Python 3.4 有什么新变化

作者:

R. David Murray <rdmurray@bitdance.com> (Editor)

这篇文章介绍了 Python 3.4 相比 3.3 增加的新特性。 Python 3.4 发布于 2014 年 3 月 16 日。 对于完整的细节，请参见 更新日志。

参见

PEP 429 -- Python 3.4 发布计划

摘要 - 发布重点

新的语法特性：

  • Python 3.4 中没有增加新的语法特性。

其他的新特性

新的库模块：

显著改进的库模块:

安全改进：

CPython 实现的改进：

请继续阅读有关针对用户的改变的完整清单，包括许多其他较小的改进、CPython 优化、弃用以及潜在的移植问题。

新的特性

PEP 453: 在 Python 安装版中对 PIP 的显式初始设置

默认对 pip 进行初始设置

新增的 ensurepip 模块（在 PEP 453 中定义）提供了一个在 Python 安装版和虚拟环境中初始设置 pip 安装器的标准跨平台机制。 包括在 Python 3.4.0 中的 pip 版本是 pip 1.5.4，未来的 3.4.x 维护发布版会将附带版本升级为创建候选发布版时的 pip 最新版本。

在默认情况下，将在所有平台上安装 pipX 和 pipX.Y 等命令（其中 X.Y 表示 Python 安装包的版本），并包括 pip Python 包及其依赖。 在 Windows 中以及所有平台的虚拟环境中，还将安装不带版本号的 pip 命令。 在其他平台中，系统层级上不带版本号的 pip 命令通常是指向单独安装的 Python 2 版本。

pyvenv 命令行工具和 venv 模块可利用 ensurepip 模块在虚拟环境中准备好 pip。 当使用命令行工具时，会默认安装 pip，而当使用 venv 模块的 API 安装版时必须显式地安装 pip。

对于 CPython 在 POSIX 系统上的源代码编译版，make install 和 make altinstall 命令默认会初始设置 pip。 此行为可通过配置选项来控制，并通过 Makefile 选项来重写。

在 Windows 和 Mac OS X 上，现在 CPython 安装程序默认会将 pip 与 CPython 本身一同安装（用户可以在安装过程中选择不安装它）。 Window 用户需要选择执行 PATH 修改以使 pip 在命令行中默认可用，在其他情况下它仍然可以通过 Windows 版 Python 启动器以 py -m pip 的方式使用。

正如 在 PEP 中已讨论的，平台打包者可以选择默认不安装这些命令，只需要在它们被发起调用时，能够提供有关如何在该平台上安装它们的简单清晰的指引（通常是使用系统包管理器）。

备注

为了避免同时存在的 Python 2 和 Python 3 安装版之前的冲突，当 ensurepip 被直接发起调用时默认只会初始设置带版本号的 pip3 和 pip3.4 命令 —— 需要添加 --default-pip 选项来请求设置不带版本号的 pip 命令。 pyvenv 和 Windows 安装程序会确保未限定版本的 pip 命令在环境中可用，并且 pip 始终可以通过 -m 选项开关而不是直接发起调用以避免在具有多个 Python 安装版的系统中造成歧义。

文档更改

作为此项更改的一部分，文档的 安装 Python 模块 和 分发 Python 模块 章节已经完全重新设计，快速入门和 FAQ 文档也是如此。 大部分打包指南文档现在都已被移至由 Python Packaging Authority 维护的 Python Packaging User Guide 以及相应的独立项目文档。

However, as this migration is currently still incomplete, the legacy versions of those guides remaining available as 安装Python模块（旧版） and 分发 Python 模块（遗留版本）.

参见

PEP 453 -- Python 安装版中对 pip 的显式初始设置

PEP 由Donald Stufft 和 Nick Coghlan 撰写，由 Donald Stufft，Nick Coghlan，Martin von Löwis 和 Ned Deily 实现。

PEP 446: 新创建的文件描述符将设为不可继承

PEP 446 将新创建的文件描述符设为 不可继承的。 通常，这就是应用程序所需要的行为：当启动一个新进程时，让当前打开的文件也在新进程里打开可能导致各种难以查找的程序错误以及潜在的安全问题。

不过，也存在一些需要继承行为的情况。 为了支持这些情况，可以使用以下的新增函数和方法：

参见

PEP 446 -- 将新创建的文件描述符设为不可继承

PEP 由 Victor Stinner 撰写并实现。

编解码器处理方式的改进

自首次被引入以来，codecs 模块始终是作为一个类型中立的动态编码和解码系统来运作的。 然而，它与 Python 文本模型，尤其是内置 str、bytes 和 bytearray 类型上的限定类型的便捷方法的紧密耦合，在历史上掩盖了这一事实。

作为明晰情况的关键一步，现在 codecs.encode() 和 codecs.decode() 便捷函数在 Python 2.7、3.3 和 3.4 中都正确地写入了文档。 自 Python 2.4 以来这些函数即已存在于 codecs 模块中（并已被回归测试套件所覆盖），但在此前只能通过运行时自省才能发现。

不同于 str, bytes 和 bytearray 上的便捷方法，codecs 的便捷函数同时支持 Python 2 和 Python 3 中的任意编解码器，而非仅限于 Unicode 文本编码格式（在 Python 3 中) 或 basestring <-> basestring 转换（在 Python 2 中）。

在 Python 3.4 中，解释器能够识别标准库中提供的已知非文本编码格式并会在适当的时候引导用户找到这些通用型便捷函数:

>>> b"abcdef".decode("hex")
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
LookupError: 'hex' is not a text encoding; use codecs.decode() to handle arbitrary codecs

>>> "hello".encode("rot13")
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
LookupError: 'rot13' is not a text encoding; use codecs.encode() to handle arbitrary codecs

>>> open("foo.txt", encoding="hex")
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
LookupError: 'hex' is not a text encoding; use codecs.open() to handle arbitrary codecs

在相关的改变中，只要在不破坏向下兼容性 的情况下是可行的，则在编码和解码操作期间引发的异常都会被包装在一个特定类型的链式异常中，该类型的名称与产生错误的相应编解码器一致:

>>> import codecs

>>> codecs.decode(b"abcdefgh", "hex")
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/lib/python3.4/encodings/hex_codec.py", line 20, in hex_decode
    return (binascii.a2b_hex(input), len(input))
binascii.Error: Non-hexadecimal digit found

The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
binascii.Error: decoding with 'hex' codec failed (Error: Non-hexadecimal digit found)

>>> codecs.encode("hello", "bz2")
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/lib/python3.4/encodings/bz2_codec.py", line 17, in bz2_encode
    return (bz2.compress(input), len(input))
  File "/usr/lib/python3.4/bz2.py", line 498, in compress
    return comp.compress(data) + comp.flush()
TypeError: 'str' does not support the buffer interface

The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: encoding with 'bz2' codec failed (TypeError: 'str' does not support the buffer interface)

最后，正如上面的例子所示，这些改进允许恢复非 Unicode 编解码器的便捷别名，这些别名在 Python 3.2 中已被恢复。 这意味着（举例来说）二进制数据到其十六进制表示形式的编码转换现在可以写成:

>>> from codecs import encode, decode
>>> encode(b"hello", "hex")
b'68656c6c6f'
>>> decode(b"68656c6c6f", "hex")
b'hello'

在标准库中提供的二进制和文本转换操作详见 二进制转换 和 文字转换。

（由 Nick Coghlan 在 bpo-7475, bpo-17827, bpo-17828 和 bpo-19619 中贡献。）

PEP 451: 针对导入系统的 ModuleSpec 类型

PEP 451 提供了对模块相关信息的封装，导入机制将使用这些信息来加载它（即模块规范说明）。 这有助于简化导入的实现和几个导入相关的 API。 这一改动也是 某些未来导入相关改进 的基石。

PEP 中面向公众的修改是完全向下兼容的。 并且，它们应当对除导入器开发者之外的其他所有人都可见。 主要查找器和加载器方法已被弃用，但它们将继续工作。 新的导入器应当使用 PEP 中描述的新方法。 现有的导入器应当被更新以实现这些新方法。 请参阅 弃用 一节获取应当被替代的方法及其替代物的列表。

其他语言特性修改

对Python 语言核心进行的小改动：

  • Unicode 数据库更新至 UCD 版本 6.3。

  • 现在 min() 和 max() 均接受一个 default 仅限关键字参数可被用来指定当它们要求值的可迭代对象中没有任何元素时要返回的值。 （由 Julian Berman 在 bpo-18111 中贡献。）

  • 模块对象现在是 可弱引用的。

  • 模块的 __file__ 属性（以及相关的值）现在应当总是默认包含绝对路径，唯一的例外是当使用相对路径直接执行一个脚本时的 __main__.__file__。 （由 Brett Cannon 在 bpo-18416 中贡献。）

  • 现在所有 UTF-* 编解码器（UTF-7 除外）在编码和解码期间都将拒绝替代符除非使用 surrogatepass 错误处理句柄，例外情况有 UTF-16 解码器（接受有效的替代符对）和 UTF-16 编码器（在编码非 BMP 字符时会产生替代符）。 （由 Victor Stinner, Kang-Hao (Kenny) Lu 和 Serhiy Storchaka 在 bpo-12892 中贡献。）

  • 新增 German EBCDIC 编解码器 cp273。 （由 Michael Bierenfeld 和 Andrew Kuchling 在 bpo-1097797 中贡献。）

  • 新增 Ukrainian 编解码器 cp1125。 （由 Serhiy Storchaka 在 bpo-19668 中贡献。）

  • 现在 bytes.join() 和 bytearray.join() 接受任意缓冲区对象作为参数。 （由 Antoine Pitrou 在 bpo-15958 中贡献。）

  • 现在 int 构造器接受任何具有 __index__ 方法的对象作为其 base 参数。 （由 Mark Dickinson 在 bpo-16772 中贡献。）

  • 帧对象现在具有 clear() 方法用来从帧中清除所有对局部变量的引用。 （由 Antoine Pitrou 在 bpo-17934 中贡献。）

  • 现在 memoryview 被注册为 序列，并支持 reversed() 内置函数。 （由 Nick Coghlan 和 Claudiu Popa 在 bpo-18690 和 bpo-19078 中贡献。）

  • 作为对引入 Argument Clinic 以及对 inspect 和 pydoc 模块的其他修改的结果，在各种场合下由 help() 所报告的签名信息已获得修改和提升。

  • 现在 __length_hint__() 已成为正式语言规范的一部分 (参见 PEP 424)。 （由 Armin Ronacher 在 bpo-16148 中贡献。）

新增模块

asyncio

新增的 asyncio 模块（在 PEP 3156 中定义）为 Python 提供了一个标准的可插入事件循环模型，在标准库中提供了坚实的异步 IO 支持，并使得其他事件循环的实现与标准库和其他库的相互操作更为容易。

对于 Python 3.4，此模块被视为属于 provisional API。

参见

PEP 3156 -- 异步 IO 支持的重启: "asyncio" 模块

PEP 由 Guido van Rossum 领导编写和实现。

ensurepip

新增的 ensurepip 模块是用于 PEP 453 实现的主要基础设施。 在正常情况下最终用户不需要与此模块进行交互，但如果对安装版或虚拟环境的自动初始设置遭到拒绝则可使用它来手动初始设置 pip。

ensurepip 包括了一个捆绑的 pip 副本，其版本更新时间即 CPython 发布包的第一个候选发布版的发布时间（此规则同样适用于维护发布版和新特性发布版）。 ensurepip 不会访问因特网。 如果安装版可以访问因特网，则在运行 ensurepip 之后可以使用所捆绑的 pip 来将 pip 升级为比所捆绑版本更高的版本。 （请注意这样得到的 pip 升级版本将被视为一个单独安装的软件包并且在 Python 被卸载时将不会被移除。）

该模块被命名为 ensurepip 是因为如果在已安装 pip 的情况下被调用，它将不做任何操作。 它还有一个 --upgrade 选项可以在当前已安装的 pip 版本比所捆绑的副本更旧的情况下安装所捆绑的 pip 副本。

enum

新增的 enum 模块（在 PEP 435 中定义）提供了枚举类型的标准实现，允许其他模块（如 socket 等）通过将含义不清晰的整数常量替换为可向下兼容的枚举值来提供更具信息量的错误消息和更好的调试支持。

参见

PEP 435 -- 为 Python 标准库增加了 Enum 类型

PEP 由 Barry Warsaw，Eli Bendersky 和 Ethan Furman 撰写 ，由 Ethan Furman 实现。

pathlib

新增的 pathlib 模块提供了代表文件系统路径的类，其语义适用于不同的操作系统。 路径类被划分为提供不带 I/O 的纯计算操作的 纯路径，以及继承自纯路径但提供 I/O 操作的 实体路径。

对于 Python 3.4，此模块被视为属于 provisional API。

参见

PEP 428 -- pathlib 模块 -- 面向对象的文件系统路径

PEP 由 Antoine Pitrou 撰写并实现

selectors

新增的 selectors 模块（作为 PEP 3156 实现的一部分被创建）允许高层级且高效的 I/O 多路复用，它是在 select 模块的基础上构建的。

statistics

新增的 statistics 模块（在 PEP 450 中定义）直接在标准库中提供了一些核心统计功能。 该模块支持计算数据系列的平均值、中位数、模式、方差和标准差等。

参见

PEP 450 -- 为标准库增加 statistics 模块

PEP 由 Steven D'Aprano 撰写并实现。

tracemalloc

新增的 tracemalloc 模块（在 PEP 454 中定义）是用于追踪由 Python 所分配的内存块的调试工具。 它提供了以下信息：

  • 追踪对象被分配所在的位置

  • 按文件、按行统计python的内存块分配情况: 总大小、块的数量以及块平均大小。

  • 对比两个内存快照的差异，以便排查内存泄漏

参见

PEP 454 -- 新增 tracemalloc 模块用于追踪 Python 内存分配

PEP 由 Victor Stinner 撰写并实现

改进的模块

abc

新增的函数 abc.get_cache_token() 可被用来获知何时使得受到对象图改变影响的缓存失效。 （由 Łukasz Langa 在 bpo-16832 中贡献。）

新增的类型 ABC 以 ABCMeta 作为其元类。 使用 ABC 作为基类的效果实际上相当于指定 metaclass=abc.ABCMeta，但其写法更简单也更易读。 （由 Bruno Dupuis 在 bpo-16049 中贡献。）

aifc

现在 getparams() 将返回一个具名元组而不是普通元组。 （由 Claudiu Popa 在 bpo-17818 中贡献。）

现在 aifc.open() 已支持上下文管理协议：当在 with 代码块中使用时，所返回对象的 close() 方法将在代码块结束时被自动调用。 （由 Serhiy Storchacha 在 bpo-16486 中贡献。）

现在 writeframesraw() 和 writeframes() 方法将接受任意 bytes-like object。 （由 Serhiy Storchaka 在 bpo-8311 中贡献。）

argparse

现在 FileType 类可接受 encoding 和 errors 参数，它们将被传递给 open()。 （由 Lucas Maystre 在 bpo-11175 中贡献。）

audioop

现在 audioop 可支持 24 位采样。 （由 Serhiy Storchaka 在 bpo-12866 中贡献。）

新增的 byteswap() 函数可将大端序样本转换为小端序，并可反向转换。 （由 Serhiy Storchaka 在 bpo-19641 中贡献。）

所有 audioop 函数现在均接受任意 bytes-like object。 字符串将不被接受：它们在之前也不可用，现在它们将立即引发错误。 （由 Serhiy Storchaka 在 bpo-16685 中贡献。）

base64

现在 base64 中的编码和解码函数在之前需要 bytes 或 bytearray 实例的场合下均接受任意 bytes-like object。 （由 Nick Coghlan 在 bpo-17839 中贡献。）

新增的函数 a85encode(), a85decode(), b85encode() 以及 b85decode() 分别提供针对 Ascii85 以及 git/mercurial Base85 格式的二进制数据进行编码和解码的能力。 a85 函数具有可被用于使其与 Ascii85 编码格式的变种，包括 Adobe 变种相互兼容的选项。 （由 Martin Morrison, Mercurial 项目, Serhiy Storchaka 和 Antoine Pitrou 在 bpo-17618 中贡献。）

collections

现在 ChainMap.new_child() 方法接受一个 m 参数用于指定要向链结构中添加的子映射表。 这允许将现有的映射和/或自定义映射类型用于子映射表。 （由 Vinay Sajip 在 bpo-16613 中贡献。）

colorsys

用于 RGB --- YIQ 转换系数的数码位数已被扩展以使其与 FCC NTSC 版本匹配。 结果中的变化应当少于 1% 并可与在其他地方找到的结果更好地匹配。 （由 Brian Landers 和 Serhiy Storchaka 在 bpo-14323 中贡献。）

contextlib

新增的 contextlib.suppress 上下文管理器可以帮助澄清故意抑制来自单条语句的异常的代码的意图。 （由 Raymond Hettinger 在 bpo-15806 和 Zero Piraeus 在 bpo-19266 中贡献。）

新增的 contextlib.redirect_stdout() 上下文管理器使得工具脚本能更容易地处理将输出写入 sys.stdout 并且不提供任何重定向选项的不灵活 API。 使用该上下文管理器，可以将 sys.stdout 的输出重定向到任何其他流，或者配合使用 io.StringIO 来重定向到字符串。 后一种方式有时会特别有用，例如写入函数的输出来实现 命令行接口。 由于它会影响 sys.stdout 的全局状态因此只推荐用于工具脚本。 （由 Raymond Hettinger 在 bpo-15805 中贡献。）

contextlib 文档也已获得更新以包括有关仅单用、可重用与可重入上下文管理器之间的区别的 讨论。

dbm

现在 dbm.open() 对象已支持上下文管理器协议。 当在 with 语句中使用时，数据库对象的 close 方法将在代码块结束时被自动调用。 （由 Claudiu Popa 和 Nick Coghlan 在 bpo-19282 中贡献。）

dis

现在 show_code(), dis(), distb() 和 disassemble() 等函数可接受仅限关键字参数 file 来控制其输出的写入目标。

现在 dis 模块是围绕 Instruction 类来构建的，该类以面向对象的访问方式提供对于每个单独字节码操作的细节。

新增的方法 get_instructions() 提供了一个为给定 Python 代码段产生 Instruction 流的迭代器。 这使得现在可以编写以不同于由 dis 模块本身所提供的方式检查和操纵字节码对象的程序。 例如:

>>> import dis
>>> for instr in dis.get_instructions(lambda x: x + 1):
...     print(instr.opname)
LOAD_FAST
LOAD_CONST
BINARY_ADD
RETURN_VALUE

dis 模块中的各种显示工具已被重新编写以使用这些新组件。

此外，新增的对应用程序友好的类 Bytecode 提供了一个面向对象的 API 用于以人类可读的形式检查字节码并对指令进行迭代。 Bytecode 构造器接受与 get_instruction() 相同的参数（外加一个可选的 current_offset 参数），其结果对象可被迭代以产生 Instruction 对象。 但它还有一个 dis 方法，相当于在构造器参数上调用 dis，但是返回一个多行字符串:

>>> bytecode = dis.Bytecode(lambda x: x + 1, current_offset=3)
>>> for instr in bytecode:
...     print('{} ({})'.format(instr.opname, instr.opcode))
LOAD_FAST (124)
LOAD_CONST (100)
BINARY_ADD (23)
RETURN_VALUE (83)
>>> bytecode.dis().splitlines()       
['  1           0 LOAD_FAST                0 (x)',
 '      -->     3 LOAD_CONST               1 (1)',
 '              6 BINARY_ADD',
 '              7 RETURN_VALUE']

Bytecode 还有一个类方法 from_traceback()，它提供了操纵回溯对象的能力（也就是说，print(Bytecode.from_traceback(tb).dis()) 等价于 distb(tb)。）

（由 Nick Coghlan, Ryan Kelly 和 Thomas Kluyver 在 bpo-11816 并由 Claudiu Popa 在 bpo-17916 中贡献。）

新增的函数 stack_effect() 可在给定操作码和参数的 Python 栈上计算其效果，相关信息是无法以其他方式获得的。 （由 Larry Hastings 在 bpo-19722 中贡献。）

doctest

新增的 选项旗标 FAIL_FAST 将在检测到首次失败时暂停测试运行。 （由 R. David Murray 和 Daniel Urban 在 bpo-16522 中贡献。）

现在 doctest 的命令行接口使用 argparse，并新增了两个选项 -o 和 -f。 -o 允许在命令行中指定 doctest 选项，而 -f 是 -o FAIL_FAST 的简写形式（与 unittest CLI 所支持的类似选项相对应）。 （由 R. David Murray 在 bpo-11390 中贡献。）

doctest will now find doctests in extension module __doc__ strings. (Contributed by Zachary Ware in bpo-3158.)

email

as_string() now accepts a policy argument to override the default policy of the message when generating a string representation of it. This means that as_string can now be used in more circumstances, instead of having to create and use a generator in order to pass formatting parameters to its flatten method. (Contributed by R. David Murray in bpo-18600.)

New method as_bytes() added to produce a bytes representation of the message in a fashion similar to how as_string produces a string representation. It does not accept the maxheaderlen argument, but does accept the unixfrom and policy arguments. The Message __bytes__() method calls it, meaning that bytes(mymsg) will now produce the intuitive result: a bytes object containing the fully formatted message. (Contributed by R. David Murray in bpo-18600.)

The Message.set_param() message now accepts a replace keyword argument. When specified, the associated header will be updated without changing its location in the list of headers. For backward compatibility, the default is False. (Contributed by R. David Murray in bpo-18891.)

A pair of new subclasses of Message have been added (EmailMessage and MIMEPart), along with a new sub-module, contentmanager and a new policy attribute content_manager. All documentation is currently in the new module, which is being added as part of email's new provisional API. These classes provide a number of new methods that make extracting content from and inserting content into email messages much easier. For details, see the contentmanager documentation and the email: 示例. These API additions complete the bulk of the work that was planned as part of the email6 project. The currently provisional API is scheduled to become final in Python 3.5 (possibly with a few minor additions in the area of error handling). (Contributed by R. David Murray in bpo-18891.)

filecmp

A new clear_cache() function provides the ability to clear the filecmp comparison cache, which uses os.stat() information to determine if the file has changed since the last compare. This can be used, for example, if the file might have been changed and re-checked in less time than the resolution of a particular filesystem's file modification time field. (Contributed by Mark Levitt in bpo-18149.)

New module attribute DEFAULT_IGNORES provides the list of directories that are used as the default value for the ignore parameter of the dircmp() function. (Contributed by Eli Bendersky in bpo-15442.)

functools

The new partialmethod() descriptor brings partial argument application to descriptors, just as partial() provides for normal callables. The new descriptor also makes it easier to get arbitrary callables (including partial() instances) to behave like normal instance methods when included in a class definition. (Contributed by Alon Horev and Nick Coghlan in bpo-4331.)

The new singledispatch() decorator brings support for single-dispatch generic functions to the Python standard library. Where object oriented programming focuses on grouping multiple operations on a common set of data into a class, a generic function focuses on grouping multiple implementations of an operation that allows it to work with different kinds of data.

参见

PEP 443 -- 单分派泛型函数

PEP 由 Łukasz Langa 撰写并实现。

现在 total_ordering() 支持从下层的比较函数返回 NotImplemented 作为返回值。 （由 Katie Miller 在 bpo-10042 中贡献。）

现在标准库中增加了 partial() 函数的纯 Python 版本；在 CPython 中它会被 C 加速版本覆盖，但它以供其他实现来使用。 （由 Brian Thorne 在 bpo-12428 中贡献。）

gc

新增的函数 get_stats() 可返回由三个单独生成字典组成的列表，每个字典均包含自解释器启动以来收集的统计信息。 （由 Antoine Pitrou 在 bpo-16351 中贡献。）

glob

新增函数 escape() 提供了为文件名中的特殊字符进行转义的方式以使它们不会成为 glob 扩展的组成部分而是按字面值来匹配。 （由 Serhiy Storchaka 在 bpo-8402 中贡献。）

hashlib

A new hashlib.pbkdf2_hmac() function provides the PKCS#5 password-based key derivation function 2. (Contributed by Christian Heimes in bpo-18582.)

The name attribute of hashlib hash objects is now a formally supported interface. It has always existed in CPython's hashlib (although it did not return lower case names for all supported hashes), but it was not a public interface and so some other Python implementations have not previously supported it. (Contributed by Jason R. Coombs in bpo-18532.)

hmac

hmac now accepts bytearray as well as bytes for the key argument to the new() function, and the msg parameter to both the new() function and the update() method now accepts any type supported by the hashlib module. (Contributed by Jonas Borgström in bpo-18240.)

The digestmod argument to the hmac.new() function may now be any hash digest name recognized by hashlib. In addition, the current behavior in which the value of digestmod defaults to MD5 is deprecated: in a future version of Python there will be no default value. (Contributed by Christian Heimes in bpo-17276.)

With the addition of block_size and name attributes (and the formal documentation of the digest_size attribute), the hmac module now conforms fully to the PEP 247 API. (Contributed by Christian Heimes in bpo-18775.)

html

New function unescape() function converts HTML5 character references to the corresponding Unicode characters. (Contributed by Ezio Melotti in bpo-2927.)

HTMLParser accepts a new keyword argument convert_charrefs that, when True, automatically converts all character references. For backward-compatibility, its value defaults to False, but it will change to True in a future version of Python, so you are invited to set it explicitly and update your code to use this new feature. (Contributed by Ezio Melotti in bpo-13633.)

The strict argument of HTMLParser is now deprecated. (Contributed by Ezio Melotti in bpo-15114.)

http

send_error() now accepts an optional additional explain parameter which can be used to provide an extended error description, overriding the hardcoded default if there is one. This extended error description will be formatted using the error_message_format attribute and sent as the body of the error response. (Contributed by Karl Cow in bpo-12921.)

The http.server command line interface now has a -b/--bind option that causes the server to listen on a specific address. (Contributed by Malte Swart in bpo-17764.)

idlelib 与 IDLE

由于 idlelib 实现了 IDLE 命令行界面和编辑器且不应被其他程序导入，它将随每个发布版获得改进。 请参阅 Lib/idlelib/NEWS.txt 查看 3.3.0 以来的累积变化列表，以及未来 3.4.x 发布版即将发生的变化。 此文件也可通过 IDLE Help ‣ About IDLE 对话框来查看。

importlib

InspectLoader ABC 定义了一个新方法 source_to_code()，它接受源数据和一个路径并返回一个代码对象。 其默认实现等价于 compile(data, path, 'exec', dont_inherit=True)。 （由 Eric Snow 和 Brett Cannon 在 bpo-15627 中贡献。）

现在 InspectLoader 也具有 get_code() 方法的默认实现。 不过，出于性能原因通常需要重写默认实现。 （由 Brett Cannon 在 bpo-18072 中贡献。）

The reload() function has been moved from imp to importlib as part of the imp module deprecation. (Contributed by Berker Peksag in bpo-18193.)

importlib.util now has a MAGIC_NUMBER attribute providing access to the bytecode version number. This replaces the get_magic() function in the deprecated imp module. (Contributed by Brett Cannon in bpo-18192.)

New importlib.util functions cache_from_source() and source_from_cache() replace the same-named functions in the deprecated imp module. (Contributed by Brett Cannon in bpo-18194.)

The importlib bootstrap NamespaceLoader now conforms to the InspectLoader ABC, which means that runpy and python -m can now be used with namespace packages. (Contributed by Brett Cannon in bpo-18058.)

importlib.util has a new function decode_source() that decodes source from bytes using universal newline processing. This is useful for implementing InspectLoader.get_source() methods.

importlib.machinery.ExtensionFileLoader now has a get_filename() method. This was inadvertently omitted in the original implementation. (Contributed by Eric Snow in bpo-19152.)

inspect

The inspect module now offers a basic command line interface to quickly display source code and other information for modules, classes and functions. (Contributed by Claudiu Popa and Nick Coghlan in bpo-18626.)

unwrap() makes it easy to unravel wrapper function chains created by functools.wraps() (and any other API that sets the __wrapped__ attribute on a wrapper function). (Contributed by Daniel Urban, Aaron Iles and Nick Coghlan in bpo-13266.)

As part of the implementation of the new enum module, the inspect module now has substantially better support for custom __dir__ methods and dynamic class attributes provided through metaclasses. (Contributed by Ethan Furman in bpo-18929 and bpo-19030.)

getfullargspec() and getargspec() now use the signature() API. This allows them to support a much broader range of callables, including those with __signature__ attributes, those with metadata provided by argument clinic, functools.partial() objects and more. Note that, unlike signature(), these functions still ignore __wrapped__ attributes, and report the already bound first argument for bound methods, so it is still necessary to update your code to use signature() directly if those features are desired. (Contributed by Yury Selivanov in bpo-17481.)

signature() now supports duck types of CPython functions, which adds support for functions compiled with Cython. (Contributed by Stefan Behnel and Yury Selivanov in bpo-17159.)

ipaddress

ipaddress was added to the standard library in Python 3.3 as a provisional API. With the release of Python 3.4, this qualification has been removed: ipaddress is now considered a stable API, covered by the normal standard library requirements to maintain backwards compatibility.

A new is_global property is True if an address is globally routeable. (Contributed by Peter Moody in bpo-17400.)

logging

The TimedRotatingFileHandler has a new atTime parameter that can be used to specify the time of day when rollover should happen. (Contributed by Ronald Oussoren in bpo-9556.)

SocketHandler and DatagramHandler now support Unix domain sockets (by setting port to None). (Contributed by Vinay Sajip in commit ce46195b56a9.)

fileConfig() now accepts a configparser.RawConfigParser subclass instance for the fname parameter. This facilitates using a configuration file when logging configuration is just a part of the overall application configuration, or where the application modifies the configuration before passing it to fileConfig(). (Contributed by Vinay Sajip in bpo-16110.)

Logging configuration data received from a socket via the logging.config.listen() function can now be validated before being processed by supplying a verification function as the argument to the new verify keyword argument. (Contributed by Vinay Sajip in bpo-15452.)

marshal

The default marshal version has been bumped to 3. The code implementing the new version restores the Python2 behavior of recording only one copy of interned strings and preserving the interning on deserialization, and extends this "one copy" ability to any object type (including handling recursive references). This reduces both the size of .pyc files and the amount of memory a module occupies in memory when it is loaded from a .pyc (or .pyo) file. (Contributed by Kristján Valur Jónsson in bpo-16475, with additional speedups by Antoine Pitrou in bpo-19219.)

mmap

mmap objects are now weakly referenceable. (Contributed by Valerie Lambert in bpo-4885.)

multiprocessing

On Unix two new start methods, spawn and forkserver, have been added for starting processes using multiprocessing. These make the mixing of processes with threads more robust, and the spawn method matches the semantics that multiprocessing has always used on Windows. New function get_all_start_methods() reports all start methods available on the platform, get_start_method() reports the current start method, and set_start_method() sets the start method. (Contributed by Richard Oudkerk in bpo-8713.)

multiprocessing also now has the concept of a context, which determines how child processes are created. New function get_context() returns a context that uses a specified start method. It has the same API as the multiprocessing module itself, so you can use it to create Pools and other objects that will operate within that context. This allows a framework and an application or different parts of the same application to use multiprocessing without interfering with each other. (Contributed by Richard Oudkerk in bpo-18999.)

Except when using the old fork start method, child processes no longer inherit unneeded handles/file descriptors from their parents (part of bpo-8713).

multiprocessing now relies on runpy (which implements the -m switch) to initialise __main__ appropriately in child processes when using the spawn or forkserver start methods. This resolves some edge cases where combining multiprocessing, the -m command line switch, and explicit relative imports could cause obscure failures in child processes. (Contributed by Nick Coghlan in bpo-19946.)

operator

New function length_hint() provides an implementation of the specification for how the __length_hint__() special method should be used, as part of the PEP 424 formal specification of this language feature. (Contributed by Armin Ronacher in bpo-16148.)

There is now a pure-python version of the operator module available for reference and for use by alternate implementations of Python. (Contributed by Zachary Ware in bpo-16694.)

os

There are new functions to get and set the inheritable flag of a file descriptor (os.get_inheritable(), os.set_inheritable()) or a Windows handle (os.get_handle_inheritable(), os.set_handle_inheritable()).

New function cpu_count() reports the number of CPUs available on the platform on which Python is running (or None if the count can't be determined). The multiprocessing.cpu_count() function is now implemented in terms of this function). (Contributed by Trent Nelson, Yogesh Chaudhari, Victor Stinner, and Charles-François Natali in bpo-17914.)

os.path.samestat() is now available on the Windows platform (and the os.path.samefile() implementation is now shared between Unix and Windows). (Contributed by Brian Curtin in bpo-11939.)

os.path.ismount() now recognizes volumes mounted below a drive root on Windows. (Contributed by Tim Golden in bpo-9035.)

os.open() supports two new flags on platforms that provide them, O_PATH (un-opened file descriptor), and O_TMPFILE (unnamed temporary file; as of 3.4.0 release available only on Linux systems with a kernel version of 3.11 or newer that have uapi headers). (Contributed by Christian Heimes in bpo-18673 and Benjamin Peterson, respectively.)

pdb

pdb has been enhanced to handle generators, yield, and yield from in a more useful fashion. This is especially helpful when debugging asyncio based programs. (Contributed by Andrew Svetlov and Xavier de Gaye in bpo-16596.)

The print command has been removed from pdb, restoring access to the Python print() function from the pdb command line. Python2's pdb did not have a print command; instead, entering print executed the print statement. In Python3 print was mistakenly made an alias for the pdb p command. p, however, prints the repr of its argument, not the str like the Python2 print command did. Worse, the Python3 pdb print command shadowed the Python3 print function, making it inaccessible at the pdb prompt. (Contributed by Connor Osborn in bpo-18764.)

pickle

pickle now supports (but does not use by default) a new pickle protocol, protocol 4. This new protocol addresses a number of issues that were present in previous protocols, such as the serialization of nested classes, very large strings and containers, and classes whose __new__() method takes keyword-only arguments. It also provides some efficiency improvements.

参见

PEP 3154 -- pickle 协议 4

PEP 由 Antoine Pitrou 撰写，并由 Alexandre Vassalotti 实现

plistlib

plistlib now has an API that is similar to the standard pattern for stdlib serialization protocols, with new load(), dump(), loads(), and dumps() functions. (The older API is now deprecated.) In addition to the already supported XML plist format (FMT_XML), it also now supports the binary plist format (FMT_BINARY). (Contributed by Ronald Oussoren and others in bpo-14455.)

poplib

Two new methods have been added to poplib: capa(), which returns the list of capabilities advertised by the POP server, and stls(), which switches a clear-text POP3 session into an encrypted POP3 session if the POP server supports it. (Contributed by Lorenzo Catucci in bpo-4473.)

pprint

The pprint module's PrettyPrinter class and its pformat(), and pprint() functions have a new option, compact, that controls how the output is formatted. Currently setting compact to True means that sequences will be printed with as many sequence elements as will fit within width on each (indented) line. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-19132.)

Long strings are now wrapped using Python's normal line continuation syntax. (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in bpo-17150.)

pty

现在 pty.spawn() 将返回来自子进程上 os.waitpid() 的状态值，而不是 None。 （由 Gregory P. Smith 贡献。）

pydoc

现在 pydoc 模块是直接基于 inspect.signature() 内省 API，这允许它提供更多可调用对象的签名信息。 这一改变也意味着现在当显示帮助信息时 __wrapped__ 属性也会被纳入考虑。 （由 Larry Hastings 在 bpo-19674 中贡献。）

pydoc 模块将不再显示已绑定方法的 self 形参。 现在，它总是会显示所提供可调用对象实际的当前签名。 （由 Larry Hastings 在 bpo-20710 中贡献。）

除了 pydoc 已有的直接修改，它对自定义 __dir__ 方法和各种描述器行为的处理也通过对下层 inspect 模块的修改获得了显著的改进。

由于 help() 内置函数是基于 pydoc 的，上述的变化也会影响 help() 的行为。

re

New fullmatch() function and regex.fullmatch() method anchor the pattern at both ends of the string to match. This provides a way to be explicit about the goal of the match, which avoids a class of subtle bugs where $ characters get lost during code changes or the addition of alternatives to an existing regular expression. (Contributed by Matthew Barnett in bpo-16203.)

The repr of regex objects now includes the pattern and the flags; the repr of match objects now includes the start, end, and the part of the string that matched. (Contributed by Hugo Lopes Tavares and Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-13592 and bpo-17087.)

resource

New prlimit() function, available on Linux platforms with a kernel version of 2.6.36 or later and glibc of 2.13 or later, provides the ability to query or set the resource limits for processes other than the one making the call. (Contributed by Christian Heimes in bpo-16595.)

On Linux kernel version 2.6.36 or later, there are also some new Linux specific constants: RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE, RLIMIT_NICE, RLIMIT_RTPRIO, RLIMIT_RTTIME, and RLIMIT_SIGPENDING. (Contributed by Christian Heimes in bpo-19324.)

On FreeBSD version 9 and later, there some new FreeBSD specific constants: RLIMIT_SBSIZE, RLIMIT_SWAP, and RLIMIT_NPTS. (Contributed by Claudiu Popa in bpo-19343.)

select

epoll objects now support the context management protocol. When used in a with statement, the close() method will be called automatically at the end of the block. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-16488.)

devpoll objects now have fileno() and close() methods, as well as a new attribute closed. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in bpo-18794.)

shelve

Shelf instances may now be used in with statements, and will be automatically closed at the end of the with block. (Contributed by Filip Gruszczyński in bpo-13896.)

shutil

copyfile() now raises a specific Error subclass, SameFileError, when the source and destination are the same file, which allows an application to take appropriate action on this specific error. (Contributed by Atsuo Ishimoto and Hynek Schlawack in bpo-1492704.)

smtpd

The SMTPServer and SMTPChannel classes now accept a map keyword argument which, if specified, is passed in to asynchat.async_chat as its map argument. This allows an application to avoid affecting the global socket map. (Contributed by Vinay Sajip in bpo-11959.)

smtplib

SMTPException is now a subclass of OSError, which allows both socket level errors and SMTP protocol level errors to be caught in one try/except statement by code that only cares whether or not an error occurred. (Contributed by Ned Jackson Lovely in bpo-2118.)

socket

现在 socket 模块会在受支持的平台上支持 CAN_BCM 协议。 （由 Brian Thorne 在 bpo-15359 中贡献。）

Socket 对象新增了用于获取或设置其 可继承旗标 的方法，get_inheritable() 和 set_inheritable()。

The socket.AF_* and socket.SOCK_* constants are now enumeration values using the new enum module. This allows meaningful names to be printed during debugging, instead of integer "magic numbers".

The AF_LINK constant is now available on BSD and OSX.

inet_pton() and inet_ntop() are now supported on Windows. (Contributed by Atsuo Ishimoto in bpo-7171.)

sqlite3

A new boolean parameter to the connect() function, uri, can be used to indicate that the database parameter is a uri (see the SQLite URI documentation). (Contributed by poq in bpo-13773.)

ssl

PROTOCOL_TLSv1_1 and PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2 (TLSv1.1 and TLSv1.2 support) have been added; support for these protocols is only available if Python is linked with OpenSSL 1.0.1 or later. (Contributed by Michele Orrù and Antoine Pitrou in bpo-16692.)

New function create_default_context() provides a standard way to obtain an SSLContext whose settings are intended to be a reasonable balance between compatibility and security. These settings are more stringent than the defaults provided by the SSLContext constructor, and may be adjusted in the future, without prior deprecation, if best-practice security requirements change. The new recommended best practice for using stdlib libraries that support SSL is to use create_default_context() to obtain an SSLContext object, modify it if needed, and then pass it as the context argument of the appropriate stdlib API. (Contributed by Christian Heimes in bpo-19689.)

SSLContext method load_verify_locations() accepts a new optional argument cadata, which can be used to provide PEM or DER encoded certificates directly via strings or bytes, respectively. (Contributed by Christian Heimes in bpo-18138.)

New function get_default_verify_paths() returns a named tuple of the paths and environment variables that the set_default_verify_paths() method uses to set OpenSSL's default cafile and capath. This can be an aid in debugging default verification issues. (Contributed by Christian Heimes in bpo-18143.)

SSLContext has a new method, cert_store_stats(), that reports the number of loaded X.509 certs, X.509 CA certs, and certificate revocation lists (crls), as well as a get_ca_certs() method that returns a list of the loaded CA certificates. (Contributed by Christian Heimes in bpo-18147.)

If OpenSSL 0.9.8 or later is available, SSLContext has a new attribute verify_flags that can be used to control the certificate verification process by setting it to some combination of the new constants VERIFY_DEFAULT, VERIFY_CRL_CHECK_LEAF, VERIFY_CRL_CHECK_CHAIN, or VERIFY_X509_STRICT. OpenSSL does not do any CRL verification by default. (Contributed by Christien Heimes in bpo-8813.)

New SSLContext method load_default_certs() loads a set of default "certificate authority" (CA) certificates from default locations, which vary according to the platform. It can be used to load both TLS web server authentication certificates (purpose=SERVER_AUTH) for a client to use to verify a server, and certificates for a server to use in verifying client certificates (purpose=CLIENT_AUTH). (Contributed by Christian Heimes in bpo-19292.)

Two new windows-only functions, enum_certificates() and enum_crls() provide the ability to retrieve certificates, certificate information, and CRLs from the Windows cert store. (Contributed by Christian Heimes in bpo-17134.)

Support for server-side SNI (Server Name Indication) using the new ssl.SSLContext.set_servername_callback() method. (Contributed by Daniel Black in bpo-8109.)

The dictionary returned by SSLSocket.getpeercert() contains additional X509v3 extension items: crlDistributionPoints, calIssuers, and OCSP URIs. (Contributed by Christian Heimes in bpo-18379.)

stat

The stat module is now backed by a C implementation in _stat. A C implementation is required as most of the values aren't standardized and are platform-dependent. (Contributed by Christian Heimes in bpo-11016.)

The module supports new ST_MODE flags, S_IFDOOR, S_IFPORT, and S_IFWHT. (Contributed by Christian Hiemes in bpo-11016.)

struct

New function iter_unpack and a new struct.Struct.iter_unpack() method on compiled formats provide streamed unpacking of a buffer containing repeated instances of a given format of data. (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in bpo-17804.)

subprocess

check_output() now accepts an input argument that can be used to provide the contents of stdin for the command that is run. (Contributed by Zack Weinberg in bpo-16624.)

getstatus() and getstatusoutput() now work on Windows. This change was actually inadvertently made in 3.3.4. (Contributed by Tim Golden in bpo-10197.)

sunau

The getparams() method now returns a namedtuple rather than a plain tuple. (Contributed by Claudiu Popa in bpo-18901.)

sunau.open() now supports the context management protocol: when used in a with block, the close method of the returned object will be called automatically at the end of the block. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-18878.)

AU_write.setsampwidth() now supports 24 bit samples, thus adding support for writing 24 sample using the module. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-19261.)

The writeframesraw() and writeframes() methods now accept any bytes-like object. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-8311.)

sys

New function sys.getallocatedblocks() returns the current number of blocks allocated by the interpreter. (In CPython with the default --with-pymalloc setting, this is allocations made through the PyObject_Malloc() API.) This can be useful for tracking memory leaks, especially if automated via a test suite. (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in bpo-13390.)

When the Python interpreter starts in interactive mode, it checks for an __interactivehook__ attribute on the sys module. If the attribute exists, its value is called with no arguments just before interactive mode is started. The check is made after the PYTHONSTARTUP file is read, so it can be set there. The site module sets it to a function that enables tab completion and history saving (in ~/.python-history) if the platform supports readline. If you do not want this (new) behavior, you can override it in PYTHONSTARTUP, sitecustomize, or usercustomize by deleting this attribute from sys (or setting it to some other callable). (Contributed by Éric Araujo and Antoine Pitrou in bpo-5845.)

tarfile

The tarfile module now supports a simple 命令行接口 when called as a script directly or via -m. This can be used to create and extract tarfile archives. (Contributed by Berker Peksag in bpo-13477.)

textwrap

The TextWrapper class has two new attributes/constructor arguments: max_lines, which limits the number of lines in the output, and placeholder, which is a string that will appear at the end of the output if it has been truncated because of max_lines. Building on these capabilities, a new convenience function shorten() collapses all of the whitespace in the input to single spaces and produces a single line of a given width that ends with the placeholder (by default, [...]). (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou and Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-18585 and bpo-18725.)

threading

The Thread object representing the main thread can be obtained from the new main_thread() function. In normal conditions this will be the thread from which the Python interpreter was started. (Contributed by Andrew Svetlov in bpo-18882.)

回溯

A new traceback.clear_frames() function takes a traceback object and clears the local variables in all of the frames it references, reducing the amount of memory consumed. (Contributed by Andrew Kuchling in bpo-1565525.)

types

A new DynamicClassAttribute() descriptor provides a way to define an attribute that acts normally when looked up through an instance object, but which is routed to the class __getattr__ when looked up through the class. This allows one to have properties active on a class, and have virtual attributes on the class with the same name (see Enum for an example). (Contributed by Ethan Furman in bpo-19030.)

urllib

urllib.request now supports data: URLs via the DataHandler class. (Contributed by Mathias Panzenböck in bpo-16423.)

The http method that will be used by a Request class can now be specified by setting a method class attribute on the subclass. (Contributed by Jason R Coombs in bpo-18978.)

Request objects are now reusable: if the full_url or data attributes are modified, all relevant internal properties are updated. This means, for example, that it is now possible to use the same Request object in more than one OpenerDirector.open() call with different data arguments, or to modify a Request's url rather than recomputing it from scratch. There is also a new remove_header() method that can be used to remove headers from a Request. (Contributed by Alexey Kachayev in bpo-16464, Daniel Wozniak in bpo-17485, and Damien Brecht and Senthil Kumaran in bpo-17272.)

HTTPError objects now have a headers attribute that provides access to the HTTP response headers associated with the error. (Contributed by Berker Peksag in bpo-15701.)

unittest

The TestCase class has a new method, subTest(), that produces a context manager whose with block becomes a "sub-test". This context manager allows a test method to dynamically generate subtests by, say, calling the subTest context manager inside a loop. A single test method can thereby produce an indefinite number of separately identified and separately counted tests, all of which will run even if one or more of them fail. For example:

class NumbersTest(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_even(self):
        for i in range(6):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.assertEqual(i % 2, 0)

will result in six subtests, each identified in the unittest verbose output with a label consisting of the variable name i and a particular value for that variable (i=0, i=1, etc). See 使用子测试区分测试迭代 for the full version of this example. (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in bpo-16997.)

unittest.main() now accepts an iterable of test names for defaultTest, where previously it only accepted a single test name as a string. (Contributed by Jyrki Pulliainen in bpo-15132.)

If SkipTest is raised during test discovery (that is, at the module level in the test file), it is now reported as a skip instead of an error. (Contributed by Zach Ware in bpo-16935.)

discover() now sorts the discovered files to provide consistent test ordering. (Contributed by Martin Melin and Jeff Ramnani in bpo-16709.)

TestSuite now drops references to tests as soon as the test has been run, if the test is successful. On Python interpreters that do garbage collection, this allows the tests to be garbage collected if nothing else is holding a reference to the test. It is possible to override this behavior by creating a TestSuite subclass that defines a custom _removeTestAtIndex method. (Contributed by Tom Wardill, Matt McClure, and Andrew Svetlov in bpo-11798.)

A new test assertion context-manager, assertLogs(), will ensure that a given block of code emits a log message using the logging module. By default the message can come from any logger and have a priority of INFO or higher, but both the logger name and an alternative minimum logging level may be specified. The object returned by the context manager can be queried for the LogRecords and/or formatted messages that were logged. (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in bpo-18937.)

Test discovery now works with namespace packages (Contributed by Claudiu Popa in bpo-17457.)

unittest.mock objects now inspect their specification signatures when matching calls, which means an argument can now be matched by either position or name, instead of only by position. (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in bpo-17015.)

mock_open() objects now have readline and readlines methods. (Contributed by Toshio Kuratomi in bpo-17467.)

venv

venv now includes activation scripts for the csh and fish shells. (Contributed by Andrew Svetlov in bpo-15417.)

EnvBuilder and the create() convenience function take a new keyword argument with_pip, which defaults to False, that controls whether or not EnvBuilder ensures that pip is installed in the virtual environment. (Contributed by Nick Coghlan in bpo-19552 as part of the PEP 453 implementation.)

wave

The getparams() method now returns a namedtuple rather than a plain tuple. (Contributed by Claudiu Popa in bpo-17487.)

wave.open() now supports the context management protocol. (Contributed by Claudiu Popa in bpo-17616.)

wave can now write output to unseekable files. (Contributed by David Jones, Guilherme Polo, and Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-5202.)

The writeframesraw() and writeframes() methods now accept any bytes-like object. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-8311.)

weakref

New WeakMethod class simulates weak references to bound methods. (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in bpo-14631.)

New finalize class makes it possible to register a callback to be invoked when an object is garbage collected, without needing to carefully manage the lifecycle of the weak reference itself. (Contributed by Richard Oudkerk in bpo-15528.)

The callback, if any, associated with a ref is now exposed via the __callback__ attribute. (Contributed by Mark Dickinson in bpo-17643.)

xml.etree

A new parser, XMLPullParser, allows a non-blocking applications to parse XML documents. An example can be seen at 用于非阻塞解析的拉取 API. (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in bpo-17741.)

The xml.etree.ElementTree tostring() and tostringlist() functions, and the ElementTree write() method, now have a short_empty_elements keyword-only parameter providing control over whether elements with no content are written in abbreviated (<tag />) or expanded (<tag></tag>) form. (Contributed by Ariel Poliak and Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-14377.)

zipfile

The writepy() method of the PyZipFile class has a new filterfunc option that can be used to control which directories and files are added to the archive. For example, this could be used to exclude test files from the archive. (Contributed by Christian Tismer in bpo-19274.)

The allowZip64 parameter to ZipFile and PyZipfile is now True by default. (Contributed by William Mallard in bpo-17201.)

CPython 实现的变化

PEP 445: 自定义 CPython 内存分配器

PEP 445 添加了新的 C 层级接口用来在 CPython 解释器中对内存分配进行自定义。

参见

PEP 445 -- 新增用于自定义 Python 内存分配器的 API

PEP 由 Victor Stinner 撰写并实现。

PEP 442: 安全的对象最终化

PEP 442 removes the current limitations and quirks of object finalization in CPython. With it, objects with __del__() methods, as well as generators with finally clauses, can be finalized when they are part of a reference cycle.

As part of this change, module globals are no longer forcibly set to None during interpreter shutdown in most cases, instead relying on the normal operation of the cyclic garbage collector. This avoids a whole class of interpreter-shutdown-time errors, usually involving __del__ methods, that have plagued Python since the cyclic GC was first introduced.

参见

PEP 442 -- Safe object finalization

PEP 由 Antoine Pitrou 撰写并实现

PEP 456: Secure and Interchangeable Hash Algorithm

PEP 456 follows up on earlier security fix work done on Python's hash algorithm to address certain DOS attacks to which public facing APIs backed by dictionary lookups may be subject. (See bpo-14621 for the start of the current round of improvements.) The PEP unifies CPython's hash code to make it easier for a packager to substitute a different hash algorithm, and switches Python's default implementation to a SipHash implementation on platforms that have a 64 bit data type. Any performance differences in comparison with the older FNV algorithm are trivial.

The PEP adds additional fields to the sys.hash_info named tuple to describe the hash algorithm in use by the currently executing binary. Otherwise, the PEP does not alter any existing CPython APIs.

PEP 436: Argument Clinic

"Argument Clinic" (PEP 436) is now part of the CPython build process and can be used to simplify the process of defining and maintaining accurate signatures for builtins and standard library extension modules implemented in C.

Some standard library extension modules have been converted to use Argument Clinic in Python 3.4, and pydoc and inspect have been updated accordingly.

It is expected that signature metadata for programmatic introspection will be added to additional callables implemented in C as part of Python 3.4 maintenance releases.

备注

The Argument Clinic PEP is not fully up to date with the state of the implementation. This has been deemed acceptable by the release manager and core development team in this case, as Argument Clinic will not be made available as a public API for third party use in Python 3.4.

参见

PEP 436 -- The Argument Clinic DSL

PEP 由 Larry Hastings 撰写并实现

Other Build and C API Changes

  • The new PyType_GetSlot() function has been added to the stable ABI, allowing retrieval of function pointers from named type slots when using the limited API. (Contributed by Martin von Löwis in bpo-17162.)

  • The new Py_SetStandardStreamEncoding() pre-initialization API allows applications embedding the CPython interpreter to reliably force a particular encoding and error handler for the standard streams. (Contributed by Bastien Montagne and Nick Coghlan in bpo-16129.)

  • Most Python C APIs that don't mutate string arguments are now correctly marked as accepting const char * rather than char *. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-1772673.)

  • A new shell version of python-config can be used even when a python interpreter is not available (for example, in cross compilation scenarios).

  • PyUnicode_FromFormat() now supports width and precision specifications for %s, %A, %U, %V, %S, and %R. (Contributed by Ysj Ray and Victor Stinner in bpo-7330.)

  • New function PyStructSequence_InitType2() supplements the existing PyStructSequence_InitType() function. The difference is that it returns 0 on success and -1 on failure.

  • The CPython source can now be compiled using the address sanity checking features of recent versions of GCC and clang: the false alarms in the small object allocator have been silenced. (Contributed by Dhiru Kholia in bpo-18596.)

  • The Windows build now uses Address Space Layout Randomization and Data Execution Prevention. (Contributed by Christian Heimes in bpo-16632.)

  • New function PyObject_LengthHint() is the C API equivalent of operator.length_hint(). (Contributed by Armin Ronacher in bpo-16148.)

其他改进

  • The python command has a new option, -I, which causes it to run in "isolated mode", which means that sys.path contains neither the script's directory nor the user's site-packages directory, and all PYTHON* environment variables are ignored (it implies both -s and -E). Other restrictions may also be applied in the future, with the goal being to isolate the execution of a script from the user's environment. This is appropriate, for example, when Python is used to run a system script. On most POSIX systems it can and should be used in the #! line of system scripts. (Contributed by Christian Heimes in bpo-16499.)

  • Tab-completion is now enabled by default in the interactive interpreter on systems that support readline. History is also enabled by default, and is written to (and read from) the file ~/.python-history. (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou and Éric Araujo in bpo-5845.)

  • Invoking the Python interpreter with --version now outputs the version to standard output instead of standard error (bpo-18338). Similar changes were made to argparse (bpo-18920) and other modules that have script-like invocation capabilities (bpo-18922).

  • The CPython Windows installer now adds .py to the PATHEXT variable when extensions are registered, allowing users to run a python script at the windows command prompt by just typing its name without the .py extension. (Contributed by Paul Moore in bpo-18569.)

  • A new make target coverage-report will build python, run the test suite, and generate an HTML coverage report for the C codebase using gcov and lcov.

  • The -R option to the python regression test suite now also checks for memory allocation leaks, using sys.getallocatedblocks(). (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in bpo-13390.)

  • python -m now works with namespace packages.

  • The stat module is now implemented in C, which means it gets the values for its constants from the C header files, instead of having the values hard-coded in the python module as was previously the case.

  • Loading multiple python modules from a single OS module (.so, .dll) now works correctly (previously it silently returned the first python module in the file). (Contributed by Václav Šmilauer in bpo-16421.)

  • A new opcode, LOAD_CLASSDEREF, has been added to fix a bug in the loading of free variables in class bodies that could be triggered by certain uses of __prepare__. (Contributed by Benjamin Peterson in bpo-17853.)

  • A number of MemoryError-related crashes were identified and fixed by Victor Stinner using his PEP 445-based pyfailmalloc tool (bpo-18408, bpo-18520).

  • The pyvenv command now accepts a --copies option to use copies rather than symlinks even on systems where symlinks are the default. (Contributed by Vinay Sajip in bpo-18807.)

  • pyvenv 命令也接受一个 --without-pip 选项用来抑制在其他情况下将自动将 pip 初始设置到虚拟环境中。 （作为 PEP 453 实现的一部分由 Nick Coghlan 在 bpo-19552 中贡献。）

  • 现在编码格式名称在 PYTHONIOENCODING 环境变量的设置值中将为可选项。 这使得只设置错误处理句柄而不改变默认编码格式成为可能。 （由 Serhiy Storchaka 在 bpo-18818 中贡献。）

  • 现在 bz2, lzma, and gzip 模块的 open 函数已支持 x (独占式创建) 模式。 （由 Tim Heaney 和 Vajrasky Kok 在 bpo-19201, bpo-19222 和 bpo-19223 中贡献。）

显著的优化

  • 现在 UTF-32 解码器获得了 3x 至 4x 的提速。 （由 Serhiy Storchaka 在 bpo-14625 中贡献。）

  • The cost of hash collisions for sets is now reduced. Each hash table probe now checks a series of consecutive, adjacent key/hash pairs before continuing to make random probes through the hash table. This exploits cache locality to make collision resolution less expensive. The collision resolution scheme can be described as a hybrid of linear probing and open addressing. The number of additional linear probes defaults to nine. This can be changed at compile-time by defining LINEAR_PROBES to be any value. Set LINEAR_PROBES=0 to turn-off linear probing entirely. (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger in bpo-18771.)

  • The interpreter starts about 30% faster. A couple of measures lead to the speedup. The interpreter loads fewer modules on startup, e.g. the re, collections and locale modules and their dependencies are no longer imported by default. The marshal module has been improved to load compiled Python code faster. (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou, Christian Heimes and Victor Stinner in bpo-19219, bpo-19218, bpo-19209, bpo-19205 and bpo-9548.)

  • bz2.BZ2File is now as fast or faster than the Python2 version for most cases. lzma.LZMAFile has also been optimized. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka and Nadeem Vawda in bpo-16034.)

  • random.getrandbits() is 20%-40% faster for small integers (the most common use case). (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-16674.)

  • By taking advantage of the new storage format for strings, pickling of strings is now significantly faster. (Contributed by Victor Stinner and Antoine Pitrou in bpo-15596.)

  • A performance issue in io.FileIO.readall() has been solved. This particularly affects Windows, and significantly speeds up the case of piping significant amounts of data through subprocess. (Contributed by Richard Oudkerk in bpo-15758.)

  • html.escape() is now 10x faster. (Contributed by Matt Bryant in bpo-18020.)

  • On Windows, the native VirtualAlloc is now used instead of the CRT malloc in obmalloc. Artificial benchmarks show about a 3% memory savings.

  • os.urandom() now uses a lazily opened persistent file descriptor so as to avoid using many file descriptors when run in parallel from multiple threads. (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in bpo-18756.)

弃用

This section covers various APIs and other features that have been deprecated in Python 3.4, and will be removed in Python 3.5 or later. In most (but not all) cases, using the deprecated APIs will produce a DeprecationWarning when the interpreter is run with deprecation warnings enabled (for example, by using -Wd).

Python API 中的弃用

弃用的特性

  • Running IDLE with the -n flag (no subprocess) is deprecated. However, the feature will not be removed until bpo-18823 is resolved.

  • The site module adding a "site-python" directory to sys.path, if it exists, is deprecated (bpo-19375).

移除

不再支持的操作系统

从源代码和构建工具中删除了对以下操作系统的支持：

  • OS/2 (bpo-16135).

  • Windows 2000（变更集e52df05b496a）。

  • Windows系统中 COMSPEC 指向 command.com 的版本（ bpo-14470 ）。

  • VMS (bpo-16136).

API 与特性的移除

以下过时并在之前版本中弃用的 API 和特性现已被移除：

  • The unmaintained Misc/TextMate and Misc/vim directories have been removed (see the devguide for suggestions on what to use instead).

  • The SO makefile macro is removed (it was replaced by the SHLIB_SUFFIX and EXT_SUFFIX macros) (bpo-16754).

  • The PyThreadState.tick_counter field has been removed; its value has been meaningless since Python 3.2, when the "new GIL" was introduced (bpo-19199).

  • PyLoader and PyPycLoader have been removed from importlib. (Contributed by Taras Lyapun in bpo-15641.)

  • The strict argument to HTTPConnection and HTTPSConnection has been removed. HTTP 0.9-style "Simple Responses" are no longer supported.

  • The deprecated urllib.request.Request getter and setter methods add_data, has_data, get_data, get_type, get_host, get_selector, set_proxy, get_origin_req_host, and is_unverifiable have been removed (use direct attribute access instead).

  • Support for loading the deprecated TYPE_INT64 has been removed from marshal. (Contributed by Dan Riti in bpo-15480.)

  • inspect.Signature: positional-only parameters are now required to have a valid name.

  • object.__format__() no longer accepts non-empty format strings, it now raises a TypeError instead. Using a non-empty string has been deprecated since Python 3.2. This change has been made to prevent a situation where previously working (but incorrect) code would start failing if an object gained a __format__ method, which means that your code may now raise a TypeError if you are using an 's' format code with objects that do not have a __format__ method that handles it. See bpo-7994 for background.

  • difflib.SequenceMatcher.isbjunk() 和 difflib.SequenceMatcher.isbpopular() 已在 3.2 中被弃用，现在已被移除：请使用 x in sm.bjunk 和 x in sm.bpopular，其中 sm 是一个 SequenceMatcher 对象 (bpo-13248)。

代码清理

  • 未被使用并且未写入文档的内部 Scanner 类已从 pydoc 模块中移除。

  • 私有并且实际未使用的 _gestalt 模块已被移除，同时移除了私有的 platform 函数 _mac_ver_lookup, _mac_ver_gstalt 和 _bcd2str，它们仅会在严重过时的 OSX 系统上被调用 (参见 bpo-18393)。

  • 曾经包括于 tarfile 模块命名空间的某些 stat 常量的硬编码副本已被移除。

移植到 Python 3.4

本节列出了先前描述的更改以及可能需要更改代码的其他错误修正.

 'python' 命令行为的变化

  • In a posix shell, setting the PATH environment variable to an empty value is equivalent to not setting it at all. However, setting PYTHONPATH to an empty value was not equivalent to not setting it at all: setting PYTHONPATH to an empty value was equivalent to setting it to ., which leads to confusion when reasoning by analogy to how PATH works. The behavior now conforms to the posix convention for PATH.

  • The [X refs, Y blocks] output of a debug (--with-pydebug) build of the CPython interpreter is now off by default. It can be re-enabled using the -X showrefcount option. (Contributed by Ezio Melotti in bpo-17323.)

  • The python command and most stdlib scripts (as well as argparse) now output --version information to stdout instead of stderr (for issue list see 其他改进 above).

Python API 的变化

  • The ABCs defined in importlib.abc now either raise the appropriate exception or return a default value instead of raising NotImplementedError blindly. This will only affect code calling super() and falling through all the way to the ABCs. For compatibility, catch both NotImplementedError or the appropriate exception as needed.

  • The module type now initializes the __package__ and __loader__ attributes to None by default. To determine if these attributes were set in a backwards-compatible fashion, use e.g. getattr(module, '__loader__', None) is not None. (bpo-17115.)

  • importlib.util.module_for_loader() now sets __loader__ and __package__ unconditionally to properly support reloading. If this is not desired then you will need to set these attributes manually. You can use importlib.util.module_to_load() for module management.

  • Import now resets relevant attributes (e.g. __name__, __loader__, __package__, __file__, __cached__) unconditionally when reloading. Note that this restores a pre-3.3 behavior in that it means a module is re-found when re-loaded (bpo-19413).

  • Frozen packages no longer set __path__ to a list containing the package name, they now set it to an empty list. The previous behavior could cause the import system to do the wrong thing on submodule imports if there was also a directory with the same name as the frozen package. The correct way to determine if a module is a package or not is to use hasattr(module, '__path__') (bpo-18065).

  • Frozen modules no longer define a __file__ attribute. It's semantically incorrect for frozen modules to set the attribute as they are not loaded from any explicit location. If you must know that a module comes from frozen code then you can see if the module's __spec__.location is set to 'frozen', check if the loader is a subclass of importlib.machinery.FrozenImporter, or if Python 2 compatibility is necessary you can use imp.is_frozen().

  • py_compile.compile() now raises FileExistsError if the file path it would write to is a symlink or a non-regular file. This is to act as a warning that import will overwrite those files with a regular file regardless of what type of file path they were originally.

  • importlib.abc.SourceLoader.get_source() no longer raises ImportError when the source code being loaded triggers a SyntaxError or UnicodeDecodeError. As ImportError is meant to be raised only when source code cannot be found but it should, it was felt to be over-reaching/overloading of that meaning when the source code is found but improperly structured. If you were catching ImportError before and wish to continue to ignore syntax or decoding issues, catch all three exceptions now.

  • functools.update_wrapper() and functools.wraps() now correctly set the __wrapped__ attribute to the function being wrapped, even if that function also had its __wrapped__ attribute set. This means __wrapped__ attributes now correctly link a stack of decorated functions rather than every __wrapped__ attribute in the chain referring to the innermost function. Introspection libraries that assumed the previous behaviour was intentional can use inspect.unwrap() to access the first function in the chain that has no __wrapped__ attribute.

  • inspect.getfullargspec() has been reimplemented on top of inspect.signature() and hence handles a much wider variety of callable objects than it did in the past. It is expected that additional builtin and extension module callables will gain signature metadata over the course of the Python 3.4 series. Code that assumes that inspect.getfullargspec() will fail on non-Python callables may need to be adjusted accordingly.

  • importlib.machinery.PathFinder now passes on the current working directory to objects in sys.path_hooks for the empty string. This results in sys.path_importer_cache never containing '', thus iterating through sys.path_importer_cache based on sys.path will not find all keys. A module's __file__ when imported in the current working directory will also now have an absolute path, including when using -m with the interpreter (except for __main__.__file__ when a script has been executed directly using a relative path) (Contributed by Brett Cannon in bpo-18416). is specified on the command-line) (bpo-18416).

  • The removal of the strict argument to HTTPConnection and HTTPSConnection changes the meaning of the remaining arguments if you are specifying them positionally rather than by keyword. If you've been paying attention to deprecation warnings your code should already be specifying any additional arguments via keywords.

  • Strings between from __future__ import ... statements now always raise a SyntaxError. Previously if there was no leading docstring, an interstitial string would sometimes be ignored. This brings CPython into compliance with the language spec; Jython and PyPy already were. (bpo-17434).

  • ssl.SSLSocket.getpeercert() and ssl.SSLSocket.do_handshake() now raise an OSError with ENOTCONN when the SSLSocket is not connected, instead of the previous behavior of raising an AttributeError. In addition, getpeercert() will raise a ValueError if the handshake has not yet been done.

  • base64.b32decode() now raises a binascii.Error when the input string contains non-b32-alphabet characters, instead of a TypeError. This particular TypeError was missed when the other TypeErrors were converted. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-18011.) Note: this change was also inadvertently applied in Python 3.3.3.

  • The file attribute is now automatically closed when the creating cgi.FieldStorage instance is garbage collected. If you were pulling the file object out separately from the cgi.FieldStorage instance and not keeping the instance alive, then you should either store the entire cgi.FieldStorage instance or read the contents of the file before the cgi.FieldStorage instance is garbage collected.

  • Calling read or write on a closed SSL socket now raises an informative ValueError rather than the previous more mysterious AttributeError (bpo-9177).

  • slice.indices() no longer produces an OverflowError for huge values. As a consequence of this fix, slice.indices() now raises a ValueError if given a negative length; previously it returned nonsense values (bpo-14794).

  • The complex constructor, unlike the cmath functions, was incorrectly accepting float values if an object's __complex__ special method returned one. This now raises a TypeError. (bpo-16290.)

  • The int constructor in 3.2 and 3.3 erroneously accepts float values for the base parameter. It is unlikely anyone was doing this, but if so, it will now raise a TypeError (bpo-16772).

  • Defaults for keyword-only arguments are now evaluated after defaults for regular keyword arguments, instead of before. Hopefully no one wrote any code that depends on the previous buggy behavior (bpo-16967).

  • Stale thread states are now cleared after fork(). This may cause some system resources to be released that previously were incorrectly kept perpetually alive (for example, database connections kept in thread-local storage). (bpo-17094.)

  • Parameter names in __annotations__ dicts are now mangled properly, similarly to __kwdefaults__. (Contributed by Yury Selivanov in bpo-20625.)

  • hashlib.hash.name now always returns the identifier in lower case. Previously some builtin hashes had uppercase names, but now that it is a formal public interface the naming has been made consistent (bpo-18532).

  • Because unittest.TestSuite now drops references to tests after they are run, test harnesses that re-use a TestSuite to re-run a set of tests may fail. Test suites should not be re-used in this fashion since it means state is retained between test runs, breaking the test isolation that unittest is designed to provide. However, if the lack of isolation is considered acceptable, the old behavior can be restored by creating a TestSuite subclass that defines a _removeTestAtIndex method that does nothing (see TestSuite.__iter__()) (bpo-11798).

  • unittest now uses argparse for command line parsing. There are certain invalid command forms that used to work that are no longer allowed; in theory this should not cause backward compatibility issues since the disallowed command forms didn't make any sense and are unlikely to be in use.

  • The re.split(), re.findall(), and re.sub() functions, and the group() and groups() methods of match objects now always return a bytes object when the string to be matched is a bytes-like object. Previously the return type matched the input type, so if your code was depending on the return value being, say, a bytearray, you will need to change your code.

  • audioop functions now raise an error immediately if passed string input, instead of failing randomly later on (bpo-16685).

  • The new convert_charrefs argument to HTMLParser currently defaults to False for backward compatibility, but will eventually be changed to default to True. It is recommended that you add this keyword, with the appropriate value, to any HTMLParser calls in your code (bpo-13633).

  • Since the digestmod argument to the hmac.new() function will in the future have no default, all calls to hmac.new() should be changed to explicitly specify a digestmod (bpo-17276).

  • Calling sysconfig.get_config_var() with the SO key, or looking SO up in the results of a call to sysconfig.get_config_vars() is deprecated. This key should be replaced by EXT_SUFFIX or SHLIB_SUFFIX, depending on the context (bpo-19555).

  • Any calls to open functions that specify U should be modified. U is ineffective in Python3 and will eventually raise an error if used. Depending on the function, the equivalent of its old Python2 behavior can be achieved using either a newline argument, or if necessary by wrapping the stream in TextIOWrapper to use its newline argument (bpo-15204).

  • If you use pyvenv in a script and desire that pip not be installed, you must add --without-pip to your command invocation.

  • The default behavior of json.dump() and json.dumps() when an indent is specified has changed: it no longer produces trailing spaces after the item separating commas at the ends of lines. This will matter only if you have tests that are doing white-space-sensitive comparisons of such output (bpo-16333).

  • doctest now looks for doctests in extension module __doc__ strings, so if your doctest test discovery includes extension modules that have things that look like doctests in them you may see test failures you've never seen before when running your tests (bpo-3158).

  • The collections.abc module has been slightly refactored as part of the Python startup improvements. As a consequence of this, it is no longer the case that importing collections automatically imports collections.abc. If your program depended on the (undocumented) implicit import, you will need to add an explicit import collections.abc (bpo-20784).

C API 的变化

  • PyEval_EvalFrameEx(), PyObject_Repr(), and PyObject_Str(), along with some other internal C APIs, now include a debugging assertion that ensures they are not used in situations where they may silently discard a currently active exception. In cases where discarding the active exception is expected and desired (for example, because it has already been saved locally with PyErr_Fetch() or is being deliberately replaced with a different exception), an explicit PyErr_Clear() call will be needed to avoid triggering the assertion when invoking these operations (directly or indirectly) and running against a version of Python that is compiled with assertions enabled.

  • PyErr_SetImportError() now sets TypeError when its msg argument is not set. Previously only NULL was returned with no exception set.

  • The result of the PyOS_ReadlineFunctionPointer callback must now be a string allocated by PyMem_RawMalloc() or PyMem_RawRealloc(), or NULL if an error occurred, instead of a string allocated by PyMem_Malloc() or PyMem_Realloc() (bpo-16742)

  • 现在 PyThread_set_key_value() 总是会设置值。 在 Python 3.3 中，如果键已存在（如果当前值为非 NULL 指针）该函数将不执行任何操作。

  • PyFrameObject 结构体的 f_tstate (线程状态) 字段已被移除以修复一个程序错误；相关理由参见 bpo-14432。

3.4.3 的变化

PEP 476: 默认为 stdlib http 客户端启用证书验证

http.client 及其他依赖它的模块，比如 urllib.request 和 xmlrpc.client，现在将验证服务器是否提供了由平台信任的仓库中的 CA 签名的证书并且其主机名与默认被请求的主机名相匹配，这将显著提升许多应用程序的安全性。

对于需要之前版本的旧有行为的应用程序，可以传入一个替代的上下文:

import urllib.request
import ssl

# This disables all verification
context = ssl._create_unverified_context()

# This allows using a specific certificate for the host, which doesn't need
# to be in the trust store
context = ssl.create_default_context(cafile="/path/to/file.crt")

urllib.request.urlopen("https://invalid-cert", context=context)