Object Protocol¶
-
PyObject *
Py_NotImplemented
¶ The
NotImplemented
singleton, used to signal that an operation is not implemented for the given type combination.
-
Py_RETURN_NOTIMPLEMENTED
¶ Properly handle returning
Py_NotImplemented
from within a C function (that is, create a new strong reference to NotImplemented and return it).
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int
PyObject_Print
(PyObject *o, FILE *fp, int flags)¶ Print an object o, on file fp. Returns
-1
on error. The flags argument is used to enable certain printing options. The only option currently supported isPy_PRINT_RAW
; if given, thestr()
of the object is written instead of therepr()
.
-
int
PyObject_HasAttr
(PyObject *o, PyObject *attr_name)¶ - Part of the Stable ABI.
Returns
1
if o has the attribute attr_name, and0
otherwise. This is equivalent to the Python expressionhasattr(o, attr_name)
. This function always succeeds.Note that exceptions which occur while calling
__getattr__()
and__getattribute__()
methods will get suppressed. To get error reporting usePyObject_GetAttr()
instead.
-
int
PyObject_HasAttrString
(PyObject *o, const char *attr_name)¶ - Part of the Stable ABI.
Returns
1
if o has the attribute attr_name, and0
otherwise. This is equivalent to the Python expressionhasattr(o, attr_name)
. This function always succeeds.Note that exceptions which occur while calling
__getattr__()
and__getattribute__()
methods and creating a temporary string object will get suppressed. To get error reporting usePyObject_GetAttrString()
instead.
-
PyObject *
PyObject_GetAttr
(PyObject *o, PyObject *attr_name)¶ - Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI.
Retrieve an attribute named attr_name from object o. Returns the attribute value on success, or
NULL
on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expressiono.attr_name
.
-
PyObject *
PyObject_GetAttrString
(PyObject *o, const char *attr_name)¶ - Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI.
Retrieve an attribute named attr_name from object o. Returns the attribute value on success, or
NULL
on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expressiono.attr_name
.
-
PyObject *
PyObject_GenericGetAttr
(PyObject *o, PyObject *name)¶ - Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI.
Generic attribute getter function that is meant to be put into a type object's
tp_getattro
slot. It looks for a descriptor in the dictionary of classes in the object's MRO as well as an attribute in the object's__dict__
(if present). As outlined in Implementing Descriptors, data descriptors take preference over instance attributes, while non-data descriptors don't. Otherwise, anAttributeError
is raised.
-
int
PyObject_SetAttr
(PyObject *o, PyObject *attr_name, PyObject *v)¶ - Part of the Stable ABI.
Set the value of the attribute named attr_name, for object o, to the value v. Raise an exception and return
-1
on failure; return0
on success. This is the equivalent of the Python statemento.attr_name = v
.If v is
NULL
, the attribute is deleted. This behaviour is deprecated in favour of usingPyObject_DelAttr()
, but there are currently no plans to remove it.
-
int
PyObject_SetAttrString
(PyObject *o, const char *attr_name, PyObject *v)¶ - Part of the Stable ABI.
Set the value of the attribute named attr_name, for object o, to the value v. Raise an exception and return
-1
on failure; return0
on success. This is the equivalent of the Python statemento.attr_name = v
.If v is
NULL
, the attribute is deleted, but this feature is deprecated in favour of usingPyObject_DelAttrString()
.
-
int
PyObject_GenericSetAttr
(PyObject *o, PyObject *name, PyObject *value)¶ - Part of the Stable ABI.
Generic attribute setter and deleter function that is meant to be put into a type object's
tp_setattro
slot. It looks for a data descriptor in the dictionary of classes in the object's MRO, and if found it takes preference over setting or deleting the attribute in the instance dictionary. Otherwise, the attribute is set or deleted in the object's__dict__
(if present). On success,0
is returned, otherwise anAttributeError
is raised and-1
is returned.
-
int
PyObject_DelAttr
(PyObject *o, PyObject *attr_name)¶ Delete attribute named attr_name, for object o. Returns
-1
on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python statementdel o.attr_name
.
-
int
PyObject_DelAttrString
(PyObject *o, const char *attr_name)¶ Delete attribute named attr_name, for object o. Returns
-1
on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python statementdel o.attr_name
.
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PyObject *
PyObject_GenericGetDict
(PyObject *o, void *context)¶ - Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.10.
A generic implementation for the getter of a
__dict__
descriptor. It creates the dictionary if necessary.Baru pada versi 3.3.
-
int
PyObject_GenericSetDict
(PyObject *o, PyObject *value, void *context)¶ - Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.7.
A generic implementation for the setter of a
__dict__
descriptor. This implementation does not allow the dictionary to be deleted.Baru pada versi 3.3.
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PyObject *
PyObject_RichCompare
(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2, int opid)¶ - Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI.
Compare the values of o1 and o2 using the operation specified by opid, which must be one of
Py_LT
,Py_LE
,Py_EQ
,Py_NE
,Py_GT
, orPy_GE
, corresponding to<
,<=
,==
,!=
,>
, or>=
respectively. This is the equivalent of the Python expressiono1 op o2
, whereop
is the operator corresponding to opid. Returns the value of the comparison on success, orNULL
on failure.
-
int
PyObject_RichCompareBool
(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2, int opid)¶ - Part of the Stable ABI.
Compare the values of o1 and o2 using the operation specified by opid, which must be one of
Py_LT
,Py_LE
,Py_EQ
,Py_NE
,Py_GT
, orPy_GE
, corresponding to<
,<=
,==
,!=
,>
, or>=
respectively. Returns-1
on error,0
if the result is false,1
otherwise. This is the equivalent of the Python expressiono1 op o2
, whereop
is the operator corresponding to opid.
Catatan
If o1 and o2 are the same object, PyObject_RichCompareBool()
will always return 1
for Py_EQ
and 0
for Py_NE
.
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PyObject *
PyObject_Format
(PyObject *obj, PyObject *format_spec)¶ - Part of the Stable ABI.
Format obj using format_spec. This is equivalent to the Python expression
format(obj, format_spec)
.format_spec may be
NULL
. In this case the call is equivalent toformat(obj)
. Returns the formatted string on success,NULL
on failure.
-
PyObject *
PyObject_Repr
(PyObject *o)¶ - Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI.
Compute a string representation of object o. Returns the string representation on success,
NULL
on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expressionrepr(o)
. Called by therepr()
built-in function.Berubah pada versi 3.4: This function now includes a debug assertion to help ensure that it does not silently discard an active exception.
-
PyObject *
PyObject_ASCII
(PyObject *o)¶ - Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI.
As
PyObject_Repr()
, compute a string representation of object o, but escape the non-ASCII characters in the string returned byPyObject_Repr()
with\x
,\u
or\U
escapes. This generates a string similar to that returned byPyObject_Repr()
in Python 2. Called by theascii()
built-in function.
-
PyObject *
PyObject_Str
(PyObject *o)¶ - Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI.
Compute a string representation of object o. Returns the string representation on success,
NULL
on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expressionstr(o)
. Called by thestr()
built-in function and, therefore, by theprint()
function.Berubah pada versi 3.4: This function now includes a debug assertion to help ensure that it does not silently discard an active exception.
-
PyObject *
PyObject_Bytes
(PyObject *o)¶ - Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI.
Compute a bytes representation of object o.
NULL
is returned on failure and a bytes object on success. This is equivalent to the Python expressionbytes(o)
, when o is not an integer. Unlikebytes(o)
, a TypeError is raised when o is an integer instead of a zero-initialized bytes object.
-
int
PyObject_IsSubclass
(PyObject *derived, PyObject *cls)¶ - Part of the Stable ABI.
Return
1
if the class derived is identical to or derived from the class cls, otherwise return0
. In case of an error, return-1
.If cls is a tuple, the check will be done against every entry in cls. The result will be
1
when at least one of the checks returns1
, otherwise it will be0
.If cls has a
__subclasscheck__()
method, it will be called to determine the subclass status as described in PEP 3119. Otherwise, derived is a subclass of cls if it is a direct or indirect subclass, i.e. contained incls.__mro__
.Normally only class objects, i.e. instances of
type
or a derived class, are considered classes. However, objects can override this by having a__bases__
attribute (which must be a tuple of base classes).
-
int
PyObject_IsInstance
(PyObject *inst, PyObject *cls)¶ - Part of the Stable ABI.
Return
1
if inst is an instance of the class cls or a subclass of cls, or0
if not. On error, returns-1
and sets an exception.If cls is a tuple, the check will be done against every entry in cls. The result will be
1
when at least one of the checks returns1
, otherwise it will be0
.If cls has a
__instancecheck__()
method, it will be called to determine the subclass status as described in PEP 3119. Otherwise, inst is an instance of cls if its class is a subclass of cls.An instance inst can override what is considered its class by having a
__class__
attribute.An object cls can override if it is considered a class, and what its base classes are, by having a
__bases__
attribute (which must be a tuple of base classes).
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Py_hash_t
PyObject_Hash
(PyObject *o)¶ - Part of the Stable ABI.
Compute and return the hash value of an object o. On failure, return
-1
. This is the equivalent of the Python expressionhash(o)
.Berubah pada versi 3.2: The return type is now Py_hash_t. This is a signed integer the same size as
Py_ssize_t
.
-
Py_hash_t
PyObject_HashNotImplemented
(PyObject *o)¶ - Part of the Stable ABI.
Set a
TypeError
indicating thattype(o)
is not hashable and return-1
. This function receives special treatment when stored in atp_hash
slot, allowing a type to explicitly indicate to the interpreter that it is not hashable.
-
int
PyObject_IsTrue
(PyObject *o)¶ - Part of the Stable ABI.
Returns
1
if the object o is considered to be true, and0
otherwise. This is equivalent to the Python expressionnot not o
. On failure, return-1
.
-
int
PyObject_Not
(PyObject *o)¶ - Part of the Stable ABI.
Returns
0
if the object o is considered to be true, and1
otherwise. This is equivalent to the Python expressionnot o
. On failure, return-1
.
-
PyObject *
PyObject_Type
(PyObject *o)¶ - Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI.
When o is non-
NULL
, returns a type object corresponding to the object type of object o. On failure, raisesSystemError
and returnsNULL
. This is equivalent to the Python expressiontype(o)
. This function creates a new strong reference to the return value. There's really no reason to use this function instead of thePy_TYPE()
function, which returns a pointer of typePyTypeObject*
, except when a new strong reference is needed.
-
int
PyObject_TypeCheck
(PyObject *o, PyTypeObject *type)¶ Return non-zero if the object o is of type type or a subtype of type, and
0
otherwise. Both parameters must be non-NULL
.
-
Py_ssize_t
PyObject_Size
(PyObject *o)¶ -
Py_ssize_t
PyObject_Length
(PyObject *o)¶ - Part of the Stable ABI.
Return the length of object o. If the object o provides either the sequence and mapping protocols, the sequence length is returned. On error,
-1
is returned. This is the equivalent to the Python expressionlen(o)
.
-
Py_ssize_t
PyObject_LengthHint
(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t defaultvalue)¶ Return an estimated length for the object o. First try to return its actual length, then an estimate using
__length_hint__()
, and finally return the default value. On error return-1
. This is the equivalent to the Python expressionoperator.length_hint(o, defaultvalue)
.Baru pada versi 3.4.
-
PyObject *
PyObject_GetItem
(PyObject *o, PyObject *key)¶ - Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI.
Return element of o corresponding to the object key or
NULL
on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expressiono[key]
.
-
int
PyObject_SetItem
(PyObject *o, PyObject *key, PyObject *v)¶ - Part of the Stable ABI.
Map the object key to the value v. Raise an exception and return
-1
on failure; return0
on success. This is the equivalent of the Python statemento[key] = v
. This function does not steal a reference to v.
-
int
PyObject_DelItem
(PyObject *o, PyObject *key)¶ - Part of the Stable ABI.
Remove the mapping for the object key from the object o. Return
-1
on failure. This is equivalent to the Python statementdel o[key]
.
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PyObject *
PyObject_Dir
(PyObject *o)¶ - Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI.
This is equivalent to the Python expression
dir(o)
, returning a (possibly empty) list of strings appropriate for the object argument, orNULL
if there was an error. If the argument isNULL
, this is like the Pythondir()
, returning the names of the current locals; in this case, if no execution frame is active thenNULL
is returned butPyErr_Occurred()
will return false.
-
PyObject *
PyObject_GetIter
(PyObject *o)¶ - Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI.
This is equivalent to the Python expression
iter(o)
. It returns a new iterator for the object argument, or the object itself if the object is already an iterator. RaisesTypeError
and returnsNULL
if the object cannot be iterated.
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PyObject *
PyObject_GetAIter
(PyObject *o)¶ - Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.10.
This is the equivalent to the Python expression
aiter(o)
. Takes anAsyncIterable
object and returns anAsyncIterator
for it. This is typically a new iterator but if the argument is anAsyncIterator
, this returns itself. RaisesTypeError
and returnsNULL
if the object cannot be iterated.Baru pada versi 3.10.