Manipulando Exceções

As funções descritas nesse capítulo permitem você tratar e gerar exceções em Python. É importante entender alguns princípios básicos no tratamento de exceção no Python. Funciona de forma parecida com a variável POSIX errno: existe um indicador global (por thread) do último erro ocorrido. A maioria das funções da API C não limpa isso com êxito, mas indica a causa do erro na falha. A maioria das funções da API retorna um indicador de erro, geralmente, NULL se eles devem retornar um ponteiro, ou -1 se retornarem um inteiro (exceção: as funções PyArg_* retornam 1 para sucesso e 0 para falha).

Concretamente, o indicador de erro consiste em três ponteiros de objeto: o tipo da exceção, o valor da exceção e o objeto de traceback. Qualquer um desses ponteiros pode ser NULL se não definido (embora algumas combinações sejam proibidas, por exemplo, você não pode ter um retorno não NULL se o tipo de exceção for NULL).

Quando uma função deve falhar porque devido à falha de alguma função que ela chamou, ela geralmente não define o indicador de erro; a função que ela chamou já o definiu. Ela é responsável por manipular o erro e limpar a exceção ou retornar após limpar todos os recursos que possui (como referências a objetos ou alocações de memória); ela não deve continuar normalmente se não estiver preparada para lidar com o erro. Se estiver retornando devido a um erro, é importante indicar ao chamador que um erro foi definido. Se o erro não for manipulado ou propagado com cuidado, chamadas adicionais para a API Python/C podem não se comportar conforme o esperado e podem falhar de maneiras misteriosas.

Nota

O indicador de erro not é resultado de sys.exc_info(). O primeiro corresponde a uma exceção que ainda não foi capturada (e, portanto, ainda está se propagando), enquanto o segundo retorna uma exceção após ser capturada (e, portanto, parou de se propagar).

Impressão e limpeza

void PyErr_Clear()
Parte da ABI Estável.

Limpe o indicador de erro. Se o indicador de erro não estiver definido, não haverá efeito.

void PyErr_PrintEx(int set_sys_last_vars)
Parte da ABI Estável.

Print a standard traceback to sys.stderr and clear the error indicator. Unless the error is a SystemExit, in that case no traceback is printed and the Python process will exit with the error code specified by the SystemExit instance.

Chame esta função apenas quando o indicador de erro estiver definido. Caso contrário, causará um erro fatal!

If set_sys_last_vars is nonzero, the variable sys.last_exc is set to the printed exception. For backwards compatibility, the deprecated variables sys.last_type, sys.last_value and sys.last_traceback are also set to the type, value and traceback of this exception, respectively.

Alterado na versão 3.12: The setting of sys.last_exc was added.

void PyErr_Print()
Parte da ABI Estável.

Apelido para PyErr_PrintEx(1).

void PyErr_WriteUnraisable(PyObject *obj)
Parte da ABI Estável.

Chama sys.unraisablehook() usando a exceção atual e o argumento obj.

This utility function prints a warning message to sys.stderr when an exception has been set but it is impossible for the interpreter to actually raise the exception. It is used, for example, when an exception occurs in an __del__() method.

The function is called with a single argument obj that identifies the context in which the unraisable exception occurred. If possible, the repr of obj will be printed in the warning message. If obj is NULL, only the traceback is printed.

Uma exceção deve ser definida ao chamar essa função.

Alterado na versão 3.4: Exibe o traceback (situação da pilha de execução). Exibe apenas o traceback se obj for NULL.

Alterado na versão 3.8: Utiliza sys.unraisablehook().

void PyErr_DisplayException(PyObject *exc)
Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.12.

Print the standard traceback display of exc to sys.stderr, including chained exceptions and notes.

Novo na versão 3.12.

Lançando exceções

Essas funções ajudam a definir o indicador de erro do thread. Por conveniência, algumas dessas funções sempre retornam um ponteiro NULL ao usar instrução com return.

void PyErr_SetString(PyObject *type, const char *message)
Parte da ABI Estável.

This is the most common way to set the error indicator. The first argument specifies the exception type; it is normally one of the standard exceptions, e.g. PyExc_RuntimeError. You need not create a new strong reference to it (e.g. with Py_INCREF()). The second argument is an error message; it is decoded from 'utf-8'.

void PyErr_SetObject(PyObject *type, PyObject *value)
Parte da ABI Estável.

Essa função é semelhante à PyErr_SetString() mas permite especificar um objeto Python arbitrário para o valor da exceção.

PyObject *PyErr_Format(PyObject *exception, const char *format, ...)
Retorna valor: Sempre NULL. Parte da ABI Estável.

This function sets the error indicator and returns NULL. exception should be a Python exception class. The format and subsequent parameters help format the error message; they have the same meaning and values as in PyUnicode_FromFormat(). format is an ASCII-encoded string.

PyObject *PyErr_FormatV(PyObject *exception, const char *format, va_list vargs)
Retorna valor: Sempre NULL. Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.5.

Igual a PyErr_Format(), mas usando o argumento va_list em vez de um número variável de argumentos.

Novo na versão 3.5.

void PyErr_SetNone(PyObject *type)
Parte da ABI Estável.

Isso é uma abreviação para PyErr_SetObject(type, Py_None).

int PyErr_BadArgument()
Parte da ABI Estável.

This is a shorthand for PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, message), where message indicates that a built-in operation was invoked with an illegal argument. It is mostly for internal use.

PyObject *PyErr_NoMemory()
Retorna valor: Sempre NULL. Parte da ABI Estável.

Essa é uma abreviação para PyErr_SetNone(PyExc_MemoryError); que retorna NULL  para que uma função de alocação de objeto possa escrever return PyErr_NoMemory();  quando ficar sem memória.

PyObject *PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyObject *type)
Retorna valor: Sempre NULL. Parte da ABI Estável.

This is a convenience function to raise an exception when a C library function has returned an error and set the C variable errno. It constructs a tuple object whose first item is the integer errno value and whose second item is the corresponding error message (gotten from strerror()), and then calls PyErr_SetObject(type, object). On Unix, when the errno value is EINTR, indicating an interrupted system call, this calls PyErr_CheckSignals(), and if that set the error indicator, leaves it set to that. The function always returns NULL, so a wrapper function around a system call can write return PyErr_SetFromErrno(type); when the system call returns an error.

PyObject *PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilenameObject(PyObject *type, PyObject *filenameObject)
Retorna valor: Sempre NULL. Parte da ABI Estável.

Similar to PyErr_SetFromErrno(), with the additional behavior that if filenameObject is not NULL, it is passed to the constructor of type as a third parameter. In the case of OSError exception, this is used to define the filename attribute of the exception instance.

PyObject *PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilenameObjects(PyObject *type, PyObject *filenameObject, PyObject *filenameObject2)
Retorna valor: Sempre NULL. Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.7.

Similar to PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilenameObject(), but takes a second filename object, for raising errors when a function that takes two filenames fails.

Novo na versão 3.4.

PyObject *PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilename(PyObject *type, const char *filename)
Retorna valor: Sempre NULL. Parte da ABI Estável.

Similar to PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilenameObject(), but the filename is given as a C string. filename is decoded from the filesystem encoding and error handler.

PyObject *PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(int ierr)
Retorna valor: Sempre NULL. Parte da ABI Estável on Windows desde a versão 3.7.

This is a convenience function to raise OSError. If called with ierr of 0, the error code returned by a call to GetLastError() is used instead. It calls the Win32 function FormatMessage() to retrieve the Windows description of error code given by ierr or GetLastError(), then it constructs a OSError object with the winerror attribute set to the error code, the strerror attribute set to the corresponding error message (gotten from FormatMessage()), and then calls PyErr_SetObject(PyExc_OSError, object). This function always returns NULL.

Disponibilidade: Windows.

PyObject *PyErr_SetExcFromWindowsErr(PyObject *type, int ierr)
Retorna valor: Sempre NULL. Parte da ABI Estável on Windows desde a versão 3.7.

Similar to PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(), with an additional parameter specifying the exception type to be raised.

Disponibilidade: Windows.

PyObject *PyErr_SetFromWindowsErrWithFilename(int ierr, const char *filename)
Retorna valor: Sempre NULL. Parte da ABI Estável on Windows desde a versão 3.7.

Similar to PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(), with the additional behavior that if filename is not NULL, it is decoded from the filesystem encoding (os.fsdecode()) and passed to the constructor of OSError as a third parameter to be used to define the filename attribute of the exception instance.

Disponibilidade: Windows.

PyObject *PyErr_SetExcFromWindowsErrWithFilenameObject(PyObject *type, int ierr, PyObject *filename)
Retorna valor: Sempre NULL. Parte da ABI Estável on Windows desde a versão 3.7.

Similar to PyErr_SetExcFromWindowsErr(), with the additional behavior that if filename is not NULL, it is passed to the constructor of OSError as a third parameter to be used to define the filename attribute of the exception instance.

Disponibilidade: Windows.

PyObject *PyErr_SetExcFromWindowsErrWithFilenameObjects(PyObject *type, int ierr, PyObject *filename, PyObject *filename2)
Retorna valor: Sempre NULL. Parte da ABI Estável on Windows desde a versão 3.7.

Similar à PyErr_SetExcFromWindowsErrWithFilenameObject(), mas aceita um segundo caminho do objeto.

Disponibilidade: Windows.

Novo na versão 3.4.

PyObject *PyErr_SetExcFromWindowsErrWithFilename(PyObject *type, int ierr, const char *filename)
Retorna valor: Sempre NULL. Parte da ABI Estável on Windows desde a versão 3.7.

Similar à PyErr_SetFromWindowsErrWithFilename(), com um parâmetro adicional especificando o tipo de exceção a ser gerado.

Disponibilidade: Windows.

PyObject *PyErr_SetImportError(PyObject *msg, PyObject *name, PyObject *path)
Retorna valor: Sempre NULL. Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.7.

This is a convenience function to raise ImportError. msg will be set as the exception’s message string. name and path, both of which can be NULL, will be set as the ImportError’s respective name and path attributes.

Novo na versão 3.3.

PyObject *PyErr_SetImportErrorSubclass(PyObject *exception, PyObject *msg, PyObject *name, PyObject *path)
Retorna valor: Sempre NULL. Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.6.

Muito parecido com PyErr_SetImportError() mas a função permite especificar uma subclasse de ImportError para levantar uma exceção.

Novo na versão 3.6.

void PyErr_SyntaxLocationObject(PyObject *filename, int lineno, int col_offset)

Set file, line, and offset information for the current exception. If the current exception is not a SyntaxError, then it sets additional attributes, which make the exception printing subsystem think the exception is a SyntaxError.

Novo na versão 3.4.

void PyErr_SyntaxLocationEx(const char *filename, int lineno, int col_offset)
Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.7.

Like PyErr_SyntaxLocationObject(), but filename is a byte string decoded from the filesystem encoding and error handler.

Novo na versão 3.2.

void PyErr_SyntaxLocation(const char *filename, int lineno)
Parte da ABI Estável.

Like PyErr_SyntaxLocationEx(), but the col_offset parameter is omitted.

void PyErr_BadInternalCall()
Parte da ABI Estável.

This is a shorthand for PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError, message), where message indicates that an internal operation (e.g. a Python/C API function) was invoked with an illegal argument. It is mostly for internal use.

Emitindo advertências

Use these functions to issue warnings from C code. They mirror similar functions exported by the Python warnings module. They normally print a warning message to sys.stderr; however, it is also possible that the user has specified that warnings are to be turned into errors, and in that case they will raise an exception. It is also possible that the functions raise an exception because of a problem with the warning machinery. The return value is 0 if no exception is raised, or -1 if an exception is raised. (It is not possible to determine whether a warning message is actually printed, nor what the reason is for the exception; this is intentional.) If an exception is raised, the caller should do its normal exception handling (for example, Py_DECREF() owned references and return an error value).

int PyErr_WarnEx(PyObject *category, const char *message, Py_ssize_t stack_level)
Parte da ABI Estável.

Issue a warning message. The category argument is a warning category (see below) or NULL; the message argument is a UTF-8 encoded string. stack_level is a positive number giving a number of stack frames; the warning will be issued from the currently executing line of code in that stack frame. A stack_level of 1 is the function calling PyErr_WarnEx(), 2 is the function above that, and so forth.

Warning categories must be subclasses of PyExc_Warning; PyExc_Warning is a subclass of PyExc_Exception; the default warning category is PyExc_RuntimeWarning. The standard Python warning categories are available as global variables whose names are enumerated at Categorias de aviso padrão.

For information about warning control, see the documentation for the warnings module and the -W option in the command line documentation. There is no C API for warning control.

int PyErr_WarnExplicitObject(PyObject *category, PyObject *message, PyObject *filename, int lineno, PyObject *module, PyObject *registry)

Issue a warning message with explicit control over all warning attributes. This is a straightforward wrapper around the Python function warnings.warn_explicit(); see there for more information. The module and registry arguments may be set to NULL to get the default effect described there.

Novo na versão 3.4.

int PyErr_WarnExplicit(PyObject *category, const char *message, const char *filename, int lineno, const char *module, PyObject *registry)
Parte da ABI Estável.

Similar to PyErr_WarnExplicitObject() except that message and module are UTF-8 encoded strings, and filename is decoded from the filesystem encoding and error handler.

int PyErr_WarnFormat(PyObject *category, Py_ssize_t stack_level, const char *format, ...)
Parte da ABI Estável.

Function similar to PyErr_WarnEx(), but use PyUnicode_FromFormat() to format the warning message. format is an ASCII-encoded string.

Novo na versão 3.2.

int PyErr_ResourceWarning(PyObject *source, Py_ssize_t stack_level, const char *format, ...)
Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.6.

Function similar to PyErr_WarnFormat(), but category is ResourceWarning and it passes source to warnings.WarningMessage.

Novo na versão 3.6.

Consultando o indicador de erro

PyObject *PyErr_Occurred()
Retorna valor: Referência emprestada. Parte da ABI Estável.

Test whether the error indicator is set. If set, return the exception type (the first argument to the last call to one of the PyErr_Set* functions or to PyErr_Restore()). If not set, return NULL. You do not own a reference to the return value, so you do not need to Py_DECREF() it.

The caller must hold the GIL.

Nota

Do not compare the return value to a specific exception; use PyErr_ExceptionMatches() instead, shown below. (The comparison could easily fail since the exception may be an instance instead of a class, in the case of a class exception, or it may be a subclass of the expected exception.)

int PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyObject *exc)
Parte da ABI Estável.

Equivalent to PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(PyErr_Occurred(), exc). This should only be called when an exception is actually set; a memory access violation will occur if no exception has been raised.

int PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(PyObject *given, PyObject *exc)
Parte da ABI Estável.

Return true if the given exception matches the exception type in exc. If exc is a class object, this also returns true when given is an instance of a subclass. If exc is a tuple, all exception types in the tuple (and recursively in subtuples) are searched for a match.

PyObject *PyErr_GetRaisedException(void)
Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.12.

Return the exception currently being raised, clearing the error indicator at the same time. Return NULL if the error indicator is not set.

This function is used by code that needs to catch exceptions, or code that needs to save and restore the error indicator temporarily.

Por exemplo:

{
   PyObject *exc = PyErr_GetRaisedException();

   /* ... code that might produce other errors ... */

   PyErr_SetRaisedException(exc);
}

Ver também

PyErr_GetHandledException(), to save the exception currently being handled.

Novo na versão 3.12.

void PyErr_SetRaisedException(PyObject *exc)
Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.12.

Set exc as the exception currently being raised, clearing the existing exception if one is set.

Aviso

This call steals a reference to exc, which must be a valid exception.

Novo na versão 3.12.

void PyErr_Fetch(PyObject **ptype, PyObject **pvalue, PyObject **ptraceback)
Parte da ABI Estável.

Obsoleto desde a versão 3.12: Use PyErr_GetRaisedException() instead.

Retrieve the error indicator into three variables whose addresses are passed. If the error indicator is not set, set all three variables to NULL. If it is set, it will be cleared and you own a reference to each object retrieved. The value and traceback object may be NULL even when the type object is not.

Nota

This function is normally only used by legacy code that needs to catch exceptions or save and restore the error indicator temporarily.

Por exemplo:

{
   PyObject *type, *value, *traceback;
   PyErr_Fetch(&type, &value, &traceback);

   /* ... code that might produce other errors ... */

   PyErr_Restore(type, value, traceback);
}
void PyErr_Restore(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *traceback)
Parte da ABI Estável.

Obsoleto desde a versão 3.12: Use PyErr_SetRaisedException() instead.

Set the error indicator from the three objects, type, value, and traceback, clearing the existing exception if one is set. If the objects are NULL, the error indicator is cleared. Do not pass a NULL type and non-NULL value or traceback. The exception type should be a class. Do not pass an invalid exception type or value. (Violating these rules will cause subtle problems later.) This call takes away a reference to each object: you must own a reference to each object before the call and after the call you no longer own these references. (If you don’t understand this, don’t use this function. I warned you.)

Nota

This function is normally only used by legacy code that needs to save and restore the error indicator temporarily. Use PyErr_Fetch() to save the current error indicator.

void PyErr_NormalizeException(PyObject **exc, PyObject **val, PyObject **tb)
Parte da ABI Estável.

Obsoleto desde a versão 3.12: Use PyErr_GetRaisedException() instead, to avoid any possible de-normalization.

Under certain circumstances, the values returned by PyErr_Fetch() below can be “unnormalized”, meaning that *exc is a class object but *val is not an instance of the same class. This function can be used to instantiate the class in that case. If the values are already normalized, nothing happens. The delayed normalization is implemented to improve performance.

Nota

This function does not implicitly set the __traceback__ attribute on the exception value. If setting the traceback appropriately is desired, the following additional snippet is needed:

if (tb != NULL) {
  PyException_SetTraceback(val, tb);
}
PyObject *PyErr_GetHandledException(void)
Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.11.

Retrieve the active exception instance, as would be returned by sys.exception(). This refers to an exception that was already caught, not to an exception that was freshly raised. Returns a new reference to the exception or NULL. Does not modify the interpreter’s exception state.

Nota

This function is not normally used by code that wants to handle exceptions. Rather, it can be used when code needs to save and restore the exception state temporarily. Use PyErr_SetHandledException() to restore or clear the exception state.

Novo na versão 3.11.

void PyErr_SetHandledException(PyObject *exc)
Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.11.

Set the active exception, as known from sys.exception(). This refers to an exception that was already caught, not to an exception that was freshly raised. To clear the exception state, pass NULL.

Nota

This function is not normally used by code that wants to handle exceptions. Rather, it can be used when code needs to save and restore the exception state temporarily. Use PyErr_GetHandledException() to get the exception state.

Novo na versão 3.11.

void PyErr_GetExcInfo(PyObject **ptype, PyObject **pvalue, PyObject **ptraceback)
Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.7.

Retrieve the old-style representation of the exception info, as known from sys.exc_info(). This refers to an exception that was already caught, not to an exception that was freshly raised. Returns new references for the three objects, any of which may be NULL. Does not modify the exception info state. This function is kept for backwards compatibility. Prefer using PyErr_GetHandledException().

Nota

This function is not normally used by code that wants to handle exceptions. Rather, it can be used when code needs to save and restore the exception state temporarily. Use PyErr_SetExcInfo() to restore or clear the exception state.

Novo na versão 3.3.

void PyErr_SetExcInfo(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *traceback)
Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.7.

Set the exception info, as known from sys.exc_info(). This refers to an exception that was already caught, not to an exception that was freshly raised. This function steals the references of the arguments. To clear the exception state, pass NULL for all three arguments. This function is kept for backwards compatibility. Prefer using PyErr_SetHandledException().

Nota

This function is not normally used by code that wants to handle exceptions. Rather, it can be used when code needs to save and restore the exception state temporarily. Use PyErr_GetExcInfo() to read the exception state.

Novo na versão 3.3.

Alterado na versão 3.11: The type and traceback arguments are no longer used and can be NULL. The interpreter now derives them from the exception instance (the value argument). The function still steals references of all three arguments.

Tratamento de sinal

int PyErr_CheckSignals()
Parte da ABI Estável.

Essa função interage com o manipulador de sinais do Python.

If the function is called from the main thread and under the main Python interpreter, it checks whether a signal has been sent to the processes and if so, invokes the corresponding signal handler. If the signal module is supported, this can invoke a signal handler written in Python.

The function attempts to handle all pending signals, and then returns 0. However, if a Python signal handler raises an exception, the error indicator is set and the function returns -1 immediately (such that other pending signals may not have been handled yet: they will be on the next PyErr_CheckSignals() invocation).

If the function is called from a non-main thread, or under a non-main Python interpreter, it does nothing and returns 0.

This function can be called by long-running C code that wants to be interruptible by user requests (such as by pressing Ctrl-C).

Nota

The default Python signal handler for SIGINT raises the KeyboardInterrupt exception.

void PyErr_SetInterrupt()
Parte da ABI Estável.

Simulate the effect of a SIGINT signal arriving. This is equivalent to PyErr_SetInterruptEx(SIGINT).

Nota

This function is async-signal-safe. It can be called without the GIL and from a C signal handler.

int PyErr_SetInterruptEx(int signum)
Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.10.

Simulate the effect of a signal arriving. The next time PyErr_CheckSignals() is called, the Python signal handler for the given signal number will be called.

This function can be called by C code that sets up its own signal handling and wants Python signal handlers to be invoked as expected when an interruption is requested (for example when the user presses Ctrl-C to interrupt an operation).

If the given signal isn’t handled by Python (it was set to signal.SIG_DFL or signal.SIG_IGN), it will be ignored.

If signum is outside of the allowed range of signal numbers, -1 is returned. Otherwise, 0 is returned. The error indicator is never changed by this function.

Nota

This function is async-signal-safe. It can be called without the GIL and from a C signal handler.

Novo na versão 3.10.

int PySignal_SetWakeupFd(int fd)

This utility function specifies a file descriptor to which the signal number is written as a single byte whenever a signal is received. fd must be non-blocking. It returns the previous such file descriptor.

O valor -1 desabilita o recurso; este é o estado inicial. Isso é equivalente à signal.set_wakeup_fd() em Python, mas sem nenhuma verificação de erro. fd deve ser um descritor de arquivo válido. A função só deve ser chamada a partir da thread principal.

Alterado na versão 3.5: No Windows, a função agora também suporta manipuladores de socket.

Classes de exceção

PyObject *PyErr_NewException(const char *name, PyObject *base, PyObject *dict)
Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável.

This utility function creates and returns a new exception class. The name argument must be the name of the new exception, a C string of the form module.classname. The base and dict arguments are normally NULL. This creates a class object derived from Exception (accessible in C as PyExc_Exception).

The __module__ attribute of the new class is set to the first part (up to the last dot) of the name argument, and the class name is set to the last part (after the last dot). The base argument can be used to specify alternate base classes; it can either be only one class or a tuple of classes. The dict argument can be used to specify a dictionary of class variables and methods.

PyObject *PyErr_NewExceptionWithDoc(const char *name, const char *doc, PyObject *base, PyObject *dict)
Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável.

Same as PyErr_NewException(), except that the new exception class can easily be given a docstring: If doc is non-NULL, it will be used as the docstring for the exception class.

Novo na versão 3.2.

Objeto Exceção

PyObject *PyException_GetTraceback(PyObject *ex)
Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável.

Return the traceback associated with the exception as a new reference, as accessible from Python through the __traceback__ attribute. If there is no traceback associated, this returns NULL.

int PyException_SetTraceback(PyObject *ex, PyObject *tb)
Parte da ABI Estável.

Defina o retorno traceback (situação da pilha de execução) associado à exceção como tb. Use Py_None para limpá-lo.

PyObject *PyException_GetContext(PyObject *ex)
Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável.

Return the context (another exception instance during whose handling ex was raised) associated with the exception as a new reference, as accessible from Python through the __context__ attribute. If there is no context associated, this returns NULL.

void PyException_SetContext(PyObject *ex, PyObject *ctx)
Parte da ABI Estável.

Set the context associated with the exception to ctx. Use NULL to clear it. There is no type check to make sure that ctx is an exception instance. This steals a reference to ctx.

PyObject *PyException_GetCause(PyObject *ex)
Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável.

Return the cause (either an exception instance, or None, set by raise ... from ...) associated with the exception as a new reference, as accessible from Python through the __cause__ attribute.

void PyException_SetCause(PyObject *ex, PyObject *cause)
Parte da ABI Estável.

Set the cause associated with the exception to cause. Use NULL to clear it. There is no type check to make sure that cause is either an exception instance or None. This steals a reference to cause.

The __suppress_context__ attribute is implicitly set to True by this function.

PyObject *PyException_GetArgs(PyObject *ex)
Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.12.

Return args of exception ex.

void PyException_SetArgs(PyObject *ex, PyObject *args)
Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.12.

Set args of exception ex to args.

PyObject *PyUnstable_Exc_PrepReraiseStar(PyObject *orig, PyObject *excs)
Esta é uma API Instável. Isso pode se alterado sem aviso em lançamentos menores.

Implement part of the interpreter’s implementation of except*. orig is the original exception that was caught, and excs is the list of the exceptions that need to be raised. This list contains the unhandled part of orig, if any, as well as the exceptions that were raised from the except* clauses (so they have a different traceback from orig) and those that were reraised (and have the same traceback as orig). Return the ExceptionGroup that needs to be reraised in the end, or None if there is nothing to reraise.

Novo na versão 3.12.

Objetos de exceção Unicode

As seguintes funções são usadas para criar e modificar exceções Unicode de C.

PyObject *PyUnicodeDecodeError_Create(const char *encoding, const char *object, Py_ssize_t length, Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t end, const char *reason)
Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável.

Create a UnicodeDecodeError object with the attributes encoding, object, length, start, end and reason. encoding and reason are UTF-8 encoded strings.

PyObject *PyUnicodeDecodeError_GetEncoding(PyObject *exc)
PyObject *PyUnicodeEncodeError_GetEncoding(PyObject *exc)
Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável.

Retorna o atributo * encoding* dado no objeto da exceção.

PyObject *PyUnicodeDecodeError_GetObject(PyObject *exc)
PyObject *PyUnicodeEncodeError_GetObject(PyObject *exc)
PyObject *PyUnicodeTranslateError_GetObject(PyObject *exc)
Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável.

Retorna o atributo object dado no objeto da exceção.

int PyUnicodeDecodeError_GetStart(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t *start)
int PyUnicodeEncodeError_GetStart(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t *start)
int PyUnicodeTranslateError_GetStart(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t *start)
Parte da ABI Estável.

Obtém o atributo start do objeto da exceção coloca-o em *start. start não deve ser NULL. Retorna 0 se não der erro, -1 caso dê erro.

int PyUnicodeDecodeError_SetStart(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t start)
int PyUnicodeEncodeError_SetStart(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t start)
int PyUnicodeTranslateError_SetStart(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t start)
Parte da ABI Estável.

Define o atributo start dado no objeto de exceção start. Em caso de sucesso, retorna 0, em caso de falha, retorna -1.

int PyUnicodeDecodeError_GetEnd(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t *end)
int PyUnicodeEncodeError_GetEnd(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t *end)
int PyUnicodeTranslateError_GetEnd(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t *end)
Parte da ABI Estável.

Obtenha o atributo end dado no objeto de exceção e coloque *end. O end não deve ser NULL. Em caso de sucesso, retorna 0, em caso de falha, retorna -1.

int PyUnicodeDecodeError_SetEnd(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t end)
int PyUnicodeEncodeError_SetEnd(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t end)
int PyUnicodeTranslateError_SetEnd(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t end)
Parte da ABI Estável.

Set the end attribute of the given exception object to end. Return 0 on success, -1 on failure.

PyObject *PyUnicodeDecodeError_GetReason(PyObject *exc)
PyObject *PyUnicodeEncodeError_GetReason(PyObject *exc)
PyObject *PyUnicodeTranslateError_GetReason(PyObject *exc)
Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável.

Retorna o atributo reason dado no objeto da exceção.

int PyUnicodeDecodeError_SetReason(PyObject *exc, const char *reason)
int PyUnicodeEncodeError_SetReason(PyObject *exc, const char *reason)
int PyUnicodeTranslateError_SetReason(PyObject *exc, const char *reason)
Parte da ABI Estável.

Set the reason attribute of the given exception object to reason. Return 0 on success, -1 on failure.

Controle de recursão

These two functions provide a way to perform safe recursive calls at the C level, both in the core and in extension modules. They are needed if the recursive code does not necessarily invoke Python code (which tracks its recursion depth automatically). They are also not needed for tp_call implementations because the call protocol takes care of recursion handling.

int Py_EnterRecursiveCall(const char *where)
Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.9.

Marca um ponto em que a chamada recursiva em nível C está prestes a ser executada.

If USE_STACKCHECK is defined, this function checks if the OS stack overflowed using PyOS_CheckStack(). If this is the case, it sets a MemoryError and returns a nonzero value.

The function then checks if the recursion limit is reached. If this is the case, a RecursionError is set and a nonzero value is returned. Otherwise, zero is returned.

where should be a UTF-8 encoded string such as " in instance check" to be concatenated to the RecursionError message caused by the recursion depth limit.

Alterado na versão 3.9: This function is now also available in the limited API.

void Py_LeaveRecursiveCall(void)
Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.9.

Ends a Py_EnterRecursiveCall(). Must be called once for each successful invocation of Py_EnterRecursiveCall().

Alterado na versão 3.9: This function is now also available in the limited API.

Properly implementing tp_repr for container types requires special recursion handling. In addition to protecting the stack, tp_repr also needs to track objects to prevent cycles. The following two functions facilitate this functionality. Effectively, these are the C equivalent to reprlib.recursive_repr().

int Py_ReprEnter(PyObject *object)
Parte da ABI Estável.

Chamado no início da implementação tp_repr para detectar ciclos.

If the object has already been processed, the function returns a positive integer. In that case the tp_repr implementation should return a string object indicating a cycle. As examples, dict objects return {...} and list objects return [...].

A função retornará um inteiro negativo se o limite da recursão for atingido. Nesse caso a implementação tp_repr deverá, normalmente,. retornar NULL.

Caso contrário, a função retorna zero e a implementação tp_repr poderá continuar normalmente.

void Py_ReprLeave(PyObject *object)
Parte da ABI Estável.

Termina a Py_ReprEnter(). Deve ser chamado uma vez para cada chamada de Py_ReprEnter() que retorna zero.

Exceções Padrão

All standard Python exceptions are available as global variables whose names are PyExc_ followed by the Python exception name. These have the type PyObject*; they are all class objects. For completeness, here are all the variables:

Nome C

Nome Python

Notas

PyExc_BaseException

BaseException

[1]

PyExc_Exception

Exception

[1]

PyExc_ArithmeticError

ArithmeticError

[1]

PyExc_AssertionError

AssertionError

PyExc_AttributeError

AttributeError

PyExc_BlockingIOError

BlockingIOError

PyExc_BrokenPipeError

BrokenPipeError

PyExc_BufferError

BufferError

PyExc_ChildProcessError

ChildProcessError

PyExc_ConnectionAbortedError

ConnectionAbortedError

PyExc_ConnectionError

ConnectionError

PyExc_ConnectionRefusedError

ConnectionRefusedError

PyExc_ConnectionResetError

ConnectionResetError

PyExc_EOFError

EOFError

PyExc_FileExistsError

FileExistsError

PyExc_FileNotFoundError

FileNotFoundError

PyExc_FloatingPointError

FloatingPointError

PyExc_GeneratorExit

GeneratorExit

PyExc_ImportError

ImportError

PyExc_IndentationError

IndentationError

PyExc_IndexError

IndexError

PyExc_InterruptedError

InterruptedError

PyExc_IsADirectoryError

IsADirectoryError

PyExc_KeyError

KeyError

PyExc_KeyboardInterrupt

KeyboardInterrupt

PyExc_LookupError

LookupError

[1]

PyExc_MemoryError

MemoryError

PyExc_ModuleNotFoundError

ModuleNotFoundError

PyExc_NameError

NameError

PyExc_NotADirectoryError

NotADirectoryError

PyExc_NotImplementedError

NotImplementedError

PyExc_OSError

OSError

[1]

PyExc_OverflowError

OverflowError

PyExc_PermissionError

PermissionError

PyExc_ProcessLookupError

ProcessLookupError

PyExc_RecursionError

RecursionError

PyExc_ReferenceError

ReferenceError

PyExc_RuntimeError

RuntimeError

PyExc_StopAsyncIteration

StopAsyncIteration

PyExc_StopIteration

StopIteration

PyExc_SyntaxError

SyntaxError

PyExc_SystemError

SystemError

PyExc_SystemExit

SystemExit

PyExc_TabError

TabError

PyExc_TimeoutError

TimeoutError

PyExc_TypeError

TypeError

PyExc_UnboundLocalError

UnboundLocalError

PyExc_UnicodeDecodeError

UnicodeDecodeError

PyExc_UnicodeEncodeError

UnicodeEncodeError

PyExc_UnicodeError

UnicodeError

PyExc_UnicodeTranslateError

UnicodeTranslateError

PyExc_ValueError

ValueError

PyExc_ZeroDivisionError

ZeroDivisionError

Novo na versão 3.3: PyExc_BlockingIOError, PyExc_BrokenPipeError, PyExc_ChildProcessError, PyExc_ConnectionError, PyExc_ConnectionAbortedError, PyExc_ConnectionRefusedError, PyExc_ConnectionResetError, PyExc_FileExistsError, PyExc_FileNotFoundError, PyExc_InterruptedError, PyExc_IsADirectoryError, PyExc_NotADirectoryError, PyExc_PermissionError, PyExc_ProcessLookupError and PyExc_TimeoutError were introduced following PEP 3151.

Novo na versão 3.5: PyExc_StopAsyncIteration and PyExc_RecursionError.

Novo na versão 3.6: PyExc_ModuleNotFoundError.

Esses são os aliases de compatibilidade para PyExc_OSError:

Nome C

Notas

PyExc_EnvironmentError

PyExc_IOError

PyExc_WindowsError

[2]

Alterado na versão 3.3: Esses aliases costumavam ser tipos de exceção separados.

Notas:

Categorias de aviso padrão

All standard Python warning categories are available as global variables whose names are PyExc_ followed by the Python exception name. These have the type PyObject*; they are all class objects. For completeness, here are all the variables:

Nome C

Nome Python

Notas

PyExc_Warning

Warning

[3]

PyExc_BytesWarning

BytesWarning

PyExc_DeprecationWarning

DeprecationWarning

PyExc_FutureWarning

FutureWarning

PyExc_ImportWarning

ImportWarning

PyExc_PendingDeprecationWarning

PendingDeprecationWarning

PyExc_ResourceWarning

ResourceWarning

PyExc_RuntimeWarning

RuntimeWarning

PyExc_SyntaxWarning

SyntaxWarning

PyExc_UnicodeWarning

UnicodeWarning

PyExc_UserWarning

UserWarning

Novo na versão 3.2: PyExc_ResourceWarning.

Notas: