ERROR_PUBLICID
XML_ERROR_SUSPENDED
XML_ERROR_NOT_SUSPENDED
XML_ERROR_ABORTED
XML_ERROR_FINISHED
XML_ERROR_SUSPEND_PE
XML_ERROR_RESERVED_PREFIX_XML
XML_ERROR_RESERVED_PREFIX_XMLNS
XML_ERROR_RESERVED_NAMESPACE_URI
XML_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT
XML_ERROR_NO_BUFFER
XML_ERROR_AMPLIFICATION_LIMIT_BREACH
- 網路協定 (Internet protocols) 及支援
webbrowser
--- 方便的網頁瀏覽器控制器wsgiref
--- WSGI 工具與參考實作wsgiref.util
-- WSGI 環境工具wsgiref.headers
-- WSGI 回應標頭工具wsgiref.simple_server
-- 一個簡單的 WSGI HTTP 伺服器wsgiref.validate
--- WSGI 符合性檢查wsgiref.handlers
-- 伺服器 / 閘道基本類別CGIHandler
IISCGIHandler
BaseCGIHandler
SimpleHandler
BaseHandler
run()
_write()
_flush()
get_stdin()
get_stderr()
add_cgi_vars()
wsgi_multithread
wsgi_multiprocess
wsgi_run_once
os_environ
server_software
get_scheme()
setup_environ()
log_exception()
traceback_limit
error_output()
error_status
error_headers
error_body
wsgi_file_wrapper
sendfile()
origin_server
http_version
read_environ()
wsgiref.types
-- 用於靜態型別檢查的 WSGI 型別- 範例
urllib
--- URL 處理模組urllib.request
--- 用來開啟 URLs 的可擴充函式庫urlopen()
install_opener()
build_opener()
pathname2url()
url2pathname()
getproxies()
Request
OpenerDirector
BaseHandler
HTTPDefaultErrorHandler
HTTPRedirectHandler
HTTPCookieProcessor
ProxyHandler
HTTPPasswordMgr
HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm
HTTPPasswordMgrWithPriorAuth
AbstractBasicAuthHandler
HTTPBasicAuthHandler
ProxyBasicAuthHandler
AbstractDigestAuthHandler
HTTPDigestAuthHandler
ProxyDigestAuthHandler
HTTPHandler
HTTPSHandler
FileHandler
DataHandler
FTPHandler
CacheFTPHandler
UnknownHandler
HTTPErrorProcessor
- Request Objects
- OpenerDirector 物件
- BaseHandler 物件
- HTTPRedirectHandler 物件
- HTTPCookieProcessor 物件
- ProxyHandler 物件
- HTTPPasswordMgr 物件
- HTTPPasswordMgrWithPriorAuth 物件
- AbstractBasicAuthHandler 物件
- HTTPBasicAuthHandler 物件
- ProxyBasicAuthHandler 物件
- AbstractDigestAuthHandler 物件
- HTTPDigestAuthHandler 物件
- ProxyDigestAuthHandler 物件
- HTTPHandler 物件
- HTTPSHandler 物件
- FileHandler 物件
- DataHandler 物件
- FTPHandler 物件
- CacheFTPHandler 物件
- UnknownHandler 物件
- HTTPErrorProcessor 物件
- 範例
- Legacy interface
urllib.request
Restrictions
urllib.response
--- Response classes used by urlliburllib.parse
--- 將 URL 剖析成元件urllib.error
--- urllib.request 引發的例外類別urllib.robotparser
--- robots.txt 的剖析器http
--- HTTP 模組http.client
--- HTTP 協定用戶端HTTPConnection
HTTPSConnection
HTTPResponse
parse_headers()
HTTPException
NotConnected
InvalidURL
UnknownProtocol
UnknownTransferEncoding
UnimplementedFileMode
IncompleteRead
ImproperConnectionState
CannotSendRequest
CannotSendHeader
ResponseNotReady
BadStatusLine
LineTooLong
RemoteDisconnected
HTTP_PORT
HTTPS_PORT
responses
- HTTPConnection 物件
- HTTPResponse 物件
- 範例
- HTTPMessage 物件
ftplib
--- FTP 協定用戶端poplib
--- POP3 協定用戶端imaplib
--- IMAP4 協定客戶端IMAP4
error
abort
readonly
IMAP4_SSL
IMAP4_stream
Internaldate2tuple()
Int2AP()
ParseFlags()
Time2Internaldate()
- IMAP4 物件
append()
authenticate()
check()
close()
copy()
create()
delete()
deleteacl()
enable()
expunge()
fetch()
getacl()
getannotation()
getquota()
getquotaroot()
list()
login()
login_cram_md5()
logout()
lsub()
myrights()
namespace()
noop()
open()
partial()
proxyauth()
read()
readline()
recent()
rename()
response()
search()
select()
send()
setacl()
setannotation()
setquota()
shutdown()
socket()
sort()
starttls()
status()
store()
subscribe()
thread()
uid()
unsubscribe()
unselect()
xatom()
PROTOCOL_VERSION
debug
utf8_enabled
- IMAP4 範例
smtplib
--- SMTP 協定用戶端uuid
--- RFC 4122 定義的 UUID 物件SafeUUID
UUID
bytes
bytes_le
fields
time_low
time_mid
time_hi_version
clock_seq_hi_variant
clock_seq_low
node
time
clock_seq
hex
int
urn
variant
version
is_safe
getnode()
uuid1()
uuid3()
uuid4()
uuid5()
NAMESPACE_DNS
NAMESPACE_URL
NAMESPACE_OID
NAMESPACE_X500
RESERVED_NCS
RFC_4122
RESERVED_MICROSOFT
RESERVED_FUTURE
- 命令列的用法
- 範例
- 命令列的範例
socketserver
--- 用於網路伺服器的框架TCPServer
UDPServer
UnixStreamServer
UnixDatagramServer
- Server Creation Notes
- Server Objects
BaseServer
fileno()
handle_request()
serve_forever()
service_actions()
shutdown()
server_close()
address_family
RequestHandlerClass
server_address
socket
allow_reuse_address
request_queue_size
socket_type
timeout
finish_request()
get_request()
handle_error()
handle_timeout()
process_request()
server_activate()
server_bind()
verify_request()
- Request Handler Objects
- 範例
http.server
— HTTP 伺服器HTTPServer
ThreadingHTTPServer
BaseHTTPRequestHandler
client_address
server
close_connection
requestline
command
path
request_version
headers
rfile
wfile
server_version
sys_version
error_message_format
error_content_type
protocol_version
MessageClass
responses
handle()
handle_one_request()
handle_expect_100()
send_error()
send_response()
send_header()
send_response_only()
end_headers()
flush_headers()
log_request()
log_error()
log_message()
version_string()
date_time_string()
log_date_time_string()
address_string()
SimpleHTTPRequestHandler
CGIHTTPRequestHandler
- 安全性注意事項
http.cookies
--- HTTP 狀態管理http.cookiejar
--- HTTP 客戶端的 Cookie 處理LoadError
CookieJar
FileCookieJar
CookiePolicy
DefaultCookiePolicy
Cookie
- CookieJar 與 FileCookieJar 物件
- FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers
- CookiePolicy 物件
- DefaultCookiePolicy 物件
blocked_domains()
set_blocked_domains()
is_blocked()
allowed_domains()
set_allowed_domains()
is_not_allowed()
rfc2109_as_netscape
strict_domain
strict_rfc2965_unverifiable
strict_ns_unverifiable
strict_ns_domain
strict_ns_set_initial_dollar
strict_ns_set_path
DomainStrictNoDots
DomainStrictNonDomain
DomainRFC2965Match
DomainLiberal
DomainStrict
- Cookie 物件
- 範例
xmlrpc
--- XMLRPC 伺服器與用戶模組xmlrpc.client
--- XML-RPC 客戶端存取xmlrpc.server
--- 基本 XML-RPC 伺服器ipaddress
--- IPv4/IPv6 操作函式庫- Convenience factory functions
- IP Addresses
- IP Network definitions
- Prefix, net mask and host mask
- Network objects
IPv4Network
version
max_prefixlen
is_multicast
is_private
is_unspecified
is_reserved
is_loopback
is_link_local
network_address
broadcast_address
hostmask
netmask
with_prefixlen
compressed
exploded
with_netmask
with_hostmask
num_addresses
prefixlen
hosts()
overlaps()
address_exclude()
subnets()
supernet()
subnet_of()
supernet_of()
compare_networks()
IPv6Network
version
max_prefixlen
is_multicast
is_private
is_unspecified
is_reserved
is_loopback
is_link_local
network_address
broadcast_address
hostmask
netmask
with_prefixlen
compressed
exploded
with_netmask
with_hostmask
num_addresses
prefixlen
hosts()
overlaps()
address_exclude()
subnets()
supernet()
subnet_of()
supernet_of()
compare_networks()
is_site_local
- Operators
- Interface objects
- Other Module Level Functions
- Custom Exceptions
- 多媒體服務
- 國際化
gettext
--- 多語言國際化服務locale
--- 國際化服務Error
setlocale()
localeconv()
nl_langinfo()
CODESET
D_T_FMT
D_FMT
T_FMT
T_FMT_AMPM
DAY_1
DAY_2
DAY_3
DAY_4
DAY_5
DAY_6
DAY_7
ABDAY_1
ABDAY_2
ABDAY_3
ABDAY_4
ABDAY_5
ABDAY_6
ABDAY_7
MON_1
MON_2
MON_3
MON_4
MON_5
MON_6
MON_7
MON_8
MON_9
MON_10
MON_11
MON_12
ABMON_1
ABMON_2
ABMON_3
ABMON_4
ABMON_5
ABMON_6
ABMON_7
ABMON_8
ABMON_9
ABMON_10
ABMON_11
ABMON_12
RADIXCHAR
THOUSEP
YESEXPR
NOEXPR
CRNCYSTR
ERA
ERA_D_T_FMT
ERA_D_FMT
ERA_T_FMT
ALT_DIGITS
getdefaultlocale()
getlocale()
getpreferredencoding()
getencoding()
normalize()
resetlocale()
strcoll()
strxfrm()
format_string()
currency()
str()
delocalize()
localize()
atof()
atoi()
LC_CTYPE
LC_COLLATE
LC_TIME
LC_MONETARY
LC_MESSAGES
LC_NUMERIC
LC_ALL
CHAR_MAX
- Background, details, hints, tips and caveats
- For extension writers and programs that embed Python
- Access to message catalogs
- 程式框架
turtle
--- 龜圖學 (Turtle graphics)- 介紹
- 教學
- How to...
- Turtle graphics reference
- Methods of RawTurtle/Turtle and corresponding functions
- Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen and corresponding functions
- Public classes
- 解釋
- Help and configuration
turtledemo
--- Demo scripts- Changes since Python 2.6
- Changes since Python 3.0
cmd
--- 以列為導向的指令直譯器支援shlex
--- 簡單的語法分析
- 以 Tk 打造圖形使用者介面 (Graphical User Interfaces)
tkinter
--- Tcl/Tk 的 Python 介面tkinter.colorchooser
--- 顏色選擇對話框tkinter.font
--- Tkinter 字型包裝器- Tkinter 對話框
tkinter.simpledialog
--- 標準 Tkinter 輸入對話框tkinter.filedialog
--- File selection dialogstkinter.commondialog
--- Dialog window templates
tkinter.messagebox
--- Tkinter 訊息提示tkinter.scrolledtext
--- 捲動文字小工具tkinter.dnd
--- 拖放支援tkinter.ttk
--- Tk 主題化小工具- 使用 Ttk
- Ttk Widgets
- Widget
- Combobox
- Spinbox
- Notebook
- Progressbar
- Separator
- Sizegrip
- Treeview
- 選項
- Item Options
- Tag Options
- Column Identifiers
- 虛擬事件
- ttk.Treeview
Treeview
bbox()
get_children()
set_children()
column()
delete()
detach()
exists()
focus()
heading()
identify()
identify_row()
identify_column()
identify_region()
identify_element()
index()
insert()
item()
move()
next()
parent()
prev()
reattach()
see()
selection()
selection_set()
selection_add()
selection_remove()
selection_toggle()
set()
tag_bind()
tag_configure()
tag_has()
xview()
yview()
- Ttk Styling
tkinter.tix
--- Tk 擴充小工具- IDLE
- 開發工具
typing
--- 支援型別提示- Python 型別系統的技術規範
- 型別別名
- NewType
- 註釋 callable 物件
- 泛型
- 註釋元組 (tuple)
- 類別物件的型別
- Annotating generators and coroutines
- 使用者定義泛型型別
Any
型別- 標稱 (nominal) 子型別 vs 結構子型別
- 模組內容
- 特別型別原語 (primitive)
- 協定
- ABCs for working with IO
- 函式與裝飾器
- Introspection helpers
- 常數
- 棄用的別名
- Deprecation Timeline of Major Features
pydoc
--- 文件產生器與線上幫助系統- Python 開發模式
doctest
--- 測試互動式 Python 範例- Simple Usage: Checking Examples in Docstrings
- Simple Usage: Checking Examples in a Text File
- How It Works
- 基礎 API
- Unittest API
- Advanced API
- Debugging
- Soapbox
unittest
--- 單元測試框架- 簡單範例
- 命令執行列介面 (Command-Line Interface)
- Test Discovery(測試探索)
- Organizing test code
- Re-using old test code
- Skipping tests and expected failures
- Distinguishing test iterations using subtests
- Classes and functions
- Test cases
TestCase
setUp()
tearDown()
setUpClass()
tearDownClass()
run()
skipTest()
subTest()
debug()
assertEqual()
assertNotEqual()
assertTrue()
assertFalse()
assertIs()
assertIsNot()
assertIsNone()
assertIsNotNone()
assertIn()
assertNotIn()
assertIsInstance()
assertNotIsInstance()
assertRaises()
assertRaisesRegex()
assertWarns()
assertWarnsRegex()
assertLogs()
assertNoLogs()
assertAlmostEqual()
assertNotAlmostEqual()
assertGreater()
assertGreaterEqual()
assertLess()
assertLessEqual()
assertRegex()
assertNotRegex()
assertCountEqual()
addTypeEqualityFunc()
assertMultiLineEqual()
assertSequenceEqual()
assertListEqual()
assertTupleEqual()
assertSetEqual()
assertDictEqual()
fail()
failureException
longMessage
maxDiff
countTestCases()
defaultTestResult()
id()
shortDescription()
addCleanup()
enterContext()
doCleanups()
addClassCleanup()
enterClassContext()
doClassCleanups()
IsolatedAsyncioTestCase
FunctionTestCase
- Grouping tests
- Loading and running tests
TestLoader
TestResult
errors
failures
skipped
expectedFailures
unexpectedSuccesses
collectedDurations
shouldStop
testsRun
buffer
failfast
tb_locals
wasSuccessful()
stop()
startTest()
stopTest()
startTestRun()
stopTestRun()
addError()
addFailure()
addSuccess()
addSkip()
addExpectedFailure()
addUnexpectedSuccess()
addSubTest()
addDuration()
TextTestResult
defaultTestLoader
TextTestRunner
main()
- load_tests Protocol
- Test cases
- Class and Module Fixtures
- Signal Handling
unittest.mock
— mock 物件函式庫- 快速導引
- Mock 類別
Mock
assert_called()
assert_called_once()
assert_called_with()
assert_called_once_with()
assert_any_call()
assert_has_calls()
assert_not_called()
reset_mock()
mock_add_spec()
attach_mock()
configure_mock()
__dir__()
_get_child_mock()
called
call_count
return_value
side_effect
call_args
call_args_list
method_calls
mock_calls
__class__
NonCallableMock
PropertyMock
AsyncMock
- 呼叫
- 刪除屬性
- Mock 名稱與名稱屬性
- 如同屬性一般附加 mock
- Patchers
- MagicMock 以及魔術方法支援
- 輔助函式
- Order of precedence of
side_effect
,return_value
and wraps
unittest.mock
--- 入門指南- 2to3 --- 自動將 Python 2的程式碼轉成 Python 3
test
--- Python 的回歸測試 (regression tests) 套件test.support
--- Python 測試套件的工具TestFailed
ResourceDenied
verbose
is_jython
is_android
unix_shell
LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT
INTERNET_TIMEOUT
SHORT_TIMEOUT
LONG_TIMEOUT
PGO
PIPE_MAX_SIZE
Py_DEBUG
SOCK_MAX_SIZE
TEST_SUPPORT_DIR
TEST_HOME_DIR
TEST_DATA_DIR
MAX_Py_ssize_t
max_memuse
real_max_memuse
MISSING_C_DOCSTRINGS
HAVE_DOCSTRINGS
TEST_HTTP_URL
ALWAYS_EQ
NEVER_EQ
LARGEST
SMALLEST
busy_retry()
sleeping_retry()
is_resource_enabled()
python_is_optimized()
with_pymalloc()
requires()
sortdict()
findfile()
get_pagesize()
setswitchinterval()
check_impl_detail()
set_memlimit()
record_original_stdout()
get_original_stdout()
args_from_interpreter_flags()
optim_args_from_interpreter_flags()
captured_stdin()
captured_stdout()
captured_stderr()
disable_faulthandler()
gc_collect()
disable_gc()
swap_attr()
swap_item()
flush_std_streams()
print_warning()
wait_process()
calcobjsize()
calcvobjsize()
checksizeof()
anticipate_failure()
system_must_validate_cert()
run_with_locale()
run_with_tz()
requires_freebsd_version()
requires_linux_version()
requires_mac_version()
requires_IEEE_754()
requires_zlib()
requires_gzip()
requires_bz2()
requires_lzma()
requires_resource()
requires_docstrings()
requires_limited_api()
cpython_only()
impl_detail()
no_tracing()
refcount_test()
bigmemtest()
bigaddrspacetest()
check_syntax_error()
open_urlresource()
reap_children()
get_attribute()
catch_unraisable_exception()
load_package_tests()
detect_api_mismatch()
patch()
run_in_subinterp()
check_free_after_iterating()
missing_compiler_executable()
check__all__()
skip_if_broken_multiprocessing_synchronize()
check_disallow_instantiation()
adjust_int_max_str_digits()
SuppressCrashReport
SaveSignals
Matcher
test.support.socket_helper
--- 用於 socket 測試的工具test.support.script_helper
--- 用於 Python 執行測試的工具test.support.bytecode_helper
--- 用於測試位元組碼能正確產生的支援工具test.support.threading_helper
--- Utilities for threading teststest.support.os_helper
--- 用於 os 測試的工具FS_NONASCII
SAVEDCWD
TESTFN
TESTFN_NONASCII
TESTFN_UNENCODABLE
TESTFN_UNDECODABLE
TESTFN_UNICODE
EnvironmentVarGuard
FakePath
set()
unset()
can_symlink()
can_xattr()
change_cwd()
create_empty_file()
fd_count()
fs_is_case_insensitive()
make_bad_fd()
rmdir()
rmtree()
skip_unless_symlink()
skip_unless_xattr()
temp_cwd()
temp_dir()
temp_umask()
unlink()
test.support.import_helper
--- 用於 import 測試的工具test.support.warnings_helper
--- 用於 warnings 測試的工具
- 除錯與效能分析
- 稽核事件表
bdb
--- 偵錯器框架BdbQuit
Breakpoint
Bdb
canonic()
reset()
trace_dispatch()
dispatch_line()
dispatch_call()
dispatch_return()
dispatch_exception()
is_skipped_line()
stop_here()
break_here()
break_anywhere()
user_call()
user_line()
user_return()
user_exception()
do_clear()
set_step()
set_next()
set_return()
set_until()
set_trace()
set_continue()
set_quit()
set_break()
clear_break()
clear_bpbynumber()
clear_all_file_breaks()
clear_all_breaks()
get_bpbynumber()
get_break()
get_breaks()
get_file_breaks()
get_all_breaks()
get_stack()
format_stack_entry()
run()
runeval()
runctx()
runcall()
checkfuncname()
effective()
set_trace()
faulthandler
--- 傾印 Python 回溯pdb
--- The Python Debugger- Python 的分析器
timeit
--- 測量小量程式片段的執行時間trace
--- 追蹤或追查 Python 陳述式執行tracemalloc
--- 追蹤記憶體配置
- 軟體封裝與發布
- Python Runtime 服務
sys
--- 系統特定的參數與函式abiflags
addaudithook()
argv
audit()
base_exec_prefix
base_prefix
byteorder
builtin_module_names
call_tracing()
copyright
_clear_type_cache()
_current_frames()
_current_exceptions()
breakpointhook()
_debugmallocstats()
dllhandle
displayhook()
dont_write_bytecode
_emscripten_info
pycache_prefix
excepthook()
__breakpointhook__
__displayhook__
__excepthook__
__unraisablehook__
exception()
exc_info()
exec_prefix
executable
exit()
flags
float_info
float_repr_style
getallocatedblocks()
getunicodeinternedsize()
getandroidapilevel()
getdefaultencoding()
getdlopenflags()
getfilesystemencoding()
getfilesystemencodeerrors()
get_int_max_str_digits()
getrefcount()
getrecursionlimit()
getsizeof()
getswitchinterval()
_getframe()
_getframemodulename()
getprofile()
gettrace()
getwindowsversion()
get_asyncgen_hooks()
get_coroutine_origin_tracking_depth()
hash_info
hexversion
implementation
int_info
__interactivehook__
intern()
is_finalizing()
last_exc
last_type
last_value
last_traceback
maxsize
maxunicode
meta_path
modules
orig_argv
path
path_hooks
path_importer_cache
platform
platlibdir
prefix
ps1
ps2
setdlopenflags()
set_int_max_str_digits()
setprofile()
setrecursionlimit()
setswitchinterval()
settrace()
set_asyncgen_hooks()
set_coroutine_origin_tracking_depth()
activate_stack_trampoline()
deactivate_stack_trampoline()
is_stack_trampoline_active()
_enablelegacywindowsfsencoding()
stdin
stdout
stderr
__stdin__
__stdout__
__stderr__
stdlib_module_names
thread_info
tracebacklimit
unraisablehook()
version
api_version
version_info
warnoptions
winver
_xoptions
sys.monitoring
--- Execution event monitoringsysconfig
--- 提供 Python 設定資訊的存取builtins
--- 內建物件__main__
--- 頂層程式碼環境warnings
--- 警告控制dataclasses
--- Data Classescontextlib
--- Utilities forwith
-statement contexts- Utilities
- Examples and Recipes
- Single use, reusable and reentrant context managers
abc
--- 抽象基底類別atexit
--- 退出處理函式traceback
--- 列印或取得堆疊回溯 (stack traceback)__future__
--- Future 陳述式定義gc
--- 垃圾回收器介面 (Garbage Collector interface)enable()
disable()
isenabled()
collect()
set_debug()
get_debug()
get_objects()
get_stats()
set_threshold()
get_count()
get_threshold()
get_referrers()
get_referents()
is_tracked()
is_finalized()
freeze()
unfreeze()
get_freeze_count()
garbage
callbacks
DEBUG_STATS
DEBUG_COLLECTABLE
DEBUG_UNCOLLECTABLE
DEBUG_SAVEALL
DEBUG_LEAK
inspect
--- 檢視活動物件- Types and members
getmembers()
getmembers_static()
getmodulename()
ismodule()
isclass()
ismethod()
isfunction()
isgeneratorfunction()
isgenerator()
iscoroutinefunction()
markcoroutinefunction()
iscoroutine()
isawaitable()
isasyncgenfunction()
isasyncgen()
istraceback()
isframe()
iscode()
isbuiltin()
ismethodwrapper()
isroutine()
isabstract()
ismethoddescriptor()
isdatadescriptor()
isgetsetdescriptor()
ismemberdescriptor()
- 取得原始碼
- Introspecting callables with the Signature object
- 類別與函式
- 直譯器堆疊
- Fetching attributes statically
- Current State of Generators, Coroutines, and Asynchronous Generators
- Code Objects Bit Flags
- Buffer flags
- 命令列介面
- Types and members
site
--- Site-specific configuration hook
- 自訂 Python 直譯器
- 引入模組
zipimport
--- 從 Zip 封存檔案匯入模組pkgutil
--- 套件擴充工具程式modulefinder
--- 搜尋腳本所使用的模組runpy
--- 定位並執行 Python 模組importlib
---import
的實作- 簡介
- 函式
importlib.abc
-- Abstract base classes related to importimportlib.machinery
-- Importers and path hooksimportlib.util
-- Utility code for importers- 範例
importlib.resources
-- Package resource reading, opening and accessimportlib.resources.abc
-- 資源的抽象基底類別importlib.metadata
-- 存取套件的元資料- The initialization of the
sys.path
module search path
- Python 語言服務
ast
--- 抽象語法樹 (Abstract Syntax Trees)- 抽象文法 (Abstract Grammar)
- 節點 (Node) 類別
AST
- 根節點
- 文本 (Literals)
- 變數
- 運算式
- 陳述式
- 流程控制
- 模式匹配 (pattern matching)
- 型別參數 (type parameters)
- 函式和類別定義
- async 和 await
ast
輔助程式- 編譯器旗標
- 命令列用法
symtable
--- 存取編譯器的符號表token
--- 與 Python 剖析樹一起使用的常數tok_name
ISTERMINAL()
ISNONTERMINAL()
ISEOF()
ENDMARKER
NAME
NUMBER
STRING
NEWLINE
INDENT
DEDENT
LPAR
RPAR
LSQB
RSQB
COLON
COMMA
SEMI
PLUS
MINUS
STAR
SLASH
VBAR
AMPER
LESS
GREATER
EQUAL
DOT
PERCENT
LBRACE
RBRACE
EQEQUAL
NOTEQUAL
LESSEQUAL
GREATEREQUAL
TILDE
CIRCUMFLEX
LEFTSHIFT
RIGHTSHIFT
DOUBLESTAR
PLUSEQUAL
MINEQUAL
STAREQUAL
SLASHEQUAL
PERCENTEQUAL
AMPEREQUAL
VBAREQUAL
CIRCUMFLEXEQUAL
LEFTSHIFTEQUAL
RIGHTSHIFTEQUAL
DOUBLESTAREQUAL
DOUBLESLASH
DOUBLESLASHEQUAL
AT
ATEQUAL
RARROW
ELLIPSIS
COLONEQUAL
EXCLAMATION
OP
AWAIT
ASYNC
TYPE_IGNORE
TYPE_COMMENT
SOFT_KEYWORD
FSTRING_START
FSTRING_MIDDLE
FSTRING_END
COMMENT
NL
ERRORTOKEN
N_TOKENS
NT_OFFSET
ENCODING
keyword
--- 檢驗 Python 關鍵字tokenize
--- Tokenizer for Python sourcetabnanny
--- 偵測不良縮排pyclbr
--- Python 模組瀏覽器支援py_compile
— 編譯 Python 來源檔案compileall
--- 位元組編譯 Python 函式庫dis
--- Python bytecode 的反組譯器pickletools
--- pickle 開發者的工具
- MS Windows 特有服務
msvcrt
--- MS VC++ runtime 提供的有用例程winreg
--- Windows 註冊表存取- 函式
CloseKey()
ConnectRegistry()
CreateKey()
CreateKeyEx()
DeleteKey()
DeleteKeyEx()
DeleteValue()
EnumKey()
EnumValue()
ExpandEnvironmentStrings()
FlushKey()
LoadKey()
OpenKey()
OpenKeyEx()
QueryInfoKey()
QueryValue()
QueryValueEx()
SaveKey()
SetValue()
SetValueEx()
DisableReflectionKey()
EnableReflectionKey()
QueryReflectionKey()
- 常數
- Registry Handle Objects
- 函式
winsound
--- Windows 的聲音播放介面
- Unix 特有服務
posix
--- 最常見的 POSIX 系統呼叫pwd
--- 密碼資料庫grp
--- 群組資料庫termios
--- POSIX 風格 tty 控制tty
--- 終端機控制函式pty
--- 偽終端工具fcntl
---fcntl
和ioctl
系統呼叫resource
--- 資源使用資訊error
- Resource Limits
RLIM_INFINITY
getrlimit()
setrlimit()
prlimit()
RLIMIT_CORE
RLIMIT_CPU
RLIMIT_FSIZE
RLIMIT_DATA
RLIMIT_STACK
RLIMIT_RSS
RLIMIT_NPROC
RLIMIT_NOFILE
RLIMIT_OFILE
RLIMIT_MEMLOCK
RLIMIT_VMEM
RLIMIT_AS
RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE
RLIMIT_NICE
RLIMIT_RTPRIO
RLIMIT_RTTIME
RLIMIT_SIGPENDING
RLIMIT_SBSIZE
RLIMIT_SWAP
RLIMIT_NPTS
RLIMIT_KQUEUES
- Resource Usage
syslog
--- Unix syslog 函式庫例程
- 模組命令列介面
- 已被取代的模組
aifc
--- 讀寫 AIFF 與 AIFC 檔案open()
getnchannels()
getsampwidth()
getframerate()
getnframes()
getcomptype()
getcompname()
getparams()
getmarkers()
getmark()
readframes()
rewind()
setpos()
tell()
close()
aiff()
aifc()
setnchannels()
setsampwidth()
setframerate()
setnframes()
setcomptype()
setparams()
setmark()
writeframes()
writeframesraw()
audioop
--- 操作原始聲音檔案cgi
--- 通用閘道器介面支援cgitb
--- CGI 腳本的回溯 (traceback) 管理程式chunk
--- 讀取 IFF 分塊資料crypt
--- 用於檢查 Unix 密碼的函式imghdr
--- 推測圖片種類mailcap
--- Mailcap 檔案處理msilib
--- 讀寫 Microsoft Installer 檔案nis
--- Sun NIS (Yellow Pages) 介面nntplib
--- NNTP 協定客戶端optparse
--- 命令列選項剖析器- 背景
- 教學
- Reference Guide
- Option Callbacks
- Defining a callback option
- How callbacks are called
- Raising errors in a callback
- Callback example 1: trivial callback
- Callback example 2: check option order
- Callback example 3: check option order (generalized)
- Callback example 4: check arbitrary condition
- Callback example 5: fixed arguments
- Callback example 6: variable arguments
- Extending
optparse
- 例外
ossaudiodev
--- 對 OSS 相容聲音裝置的存取pipes
--- shell pipelines 介面sndhdr
--- 判定聲音檔案的型別spwd
--- shadow 密碼資料庫sunau
--- 讀寫 Sun AU 檔案open()
Error
AUDIO_FILE_MAGIC
AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_MULAW_8
AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_LINEAR_8
AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_LINEAR_16
AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_LINEAR_24
AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_LINEAR_32
AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_ALAW_8
AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_FLOAT
AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_DOUBLE
AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_ADPCM_G721
AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_ADPCM_G722
AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_ADPCM_G723_3
AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_ADPCM_G723_5
- AU_read 物件
- AU_write 物件
telnetlib
--- Telnet 客戶端xdrlib
--- uuencode 檔案的編碼與解碼xdrlib
--- XDR 資料的編碼與解碼
- Removed Modules
- 安全性注意事項
- 擴充和嵌入 Python 直譯器
- 推薦的第三方工具
- 不使用第三方工具建立擴充
- 1. 以 C 或 C++ 擴充 Python
- 1.1. 一個簡單範例
- 1.2. Intermezzo: Errors and Exceptions
- 1.3. 回到範例
- 1.4. The Module's Method Table and Initialization Function
- 1.5. Compilation and Linkage
- 1.6. Calling Python Functions from C
- 1.7. Extracting Parameters in Extension Functions
- 1.8. Keyword Parameters for Extension Functions
- 1.9. Building Arbitrary Values
- 1.10. Reference Counts
- 1.11. Writing Extensions in C++
- 1.12. Providing a C API for an Extension Module
- 2. Defining Extension Types: Tutorial
- 3. Defining Extension Types: Assorted Topics
- 4. 建立 C 與 C++ 擴充套件
- 5. 建置 Windows 上的 C 和 C++ 擴充
- 1. 以 C 或 C++ 擴充 Python
- 在更大的應用程式中嵌入 CPython 運行環境 (runtime)
- Python/C API 參考手冊
- 簡介
- C API 穩定性
- The Very High Level Layer
- 參照計數
- 例外處理
- 工具
- 抽象物件層 (Abstract Objects Layer)
- 具體物件層
- 基礎物件
- 數值物件
- 序列物件
- 容器物件
- 函式物件
- 其他物件
- Initialization, Finalization, and Threads
- Python 初始化設定
- 記憶體管理
- Object Implementation Support
- API 和 ABI 版本管理
- 安裝 Python 模組
- Python 如何達成任務
- 遷移延伸模組到 Python 3
- Curses Programming with Python
- 描述器 (Descriptor) 指南
- 使用 GDB 來為 C API 擴充功能和 CPython 內部偵錯
- Enum HOWTO
- Programmatic access to enumeration members and their attributes
- Duplicating enum members and values
- Ensuring unique enumeration values
- Using automatic values
- Iteration
- 比較
- Allowed members and attributes of enumerations
- Restricted Enum subclassing
- Dataclass support
- Pickling
- Functional API
- Derived Enumerations
- When to use
__new__()
vs.__init__()
- How are Enums and Flags different?
- Enum Cookbook
- Subclassing EnumType
- 函式編程 HOWTO
- 如何使用 Logging 模組
- Logging Cookbook
- Using logging in multiple modules
- Logging from multiple threads
- Multiple handlers and formatters
- Logging to multiple destinations
- Custom handling of levels
- Configuration server example
- Dealing with handlers that block
- Sending and receiving logging events across a network
- Adding contextual information to your logging output
- Use of
contextvars
- Imparting contextual information in handlers
- Logging to a single file from multiple processes
- Using file rotation
- Use of alternative formatting styles
- Customizing
LogRecord
- Subclassing QueueHandler and QueueListener- a ZeroMQ example
- Subclassing QueueHandler and QueueListener- a
pynng
example - An example dictionary-based configuration
- Using a rotator and namer to customize log rotation processing
- A more elaborate multiprocessing example
- Inserting a BOM into messages sent to a SysLogHandler
- Implementing structured logging
- Customizing handlers with
dictConfig()
- Using particular formatting styles throughout your application
- Configuring filters with
dictConfig()
- Customized exception formatting
- Speaking logging messages
- Buffering logging messages and outputting them conditionally
- Sending logging messages to email, with buffering
- Formatting times using UTC (GMT) via configuration
- Using a context manager for selective logging
- A CLI application starter template
- A Qt GUI for logging
- Logging to syslog with RFC5424 support
- How to treat a logger like an output stream
- Patterns to avoid
- Other resources
- 如何使用正規表示式
- Socket 程式設計指南
- 排序技法
- Unicode HOWTO
- 如何使用 urllib 套件取得網路資源
- Argparse 教學
- ipaddress 模組介紹
- 使用 DTrace 和 SystemTap 檢測 CPython
- Python 對 Linux
perf
分析器的支援 - 註釋 (annotation) 最佳實踐
- 隔離擴充模組
- Who should read this
- 背景
- Making Modules Safe with Multiple Interpreters
- Heap Types
- Open Issues
- The Python 2.3 Method Resolution Order
- Python 常見問題
- 一般的 Python 常見問答集
- 程式開發常見問答集
- 設計和歷史常見問答集
- 為什麼 Python 使用縮排將陳述式進行分組?
- 為什麼我會從簡單的數學運算得到奇怪的結果?
- 為何浮點數運算如此不精確?
- 為什麼 Python 字串不可變動?
- 為何「self」在方法 (method) 定義和呼叫時一定要明確使用?
- 為何我不能在運算式 (expression) 中使用指派運算?
- 為何 Python 對於一些功能實作使用方法(像是 list.index()),另一些使用函式(像是 len(list))?
- 為何 join() 是字串方法而非串列 (list) 或元組 (tuple) 方法?
- 例外處理有多快?
- 為什麼 Python 內沒有 switch 或 case 陳述式?
- 為何不能在直譯器上模擬執行緒,而要使用作業系統的特定實作方式?
- 為何 lambda 運算式不能包含陳述式?
- Python 可以被編譯成機器語言、C 語言或其他種語言嗎?
- Python 如何管理記憶體?
- 為何 CPython 不使用更多傳統的垃圾回收機制?
- 當 CPython 結束時,為何所有的記憶體不會被釋放?
- 為何要把元組 (tuple) 和串列 (list) 分成兩個資料型態?
- 串列 (list) 在 CPython 中是怎麼實作的?
- 字典 (dictionaries) 在 CPython 中是怎麼實作的?
- 為何字典的鍵一定是不可變的?
- 為何 list.sort() 不是回傳排序過的串列?
- 如何在 Python 中指定和強制使用一個介面規範 (interface spec)?
- 為何沒有 goto 語法?
- 為何純字串 (r-string) 不能以反斜線結尾?
- 為何 Python 沒有屬性賦值的 with 陳述式?
- 為何產生器 (generator) 不支援 with 陳述式?
- 為何 if、while、def、class 陳述式裡需要冒號?
- 為何 Python 允許在串列和元組末端加上逗號?
- 函式庫和擴充功能的常見問題
- 擴充/嵌入常見問題集
- 我可以在 C 中建立自己的函式嗎?
- 我可以在 C++ 中建立自己的函式嗎?
- 寫 C 很難;還有其他選擇嗎?
- 如何從 C 執行任意 Python 陳述式?
- How can I evaluate an arbitrary Python expression from C?
- 如何從 Python 物件中提取 C 值?
- 如何使用 Py_BuildValue() 建立任意長度的元組?
- 如何從 C 呼叫物件的方法?
- 我如何捕捉 PyErr_Print() 的輸出(或任何印出到 stdout/stderr 的東西)?
- 如何從 C 存取用 Python 編寫的模組?
- How do I interface to C++ objects from Python?
- 我使用安裝檔案新增了一個模組,但 make 失敗了;為什麼?
- 如何為擴充套件除錯?
- 我想在我的 Linux 系統上編譯一個 Python 模組,但是缺少一些檔案。為什麼?
- 如何從「無效輸入」區分出「不完整輸入」?
- 如何找到未定義的 g++ 符號 __builtin_new 或 __pure_virtual?
- Can I create an object class with some methods implemented in C and others in Python (e.g. through inheritance)?
- 在 Windows 使用 Python 的常見問答集
- 圖形使用者介面常見問答集
- 「為什麼 Python 被安裝在我的機器上?」常見問答集
- 已棄用項目
- 術語表
- 關於這些說明文件
- 處理錯誤 (Bug)
- 版權宣告
- 沿革與授權