並行執行 (Concurrent Execution)

本章節描述的模組在程式的並行執行上提供支援。選擇要使用哪一個工具則取決於是執行什麼樣的任務（CPU 密集或 IO 密集）與偏好的開發風格（事件驅動協作式多工處理或搶占式多工處理）。以下為此章節總覽：

• threading --- 基於執行緒的平行性
  • active_count()
  • current_thread()
  • excepthook()
  • __excepthook__
  • get_ident()
  • get_native_id()
  • enumerate()
  • main_thread()
  • settrace()
  • settrace_all_threads()
  • gettrace()
  • setprofile()
  • setprofile_all_threads()
  • getprofile()
  • stack_size()
  • TIMEOUT_MAX
  • Thread-Local Data
    • local
  • Thread Objects
    • Thread
      • start()
      • run()
      • join()
      • name
      • getName()
      • setName()
      • ident
      • native_id
      • is_alive()
      • daemon
      • isDaemon()
      • setDaemon()
  • Lock Objects
    • Lock
      • acquire()
      • release()
      • locked()
  • RLock 物件
    • RLock
      • acquire()
      • release()
  • Condition Objects
    • Condition
      • acquire()
      • release()
      • wait()
      • wait_for()
      • notify()
      • notify_all()
  • Semaphore Objects
    • Semaphore
      • acquire()
      • release()
    • BoundedSemaphore
    • Semaphore 範例
  • Event Objects
    • Event
      • is_set()
      • set()
      • clear()
      • wait()
  • Timer Objects
    • Timer
      • cancel()
  • Barrier Objects
    • Barrier
      • wait()
      • reset()
      • abort()
      • parties
      • n_waiting
      • broken
    • BrokenBarrierError
  • Using locks, conditions, and semaphores in the with statement
• multiprocessing --- 以行程為基礎的平行性
  • 簡介
    • Process 類別
    • Contexts and start methods
    • Exchanging objects between processes
    • Synchronization between processes
    • Sharing state between processes
    • Using a pool of workers
  • Reference
    • Process 與例外
      • Process
        • run()
        • start()
        • join()
        • name
        • is_alive()
        • daemon
        • pid
        • exitcode
        • authkey
        • sentinel
        • terminate()
        • kill()
        • close()
      • ProcessError
      • BufferTooShort
      • AuthenticationError
      • TimeoutError
    • Pipes and Queues
      • Pipe()
      • Queue
        • qsize()
        • empty()
        • full()
        • put()
        • put_nowait()
        • get()
        • get_nowait()
        • close()
        • join_thread()
        • cancel_join_thread()
      • SimpleQueue
        • close()
        • empty()
        • get()
        • put()
      • JoinableQueue
        • task_done()
        • join()
    • Miscellaneous
      • active_children()
      • cpu_count()
      • current_process()
      • parent_process()
      • freeze_support()
      • get_all_start_methods()
      • get_context()
      • get_start_method()
      • set_executable()
      • set_forkserver_preload()
      • set_start_method()
    • Connection Objects
      • Connection
        • send()
        • recv()
        • fileno()
        • close()
        • poll()
        • send_bytes()
        • recv_bytes()
        • recv_bytes_into()
    • Synchronization primitives
      • Barrier
      • BoundedSemaphore
      • Condition
      • Event
      • Lock
        • acquire()
        • release()
      • RLock
        • acquire()
        • release()
      • Semaphore
    • 共享的 ctypes 物件
      • Value()
      • Array()
      • multiprocessing.sharedctypes 模組
        • RawArray()
        • RawValue()
        • Array()
        • Value()
        • copy()
        • synchronized()
    • Managers
      • Manager()
      • BaseManager
        • start()
        • get_server()
        • connect()
        • shutdown()
        • register()
        • address
      • SyncManager
        • Barrier()
        • BoundedSemaphore()
        • Condition()
        • Event()
        • Lock()
        • Namespace()
        • Queue()
        • RLock()
        • Semaphore()
        • Array()
        • Value()
        • dict()
        • list()
      • Namespace
      • Customized managers
      • Using a remote manager
    • Proxy Objects
      • BaseProxy
        • _callmethod()
        • _getvalue()
        • __repr__()
        • __str__()
      • Cleanup
    • Process Pools
      • Pool
        • apply()
        • apply_async()
        • map()
        • map_async()
        • imap()
        • imap_unordered()
        • starmap()
        • starmap_async()
        • close()
        • terminate()
        • join()
      • AsyncResult
        • get()
        • wait()
        • ready()
        • successful()
    • Listeners and Clients
      • deliver_challenge()
      • answer_challenge()
      • Client()
      • Listener
        • accept()
        • close()
        • address
        • last_accepted
      • wait()
      • Address Formats
    • Authentication keys
    • Logging
      • get_logger()
      • log_to_stderr()
    • multiprocessing.dummy 模組
      • ThreadPool
  • Programming guidelines
    • All start methods
    • The spawn and forkserver start methods
  • 範例
• multiprocessing.shared_memory --- 對於共享記憶體的跨行程直接存取
  • SharedMemory
    • close()
    • unlink()
    • buf
    • name
    • size
  • SharedMemoryManager
    • SharedMemory()
    • ShareableList()
  • ShareableList
    • count()
    • index()
    • format
    • shm
• concurrent 套件
• concurrent.futures --- 啟動平行任務
  • Executor 物件
    • Executor
      • submit()
      • map()
      • shutdown()
  • ThreadPoolExecutor
    • ThreadPoolExecutor
    • ThreadPoolExecutor 範例
  • ProcessPoolExecutor
    • ProcessPoolExecutor
    • ProcessPoolExecutor 範例
  • Future 物件
    • Future
      • cancel()
      • cancelled()
      • running()
      • done()
      • result()
      • exception()
      • add_done_callback()
      • set_running_or_notify_cancel()
      • set_result()
      • set_exception()
  • 模組函式
    • wait()
      • FIRST_COMPLETED
      • FIRST_EXCEPTION
      • ALL_COMPLETED
    • as_completed()
  • 例外類別
    • CancelledError
    • TimeoutError
    • BrokenExecutor
    • InvalidStateError
    • BrokenThreadPool
    • BrokenProcessPool
• subprocess --- 子行程管理
  • Using the subprocess Module
    • run()
    • CompletedProcess
      • args
      • returncode
      • stdout
      • stderr
      • check_returncode()
    • DEVNULL
    • PIPE
    • STDOUT
    • SubprocessError
    • TimeoutExpired
      • cmd
      • timeout
      • output
      • stdout
      • stderr
    • CalledProcessError
      • returncode
      • cmd
      • output
      • stdout
      • stderr
    • Frequently Used Arguments
    • Popen Constructor
      • Popen
    • 例外
  • 安全性注意事項
  • Popen Objects
    • poll()
    • wait()
    • communicate()
    • send_signal()
    • terminate()
    • kill()
    • args
    • stdin
    • stdout
    • stderr
    • pid
    • returncode
  • Windows Popen Helpers
    • STARTUPINFO
      • dwFlags
      • hStdInput
      • hStdOutput
      • hStdError
      • wShowWindow
      • lpAttributeList
    • Windows Constants
      • STD_INPUT_HANDLE
      • STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE
      • STD_ERROR_HANDLE
      • SW_HIDE
      • STARTF_USESTDHANDLES
      • STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW
      • CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE
      • CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP
      • ABOVE_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS
      • BELOW_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS
      • HIGH_PRIORITY_CLASS
      • IDLE_PRIORITY_CLASS
      • NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS
      • REALTIME_PRIORITY_CLASS
      • CREATE_NO_WINDOW
      • DETACHED_PROCESS
      • CREATE_DEFAULT_ERROR_MODE
      • CREATE_BREAKAWAY_FROM_JOB
  • Older high-level API
    • call()
    • check_call()
    • check_output()
  • Replacing Older Functions with the subprocess Module
    • Replacing /bin/sh shell command substitution
    • Replacing shell pipeline
    • Replacing os.system()
    • Replacing the os.spawn family
    • Replacing os.popen(), os.popen2(), os.popen3()
    • Replacing functions from the popen2 module
  • Legacy Shell Invocation Functions
    • getstatusoutput()
    • getoutput()
  • 註解
    • Converting an argument sequence to a string on Windows
    • 停用 vfork() 或 posix_spawn()
• sched --- 事件排程器
  • scheduler
  • 排程器物件
    • enterabs()
    • enter()
    • cancel()
    • empty()
    • run()
    • queue
• queue --- 同步佇列 (synchronized queue) 類別
  • Queue
  • LifoQueue
  • PriorityQueue
  • SimpleQueue
  • Empty
  • Full
  • 佇列物件
    • qsize()
    • empty()
    • full()
    • put()
    • put_nowait()
    • get()
    • get_nowait()
    • task_done()
    • join()
  • SimpleQueue 物件
    • qsize()
    • empty()
    • put()
    • put_nowait()
    • get()
    • get_nowait()
• contextvars --- 情境變數
  • Context Variables
    • ContextVar
      • name
      • get()
      • set()
      • reset()
    • Token
      • var
      • old_value
      • MISSING
  • Manual Context Management
    • copy_context()
    • Context
      • run()
      • copy()
      • get()
      • keys()
      • values()
      • items()
  • asyncio support

以下是支援部份上述服務的模組：

• _thread --- 低階執行緒 API
  • error
  • LockType
  • start_new_thread()
  • interrupt_main()
  • exit()
  • allocate_lock()
  • get_ident()
  • get_native_id()
  • stack_size()
  • TIMEOUT_MAX
  • acquire()
  • release()
  • locked()