dis --- Disassembler for Python bytecode

Source code: Lib/dis.py

---

The dis module supports the analysis of CPython bytecode by disassembling it. The CPython bytecode which this module takes as an input is defined in the file Include/opcode.h and used by the compiler and the interpreter.

Detail implementasi CPython: Bytecode is an implementation detail of the CPython interpreter. No guarantees are made that bytecode will not be added, removed, or changed between versions of Python. Use of this module should not be considered to work across Python VMs or Python releases.

Berubah pada versi 3.6: Use 2 bytes for each instruction. Previously the number of bytes varied by instruction.

Berubah pada versi 3.10: The argument of jump, exception handling and loop instructions is now the instruction offset rather than the byte offset.

Example: Given the function myfunc():

def myfunc(alist):
    return len(alist)

the following command can be used to display the disassembly of myfunc():

>>> dis.dis(myfunc)
  2           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (len)
              2 LOAD_FAST                0 (alist)
              4 CALL_FUNCTION            1
              6 RETURN_VALUE

(The "2" is a line number).

Bytecode analysis

Baru pada versi 3.4.

The bytecode analysis API allows pieces of Python code to be wrapped in a Bytecode object that provides easy access to details of the compiled code.

class dis.Bytecode(x, *, first_line=None, current_offset=None)

Analyse the bytecode corresponding to a function, generator, asynchronous generator, coroutine, method, string of source code, or a code object (as returned by compile()).

This is a convenience wrapper around many of the functions listed below, most notably get_instructions(), as iterating over a Bytecode instance yields the bytecode operations as Instruction instances.

If first_line is not None, it indicates the line number that should be reported for the first source line in the disassembled code. Otherwise, the source line information (if any) is taken directly from the disassembled code object.

If current_offset is not None, it refers to an instruction offset in the disassembled code. Setting this means dis() will display a "current instruction" marker against the specified opcode.

classmethod from_traceback(tb)

Construct a Bytecode instance from the given traceback, setting current_offset to the instruction responsible for the exception.

codeobj

The compiled code object.

first_line

The first source line of the code object (if available)

dis()

Return a formatted view of the bytecode operations (the same as printed by dis.dis(), but returned as a multi-line string).

info()

Return a formatted multi-line string with detailed information about the code object, like code_info().

Berubah pada versi 3.7: This can now handle coroutine and asynchronous generator objects.

Contoh:

>>> bytecode = dis.Bytecode(myfunc)
>>> for instr in bytecode:
...     print(instr.opname)
...
LOAD_GLOBAL
LOAD_FAST
CALL_FUNCTION
RETURN_VALUE

Analysis functions

The dis module also defines the following analysis functions that convert the input directly to the desired output. They can be useful if only a single operation is being performed, so the intermediate analysis object isn't useful:

dis.code_info(x)

Return a formatted multi-line string with detailed code object information for the supplied function, generator, asynchronous generator, coroutine, method, source code string or code object.

Note that the exact contents of code info strings are highly implementation dependent and they may change arbitrarily across Python VMs or Python releases.

Baru pada versi 3.2.

Berubah pada versi 3.7: This can now handle coroutine and asynchronous generator objects.

dis.show_code(x, *, file=None)

Print detailed code object information for the supplied function, method, source code string or code object to file (or sys.stdout if file is not specified).

This is a convenient shorthand for print(code_info(x), file=file), intended for interactive exploration at the interpreter prompt.

Baru pada versi 3.2.

Berubah pada versi 3.4: Added file parameter.

dis.dis(x=None, *, file=None, depth=None)

Disassemble the x object. x can denote either a module, a class, a method, a function, a generator, an asynchronous generator, a coroutine, a code object, a string of source code or a byte sequence of raw bytecode. For a module, it disassembles all functions. For a class, it disassembles all methods (including class and static methods). For a code object or sequence of raw bytecode, it prints one line per bytecode instruction. It also recursively disassembles nested code objects (the code of comprehensions, generator expressions and nested functions, and the code used for building nested classes). Strings are first compiled to code objects with the compile() built-in function before being disassembled. If no object is provided, this function disassembles the last traceback.

The disassembly is written as text to the supplied file argument if provided and to sys.stdout otherwise.

The maximal depth of recursion is limited by depth unless it is None. depth=0 means no recursion.

Berubah pada versi 3.4: Added file parameter.

Berubah pada versi 3.7: Implemented recursive disassembling and added depth parameter.

Berubah pada versi 3.7: This can now handle coroutine and asynchronous generator objects.

dis.distb(tb=None, *, file=None)

Disassemble the top-of-stack function of a traceback, using the last traceback if none was passed. The instruction causing the exception is indicated.

The disassembly is written as text to the supplied file argument if provided and to sys.stdout otherwise.

Berubah pada versi 3.4: Added file parameter.

dis.disassemble(code, lasti=- 1, *, file=None)

dis.disco(code, lasti=- 1, *, file=None)

Disassemble a code object, indicating the last instruction if lasti was provided. The output is divided in the following columns:

1. the line number, for the first instruction of each line

2. the current instruction, indicated as -->,

3. a labelled instruction, indicated with >>,

4. the address of the instruction,

5. the operation code name,

6. operation parameters, and

7. interpretation of the parameters in parentheses.

The parameter interpretation recognizes local and global variable names, constant values, branch targets, and compare operators.

The disassembly is written as text to the supplied file argument if provided and to sys.stdout otherwise.

Berubah pada versi 3.4: Added file parameter.

dis.get_instructions(x, *, first_line=None)

Return an iterator over the instructions in the supplied function, method, source code string or code object.

The iterator generates a series of Instruction named tuples giving the details of each operation in the supplied code.

If first_line is not None, it indicates the line number that should be reported for the first source line in the disassembled code. Otherwise, the source line information (if any) is taken directly from the disassembled code object.

Baru pada versi 3.4.

dis.findlinestarts(code)

This generator function uses the co_lines method of the code object code to find the offsets which are starts of lines in the source code. They are generated as (offset, lineno) pairs.

Berubah pada versi 3.6: Line numbers can be decreasing. Before, they were always increasing.

Berubah pada versi 3.10: The PEP 626 co_lines method is used instead of the co_firstlineno and co_lnotab attributes of the code object.

dis.findlabels(code)

Detect all offsets in the raw compiled bytecode string code which are jump targets, and return a list of these offsets.

dis.stack_effect(opcode, oparg=None, *, jump=None)

Compute the stack effect of opcode with argument oparg.

If the code has a jump target and jump is True, stack_effect() will return the stack effect of jumping. If jump is False, it will return the stack effect of not jumping. And if jump is None (default), it will return the maximal stack effect of both cases.

Baru pada versi 3.4.

Berubah pada versi 3.8: Added jump parameter.

Python Bytecode Instructions

The get_instructions() function and Bytecode class provide details of bytecode instructions as Instruction instances:

class dis.Instruction

Details for a bytecode operation

opcode

numeric code for operation, corresponding to the opcode values listed below and the bytecode values in the Opcode collections.

opname

human readable name for operation

arg

numeric argument to operation (if any), otherwise None

argval

resolved arg value (if known), otherwise same as arg

argrepr

human readable description of operation argument

offset

start index of operation within bytecode sequence

starts_line

line started by this opcode (if any), otherwise None

is_jump_target

True if other code jumps to here, otherwise False

Baru pada versi 3.4.

The Python compiler currently generates the following bytecode instructions.

General instructions

NOP

Do nothing code. Used as a placeholder by the bytecode optimizer.

POP_TOP

Removes the top-of-stack (TOS) item.

ROT_TWO

Swaps the two top-most stack items.

ROT_THREE

Lifts second and third stack item one position up, moves top down to position three.

ROT_FOUR

Lifts second, third and fourth stack items one position up, moves top down to position four.

Baru pada versi 3.8.

DUP_TOP

Duplicates the reference on top of the stack.

Baru pada versi 3.2.

DUP_TOP_TWO

Duplicates the two references on top of the stack, leaving them in the same order.

Baru pada versi 3.2.

Unary operations

Unary operations take the top of the stack, apply the operation, and push the result back on the stack.

UNARY_POSITIVE

Implements TOS = +TOS.

UNARY_NEGATIVE

Implements TOS = -TOS.

UNARY_NOT

Implements TOS = not TOS.

UNARY_INVERT

Implements TOS = ~TOS.

GET_ITER

Implements TOS = iter(TOS).

GET_YIELD_FROM_ITER

If TOS is a generator iterator or coroutine object it is left as is. Otherwise, implements TOS = iter(TOS).

Baru pada versi 3.5.

Binary operations

Binary operations remove the top of the stack (TOS) and the second top-most stack item (TOS1) from the stack. They perform the operation, and put the result back on the stack.

BINARY_POWER

Implements TOS = TOS1 ** TOS.

BINARY_MULTIPLY

Implements TOS = TOS1 * TOS.

BINARY_MATRIX_MULTIPLY

Implements TOS = TOS1 @ TOS.

Baru pada versi 3.5.

BINARY_FLOOR_DIVIDE

Implements TOS = TOS1 // TOS.

BINARY_TRUE_DIVIDE

Implements TOS = TOS1 / TOS.

BINARY_MODULO

Implements TOS = TOS1 % TOS.

BINARY_ADD

Implements TOS = TOS1 + TOS.

BINARY_SUBTRACT

Implements TOS = TOS1 - TOS.

BINARY_SUBSCR

Implements TOS = TOS1[TOS].

BINARY_LSHIFT

Implements TOS = TOS1 << TOS.

BINARY_RSHIFT

Implements TOS = TOS1 >> TOS.

BINARY_AND

Implements TOS = TOS1 & TOS.

BINARY_XOR

Implements TOS = TOS1 ^ TOS.

BINARY_OR

Implements TOS = TOS1 | TOS.

In-place operations

In-place operations are like binary operations, in that they remove TOS and TOS1, and push the result back on the stack, but the operation is done in-place when TOS1 supports it, and the resulting TOS may be (but does not have to be) the original TOS1.

INPLACE_POWER

Implements in-place TOS = TOS1 ** TOS.

INPLACE_MULTIPLY

Implements in-place TOS = TOS1 * TOS.

INPLACE_MATRIX_MULTIPLY

Implements in-place TOS = TOS1 @ TOS.

Baru pada versi 3.5.

INPLACE_FLOOR_DIVIDE

Implements in-place TOS = TOS1 // TOS.

INPLACE_TRUE_DIVIDE

Implements in-place TOS = TOS1 / TOS.

INPLACE_MODULO

Implements in-place TOS = TOS1 % TOS.

INPLACE_ADD

Implements in-place TOS = TOS1 + TOS.

INPLACE_SUBTRACT

Implements in-place TOS = TOS1 - TOS.

INPLACE_LSHIFT

Implements in-place TOS = TOS1 << TOS.

INPLACE_RSHIFT

Implements in-place TOS = TOS1 >> TOS.

INPLACE_AND

Implements in-place TOS = TOS1 & TOS.

INPLACE_XOR

Implements in-place TOS = TOS1 ^ TOS.

INPLACE_OR

Implements in-place TOS = TOS1 | TOS.

STORE_SUBSCR

Implements TOS1[TOS] = TOS2.

DELETE_SUBSCR

Implements del TOS1[TOS].

Coroutine opcodes

GET_AWAITABLE

Implements TOS = get_awaitable(TOS), where get_awaitable(o) returns o if o is a coroutine object or a generator object with the CO_ITERABLE_COROUTINE flag, or resolves o.__await__.

Baru pada versi 3.5.

GET_AITER

Implements TOS = TOS.__aiter__().

Baru pada versi 3.5.

Berubah pada versi 3.7: Returning awaitable objects from __aiter__ is no longer supported.

GET_ANEXT

Pushes get_awaitable(TOS.__anext__()) to the stack. See GET_AWAITABLE for details about get_awaitable.

Baru pada versi 3.5.

END_ASYNC_FOR

Terminates an async for loop. Handles an exception raised when awaiting a next item. If TOS is StopAsyncIteration pop 7 values from the stack and restore the exception state using the second three of them. Otherwise re-raise the exception using the three values from the stack. An exception handler block is removed from the block stack.

Baru pada versi 3.8.

BEFORE_ASYNC_WITH

Resolves __aenter__ and __aexit__ from the object on top of the stack. Pushes __aexit__ and result of __aenter__() to the stack.

Baru pada versi 3.5.

SETUP_ASYNC_WITH

Creates a new frame object.

Baru pada versi 3.5.

Miscellaneous opcodes

PRINT_EXPR

Implements the expression statement for the interactive mode. TOS is removed from the stack and printed. In non-interactive mode, an expression statement is terminated with POP_TOP.

SET_ADD(i)

Calls set.add(TOS1[-i], TOS). Used to implement set comprehensions.

LIST_APPEND(i)

Calls list.append(TOS1[-i], TOS). Used to implement list comprehensions.

MAP_ADD(i)

Calls dict.__setitem__(TOS1[-i], TOS1, TOS). Used to implement dict comprehensions.

Baru pada versi 3.1.

Berubah pada versi 3.8: Map value is TOS and map key is TOS1. Before, those were reversed.

For all of the SET_ADD, LIST_APPEND and MAP_ADD instructions, while the added value or key/value pair is popped off, the container object remains on the stack so that it is available for further iterations of the loop.

RETURN_VALUE

Returns with TOS to the caller of the function.

YIELD_VALUE

Pops TOS and yields it from a generator.

YIELD_FROM

Pops TOS and delegates to it as a subiterator from a generator.

Baru pada versi 3.3.

SETUP_ANNOTATIONS

Checks whether __annotations__ is defined in locals(), if not it is set up to an empty dict. This opcode is only emitted if a class or module body contains variable annotations statically.

Baru pada versi 3.6.

IMPORT_STAR

Loads all symbols not starting with '_' directly from the module TOS to the local namespace. The module is popped after loading all names. This opcode implements from module import *.

POP_BLOCK

Removes one block from the block stack. Per frame, there is a stack of blocks, denoting try statements, and such.

POP_EXCEPT

Removes one block from the block stack. The popped block must be an exception handler block, as implicitly created when entering an except handler. In addition to popping extraneous values from the frame stack, the last three popped values are used to restore the exception state.

RERAISE

Re-raises the exception currently on top of the stack. If oparg is non-zero, restores f_lasti of the current frame to its value when the exception was raised.

Baru pada versi 3.9.

WITH_EXCEPT_START

Calls the function in position 7 on the stack with the top three items on the stack as arguments. Used to implement the call context_manager.__exit__(*exc_info()) when an exception has occurred in a with statement.

Baru pada versi 3.9.

LOAD_ASSERTION_ERROR

Pushes AssertionError onto the stack. Used by the assert statement.

Baru pada versi 3.9.

LOAD_BUILD_CLASS

Pushes builtins.__build_class__() onto the stack. It is later called by CALL_FUNCTION to construct a class.

SETUP_WITH(delta)

This opcode performs several operations before a with block starts. First, it loads __exit__() from the context manager and pushes it onto the stack for later use by WITH_EXCEPT_START. Then, __enter__() is called, and a finally block pointing to delta is pushed. Finally, the result of calling the __enter__() method is pushed onto the stack. The next opcode will either ignore it (POP_TOP), or store it in (a) variable(s) (STORE_FAST, STORE_NAME, or UNPACK_SEQUENCE).

Baru pada versi 3.2.

COPY_DICT_WITHOUT_KEYS

TOS is a tuple of mapping keys, and TOS1 is the match subject. Replace TOS with a dict formed from the items of TOS1, but without any of the keys in TOS.

Baru pada versi 3.10.

GET_LEN

Push len(TOS) onto the stack.

Baru pada versi 3.10.

MATCH_MAPPING

If TOS is an instance of collections.abc.Mapping (or, more technically: if it has the Py_TPFLAGS_MAPPING flag set in its tp_flags), push True onto the stack. Otherwise, push False.

Baru pada versi 3.10.

MATCH_SEQUENCE

If TOS is an instance of collections.abc.Sequence and is not an instance of str/bytes/bytearray (or, more technically: if it has the Py_TPFLAGS_SEQUENCE flag set in its tp_flags), push True onto the stack. Otherwise, push False.

Baru pada versi 3.10.

MATCH_KEYS

TOS is a tuple of mapping keys, and TOS1 is the match subject. If TOS1 contains all of the keys in TOS, push a tuple containing the corresponding values, followed by True. Otherwise, push None, followed by False.

Baru pada versi 3.10.

All of the following opcodes use their arguments.

STORE_NAME(namei)

Implements name = TOS. namei is the index of name in the attribute co_names of the code object. The compiler tries to use STORE_FAST or STORE_GLOBAL if possible.

DELETE_NAME(namei)

Implements del name, where namei is the index into co_names attribute of the code object.

UNPACK_SEQUENCE(count)

Unpacks TOS into count individual values, which are put onto the stack right-to-left.

UNPACK_EX(counts)

Implements assignment with a starred target: Unpacks an iterable in TOS into individual values, where the total number of values can be smaller than the number of items in the iterable: one of the new values will be a list of all leftover items.

The low byte of counts is the number of values before the list value, the high byte of counts the number of values after it. The resulting values are put onto the stack right-to-left.

STORE_ATTR(namei)

Implements TOS.name = TOS1, where namei is the index of name in co_names.

DELETE_ATTR(namei)

Implements del TOS.name, using namei as index into co_names.

STORE_GLOBAL(namei)

Works as STORE_NAME, but stores the name as a global.

DELETE_GLOBAL(namei)

Works as DELETE_NAME, but deletes a global name.

LOAD_CONST(consti)

Pushes co_consts[consti] onto the stack.

LOAD_NAME(namei)

Pushes the value associated with co_names[namei] onto the stack.

BUILD_TUPLE(count)

Creates a tuple consuming count items from the stack, and pushes the resulting tuple onto the stack.

BUILD_LIST(count)

Works as BUILD_TUPLE, but creates a list.

BUILD_SET(count)

Works as BUILD_TUPLE, but creates a set.

BUILD_MAP(count)

Pushes a new dictionary object onto the stack. Pops 2 * count items so that the dictionary holds count entries: {..., TOS3: TOS2, TOS1: TOS}.

Berubah pada versi 3.5: The dictionary is created from stack items instead of creating an empty dictionary pre-sized to hold count items.

BUILD_CONST_KEY_MAP(count)

The version of BUILD_MAP specialized for constant keys. Pops the top element on the stack which contains a tuple of keys, then starting from TOS1, pops count values to form values in the built dictionary.

Baru pada versi 3.6.

BUILD_STRING(count)

Concatenates count strings from the stack and pushes the resulting string onto the stack.

Baru pada versi 3.6.

LIST_TO_TUPLE

Pops a list from the stack and pushes a tuple containing the same values.

Baru pada versi 3.9.

LIST_EXTEND(i)

Calls list.extend(TOS1[-i], TOS). Used to build lists.

Baru pada versi 3.9.

SET_UPDATE(i)

Calls set.update(TOS1[-i], TOS). Used to build sets.

Baru pada versi 3.9.

DICT_UPDATE(i)

Calls dict.update(TOS1[-i], TOS). Used to build dicts.

Baru pada versi 3.9.

DICT_MERGE

Like DICT_UPDATE but raises an exception for duplicate keys.

Baru pada versi 3.9.

LOAD_ATTR(namei)

Replaces TOS with getattr(TOS, co_names[namei]).

COMPARE_OP(opname)

Performs a Boolean operation. The operation name can be found in cmp_op[opname].

IS_OP(invert)

Performs is comparison, or is not if invert is 1.

Baru pada versi 3.9.

CONTAINS_OP(invert)

Performs in comparison, or not in if invert is 1.

Baru pada versi 3.9.

IMPORT_NAME(namei)

Imports the module co_names[namei]. TOS and TOS1 are popped and provide the fromlist and level arguments of __import__(). The module object is pushed onto the stack. The current namespace is not affected: for a proper import statement, a subsequent STORE_FAST instruction modifies the namespace.

IMPORT_FROM(namei)

Loads the attribute co_names[namei] from the module found in TOS. The resulting object is pushed onto the stack, to be subsequently stored by a STORE_FAST instruction.

JUMP_FORWARD(delta)

Increments bytecode counter by delta.

POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE(target)

If TOS is true, sets the bytecode counter to target. TOS is popped.

Baru pada versi 3.1.

POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE(target)

If TOS is false, sets the bytecode counter to target. TOS is popped.

Baru pada versi 3.1.

JUMP_IF_NOT_EXC_MATCH(target)

Tests whether the second value on the stack is an exception matching TOS, and jumps if it is not. Pops two values from the stack.

Baru pada versi 3.9.

JUMP_IF_TRUE_OR_POP(target)

If TOS is true, sets the bytecode counter to target and leaves TOS on the stack. Otherwise (TOS is false), TOS is popped.

Baru pada versi 3.1.

JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP(target)

If TOS is false, sets the bytecode counter to target and leaves TOS on the stack. Otherwise (TOS is true), TOS is popped.

Baru pada versi 3.1.

JUMP_ABSOLUTE(target)

Set bytecode counter to target.

FOR_ITER(delta)

TOS is an iterator. Call its __next__() method. If this yields a new value, push it on the stack (leaving the iterator below it). If the iterator indicates it is exhausted, TOS is popped, and the byte code counter is incremented by delta.

LOAD_GLOBAL(namei)

Loads the global named co_names[namei] onto the stack.

SETUP_FINALLY(delta)

Pushes a try block from a try-finally or try-except clause onto the block stack. delta points to the finally block or the first except block.

LOAD_FAST(var_num)

Pushes a reference to the local co_varnames[var_num] onto the stack.

STORE_FAST(var_num)

Stores TOS into the local co_varnames[var_num].

DELETE_FAST(var_num)

Deletes local co_varnames[var_num].

LOAD_CLOSURE(i)

Pushes a reference to the cell contained in slot i of the cell and free variable storage. The name of the variable is co_cellvars[i] if i is less than the length of co_cellvars. Otherwise it is co_freevars[i - len(co_cellvars)].

LOAD_DEREF(i)

Loads the cell contained in slot i of the cell and free variable storage. Pushes a reference to the object the cell contains on the stack.

LOAD_CLASSDEREF(i)

Much like LOAD_DEREF but first checks the locals dictionary before consulting the cell. This is used for loading free variables in class bodies.

Baru pada versi 3.4.

STORE_DEREF(i)

Stores TOS into the cell contained in slot i of the cell and free variable storage.

DELETE_DEREF(i)

Empties the cell contained in slot i of the cell and free variable storage. Used by the del statement.

Baru pada versi 3.2.

RAISE_VARARGS(argc)

Raises an exception using one of the 3 forms of the raise statement, depending on the value of argc:

• 0: raise (re-raise previous exception)

• 1: raise TOS (raise exception instance or type at TOS)

• 2: raise TOS1 from TOS (raise exception instance or type at TOS1 with __cause__ set to TOS)

CALL_FUNCTION(argc)

Calls a callable object with positional arguments. argc indicates the number of positional arguments. The top of the stack contains positional arguments, with the right-most argument on top. Below the arguments is a callable object to call. CALL_FUNCTION pops all arguments and the callable object off the stack, calls the callable object with those arguments, and pushes the return value returned by the callable object.

Berubah pada versi 3.6: This opcode is used only for calls with positional arguments.

CALL_FUNCTION_KW(argc)

Calls a callable object with positional (if any) and keyword arguments. argc indicates the total number of positional and keyword arguments. The top element on the stack contains a tuple with the names of the keyword arguments, which must be strings. Below that are the values for the keyword arguments, in the order corresponding to the tuple. Below that are positional arguments, with the right-most parameter on top. Below the arguments is a callable object to call. CALL_FUNCTION_KW pops all arguments and the callable object off the stack, calls the callable object with those arguments, and pushes the return value returned by the callable object.

Berubah pada versi 3.6: Keyword arguments are packed in a tuple instead of a dictionary, argc indicates the total number of arguments.

CALL_FUNCTION_EX(flags)

Calls a callable object with variable set of positional and keyword arguments. If the lowest bit of flags is set, the top of the stack contains a mapping object containing additional keyword arguments. Before the callable is called, the mapping object and iterable object are each "unpacked" and their contents passed in as keyword and positional arguments respectively. CALL_FUNCTION_EX pops all arguments and the callable object off the stack, calls the callable object with those arguments, and pushes the return value returned by the callable object.

Baru pada versi 3.6.

LOAD_METHOD(namei)

Loads a method named co_names[namei] from the TOS object. TOS is popped. This bytecode distinguishes two cases: if TOS has a method with the correct name, the bytecode pushes the unbound method and TOS. TOS will be used as the first argument (self) by CALL_METHOD when calling the unbound method. Otherwise, NULL and the object return by the attribute lookup are pushed.

Baru pada versi 3.7.

CALL_METHOD(argc)

Calls a method. argc is the number of positional arguments. Keyword arguments are not supported. This opcode is designed to be used with LOAD_METHOD. Positional arguments are on top of the stack. Below them, the two items described in LOAD_METHOD are on the stack (either self and an unbound method object or NULL and an arbitrary callable). All of them are popped and the return value is pushed.

Baru pada versi 3.7.

MAKE_FUNCTION(flags)

Pushes a new function object on the stack. From bottom to top, the consumed stack must consist of values if the argument carries a specified flag value

• 0x01 a tuple of default values for positional-only and positional-or-keyword parameters in positional order

• 0x02 a dictionary of keyword-only parameters' default values

• 0x04 a tuple of strings containing parameters' annotations

• 0x08 a tuple containing cells for free variables, making a closure

• the code associated with the function (at TOS1)

• the qualified name of the function (at TOS)

Berubah pada versi 3.10: Flag value 0x04 is a tuple of strings instead of dictionary

BUILD_SLICE(argc)

Pushes a slice object on the stack. argc must be 2 or 3. If it is 2, slice(TOS1, TOS) is pushed; if it is 3, slice(TOS2, TOS1, TOS) is pushed. See the slice() built-in function for more information.

EXTENDED_ARG(ext)

Prefixes any opcode which has an argument too big to fit into the default one byte. ext holds an additional byte which act as higher bits in the argument. For each opcode, at most three prefixal EXTENDED_ARG are allowed, forming an argument from two-byte to four-byte.

FORMAT_VALUE(flags)

Used for implementing formatted literal strings (f-strings). Pops an optional fmt_spec from the stack, then a required value. flags is interpreted as follows:

• (flags & 0x03) == 0x00: value is formatted as-is.

• (flags & 0x03) == 0x01: call str() on value before formatting it.

• (flags & 0x03) == 0x02: call repr() on value before formatting it.

• (flags & 0x03) == 0x03: call ascii() on value before formatting it.

• (flags & 0x04) == 0x04: pop fmt_spec from the stack and use it, else use an empty fmt_spec.

Formatting is performed using PyObject_Format(). The result is pushed on the stack.

Baru pada versi 3.6.

MATCH_CLASS(count)

TOS is a tuple of keyword attribute names, TOS1 is the class being matched against, and TOS2 is the match subject. count is the number of positional sub-patterns.

Pop TOS. If TOS2 is an instance of TOS1 and has the positional and keyword attributes required by count and TOS, set TOS to True and TOS1 to a tuple of extracted attributes. Otherwise, set TOS to False.

Baru pada versi 3.10.

GEN_START(kind)

Pops TOS. The kind operand corresponds to the type of generator or coroutine. The legal kinds are 0 for generator, 1 for coroutine, and 2 for async generator.

Baru pada versi 3.10.

ROT_N(count)

Lift the top count stack items one position up, and move TOS down to position count.

Baru pada versi 3.10.

HAVE_ARGUMENT

This is not really an opcode. It identifies the dividing line between opcodes which don't use their argument and those that do (< HAVE_ARGUMENT and >= HAVE_ARGUMENT, respectively).

Berubah pada versi 3.6: Now every instruction has an argument, but opcodes < HAVE_ARGUMENT ignore it. Before, only opcodes >= HAVE_ARGUMENT had an argument.

Opcode collections

These collections are provided for automatic introspection of bytecode instructions:

dis.opname

Sequence of operation names, indexable using the bytecode.

dis.opmap

Dictionary mapping operation names to bytecodes.

dis.cmp_op

Sequence of all compare operation names.

dis.hasconst

Sequence of bytecodes that access a constant.

dis.hasfree

Sequence of bytecodes that access a free variable (note that 'free' in this context refers to names in the current scope that are referenced by inner scopes or names in outer scopes that are referenced from this scope. It does not include references to global or builtin scopes).

dis.hasname

Sequence of bytecodes that access an attribute by name.

dis.hasjrel

Sequence of bytecodes that have a relative jump target.

dis.hasjabs

Sequence of bytecodes that have an absolute jump target.

dis.haslocal

Sequence of bytecodes that access a local variable.

dis.hascompare

Sequence of bytecodes of Boolean operations.