`pprint` — Data pretty printer¶

Source code: Lib/pprint.py

The pprint module provides a capability to „pretty-print” arbitrary Python data structures in a form which can be used as input to the interpreter. If the formatted structures include objects which are not fundamental Python types, the representation may not be loadable. This may be the case if objects such as files, sockets or classes are included, as well as many other objects which are not representable as Python literals.

The formatted representation keeps objects on a single line if it can, and breaks them onto multiple lines if they don’t fit within the allowed width, adjustable by the width parameter defaulting to 80 characters.

Dictionaries are sorted by key before the display is computed.

Zmienione w wersji 3.9: Added support for pretty-printing types.SimpleNamespace.

Zmienione w wersji 3.10: Added support for pretty-printing dataclasses.dataclass.

Zadania¶

pprint.pp(object, stream=None, indent=1, width=80, depth=None, *, compact=False, sort_dicts=False, underscore_numbers=False)¶

Prints the formatted representation of object, followed by a newline. This function may be used in the interactive interpreter instead of the print() function for inspecting values. Tip: you can reassign print = pprint.pp for use within a scope.

Parametry:

object – The object to be printed.
stream (file-like object | None) – A file-like object to which the output will be written by calling its write() method. If None (the default), sys.stdout is used.
indent (int) – The amount of indentation added for each nesting level.
width (int) – The desired maximum number of characters per line in the output. If a structure cannot be formatted within the width constraint, a best effort will be made.
depth (int | None) – The number of nesting levels which may be printed. If the data structure being printed is too deep, the next contained level is replaced by .... If None (the default), there is no constraint on the depth of the objects being formatted.
compact (bool) – Control the way long sequences are formatted. If False (the default), each item of a sequence will be formatted on a separate line, otherwise as many items as will fit within the width will be formatted on each output line.
sort_dicts (bool) – If True, dictionaries will be formatted with their keys sorted, otherwise they will be displayed in insertion order (the default).
underscore_numbers (bool) – If True, integers will be formatted with the _ character for a thousands separator, otherwise underscores are not displayed (the default).

>>> import pprint
>>> stuff = ['spam', 'eggs', 'lumberjack', 'knights', 'ni']
>>> stuff.insert(0, stuff)
>>> pprint.pp(stuff)
[<Recursion on list with id=...>,
 'spam',
 'eggs',
 'lumberjack',
 'knights',
 'ni']

Added in version 3.8.

pprint.pprint(object, stream=None, indent=1, width=80, depth=None, *, compact=False, sort_dicts=True, underscore_numbers=False)¶: Alias for pp() with sort_dicts set to True by default, which would automatically sort the dictionaries» keys, you might want to use pp() instead where it is False by default.

pprint.pformat(object, indent=1, width=80, depth=None, *, compact=False, sort_dicts=True, underscore_numbers=False)¶: Return the formatted representation of object as a string. indent, width, depth, compact, sort_dicts and underscore_numbers are passed to the PrettyPrinter constructor as formatting parameters and their meanings are as described in the documentation above.

pprint.isreadable(object)¶

Determine if the formatted representation of object is „readable”, or can be used to reconstruct the value using eval(). This always returns False for recursive objects.

>>> pprint.isreadable(stuff)
False

pprint.isrecursive(object)¶: Determine if object requires a recursive representation. This function is subject to the same limitations as noted in saferepr() below and may raise an RecursionError if it fails to detect a recursive object.

pprint.saferepr(object)¶

Return a string representation of object, protected against recursion in some common data structures, namely instances of dict, list and tuple or subclasses whose __repr__ has not been overridden. If the representation of object exposes a recursive entry, the recursive reference will be represented as <Recursion on typename with id=number>. The representation is not otherwise formatted.

>>> pprint.saferepr(stuff)
"[<Recursion on list with id=...>, 'spam', 'eggs', 'lumberjack', 'knights', 'ni']"

PrettyPrinter Objects¶

class pprint.PrettyPrinter(indent=1, width=80, depth=None, stream=None, *, compact=False, sort_dicts=True, underscore_numbers=False)¶

Construct a PrettyPrinter instance.

Arguments have the same meaning as for pp(). Note that they are in a different order, and that sort_dicts defaults to True.

>>> import pprint
>>> stuff = ['spam', 'eggs', 'lumberjack', 'knights', 'ni']
>>> stuff.insert(0, stuff[:])
>>> pp = pprint.PrettyPrinter(indent=4)
>>> pp.pprint(stuff)
[   ['spam', 'eggs', 'lumberjack', 'knights', 'ni'],
    'spam',
    'eggs',
    'lumberjack',
    'knights',
    'ni']
>>> pp = pprint.PrettyPrinter(width=41, compact=True)
>>> pp.pprint(stuff)
[['spam', 'eggs', 'lumberjack',
  'knights', 'ni'],
 'spam', 'eggs', 'lumberjack', 'knights',
 'ni']
>>> tup = ('spam', ('eggs', ('lumberjack', ('knights', ('ni', ('dead',
... ('parrot', ('fresh fruit',))))))))
>>> pp = pprint.PrettyPrinter(depth=6)
>>> pp.pprint(tup)
('spam', ('eggs', ('lumberjack', ('knights', ('ni', ('dead', (...)))))))

Zmienione w wersji 3.4: Added the compact parameter.

Zmienione w wersji 3.8: Added the sort_dicts parameter.

Zmienione w wersji 3.10: Added the underscore_numbers parameter.

Zmienione w wersji 3.11: No longer attempts to write to sys.stdout if it is None.

PrettyPrinter instances have the following methods:

PrettyPrinter.pformat(object)¶: Return the formatted representation of object. This takes into account the options passed to the PrettyPrinter constructor.

PrettyPrinter.pprint(object)¶: Print the formatted representation of object on the configured stream, followed by a newline.

The following methods provide the implementations for the corresponding functions of the same names. Using these methods on an instance is slightly more efficient since new PrettyPrinter objects don’t need to be created.

PrettyPrinter.isreadable(object)¶: Determine if the formatted representation of the object is „readable,” or can be used to reconstruct the value using eval(). Note that this returns False for recursive objects. If the depth parameter of the PrettyPrinter is set and the object is deeper than allowed, this returns False.

PrettyPrinter.isrecursive(object)¶: Determine if the object requires a recursive representation.

This method is provided as a hook to allow subclasses to modify the way objects are converted to strings. The default implementation uses the internals of the saferepr() implementation.

PrettyPrinter.format(object, context, maxlevels, level)¶: Returns three values: the formatted version of object as a string, a flag indicating whether the result is readable, and a flag indicating whether recursion was detected. The first argument is the object to be presented. The second is a dictionary which contains the id() of objects that are part of the current presentation context (direct and indirect containers for object that are affecting the presentation) as the keys; if an object needs to be presented which is already represented in context, the third return value should be True. Recursive calls to the format() method should add additional entries for containers to this dictionary. The third argument, maxlevels, gives the requested limit to recursion; this will be 0 if there is no requested limit. This argument should be passed unmodified to recursive calls. The fourth argument, level, gives the current level; recursive calls should be passed a value less than that of the current call.

Example¶

To demonstrate several uses of the pp() function and its parameters, let’s fetch information about a project from PyPI:

>>> import json
>>> import pprint
>>> from urllib.request import urlopen
>>> with urlopen('https://pypi.org/pypi/sampleproject/1.2.0/json') as resp:
...     project_info = json.load(resp)['info']

In its basic form, pp() shows the whole object:

>>> pprint.pp(project_info)
{'author': 'The Python Packaging Authority',
 'author_email': 'pypa-dev@googlegroups.com',
 'bugtrack_url': None,
 'classifiers': ['Development Status :: 3 - Alpha',
                 'Intended Audience :: Developers',
                 'License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License',
                 'Programming Language :: Python :: 2',
                 'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6',
                 'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7',
                 'Programming Language :: Python :: 3',
                 'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.2',
                 'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3',
                 'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4',
                 'Topic :: Software Development :: Build Tools'],
 'description': 'A sample Python project\n'
                '=======================\n'
                '\n'
                'This is the description file for the project.\n'
                '\n'
                'The file should use UTF-8 encoding and be written using '
                'ReStructured Text. It\n'
                'will be used to generate the project webpage on PyPI, and '
                'should be written for\n'
                'that purpose.\n'
                '\n'
                'Typical contents for this file would include an overview of '
                'the project, basic\n'
                'usage examples, etc. Generally, including the project '
                'changelog in here is not\n'
                'a good idea, although a simple "What\'s New" section for the '
                'most recent version\n'
                'may be appropriate.',
 'description_content_type': None,
 'docs_url': None,
 'download_url': 'UNKNOWN',
 'downloads': {'last_day': -1, 'last_month': -1, 'last_week': -1},
 'home_page': 'https://github.com/pypa/sampleproject',
 'keywords': 'sample setuptools development',
 'license': 'MIT',
 'maintainer': None,
 'maintainer_email': None,
 'name': 'sampleproject',
 'package_url': 'https://pypi.org/project/sampleproject/',
 'platform': 'UNKNOWN',
 'project_url': 'https://pypi.org/project/sampleproject/',
 'project_urls': {'Download': 'UNKNOWN',
                  'Homepage': 'https://github.com/pypa/sampleproject'},
 'release_url': 'https://pypi.org/project/sampleproject/1.2.0/',
 'requires_dist': None,
 'requires_python': None,
 'summary': 'A sample Python project',
 'version': '1.2.0'}

The result can be limited to a certain depth (ellipsis is used for deeper contents):

>>> pprint.pp(project_info, depth=1)
{'author': 'The Python Packaging Authority',
 'author_email': 'pypa-dev@googlegroups.com',
 'bugtrack_url': None,
 'classifiers': [...],
 'description': 'A sample Python project\n'
                '=======================\n'
                '\n'
                'This is the description file for the project.\n'
                '\n'
                'The file should use UTF-8 encoding and be written using '
                'ReStructured Text. It\n'
                'will be used to generate the project webpage on PyPI, and '
                'should be written for\n'
                'that purpose.\n'
                '\n'
                'Typical contents for this file would include an overview of '
                'the project, basic\n'
                'usage examples, etc. Generally, including the project '
                'changelog in here is not\n'
                'a good idea, although a simple "What\'s New" section for the '
                'most recent version\n'
                'may be appropriate.',
 'description_content_type': None,
 'docs_url': None,
 'download_url': 'UNKNOWN',
 'downloads': {...},
 'home_page': 'https://github.com/pypa/sampleproject',
 'keywords': 'sample setuptools development',
 'license': 'MIT',
 'maintainer': None,
 'maintainer_email': None,
 'name': 'sampleproject',
 'package_url': 'https://pypi.org/project/sampleproject/',
 'platform': 'UNKNOWN',
 'project_url': 'https://pypi.org/project/sampleproject/',
 'project_urls': {...},
 'release_url': 'https://pypi.org/project/sampleproject/1.2.0/',
 'requires_dist': None,
 'requires_python': None,
 'summary': 'A sample Python project',
 'version': '1.2.0'}

Additionally, maximum character width can be suggested. If a long object cannot be split, the specified width will be exceeded:

>>> pprint.pp(project_info, depth=1, width=60)
{'author': 'The Python Packaging Authority',
 'author_email': 'pypa-dev@googlegroups.com',
 'bugtrack_url': None,
 'classifiers': [...],
 'description': 'A sample Python project\n'
                '=======================\n'
                '\n'
                'This is the description file for the '
                'project.\n'
                '\n'
                'The file should use UTF-8 encoding and be '
                'written using ReStructured Text. It\n'
                'will be used to generate the project '
                'webpage on PyPI, and should be written '
                'for\n'
                'that purpose.\n'
                '\n'
                'Typical contents for this file would '
                'include an overview of the project, '
                'basic\n'
                'usage examples, etc. Generally, including '
                'the project changelog in here is not\n'
                'a good idea, although a simple "What\'s '
                'New" section for the most recent version\n'
                'may be appropriate.',
 'description_content_type': None,
 'docs_url': None,
 'download_url': 'UNKNOWN',
 'downloads': {...},
 'home_page': 'https://github.com/pypa/sampleproject',
 'keywords': 'sample setuptools development',
 'license': 'MIT',
 'maintainer': None,
 'maintainer_email': None,
 'name': 'sampleproject',
 'package_url': 'https://pypi.org/project/sampleproject/',
 'platform': 'UNKNOWN',
 'project_url': 'https://pypi.org/project/sampleproject/',
 'project_urls': {...},
 'release_url': 'https://pypi.org/project/sampleproject/1.2.0/',
 'requires_dist': None,
 'requires_python': None,
 'summary': 'A sample Python project',
 'version': '1.2.0'}

`pprint` — Data pretty printer¶

Zadania¶

PrettyPrinter Objects¶

Example¶

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pprint — Data pretty printer¶

Zadania¶

PrettyPrinter Objects¶

Example¶

`pprint` — Data pretty printer¶