파이썬 설명서 목차¶
- 파이썬의 새로운 기능
- What’s New In Python 3.13
- Summary – Release Highlights
- New Features
- Other Language Changes
- New Modules
- Improved Modules
- argparse
- array
- ast
- asyncio
- base64
- compileall
- concurrent.futures
- configparser
- copy
- ctypes
- dbm
- dis
- doctest
- fractions
- glob
- importlib
- io
- ipaddress
- itertools
- marshal
- math
- mimetypes
- mmap
- multiprocessing
- os
- os.path
- pathlib
- pdb
- queue
- random
- re
- shutil
- site
- sqlite3
- ssl
- statistics
- subprocess
- sys
- tempfile
- time
- tkinter
- traceback
- types
- typing
- unicodedata
- venv
- warnings
- xml
- zipimport
- Optimizations
- Removed Modules And APIs
- New Deprecations
- CPython Bytecode Changes
- C API Changes
- Build Changes
- Porting to Python 3.13
- Regression Test Changes
- Notable changes in 3.13.1
- What’s New In Python 3.12
- What’s New In Python 3.11
- Summary – Release highlights
- New Features
- New Features Related to Type Hints
- Other Language Changes
- Other CPython Implementation Changes
- New Modules
- Improved Modules
- Optimizations
- Faster CPython
- CPython bytecode changes
- Deprecated
- Pending Removal in Python 3.12
- Removed
- Porting to Python 3.11
- Build Changes
- C API Changes
- Notable changes in 3.11.4
- Notable changes in 3.11.5
- What’s New In Python 3.10
- Summary – Release highlights
- New Features
- New Features Related to Type Hints
- Other Language Changes
- New Modules
- Improved Modules
- asyncio
- argparse
- array
- asynchat, asyncore, smtpd
- base64
- bdb
- bisect
- codecs
- collections.abc
- contextlib
- curses
- dataclasses
- distutils
- doctest
- encodings
- enum
- fileinput
- faulthandler
- gc
- glob
- hashlib
- hmac
- IDLE and idlelib
- importlib.metadata
- inspect
- itertools
- linecache
- os
- os.path
- pathlib
- platform
- pprint
- py_compile
- pyclbr
- shelve
- statistics
- site
- socket
- ssl
- sqlite3
- sys
- _thread
- threading
- traceback
- types
- typing
- unittest
- urllib.parse
- xml
- zipimport
- Optimizations
- Deprecated
- Removed
- Porting to Python 3.10
- CPython bytecode changes
- Build Changes
- C API Changes
- Notable security feature in 3.10.7
- Notable security feature in 3.10.8
- Notable changes in 3.10.12
- 파이썬 3.9의 새로운 기능
- 파이썬 3.8의 새로운 기능
- 요약 – 배포 주요 사항
- 새로운 기능
- 기타 언어 변경
- 새 모듈
- 개선된 모듈
- ast
- asyncio
- builtins
- collections
- cProfile
- csv
- curses
- ctypes
- datetime
- functools
- gc
- gettext
- gzip
- IDLE과 idlelib
- inspect
- io
- itertools
- json.tool
- logging
- math
- mmap
- multiprocessing
- os
- os.path
- pathlib
- pickle
- plistlib
- pprint
- py_compile
- shlex
- shutil
- socket
- ssl
- statistics
- sys
- tarfile
- threading
- tokenize
- tkinter
- time
- typing
- unicodedata
- unittest
- venv
- weakref
- xml
- xmlrpc
- 최적화
- 빌드와 C API 변경
- 폐지
- API 및 기능 제거
- 파이썬 3.8로 이식하기
- 파이썬 3.8.1의 주목할만한 변경 사항
- Notable changes in Python 3.8.2
- Notable changes in Python 3.8.3
- 파이썬 3.8.8의 주목할만한 변경 사항
- Notable changes in Python 3.8.9
- Notable changes in Python 3.8.10
- Notable changes in Python 3.8.10
- Notable changes in Python 3.8.12
- Notable security feature in 3.8.14
- Notable changes in 3.8.17
- 파이썬 3.7의 새로운 기능
- 요약 – 배포 주요 사항
- 새로운 기능
- PEP 563 : 어노테이션의 지연된 평가
- PEP 538: 레거시 C 로케일 강제 변경
- PEP 540: 강제 UTF-8 실행시간 모드
- PEP 553: 내장
breakpoint() - PEP 539: 스레드-로컬 저장소를 위한 새로운 C API
- PEP 562: 모듈 어트리뷰트에 대한 액세스 사용자 정의
- PEP 564: 나노초 해상도의 새로운 시간 함수
- PEP 565:
__main__의 DeprecationWarning 표시 - PEP 560:
typing모듈과 제네릭 형에 대한 코어 지원 - PEP 552: 해시 기반 .pyc 파일
- PEP 545: 파이썬 설명서 번역
- 파이썬 개발 모드 (-X dev)
- 기타 언어 변경
- 새 모듈
- 개선된 모듈
- argparse
- asyncio
- binascii
- calendar
- collections
- compileall
- concurrent.futures
- contextlib
- cProfile
- crypt
- datetime
- dbm
- decimal
- dis
- distutils
- enum
- functools
- gc
- hmac
- http.client
- http.server
- idlelib 및 IDLE
- importlib
- io
- ipaddress
- itertools
- locale
- logging
- math
- mimetypes
- msilib
- multiprocessing
- os
- pathlib
- pdb
- py_compile
- pydoc
- queue
- re
- signal
- socket
- socketserver
- sqlite3
- ssl
- string
- subprocess
- sys
- time
- tkinter
- tracemalloc
- types
- unicodedata
- unittest
- unittest.mock
- urllib.parse
- uu
- uuid
- warnings
- xml
- xml.etree
- xmlrpc.server
- zipapp
- zipfile
- C API 변경
- 빌드 변경
- 최적화
- 기타 CPython 구현 변경
- 폐지된 파이썬 동작
- 폐지된 파이썬 모듈, 함수 및 메서드
- 폐지된 C API의 함수 및 형
- 플랫폼 지원 제거
- API 및 기능 제거
- 모듈 제거
- 윈도우 전용 변경
- 파이썬 3.7로 이식하기
- 파이썬 3.7.1의 주목할만한 변경 사항
- 파이썬 3.7.2의 주목할만한 변경 사항
- 파이썬 3.7.6의 주목할만한 변경 사항
- 파이썬 3.7.10의 주목할만한 변경 사항
- Notable changes in Python 3.7.11
- Notable security feature in 3.7.14
- 파이썬 3.6의 새로운 기능
- 요약 – 배포 주요 사항
- 새로운 기능
- PEP 498: 포맷 문자열 리터럴
- PEP 526: 변수 어노테이션 문법
- PEP 515: 숫자 리터럴의 밑줄
- PEP 525: 비동기 제너레이터
- PEP 530: 비동기 컴프리헨션
- PEP 487: 더 간단한 클래스 생성 사용자 정의
- PEP 487: 디스크립터 프로토콜 향상
- PEP 519: 파일 시스템 경로 프로토콜 추가
- PEP 495: 현지 시간 명확성
- PEP 529: 윈도우 파일 시스템 인코딩을 UTF-8로 변경
- PEP 528: 윈도우 콘솔 인코딩을 UTF-8로 변경
- PEP 520: 클래스 어트리뷰트 정의 순서 유지
- PEP 468: 키워드 인자 순서 유지
- 새로운 dict 구현
- PEP 523: CPython에 프레임 평가 API 추가
- PYTHONMALLOC 환경 변수
- DTrace와 SystemTap 프로브 지원
- 기타 언어 변경
- 새로운 모듈
- 개선된 모듈
- array
- ast
- asyncio
- Binascii
- cmath
- collections
- concurrent.futures
- contextlib
- datetime
- decimal
- distutils
- encodings
- enum
- faulthandler
- fileinput
- hashlib
- http.client
- idlelib와 IDLE
- importlib
- inspect
- json
- logging
- math
- multiprocessing
- os
- pathlib
- pdb
- pickle
- pickletools
- pydoc
- random
- re
- readline
- rlcompleter
- shlex
- site
- sqlite3
- socket
- socketserver
- ssl
- statistics
- struct
- subprocess
- sys
- telnetlib
- time
- timeit
- tkinter
- traceback
- tracemalloc
- typing
- unicodedata
- unittest.mock
- urllib.request
- urllib.robotparser
- venv
- warnings
- winreg
- winsound
- xmlrpc.client
- zipfile
- zlib
- 최적화
- 빌드와 C API 변경
- 기타 개선 사항
- 폐지
- 제거
- 파이썬 3.6으로 이식하기
- 파이썬 3.6.2의 주목할만한 변경 사항
- 파이썬 3.6.4의 주목할만한 변경 사항
- 파이썬 3.6.5의 주목할만한 변경 사항
- 파이썬 3.6.7의 주목할만한 변경 사항
- 파이썬 3.6.10의 주목할만한 변경 사항
- 파이썬 3.6.13의 주목할만한 변경 사항
- Notable changes in Python 3.6.14
- 파이썬 3.5의 새로운 기능
- 요약 – 배포 주요 사항
- 새로운 기능
- PEP 492 - async와 await 구문을 사용하는 코루틴
- PEP 465 - 행렬 곱셈을 위한 전용 중위(infix) 연산자
- PEP 448 - 추가적인 언 패킹 일반화
- PEP 461 - bytes와 bytearray를 위한 퍼센트 포매팅 지원
- PEP 484 - 형 힌트
- PEP 471 - os.scandir() 함수 – 더 빠르고 더 나은 디렉터리 이터레이터
- PEP 475: EINTR로 실패한 시스템 호출 재시도
- PEP 479: 제너레이터 내부에서의 StopIteration 처리 변경
- PEP 485: 대략적인 동등성을 테스트하는 함수
- PEP 486: 파이썬 런처가 가상 환경을 인식하도록 만들기
- PEP 488: PYO 파일 제거
- PEP 489: 다단계 확장 모듈 초기화
- 기타 언어 변경
- 새로운 모듈
- 개선된 모듈
- argparse
- asyncio
- bz2
- cgi
- cmath
- code
- collections
- collections.abc
- compileall
- concurrent.futures
- configparser
- contextlib
- csv
- curses
- dbm
- difflib
- distutils
- doctest
- enum
- faulthandler
- functools
- glob
- gzip
- heapq
- http
- http.client
- idlelib 및 IDLE
- imaplib
- imghdr
- importlib
- inspect
- io
- ipaddress
- json
- linecache
- locale
- logging
- lzma
- math
- multiprocessing
- operator
- os
- pathlib
- pickle
- poplib
- re
- readline
- selectors
- Shutil
- signal
- smtpd
- smtplib
- sndhdr
- socket
- ssl
- sqlite3
- subprocess
- sys
- sysconfig
- tarfile
- threading
- time
- timeit
- tkinter
- traceback
- types
- unicodedata
- unittest
- unittest.mock
- urllib
- wsgiref
- xmlrpc
- xml.sax
- zipfile
- 기타 모듈 수준 변경
- 최적화
- 빌드와 C API 변경
- 폐지
- 제거
- 파이썬 3.5로 이식하기
- 파이썬 3.5.4의 주목할만한 변경 사항
- What’s New In Python 3.4
- Summary – Release Highlights
- New Features
- New Modules
- Improved Modules
- abc
- aifc
- argparse
- audioop
- base64
- collections
- colorsys
- contextlib
- dbm
- dis
- doctest
- filecmp
- functools
- gc
- glob
- hashlib
- hmac
- html
- http
- idlelib and IDLE
- importlib
- inspect
- ipaddress
- logging
- marshal
- mmap
- multiprocessing
- operator
- os
- pdb
- pickle
- plistlib
- poplib
- pprint
- pty
- pydoc
- re
- resource
- select
- shelve
- shutil
- smtpd
- smtplib
- socket
- sqlite3
- ssl
- stat
- struct
- subprocess
- sunau
- sys
- tarfile
- textwrap
- threading
- traceback
- types
- urllib
- unittest
- venv
- wave
- weakref
- xml.etree
- zipfile
- CPython Implementation Changes
- Deprecated
- Removed
- Porting to Python 3.4
- Changed in 3.4.3
- What’s New In Python 3.3
- Summary – Release highlights
- PEP 405: Virtual Environments
- PEP 420: Implicit Namespace Packages
- PEP 3118: New memoryview implementation and buffer protocol documentation
- PEP 393: Flexible String Representation
- PEP 397: Python Launcher for Windows
- PEP 3151: Reworking the OS and IO exception hierarchy
- PEP 380: Syntax for Delegating to a Subgenerator
- PEP 409: Suppressing exception context
- PEP 414: Explicit Unicode literals
- PEP 3155: Qualified name for classes and functions
- PEP 412: Key-Sharing Dictionary
- PEP 362: Function Signature Object
- PEP 421: Adding sys.implementation
- Using importlib as the Implementation of Import
- Other Language Changes
- A Finer-Grained Import Lock
- Builtin functions and types
- New Modules
- Improved Modules
- abc
- array
- base64
- binascii
- bz2
- codecs
- collections
- contextlib
- crypt
- curses
- datetime
- decimal
- ftplib
- functools
- gc
- hmac
- http
- html
- imaplib
- inspect
- io
- itertools
- logging
- math
- mmap
- multiprocessing
- nntplib
- os
- pdb
- pickle
- pydoc
- re
- sched
- select
- shlex
- shutil
- signal
- smtpd
- smtplib
- socket
- socketserver
- sqlite3
- ssl
- stat
- struct
- subprocess
- sys
- tarfile
- tempfile
- textwrap
- threading
- time
- types
- unittest
- urllib
- webbrowser
- xml.etree.ElementTree
- zlib
- Optimizations
- Build and C API Changes
- Deprecated
- Porting to Python 3.3
- What’s New In Python 3.2
- PEP 384: Defining a Stable ABI
- PEP 389: Argparse Command Line Parsing Module
- PEP 391: Dictionary Based Configuration for Logging
- PEP 3148: The
concurrent.futuresmodule - PEP 3147: PYC Repository Directories
- PEP 3149: ABI Version Tagged .so Files
- PEP 3333: Python Web Server Gateway Interface v1.0.1
- Other Language Changes
- New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
- elementtree
- functools
- itertools
- collections
- threading
- datetime and time
- math
- abc
- io
- reprlib
- logging
- csv
- contextlib
- decimal and fractions
- ftp
- popen
- select
- gzip and zipfile
- tarfile
- hashlib
- ast
- os
- shutil
- sqlite3
- html
- socket
- ssl
- nntp
- certificates
- imaplib
- http.client
- unittest
- random
- poplib
- asyncore
- tempfile
- inspect
- pydoc
- dis
- dbm
- ctypes
- site
- sysconfig
- pdb
- configparser
- urllib.parse
- mailbox
- turtledemo
- Multi-threading
- Optimizations
- Unicode
- Codecs
- Documentation
- IDLE
- Code Repository
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 3.2
- What’s New In Python 3.1
- What’s New In Python 3.0
- What’s New in Python 2.7
- The Future for Python 2.x
- Changes to the Handling of Deprecation Warnings
- Python 3.1 Features
- PEP 372: Adding an Ordered Dictionary to collections
- PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator
- PEP 389: The argparse Module for Parsing Command Lines
- PEP 391: Dictionary-Based Configuration For Logging
- PEP 3106: Dictionary Views
- PEP 3137: The memoryview Object
- Other Language Changes
- New and Improved Modules
- Build and C API Changes
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Porting to Python 2.7
- New Features Added to Python 2.7 Maintenance Releases
- Two new environment variables for debug mode
- PEP 434: IDLE Enhancement Exception for All Branches
- PEP 466: Network Security Enhancements for Python 2.7
- PEP 477: Backport ensurepip (PEP 453) to Python 2.7
- PEP 476: Enabling certificate verification by default for stdlib http clients
- PEP 493: HTTPS verification migration tools for Python 2.7
- New
make regen-allbuild target - Removal of
make touchbuild target
- Acknowledgements
- What’s New in Python 2.6
- Python 3.0
- Changes to the Development Process
- PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement
- PEP 366: Explicit Relative Imports From a Main Module
- PEP 370: Per-user
site-packagesDirectory - PEP 371: The
multiprocessingPackage - PEP 3101: Advanced String Formatting
- PEP 3105:
printAs a Function - PEP 3110: Exception-Handling Changes
- PEP 3112: Byte Literals
- PEP 3116: New I/O Library
- PEP 3118: Revised Buffer Protocol
- PEP 3119: Abstract Base Classes
- PEP 3127: Integer Literal Support and Syntax
- PEP 3129: Class Decorators
- PEP 3141: A Type Hierarchy for Numbers
- Other Language Changes
- New and Improved Modules
- Deprecations and Removals
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 2.6
- Acknowledgements
- What’s New in Python 2.5
- PEP 308: Conditional Expressions
- PEP 309: Partial Function Application
- PEP 314: Metadata for Python Software Packages v1.1
- PEP 328: Absolute and Relative Imports
- PEP 338: Executing Modules as Scripts
- PEP 341: Unified try/except/finally
- PEP 342: New Generator Features
- PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement
- PEP 352: Exceptions as New-Style Classes
- PEP 353: Using ssize_t as the index type
- PEP 357: The ‘__index__’ method
- Other Language Changes
- New, Improved, and Removed Modules
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 2.5
- Acknowledgements
- What’s New in Python 2.4
- PEP 218: Built-In Set Objects
- PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers
- PEP 289: Generator Expressions
- PEP 292: Simpler String Substitutions
- PEP 318: Decorators for Functions and Methods
- PEP 322: Reverse Iteration
- PEP 324: New subprocess Module
- PEP 327: Decimal Data Type
- PEP 328: Multi-line Imports
- PEP 331: Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions
- Other Language Changes
- New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 2.4
- Acknowledgements
- What’s New in Python 2.3
- PEP 218: A Standard Set Datatype
- PEP 255: Simple Generators
- PEP 263: Source Code Encodings
- PEP 273: Importing Modules from ZIP Archives
- PEP 277: Unicode file name support for Windows NT
- PEP 278: Universal Newline Support
- PEP 279: enumerate()
- PEP 282: The logging Package
- PEP 285: A Boolean Type
- PEP 293: Codec Error Handling Callbacks
- PEP 301: Package Index and Metadata for Distutils
- PEP 302: New Import Hooks
- PEP 305: Comma-separated Files
- PEP 307: Pickle Enhancements
- Extended Slices
- Other Language Changes
- New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
- Pymalloc: A Specialized Object Allocator
- Build and C API Changes
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Porting to Python 2.3
- Acknowledgements
- What’s New in Python 2.2
- Introduction
- PEPs 252 and 253: Type and Class Changes
- PEP 234: Iterators
- PEP 255: Simple Generators
- PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers
- PEP 238: Changing the Division Operator
- Unicode Changes
- PEP 227: Nested Scopes
- New and Improved Modules
- Interpreter Changes and Fixes
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Acknowledgements
- What’s New in Python 2.1
- Introduction
- PEP 227: Nested Scopes
- PEP 236: __future__ Directives
- PEP 207: Rich Comparisons
- PEP 230: Warning Framework
- PEP 229: New Build System
- PEP 205: Weak References
- PEP 232: Function Attributes
- PEP 235: Importing Modules on Case-Insensitive Platforms
- PEP 217: Interactive Display Hook
- PEP 208: New Coercion Model
- PEP 241: Metadata in Python Packages
- New and Improved Modules
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Acknowledgements
- What’s New in Python 2.0
- Introduction
- What About Python 1.6?
- New Development Process
- Unicode
- List Comprehensions
- Augmented Assignment
- String Methods
- Garbage Collection of Cycles
- Other Core Changes
- Porting to 2.0
- Extending/Embedding Changes
- Distutils: Making Modules Easy to Install
- XML Modules
- Module changes
- New modules
- IDLE Improvements
- Deleted and Deprecated Modules
- Acknowledgements
- Changelog
- Python next
- Python 3.13.1 final
- Python 3.13.0 final
- Python 3.13.0 release candidate 3
- Python 3.13.0 release candidate 2
- Python 3.13.0 release candidate 1
- Python 3.13.0 beta 4
- Python 3.13.0 beta 3
- Python 3.13.0 beta 2
- Python 3.13.0 beta 1
- Python 3.13.0 alpha 6
- Python 3.13.0 alpha 5
- Python 3.13.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.13.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.13.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.13.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.12.0 beta 1
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 7
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 6
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 5
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.11.0 beta 1
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 7
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 6
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 5
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.10.0 beta 1
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 7
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 6
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 5
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.9.0 beta 1
- Python 3.9.0 alpha 6
- Python 3.9.0 alpha 5
- Python 3.9.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.9.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.9.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.9.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.8.0 beta 1
- Python 3.8.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.8.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.8.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.8.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.7.0 final
- Python 3.7.0 release candidate 1
- Python 3.7.0 beta 5
- Python 3.7.0 beta 4
- Python 3.7.0 beta 3
- Python 3.7.0 beta 2
- Python 3.7.0 beta 1
- Python 3.7.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.7.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.7.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.7.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.6.6 final
- Python 3.6.6 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.5 final
- Python 3.6.5 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.4 final
- Python 3.6.4 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.3 final
- Python 3.6.3 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.2 final
- Python 3.6.2 release candidate 2
- Python 3.6.2 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.1 final
- Python 3.6.1 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.0 final
- Python 3.6.0 release candidate 2
- Python 3.6.0 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.0 beta 4
- Python 3.6.0 beta 3
- Python 3.6.0 beta 2
- Python 3.6.0 beta 1
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.5.5 final
- Python 3.5.5 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.4 final
- Python 3.5.4 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.3 final
- Python 3.5.3 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.2 final
- Python 3.5.2 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.1 final
- Python 3.5.1 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.0 final
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 4
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 3
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 2
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.0 beta 4
- Python 3.5.0 beta 3
- Python 3.5.0 beta 2
- Python 3.5.0 beta 1
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 1
- What’s New In Python 3.13
- 파이썬 자습서
- 1. 입맛 돋우기
- 2. 파이썬 인터프리터 사용하기
- 3. 파이썬의 간략한 소개
- 4. 기타 제어 흐름 도구
- 5. 자료 구조
- 6. 모듈
- 7. 입력과 출력
- 8. 에러와 예외
- 9. 클래스
- 10. 표준 라이브러리 둘러보기
- 11. 표준 라이브러리 둘러보기 — 2부
- 12. 가상 환경 및 패키지
- 13. 이제 뭘 하지?
- 14. 대화형 입력 편집 및 히스토리 치환
- 15. Floating-Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations
- 16. 부록
- 파이썬 설정 및 사용법
- 1. 명령 줄과 환경
- 2. 유닉스 플랫폼에서 파이썬 사용하기
- 3. Configure Python
- 3.1. Build Requirements
- 3.2. Generated files
- 3.3. Configure Options
- 3.3.1. General Options
- 3.3.2. C compiler options
- 3.3.3. Linker options
- 3.3.4. Options for third-party dependencies
- 3.3.5. WebAssembly Options
- 3.3.6. Install Options
- 3.3.7. Performance options
- 3.3.8. Python Debug Build
- 3.3.9. Debug options
- 3.3.10. Linker options
- 3.3.11. Libraries options
- 3.3.12. Security Options
- 3.3.13. macOS Options
- 3.3.14. iOS Options
- 3.3.15. Cross Compiling Options
- 3.4. Python Build System
- 3.5. Compiler and linker flags
- 4. 윈도우에서 파이썬 사용하기
- 5. Using Python on macOS
- 6. Using Python on Android
- 7. Using Python on iOS
- 8. 편집기와 IDE
- 파이썬 언어 레퍼런스
- 1. 개요
- 2. 어휘 분석
- 3. 데이터 모델
- 3.1. 객체, 값, 형
- 3.2. 표준형 계층
- 3.2.1. None
- 3.2.2. NotImplemented
- 3.2.3. Ellipsis
- 3.2.4.
numbers.Number - 3.2.5. 시퀀스들
- 3.2.6. 집합 형들(Set types)
- 3.2.7. 매핑(Mappings)
- 3.2.8. 콜러블(Callable types)
- 3.2.8.1. 사용자 정의 함수
- 3.2.8.2. 인스턴스 메서드(Instance methods)
- 3.2.8.3. 제너레이터 함수(Generator functions)
- 3.2.8.4. 코루틴 함수(Coroutine functions)
- 3.2.8.5. 비동기 제너레이터 함수(Asynchronous generator functions)
- 3.2.8.6. 내장 함수(Built-in functions)
- 3.2.8.7. 내장 메서드(Built-in methods)
- 3.2.8.8. 클래스(Classes)
- 3.2.8.9. 클래스 인스턴스(Class Instances)
- 3.2.9. 모듈(Modules)
- 3.2.10. 사용자 정의 클래스(Custom classes)
- 3.2.11. 클래스 인스턴스(Class instances)
- 3.2.12. I/O 객체 (파일 객체라고도 알려져 있습니다)
- 3.2.13. 내부 형(Internal types)
- 3.3. 특수 메서드 이름들
- 3.3.1. 기본적인 커스터마이제이션
- 3.3.2. 어트리뷰트 액세스 커스터마이제이션
- 3.3.3. 클래스 생성 커스터마이제이션
- 3.3.4. 인스턴스 및 서브 클래스 검사 커스터마이제이션
- 3.3.5. 제네릭 형 흉내 내기
- 3.3.6. 콜러블 객체 흉내 내기
- 3.3.7. 컨테이너형 흉내 내기
- 3.3.8. 숫자 형 흉내 내기
__add__()__sub__()__mul__()__matmul__()__truediv__()__floordiv__()__mod__()__divmod__()__pow__()__lshift__()__rshift__()__and__()__xor__()__or__()__radd__()__rsub__()__rmul__()__rmatmul__()__rtruediv__()__rfloordiv__()__rmod__()__rdivmod__()__rpow__()__rlshift__()__rrshift__()__rand__()__rxor__()__ror__()__iadd__()__isub__()__imul__()__imatmul__()__itruediv__()__ifloordiv__()__imod__()__ipow__()__ilshift__()__irshift__()__iand__()__ixor__()__ior__()__neg__()__pos__()__abs__()__invert__()__complex__()__int__()__float__()__index__()__round__()__trunc__()__floor__()__ceil__()
- 3.3.9. with 문 컨텍스트 관리자
- 3.3.10. Customizing positional arguments in class pattern matching
- 3.3.11. Emulating buffer types
- 3.3.12. 특수 메서드 조회
- 3.4. 코루틴(Coroutines)
- 4. 실행 모델
- 5. 임포트 시스템
- 6. 표현식
- 6.1. 산술 변환
- 6.2. 아톰 (Atoms)
- 6.3. 프라이머리
- 6.4. 어웨이트 표현식
- 6.5. 거듭제곱 연산자
- 6.6. 일 항 산술과 비트 연산
- 6.7. 이항 산술 연산
- 6.8. 시프트 연산
- 6.9. 이항 비트 연산
- 6.10. 비교
- 6.11. 논리 연산(Boolean operations)
- 6.12. 대입 표현식
- 6.13. 조건 표현식(Conditional expressions)
- 6.14. 람다(Lambdas)
- 6.15. 표현식 목록(Expression lists)
- 6.16. 값을 구하는 순서
- 6.17. 연산자 우선순위
- 7. 단순문(Simple statements)
- 8. 복합문(Compound statements)
- 9. 최상위 요소들
- 10. 전체 문법 규격
- 파이썬 표준 라이브러리
- 소개
- 내장 함수
abs()aiter()all()anext()any()ascii()bin()boolbreakpoint()callable()chr()classmethod()compile()complexdelattr()dir()divmod()enumerate()eval()exec()filter()floatformat()getattr()globals()hasattr()hash()help()hex()id()input()intisinstance()issubclass()iter()len()locals()map()max()min()next()objectoct()open()ord()pow()print()propertyrepr()reversed()round()setattr()slicesorted()staticmethod()sum()supertypevars()zip()__import__()
- 내장 상수
- 내장형
- 논리값 검사
- 논리 연산 —
and,or,not - 비교
- 숫자 형 —
int,float,complex - Boolean Type -
bool - 이터레이터 형
- 시퀀스 형 —
list,tuple,range - 텍스트 시퀀스 형 —
strstr- 문자열 메서드
capitalize()casefold()center()count()encode()endswith()expandtabs()find()format()format_map()index()isalnum()isalpha()isascii()isdecimal()isdigit()isidentifier()islower()isnumeric()isprintable()isspace()istitle()isupper()join()ljust()lower()lstrip()maketrans()partition()removeprefix()removesuffix()replace()rfind()rindex()rjust()rpartition()rsplit()rstrip()split()splitlines()startswith()strip()swapcase()title()translate()upper()zfill()
printf스타일 문자열 포매팅
- 바이너리 시퀀스 형 —
bytes,bytearray,memoryview- 바이트열 객체
- 바이트 배열 객체
- 바이트열 과 바이트 배열 연산
count()count()removeprefix()removeprefix()removesuffix()removesuffix()decode()decode()endswith()endswith()find()find()index()index()join()join()maketrans()maketrans()partition()partition()replace()replace()rfind()rfind()rindex()rindex()rpartition()rpartition()startswith()startswith()translate()translate()center()center()ljust()ljust()lstrip()lstrip()rjust()rjust()rsplit()rsplit()rstrip()rstrip()split()split()strip()strip()capitalize()capitalize()expandtabs()expandtabs()isalnum()isalnum()isalpha()isalpha()isascii()isascii()isdigit()isdigit()islower()islower()isspace()isspace()istitle()istitle()isupper()isupper()lower()lower()splitlines()splitlines()swapcase()swapcase()title()title()upper()upper()zfill()zfill()
printf스타일 바이너리 포매팅- 메모리 뷰
- 집합 형 —
set,frozenset - 매핑 형 —
dict - 컨텍스트 관리자 형
- Type Annotation Types — Generic Alias, Union
- 기타 내장형
- 특수 어트리뷰트
- Integer string conversion length limitation
- 내장 예외
- Exception context
- Inheriting from built-in exceptions
- 베이스 클래스
- 구체적인 예외
AssertionErrorAttributeErrorEOFErrorFloatingPointErrorGeneratorExitImportErrorModuleNotFoundErrorIndexErrorKeyErrorKeyboardInterruptMemoryErrorNameErrorNotImplementedErrorOSErrorOverflowErrorPythonFinalizationErrorRecursionErrorReferenceErrorRuntimeErrorStopIterationStopAsyncIterationSyntaxErrorIndentationErrorTabErrorSystemErrorSystemExitTypeErrorUnboundLocalErrorUnicodeErrorUnicodeEncodeErrorUnicodeDecodeErrorUnicodeTranslateErrorValueErrorZeroDivisionErrorEnvironmentErrorIOErrorWindowsError- OS 예외
- 경고
- Exception groups
- 예외 계층 구조
- 텍스트 처리 서비스
string— Common string operationsre— Regular expression operationsdifflib— Helpers for computing deltastextwrap— Text wrapping and fillingunicodedata— Unicode Databasestringprep— Internet String Preparationreadline— GNU readline interfacerlcompleter— Completion function for GNU readline
- 바이너리 데이터 서비스
struct— Interpret bytes as packed binary datacodecs— Codec registry and base classesencode()decode()lookup()CodecInfogetencoder()getdecoder()getincrementalencoder()getincrementaldecoder()getreader()getwriter()register()unregister()open()EncodedFile()iterencode()iterdecode()BOMBOM_BEBOM_LEBOM_UTF8BOM_UTF16BOM_UTF16_BEBOM_UTF16_LEBOM_UTF32BOM_UTF32_BEBOM_UTF32_LE- 코덱 베이스 클래스
- 인코딩과 유니코드
- 표준 인코딩
- 파이썬 특정 인코딩
encodings.idna— 응용 프로그램에서의 국제화된 도메인 이름encodings.mbcs— 윈도우 ANSI 코드 페이지encodings.utf_8_sig— BOM 서명이 있는 UTF-8 코덱
- 데이터형
datetime— Basic date and time types- 어웨어와 나이브 객체
- 상수
- 사용 가능한 형
timedelta객체date객체datetime객체datetimetoday()now()utcnow()fromtimestamp()utcfromtimestamp()fromordinal()combine()fromisoformat()fromisocalendar()strptime()minmaxresolutionyearmonthdayhourminutesecondmicrosecondtzinfofolddate()time()timetz()replace()astimezone()utcoffset()dst()tzname()timetuple()utctimetuple()toordinal()timestamp()weekday()isoweekday()isocalendar()isoformat()__str__()ctime()strftime()__format__()- 사용 예:
datetime
time객체tzinfo객체timezone객체strftime()andstrptime()Behavior
zoneinfo— IANA time zone supportcalendar— General calendar-related functionsCalendarTextCalendarHTMLCalendarLocaleTextCalendarLocaleHTMLCalendarsetfirstweekday()firstweekday()isleap()leapdays()weekday()weekheader()monthrange()monthcalendar()prmonth()month()prcal()calendar()timegm()day_nameday_abbrMONDAYTUESDAYWEDNESDAYTHURSDAYFRIDAYSATURDAYSUNDAYDaymonth_namemonth_abbrJANUARYFEBRUARYMARCHAPRILMAYJUNEJULYAUGUSTSEPTEMBEROCTOBERNOVEMBERDECEMBERMonthIllegalMonthErrorIllegalWeekdayError- Command-Line Usage
collections— Container datatypescollections.abc— Abstract Base Classes for Containersheapq— Heap queue algorithmbisect— Array bisection algorithmarray— Efficient arrays of numeric valuesweakref— 약한 참조types— Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types- 동적 형 생성
- 표준 인터프리터 형
NoneTypeFunctionTypeLambdaTypeGeneratorTypeCoroutineTypeAsyncGeneratorTypeCodeTypeCellTypeMethodTypeBuiltinFunctionTypeBuiltinMethodTypeWrapperDescriptorTypeMethodWrapperTypeNotImplementedTypeMethodDescriptorTypeClassMethodDescriptorTypeModuleTypeEllipsisTypeGenericAliasUnionTypeTracebackTypeFrameTypeGetSetDescriptorTypeMemberDescriptorTypeMappingProxyTypeCapsuleType
- 추가 유틸리티 클래스와 함수
- 코루틴 유틸리티 함수
copy— Shallow and deep copy operationspprint— Data pretty printerreprlib— Alternaterepr()implementationenum— Support for enumerationsgraphlib— Functionality to operate with graph-like structures
- 숫자와 수학 모듈
numbers— Numeric abstract base classesmath— Mathematical functionscmath— Mathematical functions for complex numbersdecimal— Decimal fixed-point and floating-point arithmetic- 빠른 시작 자습서
- Decimal 객체
Decimaladjusted()as_integer_ratio()as_tuple()canonical()compare()compare_signal()compare_total()compare_total_mag()conjugate()copy_abs()copy_negate()copy_sign()exp()from_float()fma()is_canonical()is_finite()is_infinite()is_nan()is_normal()is_qnan()is_signed()is_snan()is_subnormal()is_zero()ln()log10()logb()logical_and()logical_invert()logical_or()logical_xor()max()max_mag()min()min_mag()next_minus()next_plus()next_toward()normalize()number_class()quantize()radix()remainder_near()rotate()same_quantum()scaleb()shift()sqrt()to_eng_string()to_integral()to_integral_exact()to_integral_value()
- 논리적 피연산자
- Context 객체
getcontext()setcontext()localcontext()BasicContextExtendedContextDefaultContextContextclear_flags()clear_traps()copy()copy_decimal()create_decimal()create_decimal_from_float()Etiny()Etop()abs()add()canonical()compare()compare_signal()compare_total()compare_total_mag()copy_abs()copy_negate()copy_sign()divide()divide_int()divmod()exp()fma()is_canonical()is_finite()is_infinite()is_nan()is_normal()is_qnan()is_signed()is_snan()is_subnormal()is_zero()ln()log10()logb()logical_and()logical_invert()logical_or()logical_xor()max()max_mag()min()min_mag()minus()multiply()next_minus()next_plus()next_toward()normalize()number_class()plus()power()quantize()radix()remainder()remainder_near()rotate()same_quantum()scaleb()shift()sqrt()subtract()to_eng_string()to_integral_exact()to_sci_string()
- 상수
- 자리 올림 모드
- 신호
- Floating-Point Notes
- 스레드로 작업하기
- 조리법
- Decimal FAQ
fractions— Rational numbersrandom— Generate pseudo-random numbersstatistics— Mathematical statistics functions
- 함수형 프로그래밍 모듈
itertools— Functions creating iterators for efficient loopingfunctools— Higher-order functions and operations on callable objectsoperator— Standard operators as functionslt()le()eq()ne()ge()gt()__lt__()__le__()__eq__()__ne__()__ge__()__gt__()not_()__not__()truth()is_()is_not()abs()__abs__()add()__add__()and_()__and__()floordiv()__floordiv__()index()__index__()inv()invert()__inv__()__invert__()lshift()__lshift__()mod()__mod__()mul()__mul__()matmul()__matmul__()neg()__neg__()or_()__or__()pos()__pos__()pow()__pow__()rshift()__rshift__()sub()__sub__()truediv()__truediv__()xor()__xor__()concat()__concat__()contains()__contains__()countOf()delitem()__delitem__()getitem()__getitem__()indexOf()setitem()__setitem__()length_hint()call()__call__()attrgetter()itemgetter()methodcaller()- 연산자를 함수에 매핑하기
- 제자리 연산자
- 파일과 디렉터리 액세스
pathlib— Object-oriented filesystem paths- 기본 사용
- Exceptions
- 순수한 경로
- 구상 경로
- Pattern language
- Comparison to the
globmodule - Comparison to the
osandos.pathmodules
os.path— Common pathname manipulationsabspath()basename()commonpath()commonprefix()dirname()exists()lexists()expanduser()expandvars()getatime()getmtime()getctime()getsize()isabs()isfile()isdir()isjunction()islink()ismount()isdevdrive()isreserved()join()normcase()normpath()realpath()relpath()samefile()sameopenfile()samestat()split()splitdrive()splitroot()splitext()supports_unicode_filenames
fileinput— Iterate over lines from multiple input streamsstat— Interpretingstat()resultsS_ISDIR()S_ISCHR()S_ISBLK()S_ISREG()S_ISFIFO()S_ISLNK()S_ISSOCK()S_ISDOOR()S_ISPORT()S_ISWHT()S_IMODE()S_IFMT()filemode()ST_MODEST_INOST_DEVST_NLINKST_UIDST_GIDST_SIZEST_ATIMEST_MTIMEST_CTIMES_IFSOCKS_IFLNKS_IFREGS_IFBLKS_IFDIRS_IFCHRS_IFIFOS_IFDOORS_IFPORTS_IFWHTS_ISUIDS_ISGIDS_ISVTXS_IRWXUS_IRUSRS_IWUSRS_IXUSRS_IRWXGS_IRGRPS_IWGRPS_IXGRPS_IRWXOS_IROTHS_IWOTHS_IXOTHS_ENFMTS_IREADS_IWRITES_IEXECUF_SETTABLEUF_NODUMPUF_IMMUTABLEUF_APPENDUF_OPAQUEUF_NOUNLINKUF_COMPRESSEDUF_TRACKEDUF_DATAVAULTUF_HIDDENSF_SETTABLESF_SUPPORTEDSF_SYNTHETICSF_ARCHIVEDSF_IMMUTABLESF_APPENDSF_RESTRICTEDSF_NOUNLINKSF_SNAPSHOTSF_FIRMLINKSF_DATALESSFILE_ATTRIBUTE_ARCHIVEFILE_ATTRIBUTE_COMPRESSEDFILE_ATTRIBUTE_DEVICEFILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORYFILE_ATTRIBUTE_ENCRYPTEDFILE_ATTRIBUTE_HIDDENFILE_ATTRIBUTE_INTEGRITY_STREAMFILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMALFILE_ATTRIBUTE_NOT_CONTENT_INDEXEDFILE_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SCRUB_DATAFILE_ATTRIBUTE_OFFLINEFILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLYFILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINTFILE_ATTRIBUTE_SPARSE_FILEFILE_ATTRIBUTE_SYSTEMFILE_ATTRIBUTE_TEMPORARYFILE_ATTRIBUTE_VIRTUALIO_REPARSE_TAG_SYMLINKIO_REPARSE_TAG_MOUNT_POINTIO_REPARSE_TAG_APPEXECLINK
filecmp— File and Directory Comparisonstempfile— Generate temporary files and directoriesglob— Unix style pathname pattern expansionfnmatch— Unix filename pattern matchinglinecache— Random access to text linesshutil— High-level file operations
- 데이터 지속성
pickle— Python object serializationcopyreg— Registerpicklesupport functionsshelve— Python object persistencemarshal— Internal Python object serializationdbm— Interfaces to Unix “databases”sqlite3— DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases- Tutorial
- Reference
- Module functions
- Module constants
LEGACY_TRANSACTION_CONTROLPARSE_COLNAMESPARSE_DECLTYPESSQLITE_OKSQLITE_DENYSQLITE_IGNOREapilevelparamstylesqlite_versionsqlite_version_infothreadsafetyversionversion_infoSQLITE_DBCONFIG_DEFENSIVESQLITE_DBCONFIG_DQS_DDLSQLITE_DBCONFIG_DQS_DMLSQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_FKEYSQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_FTS3_TOKENIZERSQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_LOAD_EXTENSIONSQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_QPSGSQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_TRIGGERSQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_VIEWSQLITE_DBCONFIG_LEGACY_ALTER_TABLESQLITE_DBCONFIG_LEGACY_FILE_FORMATSQLITE_DBCONFIG_NO_CKPT_ON_CLOSESQLITE_DBCONFIG_RESET_DATABASESQLITE_DBCONFIG_TRIGGER_EQPSQLITE_DBCONFIG_TRUSTED_SCHEMASQLITE_DBCONFIG_WRITABLE_SCHEMA
- Connection objects
Connectioncursor()blobopen()commit()rollback()close()execute()executemany()executescript()create_function()create_aggregate()create_window_function()create_collation()interrupt()set_authorizer()set_progress_handler()set_trace_callback()enable_load_extension()load_extension()iterdump()backup()getlimit()setlimit()getconfig()setconfig()serialize()deserialize()autocommitin_transactionisolation_levelrow_factorytext_factorytotal_changes
- Cursor objects
- Row objects
- Blob objects
- PrepareProtocol objects
- 예외
- SQLite 와 파이썬 형
- Default adapters and converters (deprecated)
- Command-line interface
- How-to guides
- How to use placeholders to bind values in SQL queries
- How to adapt custom Python types to SQLite values
- How to convert SQLite values to custom Python types
- Adapter and converter recipes
- How to use connection shortcut methods
- How to use the connection context manager
- How to work with SQLite URIs
- How to create and use row factories
- How to handle non-UTF-8 text encodings
- Explanation
- 데이터 압축 및 보관
zlib— Compression compatible with gzipgzip— Support for gzip filesbz2— Support for bzip2 compressionlzma— Compression using the LZMA algorithmzipfile— Work with ZIP archivestarfile— Read and write tar archive filesopen()is_tarfile()TarErrorReadErrorCompressionErrorStreamErrorExtractErrorHeaderErrorFilterErrorAbsolutePathErrorOutsideDestinationErrorSpecialFileErrorAbsoluteLinkErrorLinkOutsideDestinationErrorENCODINGREGTYPEAREGTYPELNKTYPESYMTYPECHRTYPEBLKTYPEDIRTYPEFIFOTYPECONTTYPEGNUTYPE_LONGNAMEGNUTYPE_LONGLINKGNUTYPE_SPARSEUSTAR_FORMATGNU_FORMATPAX_FORMATDEFAULT_FORMAT- TarFile 객체
- TarInfo 객체
- Extraction filters
- 명령 줄 인터페이스
- 예
- 지원되는 tar 형식
- 유니코드 문제
- 파일 형식
csv— CSV File Reading and Writingconfigparser— Configuration file parsertomllib— Parse TOML filesnetrc— netrc file processingplistlib— Generate and parse Apple.plistfiles
- 암호화 서비스
- 일반 운영 체제 서비스
os— Miscellaneous operating system interfaceserrorname- 파일명, 명령 줄 인자 및 환경 변수
- Python UTF-8 Mode
- 프로세스 매개 변수
ctermid()environenvironbfsencode()fsdecode()fspath()PathLikegetenv()getenvb()get_exec_path()getegid()geteuid()getgid()getgrouplist()getgroups()getlogin()getpgid()getpgrp()getpid()getppid()getpriority()PRIO_PROCESSPRIO_PGRPPRIO_USERPRIO_DARWIN_THREADPRIO_DARWIN_PROCESSPRIO_DARWIN_BGPRIO_DARWIN_NONUIgetresuid()getresgid()getuid()initgroups()putenv()setegid()seteuid()setgid()setgroups()setns()setpgrp()setpgid()setpriority()setregid()setresgid()setresuid()setreuid()getsid()setsid()setuid()strerror()supports_bytes_environumask()uname()unsetenv()unshare()CLONE_FILESCLONE_FSCLONE_NEWCGROUPCLONE_NEWIPCCLONE_NEWNETCLONE_NEWNSCLONE_NEWPIDCLONE_NEWTIMECLONE_NEWUSERCLONE_NEWUTSCLONE_SIGHANDCLONE_SYSVSEMCLONE_THREADCLONE_VM
- 파일 객체 생성
- 파일 기술자 연산
close()closerange()copy_file_range()device_encoding()dup()dup2()fchmod()fchown()fdatasync()fpathconf()fstat()fstatvfs()fsync()ftruncate()get_blocking()grantpt()isatty()lockf()F_LOCKF_TLOCKF_ULOCKF_TESTlogin_tty()lseek()SEEK_SETSEEK_CURSEEK_ENDSEEK_HOLESEEK_DATAopen()O_RDONLYO_WRONLYO_RDWRO_APPENDO_CREATO_EXCLO_TRUNCO_DSYNCO_RSYNCO_SYNCO_NDELAYO_NONBLOCKO_NOCTTYO_CLOEXECO_BINARYO_NOINHERITO_SHORT_LIVEDO_TEMPORARYO_RANDOMO_SEQUENTIALO_TEXTO_EVTONLYO_FSYNCO_SYMLINKO_NOFOLLOW_ANYO_ASYNCO_DIRECTO_DIRECTORYO_NOFOLLOWO_NOATIMEO_PATHO_TMPFILEO_SHLOCKO_EXLOCKopenpty()pipe()pipe2()posix_fallocate()posix_fadvise()POSIX_FADV_NORMALPOSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIALPOSIX_FADV_RANDOMPOSIX_FADV_NOREUSEPOSIX_FADV_WILLNEEDPOSIX_FADV_DONTNEEDpread()posix_openpt()preadv()RWF_NOWAITRWF_HIPRIptsname()pwrite()pwritev()RWF_DSYNCRWF_SYNCRWF_APPENDread()sendfile()SF_NODISKIOSF_MNOWAITSF_SYNCSF_NOCACHEset_blocking()splice()SPLICE_F_MOVESPLICE_F_NONBLOCKSPLICE_F_MOREreadv()tcgetpgrp()tcsetpgrp()ttyname()unlockpt()write()writev()- 터미널의 크기 조회하기
- 파일 기술자의 상속
- 파일과 디렉터리
access()F_OKR_OKW_OKX_OKchdir()chflags()chmod()chown()chroot()fchdir()getcwd()getcwdb()lchflags()lchmod()lchown()link()listdir()listdrives()listmounts()listvolumes()lstat()mkdir()makedirs()mkfifo()mknod()major()minor()makedev()pathconf()pathconf_namesreadlink()remove()removedirs()rename()renames()replace()rmdir()scandir()DirEntrystat()stat_resultstatvfs()supports_dir_fdsupports_effective_idssupports_fdsupports_follow_symlinkssymlink()sync()truncate()unlink()utime()walk()fwalk()memfd_create()MFD_CLOEXECMFD_ALLOW_SEALINGMFD_HUGETLBMFD_HUGE_SHIFTMFD_HUGE_MASKMFD_HUGE_64KBMFD_HUGE_512KBMFD_HUGE_1MBMFD_HUGE_2MBMFD_HUGE_8MBMFD_HUGE_16MBMFD_HUGE_32MBMFD_HUGE_256MBMFD_HUGE_512MBMFD_HUGE_1GBMFD_HUGE_2GBMFD_HUGE_16GBeventfd()eventfd_read()eventfd_write()EFD_CLOEXECEFD_NONBLOCKEFD_SEMAPHORE- Timer File Descriptors
- 리눅스 확장 어트리뷰트
- 프로세스 관리
abort()add_dll_directory()execl()execle()execlp()execlpe()execv()execve()execvp()execvpe()_exit()EX_OKEX_USAGEEX_DATAERREX_NOINPUTEX_NOUSEREX_NOHOSTEX_UNAVAILABLEEX_SOFTWAREEX_OSERREX_OSFILEEX_CANTCREATEX_IOERREX_TEMPFAILEX_PROTOCOLEX_NOPERMEX_CONFIGEX_NOTFOUNDfork()forkpty()kill()killpg()nice()pidfd_open()plock()popen()posix_spawn()posix_spawnp()register_at_fork()spawnl()spawnle()spawnlp()spawnlpe()spawnv()spawnve()spawnvp()spawnvpe()P_NOWAITP_NOWAITOP_WAITP_DETACHP_OVERLAYstartfile()system()times()wait()waitid()waitpid()wait3()wait4()P_PIDP_PGIDP_ALLP_PIDFDWCONTINUEDWEXITEDWSTOPPEDWUNTRACEDWNOHANGWNOWAITCLD_EXITEDCLD_KILLEDCLD_DUMPEDCLD_TRAPPEDCLD_STOPPEDCLD_CONTINUEDwaitstatus_to_exitcode()WCOREDUMP()WIFCONTINUED()WIFSTOPPED()WIFSIGNALED()WIFEXITED()WEXITSTATUS()WSTOPSIG()WTERMSIG()
- 스케줄러에 대한 인터페이스
SCHED_OTHERSCHED_BATCHSCHED_IDLESCHED_SPORADICSCHED_FIFOSCHED_RRSCHED_RESET_ON_FORKsched_paramsched_get_priority_min()sched_get_priority_max()sched_setscheduler()sched_getscheduler()sched_setparam()sched_getparam()sched_rr_get_interval()sched_yield()sched_setaffinity()sched_getaffinity()
- 기타 시스템 정보
- 난수
io— Core tools for working with streamstime— Time access and conversions- 함수
asctime()pthread_getcpuclockid()clock_getres()clock_gettime()clock_gettime_ns()clock_settime()clock_settime_ns()ctime()get_clock_info()gmtime()localtime()mktime()monotonic()monotonic_ns()perf_counter()perf_counter_ns()process_time()process_time_ns()sleep()strftime()strptime()struct_timetime()time_ns()thread_time()thread_time_ns()tzset()
- 시계 ID 상수
- 시간대 상수
- 함수
argparse— Parser for command-line options, arguments and subcommandslogging— Logging facility for Pythonlogging.config— Logging configurationlogging.handlers— Logging handlersgetpass— Portable password inputcurses— Terminal handling for character-cell displays- 함수
errorbaudrate()beep()can_change_color()cbreak()color_content()color_pair()curs_set()def_prog_mode()def_shell_mode()delay_output()doupdate()echo()endwin()erasechar()filter()flash()flushinp()getmouse()getsyx()getwin()has_colors()has_extended_color_support()has_ic()has_il()has_key()halfdelay()init_color()init_pair()initscr()is_term_resized()isendwin()keyname()killchar()longname()meta()mouseinterval()mousemask()napms()newpad()newwin()nl()nocbreak()noecho()nonl()noqiflush()noraw()pair_content()pair_number()putp()qiflush()raw()reset_prog_mode()reset_shell_mode()resetty()resize_term()resizeterm()savetty()get_escdelay()set_escdelay()get_tabsize()set_tabsize()setsyx()setupterm()start_color()termattrs()termname()tigetflag()tigetnum()tigetstr()tparm()typeahead()unctrl()ungetch()update_lines_cols()unget_wch()ungetmouse()use_env()use_default_colors()wrapper()
- 창 객체
addch()addnstr()addstr()attroff()attron()attrset()bkgd()bkgdset()border()box()chgat()clear()clearok()clrtobot()clrtoeol()cursyncup()delch()deleteln()derwin()echochar()enclose()encodingerase()getbegyx()getbkgd()getch()get_wch()getkey()getmaxyx()getparyx()getstr()getyx()hline()idcok()idlok()immedok()inch()insch()insdelln()insertln()insnstr()insstr()instr()is_linetouched()is_wintouched()keypad()leaveok()move()mvderwin()mvwin()nodelay()notimeout()noutrefresh()overlay()overwrite()putwin()redrawln()redrawwin()refresh()resize()scroll()scrollok()setscrreg()standend()standout()subpad()subwin()syncdown()syncok()syncup()timeout()touchline()touchwin()untouchwin()vline()
- 상수
ERROKversion__version__ncurses_versionCOLORSCOLOR_PAIRSCOLSLINESA_ALTCHARSETA_BLINKA_BOLDA_DIMA_INVISA_ITALICA_NORMALA_PROTECTA_REVERSEA_STANDOUTA_UNDERLINEA_HORIZONTALA_LEFTA_LOWA_RIGHTA_TOPA_VERTICALA_ATTRIBUTESA_CHARTEXTA_COLORKEY_MINKEY_BREAKKEY_DOWNKEY_UPKEY_LEFTKEY_RIGHTKEY_HOMEKEY_BACKSPACEKEY_F0KEY_FnKEY_DLKEY_ILKEY_DCKEY_ICKEY_EICKEY_CLEARKEY_EOSKEY_EOLKEY_SFKEY_SRKEY_NPAGEKEY_PPAGEKEY_STABKEY_CTABKEY_CATABKEY_ENTERKEY_SRESETKEY_RESETKEY_PRINTKEY_LLKEY_A1KEY_A3KEY_B2KEY_C1KEY_C3KEY_BTABKEY_BEGKEY_CANCELKEY_CLOSEKEY_COMMANDKEY_COPYKEY_CREATEKEY_ENDKEY_EXITKEY_FINDKEY_HELPKEY_MARKKEY_MESSAGEKEY_MOVEKEY_NEXTKEY_OPENKEY_OPTIONSKEY_PREVIOUSKEY_REDOKEY_REFERENCEKEY_REFRESHKEY_REPLACEKEY_RESTARTKEY_RESUMEKEY_SAVEKEY_SBEGKEY_SCANCELKEY_SCOMMANDKEY_SCOPYKEY_SCREATEKEY_SDCKEY_SDLKEY_SELECTKEY_SENDKEY_SEOLKEY_SEXITKEY_SFINDKEY_SHELPKEY_SHOMEKEY_SICKEY_SLEFTKEY_SMESSAGEKEY_SMOVEKEY_SNEXTKEY_SOPTIONSKEY_SPREVIOUSKEY_SPRINTKEY_SREDOKEY_SREPLACEKEY_SRIGHTKEY_SRSUMEKEY_SSAVEKEY_SSUSPENDKEY_SUNDOKEY_SUSPENDKEY_UNDOKEY_MOUSEKEY_RESIZEKEY_MAXACS_BBSSACS_BLOCKACS_BOARDACS_BSBSACS_BSSBACS_BSSSACS_BTEEACS_BULLETACS_CKBOARDACS_DARROWACS_DEGREEACS_DIAMONDACS_GEQUALACS_HLINEACS_LANTERNACS_LARROWACS_LEQUALACS_LLCORNERACS_LRCORNERACS_LTEEACS_NEQUALACS_PIACS_PLMINUSACS_PLUSACS_RARROWACS_RTEEACS_S1ACS_S3ACS_S7ACS_S9ACS_SBBSACS_SBSBACS_SBSSACS_SSBBACS_SSBSACS_SSSBACS_SSSSACS_STERLINGACS_TTEEACS_UARROWACS_ULCORNERACS_URCORNERACS_VLINEBUTTONn_PRESSEDBUTTONn_RELEASEDBUTTONn_CLICKEDBUTTONn_DOUBLE_CLICKEDBUTTONn_TRIPLE_CLICKEDBUTTON_SHIFTBUTTON_CTRLBUTTON_ALTCOLOR_BLACKCOLOR_BLUECOLOR_CYANCOLOR_GREENCOLOR_MAGENTACOLOR_REDCOLOR_WHITECOLOR_YELLOW
- 함수
curses.textpad— curses 프로그램을 위한 텍스트 입력 위젯curses.ascii— Utilities for ASCII charactersNULSOHSTXETXEOTENQACKBELBSTABHTLFNLVTFFCRSOSIDLEDC1DC2DC3DC4NAKSYNETBCANEMSUBESCFSGSRSUSSPDELisalnum()isalpha()isascii()isblank()iscntrl()isdigit()isgraph()islower()isprint()ispunct()isspace()isupper()isxdigit()isctrl()ismeta()ascii()ctrl()alt()unctrl()controlnames
curses.panel— A panel stack extension for cursesplatform— Access to underlying platform’s identifying dataerrno— Standard errno system symbolserrorcodeEPERMENOENTESRCHEINTREIOENXIOE2BIGENOEXECEBADFECHILDEAGAINENOMEMEACCESEFAULTENOTBLKEBUSYEEXISTEXDEVENODEVENOTDIREISDIREINVALENFILEEMFILEENOTTYETXTBSYEFBIGENOSPCESPIPEEROFSEMLINKEPIPEEDOMERANGEEDEADLKENAMETOOLONGENOLCKENOSYSENOTEMPTYELOOPEWOULDBLOCKENOMSGEIDRMECHRNGEL2NSYNCEL3HLTEL3RSTELNRNGEUNATCHENOCSIEL2HLTEBADEEBADREXFULLENOANOEBADRQCEBADSLTEDEADLOCKEBFONTENOSTRENODATAETIMEENOSRENONETENOPKGEREMOTEENOLINKEADVESRMNTECOMMEPROTOEMULTIHOPEDOTDOTEBADMSGEOVERFLOWENOTUNIQEBADFDEREMCHGELIBACCELIBBADELIBSCNELIBMAXELIBEXECEILSEQERESTARTESTRPIPEEUSERSENOTSOCKEDESTADDRREQEMSGSIZEEPROTOTYPEENOPROTOOPTEPROTONOSUPPORTESOCKTNOSUPPORTEOPNOTSUPPENOTSUPEPFNOSUPPORTEAFNOSUPPORTEADDRINUSEEADDRNOTAVAILENETDOWNENETUNREACHENETRESETECONNABORTEDECONNRESETENOBUFSEISCONNENOTCONNESHUTDOWNETOOMANYREFSETIMEDOUTECONNREFUSEDEHOSTDOWNEHOSTUNREACHEALREADYEINPROGRESSESTALEEUCLEANENOTNAMENAVAILEISNAMEREMOTEIOEDQUOTEQFULLENOTCAPABLEECANCELEDEOWNERDEADENOTRECOVERABLE
ctypes— A foreign function library for Python- ctypes 자습서
- ctypes 레퍼런스
- 공유 라이브러리 찾기
- 공유 라이브러리 로드하기
- 외부 함수
- 함수 프로토타입
- 유틸리티 함수
addressof()alignment()byref()cast()create_string_buffer()create_unicode_buffer()DllCanUnloadNow()DllGetClassObject()find_library()find_msvcrt()FormatError()GetLastError()get_errno()get_last_error()memmove()memset()POINTER()pointer()resize()set_errno()set_last_error()sizeof()string_at()WinError()wstring_at()
- 데이터형
- 기본 데이터형
- 구조화된 데이터형
- 배열과 포인터
- 동시 실행
threading— Thread-based parallelismactive_count()current_thread()excepthook()__excepthook__get_ident()get_native_id()enumerate()main_thread()settrace()settrace_all_threads()gettrace()setprofile()setprofile_all_threads()getprofile()stack_size()TIMEOUT_MAX- 스레드 로컬 데이터
- Thread 객체
- Lock 객체
- RLock 객체
- Condition 객체
- Semaphore 객체
- Event 객체
- Timer 객체
- Barrier 객체
with문으로 록, 조건 및 세마포어 사용하기
multiprocessing— Process-based parallelismmultiprocessing.shared_memory— Shared memory for direct access across processes- The
concurrentpackage concurrent.futures— Launching parallel taskssubprocess— Subprocess managementsubprocess모듈 사용하기- 보안 고려 사항
- Popen 객체
- 윈도우 Popen 도우미
STARTUPINFO- 윈도우 상수
STD_INPUT_HANDLESTD_OUTPUT_HANDLESTD_ERROR_HANDLESW_HIDESTARTF_USESTDHANDLESSTARTF_USESHOWWINDOWSTARTF_FORCEONFEEDBACKSTARTF_FORCEOFFFEEDBACKCREATE_NEW_CONSOLECREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUPABOVE_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASSBELOW_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASSHIGH_PRIORITY_CLASSIDLE_PRIORITY_CLASSNORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASSREALTIME_PRIORITY_CLASSCREATE_NO_WINDOWDETACHED_PROCESSCREATE_DEFAULT_ERROR_MODECREATE_BREAKAWAY_FROM_JOB
- 오래된 고수준 API
- 이전 함수를
subprocess모듈로 교체하기 - 레거시 셸 호출 함수
- 노트
sched— Event schedulerqueue— A synchronized queue classcontextvars— Context Variables_thread— Low-level threading API
- 네트워킹과 프로세스 간 통신
asyncio— Asynchronous I/O- Runners
- 코루틴과 태스크
- 스트림
- 동기화 프리미티브
- 서브 프로세스
- 큐
- 예외
- 이벤트 루프
- 퓨처
- 트랜스포트와 프로토콜
- 정책
- 플랫폼 지원
- Extending
- 고수준 API 색인
- 저수준 API 색인
- asyncio로 개발하기
socket— Low-level networking interface- 소켓 패밀리
- 모듈 내용
- 예외
- 상수
AF_UNIXAF_INETAF_INET6AF_UNSPECSOCK_STREAMSOCK_DGRAMSOCK_RAWSOCK_RDMSOCK_SEQPACKETSOCK_CLOEXECSOCK_NONBLOCKSOMAXCONNAF_CANPF_CANCAN_BCMCAN_RAW_FD_FRAMESCAN_RAW_JOIN_FILTERSCAN_ISOTPCAN_J1939AF_DIVERTPF_DIVERTAF_PACKETPF_PACKETETH_P_ALLAF_RDSPF_RDSSOL_RDSSIO_RCVALLSIO_KEEPALIVE_VALSSIO_LOOPBACK_FAST_PATHAF_ALGSOL_ALGAF_VSOCKIOCTL_VM_SOCKETS_GET_LOCAL_CIDAF_LINKhas_ipv6BDADDR_ANYBDADDR_LOCALHCI_FILTERHCI_TIME_STAMPHCI_DATA_DIRAF_QIPCRTRSCM_CREDS2LOCAL_CREDSLOCAL_CREDS_PERSISTENTSO_INCOMING_CPUAF_HYPERVHV_PROTOCOL_RAWHVSOCKET_CONNECT_TIMEOUTHVSOCKET_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MAXHVSOCKET_CONNECTED_SUSPENDHVSOCKET_ADDRESS_FLAG_PASSTHRUHV_GUID_ZEROHV_GUID_WILDCARDHV_GUID_BROADCASTHV_GUID_CHILDRENHV_GUID_LOOPBACKHV_GUID_PARENTETHERTYPE_ARPETHERTYPE_IPETHERTYPE_IPV6ETHERTYPE_VLANSHUT_RDSHUT_WRSHUT_RDWR
- 함수
- 소켓 만들기
- 기타 함수
close()getaddrinfo()getfqdn()gethostbyname()gethostbyname_ex()gethostname()gethostbyaddr()getnameinfo()getprotobyname()getservbyname()getservbyport()ntohl()ntohs()htonl()htons()inet_aton()inet_ntoa()inet_pton()inet_ntop()CMSG_LEN()CMSG_SPACE()getdefaulttimeout()setdefaulttimeout()sethostname()if_nameindex()if_nametoindex()if_indextoname()send_fds()recv_fds()
- 소켓 객체
accept()bind()close()connect()connect_ex()detach()dup()fileno()get_inheritable()getpeername()getsockname()getsockopt()getblocking()gettimeout()ioctl()listen()makefile()recv()recvfrom()recvmsg()recvmsg_into()recvfrom_into()recv_into()send()sendall()sendto()sendmsg()sendmsg_afalg()sendfile()set_inheritable()setblocking()settimeout()setsockopt()shutdown()share()familytypeproto
- 소켓 시간제한에 대한 참고 사항
- 예제
ssl— TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects- 함수, 상수 및 예외
- 소켓 생성
- 컨텍스트 생성
- 예외
- 난수 생성
- 인증서 처리
- 상수
CERT_NONECERT_OPTIONALCERT_REQUIREDVerifyModeVERIFY_DEFAULTVERIFY_CRL_CHECK_LEAFVERIFY_CRL_CHECK_CHAINVERIFY_X509_STRICTVERIFY_ALLOW_PROXY_CERTSVERIFY_X509_TRUSTED_FIRSTVERIFY_X509_PARTIAL_CHAINVerifyFlagsPROTOCOL_TLSPROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENTPROTOCOL_TLS_SERVERPROTOCOL_SSLv23PROTOCOL_SSLv3PROTOCOL_TLSv1PROTOCOL_TLSv1_1PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2OP_ALLOP_NO_SSLv2OP_NO_SSLv3OP_NO_TLSv1OP_NO_TLSv1_1OP_NO_TLSv1_2OP_NO_TLSv1_3OP_NO_RENEGOTIATIONOP_CIPHER_SERVER_PREFERENCEOP_SINGLE_DH_USEOP_SINGLE_ECDH_USEOP_ENABLE_MIDDLEBOX_COMPATOP_NO_COMPRESSIONOptionsOP_NO_TICKETOP_IGNORE_UNEXPECTED_EOFOP_ENABLE_KTLSOP_LEGACY_SERVER_CONNECTHAS_ALPNHAS_NEVER_CHECK_COMMON_NAMEHAS_ECDHHAS_SNIHAS_NPNHAS_SSLv2HAS_SSLv3HAS_TLSv1HAS_TLSv1_1HAS_TLSv1_2HAS_TLSv1_3HAS_PSKCHANNEL_BINDING_TYPESOPENSSL_VERSIONOPENSSL_VERSION_INFOOPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBERALERT_DESCRIPTION_HANDSHAKE_FAILUREALERT_DESCRIPTION_INTERNAL_ERRORAlertDescriptionSERVER_AUTHCLIENT_AUTHSSLErrorNumberTLSVersionMINIMUM_SUPPORTEDMAXIMUM_SUPPORTEDSSLv3TLSv1TLSv1_1TLSv1_2TLSv1_3
- SSL 소켓
SSLSocketread()write()do_handshake()getpeercert()get_verified_chain()get_unverified_chain()cipher()shared_ciphers()compression()get_channel_binding()selected_alpn_protocol()selected_npn_protocol()unwrap()verify_client_post_handshake()version()pending()contextserver_sideserver_hostnamesessionsession_reused
- SSL 컨텍스트
SSLContextcert_store_stats()load_cert_chain()load_default_certs()load_verify_locations()get_ca_certs()get_ciphers()set_default_verify_paths()set_ciphers()set_alpn_protocols()set_npn_protocols()sni_callbackset_servername_callbackload_dh_params()set_ecdh_curve()wrap_socket()sslsocket_classwrap_bio()sslobject_classsession_stats()check_hostnamekeylog_filenamemaximum_versionminimum_versionnum_ticketsoptionspost_handshake_authprotocolhostname_checks_common_namesecurity_levelverify_flagsverify_modeset_psk_client_callback()set_psk_server_callback()
- 인증서
- 예제
- 비 블로킹 소켓에 대한 참고 사항
- 메모리 BIO 지원
- SSL 세션
- 보안 고려 사항
- TLS 1.3
- 함수, 상수 및 예외
select— Waiting for I/O completionselectors— High-level I/O multiplexingsignal— Set handlers for asynchronous events- 일반 규칙
- 모듈 내용
SignalsHandlersSigmasksSIG_DFLSIG_IGNSIGABRTSIGALRMSIGBREAKSIGBUSSIGCHLDSIGCLDSIGCONTSIGFPESIGHUPSIGILLSIGINTSIGKILLSIGPIPESIGSEGVSIGSTKFLTSIGTERMSIGUSR1SIGUSR2SIGWINCHCTRL_C_EVENTCTRL_BREAK_EVENTNSIGITIMER_REALITIMER_VIRTUALITIMER_PROFSIG_BLOCKSIG_UNBLOCKSIG_SETMASKItimerErroralarm()getsignal()strsignal()valid_signals()pause()raise_signal()pidfd_send_signal()pthread_kill()pthread_sigmask()setitimer()getitimer()set_wakeup_fd()siginterrupt()signal()sigpending()sigwait()sigwaitinfo()sigtimedwait()
- Examples
- SIGPIPE에 대한 참고 사항
- Note on Signal Handlers and Exceptions
mmap— Memory-mapped file supportmmapclose()closedfind()flush()madvise()move()read()read_byte()readline()resize()rfind()seek()seekable()size()tell()write()write_byte()- MADV_* 상수
MADV_NORMALMADV_RANDOMMADV_SEQUENTIALMADV_WILLNEEDMADV_DONTNEEDMADV_REMOVEMADV_DONTFORKMADV_DOFORKMADV_HWPOISONMADV_MERGEABLEMADV_UNMERGEABLEMADV_SOFT_OFFLINEMADV_HUGEPAGEMADV_NOHUGEPAGEMADV_DONTDUMPMADV_DODUMPMADV_FREEMADV_NOSYNCMADV_AUTOSYNCMADV_NOCOREMADV_COREMADV_PROTECTMADV_FREE_REUSABLEMADV_FREE_REUSE
- MAP_* Constants
- 인터넷 데이터 처리
email— An email and MIME handling packageemail.message: Representing an email messageEmailMessageas_string()__str__()as_bytes()__bytes__()is_multipart()set_unixfrom()get_unixfrom()__len__()__contains__()__getitem__()__setitem__()__delitem__()keys()values()items()get()get_all()add_header()replace_header()get_content_type()get_content_maintype()get_content_subtype()get_default_type()set_default_type()set_param()del_param()get_filename()get_boundary()set_boundary()get_content_charset()get_charsets()is_attachment()get_content_disposition()walk()get_body()iter_attachments()iter_parts()get_content()set_content()make_related()make_alternative()make_mixed()add_related()add_alternative()add_attachment()clear()clear_content()preambleepiloguedefects
MIMEPart
email.parser: Parsing email messagesemail.generator: Generating MIME documentsemail.policy: Policy Objectsemail.errors: Exception and Defect classesemail.headerregistry: Custom Header Objectsemail.contentmanager: Managing MIME Contentemail: 예제email.message.Message:compat32API를 사용하여 이메일 메시지 표현하기Messageas_string()__str__()as_bytes()__bytes__()is_multipart()set_unixfrom()get_unixfrom()attach()get_payload()set_payload()set_charset()get_charset()__len__()__contains__()__getitem__()__setitem__()__delitem__()keys()values()items()get()get_all()add_header()replace_header()get_content_type()get_content_maintype()get_content_subtype()get_default_type()set_default_type()get_params()get_param()set_param()del_param()set_type()get_filename()get_boundary()set_boundary()get_content_charset()get_charsets()get_content_disposition()walk()preambleepiloguedefects
email.mime: Creating email and MIME objects from scratchemail.header: Internationalized headersemail.charset: Representing character setsemail.encoders: Encodersemail.utils: Miscellaneous utilitiesemail.iterators: Iterators
json— JSON encoder and decodermailbox— Manipulate mailboxes in various formatsmimetypes— Map filenames to MIME typesbase64— Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 Data Encodingsb64encode()b64decode()standard_b64encode()standard_b64decode()urlsafe_b64encode()urlsafe_b64decode()b32encode()b32decode()b32hexencode()b32hexdecode()b16encode()b16decode()a85encode()a85decode()b85encode()b85decode()z85encode()z85decode()decode()decodebytes()encode()encodebytes()- Security Considerations
binascii— Convert between binary and ASCIIquopri— Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
- 구조화된 마크업 처리 도구
html— HyperText Markup Language supporthtml.parser— Simple HTML and XHTML parserhtml.entities— Definitions of HTML general entities- XML 처리 모듈
xml.etree.ElementTree— The ElementTree XML APIxml.dom— The Document Object Model APIxml.dom.minidom— Minimal DOM implementationxml.dom.pulldom— Support for building partial DOM treesxml.sax— Support for SAX2 parsersxml.sax.handler— Base classes for SAX handlersContentHandlerDTDHandlerEntityResolverErrorHandlerLexicalHandlerfeature_namespacesfeature_namespace_prefixesfeature_string_interningfeature_validationfeature_external_gesfeature_external_pesall_featuresproperty_lexical_handlerproperty_declaration_handlerproperty_dom_nodeproperty_xml_stringall_properties- ContentHandler 객체
- DTDHandler 객체
- EntityResolver 객체
- ErrorHandler 객체
- LexicalHandler Objects
xml.sax.saxutils— SAX Utilitiesxml.sax.xmlreader— Interface for XML parsersxml.parsers.expat— Fast XML parsing using ExpatExpatErrorerrorXMLParserTypeErrorString()ParserCreate()- XMLParser 객체
Parse()ParseFile()SetBase()GetBase()GetInputContext()ExternalEntityParserCreate()SetParamEntityParsing()UseForeignDTD()SetReparseDeferralEnabled()GetReparseDeferralEnabled()buffer_sizebuffer_textbuffer_usedordered_attributesspecified_attributesErrorByteIndexErrorCodeErrorColumnNumberErrorLineNumberCurrentByteIndexCurrentColumnNumberCurrentLineNumberXmlDeclHandler()StartDoctypeDeclHandler()EndDoctypeDeclHandler()ElementDeclHandler()AttlistDeclHandler()StartElementHandler()EndElementHandler()ProcessingInstructionHandler()CharacterDataHandler()UnparsedEntityDeclHandler()EntityDeclHandler()NotationDeclHandler()StartNamespaceDeclHandler()EndNamespaceDeclHandler()CommentHandler()StartCdataSectionHandler()EndCdataSectionHandler()DefaultHandler()DefaultHandlerExpand()NotStandaloneHandler()ExternalEntityRefHandler()
- ExpatError 예외
- 예
- 콘텐츠 모델 기술
- Expat 에러 상수
codesmessagesXML_ERROR_ASYNC_ENTITYXML_ERROR_ATTRIBUTE_EXTERNAL_ENTITY_REFXML_ERROR_BAD_CHAR_REFXML_ERROR_BINARY_ENTITY_REFXML_ERROR_DUPLICATE_ATTRIBUTEXML_ERROR_INCORRECT_ENCODINGXML_ERROR_INVALID_TOKENXML_ERROR_JUNK_AFTER_DOC_ELEMENTXML_ERROR_MISPLACED_XML_PIXML_ERROR_NO_ELEMENTSXML_ERROR_NO_MEMORYXML_ERROR_PARAM_ENTITY_REFXML_ERROR_PARTIAL_CHARXML_ERROR_RECURSIVE_ENTITY_REFXML_ERROR_SYNTAXXML_ERROR_TAG_MISMATCHXML_ERROR_UNCLOSED_TOKENXML_ERROR_UNDEFINED_ENTITYXML_ERROR_UNKNOWN_ENCODINGXML_ERROR_UNCLOSED_CDATA_SECTIONXML_ERROR_EXTERNAL_ENTITY_HANDLINGXML_ERROR_NOT_STANDALONEXML_ERROR_UNEXPECTED_STATEXML_ERROR_ENTITY_DECLARED_IN_PEXML_ERROR_FEATURE_REQUIRES_XML_DTDXML_ERROR_CANT_CHANGE_FEATURE_ONCE_PARSINGXML_ERROR_UNBOUND_PREFIXXML_ERROR_UNDECLARING_PREFIXXML_ERROR_INCOMPLETE_PEXML_ERROR_XML_DECLXML_ERROR_TEXT_DECLXML_ERROR_PUBLICIDXML_ERROR_SUSPENDEDXML_ERROR_NOT_SUSPENDEDXML_ERROR_ABORTEDXML_ERROR_FINISHEDXML_ERROR_SUSPEND_PEXML_ERROR_RESERVED_PREFIX_XMLXML_ERROR_RESERVED_PREFIX_XMLNSXML_ERROR_RESERVED_NAMESPACE_URIXML_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENTXML_ERROR_NO_BUFFERXML_ERROR_AMPLIFICATION_LIMIT_BREACH
- 인터넷 프로토콜과 지원
webbrowser— Convenient web-browser controllerwsgiref— WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementationwsgiref.util– WSGI 환경 유틸리티wsgiref.headers– WSGI 응답 헤더 도구wsgiref.simple_server– 간단한 WSGI HTTP 서버wsgiref.validate— WSGI 적합성 검사기wsgiref.handlers– 서버/게이트웨이 베이스 클래스CGIHandlerIISCGIHandlerBaseCGIHandlerSimpleHandlerBaseHandlerrun()_write()_flush()get_stdin()get_stderr()add_cgi_vars()wsgi_multithreadwsgi_multiprocesswsgi_run_onceos_environserver_softwareget_scheme()setup_environ()log_exception()traceback_limiterror_output()error_statuserror_headerserror_bodywsgi_file_wrappersendfile()origin_serverhttp_version
read_environ()
wsgiref.types– WSGI types for static type checking- 예제
urllib— URL handling modulesurllib.request— Extensible library for opening URLsurlopen()install_opener()build_opener()pathname2url()url2pathname()getproxies()RequestOpenerDirectorBaseHandlerHTTPDefaultErrorHandlerHTTPRedirectHandlerHTTPCookieProcessorProxyHandlerHTTPPasswordMgrHTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealmHTTPPasswordMgrWithPriorAuthAbstractBasicAuthHandlerHTTPBasicAuthHandlerProxyBasicAuthHandlerAbstractDigestAuthHandlerHTTPDigestAuthHandlerProxyDigestAuthHandlerHTTPHandlerHTTPSHandlerFileHandlerDataHandlerFTPHandlerCacheFTPHandlerUnknownHandlerHTTPErrorProcessor- Request 객체
- OpenerDirector 객체
- BaseHandler 객체
- HTTPRedirectHandler 객체
- HTTPCookieProcessor 객체
- ProxyHandler 객체
- HTTPPasswordMgr 객체
- HTTPPasswordMgrWithPriorAuth 객체
- AbstractBasicAuthHandler 객체
- HTTPBasicAuthHandler 객체
- ProxyBasicAuthHandler 객체
- AbstractDigestAuthHandler 객체
- HTTPDigestAuthHandler 객체
- ProxyDigestAuthHandler 객체
- HTTPHandler 객체
- HTTPSHandler 객체
- FileHandler 객체
- DataHandler 객체
- FTPHandler 객체
- CacheFTPHandler 객체
- UnknownHandler 객체
- HTTPErrorProcessor 객체
- 예
- 레거시 인터페이스
urllib.request제약 사항
urllib.response— urllib가 사용하는 응답 클래스urllib.parse— Parse URLs into componentsurllib.error— Exception classes raised by urllib.requesturllib.robotparser— Parser for robots.txthttp— HTTP moduleshttp.client— HTTP protocol clientHTTPConnectionHTTPSConnectionHTTPResponseparse_headers()HTTPExceptionNotConnectedInvalidURLUnknownProtocolUnknownTransferEncodingUnimplementedFileModeIncompleteReadImproperConnectionStateCannotSendRequestCannotSendHeaderResponseNotReadyBadStatusLineLineTooLongRemoteDisconnectedHTTP_PORTHTTPS_PORTresponses- HTTPConnection 객체
- HTTPResponse 객체
- 예
- HTTPMessage 객체
ftplib— FTP protocol clientpoplib— POP3 protocol clientimaplib— IMAP4 protocol clientIMAP4errorabortreadonlyIMAP4_SSLIMAP4_streamInternaldate2tuple()Int2AP()ParseFlags()Time2Internaldate()- IMAP4 객체
append()authenticate()check()close()copy()create()delete()deleteacl()enable()expunge()fetch()getacl()getannotation()getquota()getquotaroot()list()login()login_cram_md5()logout()lsub()myrights()namespace()noop()open()partial()proxyauth()read()readline()recent()rename()response()search()select()send()setacl()setannotation()setquota()shutdown()socket()sort()starttls()status()store()subscribe()thread()uid()unsubscribe()unselect()xatom()PROTOCOL_VERSIONdebugutf8_enabled
- IMAP4 예
smtplib— SMTP protocol clientuuid— UUID objects according to RFC 4122SafeUUIDUUIDbytesbytes_lefieldstime_lowtime_midtime_hi_versionclock_seq_hi_variantclock_seq_lownodetimeclock_seqhexinturnvariantversionis_safegetnode()uuid1()uuid3()uuid4()uuid5()NAMESPACE_DNSNAMESPACE_URLNAMESPACE_OIDNAMESPACE_X500RESERVED_NCSRFC_4122RESERVED_MICROSOFTRESERVED_FUTURE- Command-Line Usage
- 예제
- Command-Line Example
socketserver— A framework for network serversTCPServerUDPServerUnixStreamServerUnixDatagramServer- 서버 생성 노트
- 서버 객체
BaseServerfileno()handle_request()serve_forever()service_actions()shutdown()server_close()address_familyRequestHandlerClassserver_addresssocketallow_reuse_addressrequest_queue_sizesocket_typetimeoutfinish_request()get_request()handle_error()handle_timeout()process_request()server_activate()server_bind()verify_request()
- 요청 처리기 객체
- 예
http.server— HTTP serversHTTPServerThreadingHTTPServerBaseHTTPRequestHandlerclient_addressserverclose_connectionrequestlinecommandpathrequest_versionheadersrfilewfileserver_versionsys_versionerror_message_formaterror_content_typeprotocol_versionMessageClassresponseshandle()handle_one_request()handle_expect_100()send_error()send_response()send_header()send_response_only()end_headers()flush_headers()log_request()log_error()log_message()version_string()date_time_string()log_date_time_string()address_string()
SimpleHTTPRequestHandlerCGIHTTPRequestHandler- Security Considerations
http.cookies— HTTP state managementhttp.cookiejar— Cookie handling for HTTP clientsLoadErrorCookieJarFileCookieJarCookiePolicyDefaultCookiePolicyCookie- CookieJar와 FileCookieJar 객체
- FileCookieJar 서브 클래스와 웹 브라우저와의 협력
- CookiePolicy 객체
- DefaultCookiePolicy 객체
blocked_domains()set_blocked_domains()is_blocked()allowed_domains()set_allowed_domains()is_not_allowed()rfc2109_as_netscapestrict_domainstrict_rfc2965_unverifiablestrict_ns_unverifiablestrict_ns_domainstrict_ns_set_initial_dollarstrict_ns_set_pathDomainStrictNoDotsDomainStrictNonDomainDomainRFC2965MatchDomainLiberalDomainStrict
- Cookie 객체
- 예
xmlrpc— XMLRPC server and client modulesxmlrpc.client— XML-RPC client accessxmlrpc.server— Basic XML-RPC serversipaddress— IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library- 편의 팩토리 함수
- IP 주소
- IP 네트워크 정의
- 접두사, 네트 마스크 및 호스트 마스크
- 네트워크 객체
IPv4Networkversionmax_prefixlenis_multicastis_privateis_unspecifiedis_reservedis_loopbackis_link_localnetwork_addressbroadcast_addresshostmasknetmaskwith_prefixlencompressedexplodedwith_netmaskwith_hostmasknum_addressesprefixlenhosts()overlaps()address_exclude()subnets()supernet()subnet_of()supernet_of()compare_networks()
IPv6Networkversionmax_prefixlenis_multicastis_privateis_unspecifiedis_reservedis_loopbackis_link_localnetwork_addressbroadcast_addresshostmasknetmaskwith_prefixlencompressedexplodedwith_netmaskwith_hostmasknum_addressesprefixlenhosts()overlaps()address_exclude()subnets()supernet()subnet_of()supernet_of()compare_networks()is_site_local
- 연산자
- 인터페이스 객체
- 다른 모듈 수준 함수
- 맞춤 예외
- 멀티미디어 서비스
- 국제화
gettext— Multilingual internationalization serviceslocale— Internationalization servicesErrorsetlocale()localeconv()nl_langinfo()CODESETD_T_FMTD_FMTT_FMTT_FMT_AMPMDAY_1DAY_2DAY_3DAY_4DAY_5DAY_6DAY_7ABDAY_1ABDAY_2ABDAY_3ABDAY_4ABDAY_5ABDAY_6ABDAY_7MON_1MON_2MON_3MON_4MON_5MON_6MON_7MON_8MON_9MON_10MON_11MON_12ABMON_1ABMON_2ABMON_3ABMON_4ABMON_5ABMON_6ABMON_7ABMON_8ABMON_9ABMON_10ABMON_11ABMON_12RADIXCHARTHOUSEPYESEXPRNOEXPRCRNCYSTRERAERA_D_T_FMTERA_D_FMTERA_T_FMTALT_DIGITS
getdefaultlocale()getlocale()getpreferredencoding()getencoding()normalize()strcoll()strxfrm()format_string()currency()str()delocalize()localize()atof()atoi()LC_CTYPELC_COLLATELC_TIMELC_MONETARYLC_MESSAGESLC_NUMERICLC_ALLCHAR_MAX- 배경, 세부 사항, 힌트, 팁 및 경고
- 확장 작성자와 파이썬을 내장하는 프로그램의 경우
- 메시지 카탈로그에 액세스
- 프로그램 프레임워크
turtle— 터틀 그래픽- 소개
- Get started
- Tutorial
- How to…
- Turtle graphics reference
- RawTurtle/Turtl의 메서드와 해당 함수
- TurtleScreen/Screen 메서드와 해당 함수
- 공개 클래스
- Explanation
- 도움말과 구성
turtledemo— 데모 스크립트- 파이썬 2.6 이후의 변화
- 파이썬 3.0 이후의 변화
cmd— Support for line-oriented command interpretersshlex— Simple lexical analysis
- Tk를 사용한 그래픽 사용자 인터페이스
tkinter— Python interface to Tcl/Tktkinter.colorchooser— Color choosing dialogtkinter.font— Tkinter font wrapper- Tkinter 대화 상자
tkinter.simpledialog— 표준 Tkinter 입력 대화 상자tkinter.filedialog— 파일 선택 대화 상자tkinter.commondialog— 대화창 템플릿
tkinter.messagebox— Tkinter message promptstkinter.scrolledtext— Scrolled Text Widgettkinter.dnd— Drag and drop supporttkinter.ttk— Tk themed widgets- Ttk 사용하기
- Ttk 위젯
- Widget
- Combobox
- Spinbox
- Notebook
- Progressbar
- Separator
- Sizegrip
- Treeview
- 옵션
- 항목 옵션
- 태그 옵션
- 열 식별자
- 가상 이벤트
- ttk.Treeview
Treeviewbbox()get_children()set_children()column()delete()detach()exists()focus()heading()identify()identify_row()identify_column()identify_region()identify_element()index()insert()item()move()next()parent()prev()reattach()see()selection()selection_set()selection_add()selection_remove()selection_toggle()set()tag_bind()tag_configure()tag_has()xview()yview()
- Ttk 스타일링
- IDLE
- 개발 도구
typing— 형 힌트 지원- Specification for the Python Type System
- 형 에일리어스
- NewType
- Annotating callable objects
- 제네릭
- Annotating tuples
- The type of class objects
- Annotating generators and coroutines
- 사용자 정의 제네릭 형
Any형- 명목적 대 구조적 서브 타이핑
- 모듈 내용
- 특수 타이핑 프리미티브
- 프로토콜
- ABCs for working with IO
- 함수와 데코레이터
- 인트로스펙션 도우미
- 상수
- Deprecated aliases
- Deprecation Timeline of Major Features
pydoc— Documentation generator and online help system- 파이썬 개발 모드
doctest— Test interactive Python examplesunittest— Unit testing framework- 기본 예시
- 명령행 인터페이스
- 테스트 탐색(Discovery)
- 테스트 코드 구조 잡기
- 이전의 테스트 코드를 다시 사용하기
- 테스트 건너뛰기와 예상된 실패
- 부분 테스트(subtest)를 사용하여 테스트 반복 구별 짓기
- 클래스와 함수
- 테스트 케이스
TestCasesetUp()tearDown()setUpClass()tearDownClass()run()skipTest()subTest()debug()assertEqual()assertNotEqual()assertTrue()assertFalse()assertIs()assertIsNot()assertIsNone()assertIsNotNone()assertIn()assertNotIn()assertIsInstance()assertNotIsInstance()assertRaises()assertRaisesRegex()assertWarns()assertWarnsRegex()assertLogs()assertNoLogs()assertAlmostEqual()assertNotAlmostEqual()assertGreater()assertGreaterEqual()assertLess()assertLessEqual()assertRegex()assertNotRegex()assertCountEqual()addTypeEqualityFunc()assertMultiLineEqual()assertSequenceEqual()assertListEqual()assertTupleEqual()assertSetEqual()assertDictEqual()fail()failureExceptionlongMessagemaxDiffcountTestCases()defaultTestResult()id()shortDescription()addCleanup()enterContext()doCleanups()addClassCleanup()enterClassContext()doClassCleanups()
IsolatedAsyncioTestCaseFunctionTestCase
- 테스트 분류
- 테스트를 로드하고 실행하기
TestLoaderTestResulterrorsfailuresskippedexpectedFailuresunexpectedSuccessescollectedDurationsshouldStoptestsRunbufferfailfasttb_localswasSuccessful()stop()startTest()stopTest()startTestRun()stopTestRun()addError()addFailure()addSuccess()addSkip()addExpectedFailure()addUnexpectedSuccess()addSubTest()addDuration()
TextTestResultdefaultTestLoaderTextTestRunnermain()- load_tests 프로토콜
- 테스트 케이스
- 클래스와 모듈 픽스쳐
- 시그널 처리하기
unittest.mock— mock object library- 간략 지침
- Mock 클래스
Mockassert_called()assert_called_once()assert_called_with()assert_called_once_with()assert_any_call()assert_has_calls()assert_not_called()reset_mock()mock_add_spec()attach_mock()configure_mock()__dir__()_get_child_mock()calledcall_countreturn_valueside_effectcall_argscall_args_listmethod_callsmock_calls__class__
NonCallableMockPropertyMockAsyncMockThreadingMock- 호출
- 어트리뷰트 삭제
- 모의 객체 이름과 이름 어트리뷰트
- 모의 객체를 어트리뷰트로 연결하기
- 패처
- MagicMock과 매직 메서드 지원
- 도우미
- Order of precedence of
side_effect,return_valueand wraps
unittest.mock— getting startedtest— Regression tests package for Pythontest.support— 파이썬 테스트 스위트용 유틸리티TestFailedResourceDeniedverboseis_jythonis_androidunix_shellLOOPBACK_TIMEOUTINTERNET_TIMEOUTSHORT_TIMEOUTLONG_TIMEOUTPGOPIPE_MAX_SIZEPy_DEBUGSOCK_MAX_SIZETEST_SUPPORT_DIRTEST_HOME_DIRTEST_DATA_DIRMAX_Py_ssize_tmax_memusereal_max_memuseMISSING_C_DOCSTRINGSHAVE_DOCSTRINGSTEST_HTTP_URLALWAYS_EQNEVER_EQLARGESTSMALLESTbusy_retry()sleeping_retry()is_resource_enabled()python_is_optimized()with_pymalloc()requires()sortdict()findfile()get_pagesize()setswitchinterval()check_impl_detail()set_memlimit()record_original_stdout()get_original_stdout()args_from_interpreter_flags()optim_args_from_interpreter_flags()captured_stdin()captured_stdout()captured_stderr()disable_faulthandler()gc_collect()disable_gc()swap_attr()swap_item()flush_std_streams()print_warning()wait_process()calcobjsize()calcvobjsize()checksizeof()anticipate_failure()system_must_validate_cert()run_with_locale()run_with_tz()requires_freebsd_version()requires_linux_version()requires_mac_version()requires_gil_enabled()requires_IEEE_754()requires_zlib()requires_gzip()requires_bz2()requires_lzma()requires_resource()requires_docstrings()requires_limited_api()cpython_only()impl_detail()no_tracing()refcount_test()bigmemtest()bigaddrspacetest()check_syntax_error()open_urlresource()reap_children()get_attribute()catch_unraisable_exception()load_package_tests()detect_api_mismatch()patch()run_in_subinterp()check_free_after_iterating()missing_compiler_executable()check__all__()skip_if_broken_multiprocessing_synchronize()check_disallow_instantiation()adjust_int_max_str_digits()SuppressCrashReportSaveSignalsMatcher
test.support.socket_helper— 소켓 테스트용 유틸리티test.support.script_helper— 파이썬 실행 테스트용 유틸리티test.support.bytecode_helper— 올바른 바이트 코드 생성 테스트를 위한 지원 도구test.support.threading_helper— Utilities for threading teststest.support.os_helper— Utilities for os testsFS_NONASCIISAVEDCWDTESTFNTESTFN_NONASCIITESTFN_UNENCODABLETESTFN_UNDECODABLETESTFN_UNICODEEnvironmentVarGuardFakePathset()unset()can_symlink()can_xattr()change_cwd()create_empty_file()fd_count()fs_is_case_insensitive()make_bad_fd()rmdir()rmtree()skip_unless_symlink()skip_unless_xattr()temp_cwd()temp_dir()temp_umask()unlink()
test.support.import_helper— Utilities for import teststest.support.warnings_helper— Utilities for warnings tests
- 디버깅과 프로파일링
- 감사 이벤트 표
bdb— Debugger frameworkBdbQuitBreakpointBdbcanonic()reset()trace_dispatch()dispatch_line()dispatch_call()dispatch_return()dispatch_exception()is_skipped_line()stop_here()break_here()break_anywhere()user_call()user_line()user_return()user_exception()do_clear()set_step()set_next()set_return()set_until()set_trace()set_continue()set_quit()set_break()clear_break()clear_bpbynumber()clear_all_file_breaks()clear_all_breaks()get_bpbynumber()get_break()get_breaks()get_file_breaks()get_all_breaks()get_stack()format_stack_entry()run()runeval()runctx()runcall()
checkfuncname()effective()set_trace()
faulthandler— Dump the Python tracebackpdb— 파이썬 디버거- 파이썬 프로파일러
timeit— Measure execution time of small code snippetstrace— Trace or track Python statement executiontracemalloc— Trace memory allocations
- 소프트웨어 패키징 및 배포
- 파이썬 실행시간 서비스
sys— System-specific parameters and functionsabiflagsaddaudithook()argvaudit()base_exec_prefixbase_prefixbyteorderbuiltin_module_namescall_tracing()copyright_clear_type_cache()_clear_internal_caches()_current_frames()_current_exceptions()breakpointhook()_debugmallocstats()dllhandledisplayhook()dont_write_bytecode_emscripten_infopycache_prefixexcepthook()__breakpointhook____displayhook____excepthook____unraisablehook__exception()exc_info()exec_prefixexecutableexit()flagsfloat_infofloat_repr_stylegetallocatedblocks()getunicodeinternedsize()getandroidapilevel()getdefaultencoding()getdlopenflags()getfilesystemencoding()getfilesystemencodeerrors()get_int_max_str_digits()getrefcount()getrecursionlimit()getsizeof()getswitchinterval()_getframe()_getframemodulename()getobjects()getprofile()gettrace()getwindowsversion()get_asyncgen_hooks()get_coroutine_origin_tracking_depth()hash_infohexversionimplementationint_info__interactivehook__intern()_is_gil_enabled()is_finalizing()last_exc_is_interned()last_typelast_valuelast_tracebackmaxsizemaxunicodemeta_pathmodulesorig_argvpathpath_hookspath_importer_cacheplatformplatlibdirprefixps1ps2setdlopenflags()set_int_max_str_digits()setprofile()setrecursionlimit()setswitchinterval()settrace()set_asyncgen_hooks()set_coroutine_origin_tracking_depth()activate_stack_trampoline()deactivate_stack_trampoline()is_stack_trampoline_active()_enablelegacywindowsfsencoding()stdinstdoutstderr__stdin____stdout____stderr__stdlib_module_namesthread_infotracebacklimitunraisablehook()versionapi_versionversion_infowarnoptionswinver_xoptions
sys.monitoring— Execution event monitoringsysconfig— Provide access to Python’s configuration informationbuiltins— Built-in objects__main__— Top-level code environmentwarnings— Warning controldataclasses— Data Classescontextlib—with문 컨텍스트를 위한 유틸리티abc— Abstract Base Classesatexit— Exit handlerstraceback— Print or retrieve a stack traceback__future__— Future statement definitionsgc— Garbage Collector interfaceenable()disable()isenabled()collect()set_debug()get_debug()get_objects()get_stats()set_threshold()get_count()get_threshold()get_referrers()get_referents()is_tracked()is_finalized()freeze()unfreeze()get_freeze_count()garbagecallbacksDEBUG_STATSDEBUG_COLLECTABLEDEBUG_UNCOLLECTABLEDEBUG_SAVEALLDEBUG_LEAK
inspect— Inspect live objects- 형과 멤버
getmembers()getmembers_static()getmodulename()ismodule()isclass()ismethod()isfunction()isgeneratorfunction()isgenerator()iscoroutinefunction()markcoroutinefunction()iscoroutine()isawaitable()isasyncgenfunction()isasyncgen()istraceback()isframe()iscode()isbuiltin()ismethodwrapper()isroutine()isabstract()ismethoddescriptor()isdatadescriptor()isgetsetdescriptor()ismemberdescriptor()
- 소스 코드 가져오기
- Signature 객체로 콜러블 검사하기
- 클래스와 함수
- 인터프리터 스택
- 정적으로 어트리뷰트 가져오기
- Current State of Generators, Coroutines, and Asynchronous Generators
- 코드 객체 비트 플래그
- Buffer flags
- 명령 줄 인터페이스
- 형과 멤버
site— Site-specific configuration hook
- 사용자 정의 파이썬 인터프리터
- 모듈 임포트 하기
zipimport— Import modules from Zip archivespkgutil— Package extension utilitymodulefinder— Find modules used by a scriptrunpy— Locating and executing Python modulesimportlib—import의 구현- 소개
- 함수
importlib.abc– import와 관련된 추상 베이스 클래스importlib.machinery– 임포터와 경로 훅SOURCE_SUFFIXESDEBUG_BYTECODE_SUFFIXESOPTIMIZED_BYTECODE_SUFFIXESBYTECODE_SUFFIXESEXTENSION_SUFFIXESall_suffixes()BuiltinImporterFrozenImporterWindowsRegistryFinderPathFinderFileFinderSourceFileLoaderSourcelessFileLoaderExtensionFileLoaderNamespaceLoaderModuleSpecAppleFrameworkLoader
importlib.util– 임포터를 위한 유틸리티 코드- 예
importlib.resources– Package resource reading, opening and accessimportlib.resources.abc– Abstract base classes for resourcesimportlib.metadata– Accessing package metadata- The initialization of the
sys.pathmodule search path
- 파이썬 언어 서비스
ast— Abstract Syntax Treessymtable— Access to the compiler’s symbol tablestoken— Constants used with Python parse treestok_nameISTERMINAL()ISNONTERMINAL()ISEOF()ENDMARKERNAMENUMBERSTRINGNEWLINEINDENTDEDENTLPARRPARLSQBRSQBCOLONCOMMASEMIPLUSMINUSSTARSLASHVBARAMPERLESSGREATEREQUALDOTPERCENTLBRACERBRACEEQEQUALNOTEQUALLESSEQUALGREATEREQUALTILDECIRCUMFLEXLEFTSHIFTRIGHTSHIFTDOUBLESTARPLUSEQUALMINEQUALSTAREQUALSLASHEQUALPERCENTEQUALAMPEREQUALVBAREQUALCIRCUMFLEXEQUALLEFTSHIFTEQUALRIGHTSHIFTEQUALDOUBLESTAREQUALDOUBLESLASHDOUBLESLASHEQUALATATEQUALRARROWELLIPSISCOLONEQUALEXCLAMATIONOPTYPE_IGNORETYPE_COMMENTSOFT_KEYWORDFSTRING_STARTFSTRING_MIDDLEFSTRING_ENDCOMMENTNLERRORTOKENN_TOKENSNT_OFFSETENCODINGEXACT_TOKEN_TYPES
keyword— Testing for Python keywordstokenize— Tokenizer for Python sourcetabnanny— Detection of ambiguous indentationpyclbr— Python module browser supportpy_compile— Compile Python source filescompileall— Byte-compile Python librariesdis— Disassembler for Python bytecodepickletools— Tools for pickle developers
- MS 윈도우 특정 서비스
msvcrt— Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime- 파일 연산
- 콘솔 I/O
- 기타 함수
heapmin()set_error_mode()OUT_TO_DEFAULTOUT_TO_STDERROUT_TO_MSGBOXREPORT_ERRMODECrtSetReportMode()CrtSetReportFile()CRT_WARNCRT_ERRORCRT_ASSERTCRTDBG_MODE_DEBUGCRTDBG_MODE_FILECRTDBG_MODE_WNDWCRTDBG_REPORT_MODECRT_ASSEMBLY_VERSIONVC_ASSEMBLY_PUBLICKEYTOKENLIBRARIES_ASSEMBLY_NAME_PREFIX
winreg— Windows registry access- 함수
CloseKey()ConnectRegistry()CreateKey()CreateKeyEx()DeleteKey()DeleteKeyEx()DeleteValue()EnumKey()EnumValue()ExpandEnvironmentStrings()FlushKey()LoadKey()OpenKey()OpenKeyEx()QueryInfoKey()QueryValue()QueryValueEx()SaveKey()SetValue()SetValueEx()DisableReflectionKey()EnableReflectionKey()QueryReflectionKey()
- 상수
- 레지스트리 핸들 객체
- 함수
winsound— Sound-playing interface for Windows
- 유닉스 특정 서비스
posix— The most common POSIX system callspwd— The password databasegrp— The group databasetermios— POSIX style tty controltty— Terminal control functionspty— Pseudo-terminal utilitiesfcntl— Thefcntlandioctlsystem callsresource— Resource usage informationerror- 자원 제한
RLIM_INFINITYgetrlimit()setrlimit()prlimit()RLIMIT_CORERLIMIT_CPURLIMIT_FSIZERLIMIT_DATARLIMIT_STACKRLIMIT_RSSRLIMIT_NPROCRLIMIT_NOFILERLIMIT_OFILERLIMIT_MEMLOCKRLIMIT_VMEMRLIMIT_ASRLIMIT_MSGQUEUERLIMIT_NICERLIMIT_RTPRIORLIMIT_RTTIMERLIMIT_SIGPENDINGRLIMIT_SBSIZERLIMIT_SWAPRLIMIT_NPTSRLIMIT_KQUEUES
- 자원 사용량
syslog— Unix syslog library routinessyslog()openlog()closelog()setlogmask()LOG_EMERGLOG_ALERTLOG_CRITLOG_ERRLOG_WARNINGLOG_NOTICELOG_INFOLOG_DEBUGLOG_AUTHLOG_AUTHPRIVLOG_CRONLOG_DAEMONLOG_FTPLOG_INSTALLLOG_KERNLOG_LAUNCHDLOG_LPRLOG_MAILLOG_NETINFOLOG_NEWSLOG_RASLOG_REMOTEAUTHLOG_SYSLOGLOG_USERLOG_UUCPLOG_LOCAL0LOG_LOCAL1LOG_LOCAL2LOG_LOCAL3LOG_LOCAL4LOG_LOCAL5LOG_LOCAL6LOG_LOCAL7LOG_PIDLOG_CONSLOG_NDELAYLOG_ODELAYLOG_NOWAITLOG_PERROR- 예제
- Modules command-line interface (CLI)
- 대체된 모듈
- Removed Modules
- Security Considerations
- 파이썬 인터프리터 확장 및 내장
- 파이썬/C API 레퍼런스 설명서
- 소개
- C API Stability
- 매우 고수준 계층
- 참조 횟수
- 예외 처리
- 유틸리티
- 추상 객체 계층
- 구상 객체 계층
- 초기화, 파이널리제이션 및 스레드
- 파이썬 초기화 구성
- 메모리 관리
- 객체 구현 지원
- API와 ABI 버전 붙이기
- Monitoring C API
- Generating Execution Events
- 파이썬 모듈 설치하기
- 파이썬 HOWTO
- 파이썬 자주 나오는 질문들
- 일반적인 파이썬 FAQ
- 프로그래밍 FAQ
- 설계와 역사 FAQ
- 파이썬은 왜 문장의 그룹화에 들여쓰기를 사용합니까?
- 간단한 산술 연산으로 이상한 결과가 나오는 이유는 무엇입니까?
- 부동 소수점 계산이 왜 그렇게 부정확합니까?
- 파이썬 문자열이 불변인 이유는 무엇입니까?
- 메서드 정의와 호출에서 ‘self’를 명시적으로 사용해야 하는 이유는 무엇입니까?
- 표현식에서 대입을 사용할 수 없는 이유는 무엇입니까?
- 파이썬은 왜 일부 기능(예를 들어 list.index())에는 메서드를 사용하고 다른 기능(예를 들어 len(list))에는 함수를 사용합니까?
- join()이 리스트나 튜플 메서드가 아니라 문자열 메서드인 이유는 무엇입니까?
- 예외는 얼마나 빠릅니까?
- 파이썬에 switch 나 case 문이 없는 이유는 무엇입니까?
- OS별 스레드 구현에 의존하는 대신 인터프리터에서 스레드를 에뮬레이션할 수 없습니까?
- 람다 표현식이 문장을 포함할 수 없는 이유는 무엇입니까?
- 파이썬을 기계 코드, C 또는 다른 언어로 컴파일 할 수 있습니까?
- 파이썬은 메모리를 어떻게 관리합니까?
- CPython이 더 전통적인 가비지 수거 체계를 사용하지 않는 이유는 무엇입니까?
- CPython이 종료될 때 모든 메모리가 해제되지 않는 이유는 무엇입니까?
- 별도의 튜플과 리스트 데이터형이 있는 이유는 무엇입니까?
- CPython에서 리스트는 어떻게 구현됩니까?
- CPython에서 딕셔너리는 어떻게 구현됩니까?
- 딕셔너리 키가 불변이어야 하는 이유는 무엇입니까?
- list.sort()가 정렬된 리스트를 반환하지 않는 이유는 무엇입니까?
- 파이썬에서 인터페이스 명세를 어떻게 지정하고 강제합니까?
- goto가 없는 이유는 무엇입니까?
- 날 문자열(r-strings)이 역 슬래시로 끝날 수 없는 이유는 무엇입니까?
- 왜 파이썬에는 어트리뷰트 대입을 위한 “with” 문이 없습니까?
- Why don’t generators support the with statement?
- if/while/def/class 문에 콜론이 필요한 이유는 무엇입니까?
- 파이썬은 왜 리스트와 튜플 끝에 쉼표를 허용합니까?
- 라이브러리와 확장 FAQ
- 확장/내장 FAQ
- C로 나만의 함수를 만들 수 있습니까?
- C++로 나만의 함수를 만들 수 있습니까?
- C를 쓰는 것은 어렵습니다; 대안이 있습니까?
- C에서 임의의 파이썬 문장을 어떻게 실행할 수 있습니까?
- C에서 임의의 파이썬 표현식을 어떻게 평가할 수 있습니까?
- 파이썬 객체에서 C값을 어떻게 추출합니까?
- Py_BuildValue()를 사용하여 임의 길이의 튜플을 만드는 방법은 무엇입니까?
- C에서 객체의 메서드를 어떻게 호출합니까?
- PyErr_Print()의 출력(또는 stdout/stderr로 인쇄되는 모든 것)을 어떻게 잡습니까?
- C에서 파이썬으로 작성된 모듈에 어떻게 액세스합니까?
- 파이썬에서 C++ 객체에 어떻게 인터페이스 합니까?
- Setup 파일을 사용하여 모듈을 추가했는데 make가 실패합니다; 왜 그렇습니까?
- 확장을 어떻게 디버깅합니까?
- 리눅스 시스템에서 파이썬 모듈을 컴파일하고 싶지만, 일부 파일이 없습니다. 왜 그렇습니까?
- “잘못된 입력”과 “불완전한 입력”을 어떻게 구별할 수 있습니까?
- 정의되지 않은 g++ 기호 __builtin_new나 __pure_virtual을 어떻게 찾을 수 있습니까?
- 일부 메서드는 C로 구현되고 그 밖의 것은 파이썬으로 구현된 (예를 들어 상속을 통해) 객체 클래스를 만들 수 있습니까?
- 윈도우 파이썬 FAQ
- 윈도우에서 파이썬 프로그램을 실행하려면 어떻게 해야 합니까?
- 파이썬 스크립트 실행 파일로 만들려면 어떻게 해야 합니까?
- 왜 때때로 파이썬은 시작하는 데 시간이 오래 걸립니까?
- 파이썬 스크립트에서 실행 파일을 만드는 방법은 무엇입니까?
*.pyd파일은 DLL과 동일합니까?- 윈도우 응용프로그램에 파이썬을 포함하려면 어떻게 해야 합니까?
- 편집기가 내 파이썬 소스에 탭을 삽입하지 않도록 하려면 어떻게 해야 합니까?
- 블로킹 없이 키 입력을 확인하려면 어떻게 해야 합니까?
- How do I solve the missing api-ms-win-crt-runtime-l1-1-0.dll error?
- 그래픽 사용자 인터페이스 FAQ
- “왜 내 컴퓨터에 파이썬이 설치되어 있습니까?” FAQ
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