Objets type¶
-
type PyTypeObject¶
- Part of the Limited API (as an opaque struct).
The C structure of the objects used to describe built-in types.
-
PyTypeObject PyType_Type¶
- Part of the Stable ABI.
This is the type object for type objects; it is the same object as
type
in the Python layer.
-
int PyType_Check(PyObject *o)¶
Return non-zero if the object o is a type object, including instances of types derived from the standard type object. Return 0 in all other cases. This function always succeeds.
-
int PyType_CheckExact(PyObject *o)¶
Return non-zero if the object o is a type object, but not a subtype of the standard type object. Return 0 in all other cases. This function always succeeds.
-
unsigned int PyType_ClearCache()¶
- Part of the Stable ABI.
Clear the internal lookup cache. Return the current version tag.
-
unsigned long PyType_GetFlags(PyTypeObject *type)¶
- Part of the Stable ABI.
Return the
tp_flags
member of type. This function is primarily meant for use withPy_LIMITED_API
; the individual flag bits are guaranteed to be stable across Python releases, but access totp_flags
itself is not part of the limited API.Ajouté dans la version 3.2.
Modifié dans la version 3.4: The return type is now
unsigned long
rather thanlong
.
-
PyObject *PyType_GetDict(PyTypeObject *type)¶
Return the type object's internal namespace, which is otherwise only exposed via a read-only proxy (
cls.__dict__
). This is a replacement for accessingtp_dict
directly. The returned dictionary must be treated as read-only.This function is meant for specific embedding and language-binding cases, where direct access to the dict is necessary and indirect access (e.g. via the proxy or
PyObject_GetAttr()
) isn't adequate.Extension modules should continue to use
tp_dict
, directly or indirectly, when setting up their own types.Ajouté dans la version 3.12.
-
void PyType_Modified(PyTypeObject *type)¶
- Part of the Stable ABI.
Invalidate the internal lookup cache for the type and all of its subtypes. This function must be called after any manual modification of the attributes or base classes of the type.
-
int PyType_AddWatcher(PyType_WatchCallback callback)¶
Register callback as a type watcher. Return a non-negative integer ID which must be passed to future calls to
PyType_Watch()
. In case of error (e.g. no more watcher IDs available), return-1
and set an exception.Ajouté dans la version 3.12.
-
int PyType_ClearWatcher(int watcher_id)¶
Clear watcher identified by watcher_id (previously returned from
PyType_AddWatcher()
). Return0
on success,-1
on error (e.g. if watcher_id was never registered.)An extension should never call
PyType_ClearWatcher
with a watcher_id that was not returned to it by a previous call toPyType_AddWatcher()
.Ajouté dans la version 3.12.
-
int PyType_Watch(int watcher_id, PyObject *type)¶
Mark type as watched. The callback granted watcher_id by
PyType_AddWatcher()
will be called wheneverPyType_Modified()
reports a change to type. (The callback may be called only once for a series of consecutive modifications to type, if_PyType_Lookup()
is not called on type between the modifications; this is an implementation detail and subject to change.)An extension should never call
PyType_Watch
with a watcher_id that was not returned to it by a previous call toPyType_AddWatcher()
.Ajouté dans la version 3.12.
-
typedef int (*PyType_WatchCallback)(PyObject *type)¶
Type of a type-watcher callback function.
The callback must not modify type or cause
PyType_Modified()
to be called on type or any type in its MRO; violating this rule could cause infinite recursion.Ajouté dans la version 3.12.
-
int PyType_HasFeature(PyTypeObject *o, int feature)¶
Return non-zero if the type object o sets the feature feature. Type features are denoted by single bit flags.
-
int PyType_IS_GC(PyTypeObject *o)¶
Return true if the type object includes support for the cycle detector; this tests the type flag
Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC
.
-
int PyType_IsSubtype(PyTypeObject *a, PyTypeObject *b)¶
- Part of the Stable ABI.
Return true if a is a subtype of b.
This function only checks for actual subtypes, which means that
__subclasscheck__()
is not called on b. CallPyObject_IsSubclass()
to do the same check thatissubclass()
would do.
-
PyObject *PyType_GenericAlloc(PyTypeObject *type, Py_ssize_t nitems)¶
- Valeur de retour : nouvelle référence. Part of the Stable ABI.
Generic handler for the
tp_alloc
slot of a type object. Use Python's default memory allocation mechanism to allocate a new instance and initialize all its contents toNULL
.
-
PyObject *PyType_GenericNew(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)¶
- Valeur de retour : nouvelle référence. Part of the Stable ABI.
Generic handler for the
tp_new
slot of a type object. Create a new instance using the type'stp_alloc
slot.
-
int PyType_Ready(PyTypeObject *type)¶
- Part of the Stable ABI.
Finalize a type object. This should be called on all type objects to finish their initialization. This function is responsible for adding inherited slots from a type's base class. Return
0
on success, or return-1
and sets an exception on error.Note
If some of the base classes implements the GC protocol and the provided type does not include the
Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC
in its flags, then the GC protocol will be automatically implemented from its parents. On the contrary, if the type being created does includePy_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC
in its flags then it must implement the GC protocol itself by at least implementing thetp_traverse
handle.
-
PyObject *PyType_GetName(PyTypeObject *type)¶
- Valeur de retour : nouvelle référence. Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.11.
Return the type's name. Equivalent to getting the type's
__name__
attribute.Ajouté dans la version 3.11.
-
PyObject *PyType_GetQualName(PyTypeObject *type)¶
- Valeur de retour : nouvelle référence. Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.11.
Return the type's qualified name. Equivalent to getting the type's
__qualname__
attribute.Ajouté dans la version 3.11.
-
PyObject *PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(PyTypeObject *type)¶
- Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.13.
Return the type's fully qualified name. Equivalent to
f"{type.__module__}.{type.__qualname__}"
, ortype.__qualname__
iftype.__module__
is not a string or is equal to"builtins"
.Ajouté dans la version 3.13.
-
PyObject *PyType_GetModuleName(PyTypeObject *type)¶
- Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.13.
Return the type's module name. Equivalent to getting the
type.__module__
attribute.Ajouté dans la version 3.13.
-
void *PyType_GetSlot(PyTypeObject *type, int slot)¶
- Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.4.
Return the function pointer stored in the given slot. If the result is
NULL
, this indicates that either the slot isNULL
, or that the function was called with invalid parameters. Callers will typically cast the result pointer into the appropriate function type.See
PyType_Slot.slot
for possible values of the slot argument.Ajouté dans la version 3.4.
Modifié dans la version 3.10:
PyType_GetSlot()
can now accept all types. Previously, it was limited to heap types.
-
PyObject *PyType_GetModule(PyTypeObject *type)¶
- Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.10.
Return the module object associated with the given type when the type was created using
PyType_FromModuleAndSpec()
.If no module is associated with the given type, sets
TypeError
and returnsNULL
.This function is usually used to get the module in which a method is defined. Note that in such a method,
PyType_GetModule(Py_TYPE(self))
may not return the intended result.Py_TYPE(self)
may be a subclass of the intended class, and subclasses are not necessarily defined in the same module as their superclass. SeePyCMethod
to get the class that defines the method. SeePyType_GetModuleByDef()
for cases whenPyCMethod
cannot be used.Ajouté dans la version 3.9.
-
void *PyType_GetModuleState(PyTypeObject *type)¶
- Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.10.
Return the state of the module object associated with the given type. This is a shortcut for calling
PyModule_GetState()
on the result ofPyType_GetModule()
.If no module is associated with the given type, sets
TypeError
and returnsNULL
.If the type has an associated module but its state is
NULL
, returnsNULL
without setting an exception.Ajouté dans la version 3.9.
-
PyObject *PyType_GetModuleByDef(PyTypeObject *type, struct PyModuleDef *def)¶
- Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.13.
Find the first superclass whose module was created from the given
PyModuleDef
def, and return that module.If no module is found, raises a
TypeError
and returnsNULL
.This function is intended to be used together with
PyModule_GetState()
to get module state from slot methods (such astp_init
ornb_add
) and other places where a method's defining class cannot be passed using thePyCMethod
calling convention.Ajouté dans la version 3.11.
-
int PyType_GetBaseByToken(PyTypeObject *type, void *token, PyTypeObject **result)¶
- Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.14.
Find the first superclass in type's method resolution order whose
Py_tp_token
token is equal to the given one.If found, set *result to a new strong reference to it and return
1
.If not found, set *result to
NULL
and return0
.On error, set *result to
NULL
and return-1
with an exception set.
The result argument may be
NULL
, in which case *result is not set. Use this if you need only the return value.The token argument may not be
NULL
.Ajouté dans la version 3.14.
-
int PyUnstable_Type_AssignVersionTag(PyTypeObject *type)¶
- This is Unstable API. It may change without warning in minor releases.
Attempt to assign a version tag to the given type.
Returns 1 if the type already had a valid version tag or a new one was assigned, or 0 if a new tag could not be assigned.
Ajouté dans la version 3.12.
Creating Heap-Allocated Types¶
The following functions and structs are used to create heap types.
-
PyObject *PyType_FromMetaclass(PyTypeObject *metaclass, PyObject *module, PyType_Spec *spec, PyObject *bases)¶
- Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.12.
Create and return a heap type from the spec (see
Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE
).The metaclass metaclass is used to construct the resulting type object. When metaclass is
NULL
, the metaclass is derived from bases (or Py_tp_base[s] slots if bases isNULL
, see below).Metaclasses that override
tp_new
are not supported, except iftp_new
isNULL
. (For backwards compatibility, otherPyType_From*
functions allow such metaclasses. They ignoretp_new
, which may result in incomplete initialization. This is deprecated and in Python 3.14+ such metaclasses will not be supported.)The bases argument can be used to specify base classes; it can either be only one class or a tuple of classes. If bases is
NULL
, the Py_tp_bases slot is used instead. If that also isNULL
, the Py_tp_base slot is used instead. If that also isNULL
, the new type derives fromobject
.The module argument can be used to record the module in which the new class is defined. It must be a module object or
NULL
. If notNULL
, the module is associated with the new type and can later be retrieved withPyType_GetModule()
. The associated module is not inherited by subclasses; it must be specified for each class individually.This function calls
PyType_Ready()
on the new type.Note that this function does not fully match the behavior of calling
type()
or using theclass
statement. With user-provided base types or metaclasses, prefer callingtype
(or the metaclass) overPyType_From*
functions. Specifically:__new__()
is not called on the new class (and it must be set totype.__new__
).__init__()
is not called on the new class.__init_subclass__()
is not called on any bases.__set_name__()
is not called on new descriptors.
Ajouté dans la version 3.12.
-
PyObject *PyType_FromModuleAndSpec(PyObject *module, PyType_Spec *spec, PyObject *bases)¶
- Valeur de retour : nouvelle référence. Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.10.
Equivalent to
PyType_FromMetaclass(NULL, module, spec, bases)
.Ajouté dans la version 3.9.
Modifié dans la version 3.10: The function now accepts a single class as the bases argument and
NULL
as thetp_doc
slot.Modifié dans la version 3.12: The function now finds and uses a metaclass corresponding to the provided base classes. Previously, only
type
instances were returned.The
tp_new
of the metaclass is ignored. which may result in incomplete initialization. Creating classes whose metaclass overridestp_new
is deprecated.Modifié dans la version 3.14: Creating classes whose metaclass overrides
tp_new
is no longer allowed.
-
PyObject *PyType_FromSpecWithBases(PyType_Spec *spec, PyObject *bases)¶
- Valeur de retour : nouvelle référence. Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.3.
Equivalent to
PyType_FromMetaclass(NULL, NULL, spec, bases)
.Ajouté dans la version 3.3.
Modifié dans la version 3.12: The function now finds and uses a metaclass corresponding to the provided base classes. Previously, only
type
instances were returned.The
tp_new
of the metaclass is ignored. which may result in incomplete initialization. Creating classes whose metaclass overridestp_new
is deprecated.Modifié dans la version 3.14: Creating classes whose metaclass overrides
tp_new
is no longer allowed.
-
PyObject *PyType_FromSpec(PyType_Spec *spec)¶
- Valeur de retour : nouvelle référence. Part of the Stable ABI.
Equivalent to
PyType_FromMetaclass(NULL, NULL, spec, NULL)
.Modifié dans la version 3.12: The function now finds and uses a metaclass corresponding to the base classes provided in Py_tp_base[s] slots. Previously, only
type
instances were returned.The
tp_new
of the metaclass is ignored. which may result in incomplete initialization. Creating classes whose metaclass overridestp_new
is deprecated.Modifié dans la version 3.14: Creating classes whose metaclass overrides
tp_new
is no longer allowed.
-
int PyType_Freeze(PyTypeObject *type)¶
- Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.14.
Make a type immutable: set the
Py_TPFLAGS_IMMUTABLETYPE
flag.All base classes of type must be immutable.
On success, return
0
. On error, set an exception and return-1
.The type must not be used before it's made immutable. For example, type instances must not be created before the type is made immutable.
Ajouté dans la version 3.14.
-
type PyType_Spec¶
- Part of the Stable ABI (including all members).
Structure defining a type's behavior.
-
const char *name¶
Name of the type, used to set
PyTypeObject.tp_name
.
-
int basicsize¶
If positive, specifies the size of the instance in bytes. It is used to set
PyTypeObject.tp_basicsize
.If zero, specifies that
tp_basicsize
should be inherited.If negative, the absolute value specifies how much space instances of the class need in addition to the superclass. Use
PyObject_GetTypeData()
to get a pointer to subclass-specific memory reserved this way.Modifié dans la version 3.12: Previously, this field could not be negative.
-
int itemsize¶
Size of one element of a variable-size type, in bytes. Used to set
PyTypeObject.tp_itemsize
. Seetp_itemsize
documentation for caveats.If zero,
tp_itemsize
is inherited. Extending arbitrary variable-sized classes is dangerous, since some types use a fixed offset for variable-sized memory, which can then overlap fixed-sized memory used by a subclass. To help prevent mistakes, inheritingitemsize
is only possible in the following situations:The base is not variable-sized (its
tp_itemsize
).The requested
PyType_Spec.basicsize
is positive, suggesting that the memory layout of the base class is known.The requested
PyType_Spec.basicsize
is zero, suggesting that the subclass does not access the instance's memory directly.With the
Py_TPFLAGS_ITEMS_AT_END
flag.
-
unsigned int flags¶
Type flags, used to set
PyTypeObject.tp_flags
.If the
Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE
flag is not set,PyType_FromSpecWithBases()
sets it automatically.
-
PyType_Slot *slots¶
Array of
PyType_Slot
structures. Terminated by the special slot value{0, NULL}
.Each slot ID should be specified at most once.
-
const char *name¶
-
type PyType_Slot¶
- Part of the Stable ABI (including all members).
Structure defining optional functionality of a type, containing a slot ID and a value pointer.
-
int slot¶
A slot ID.
Slot IDs are named like the field names of the structures
PyTypeObject
,PyNumberMethods
,PySequenceMethods
,PyMappingMethods
andPyAsyncMethods
with an addedPy_
prefix. For example, use:Py_tp_dealloc
to setPyTypeObject.tp_dealloc
Py_nb_add
to setPyNumberMethods.nb_add
Py_sq_length
to setPySequenceMethods.sq_length
An additional slot is supported that does not correspond to a
PyTypeObject
struct field:The following “offset” fields cannot be set using
PyType_Slot
:tp_weaklistoffset
(usePy_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_WEAKREF
instead if possible)tp_dictoffset
(usePy_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT
instead if possible)tp_vectorcall_offset
(use"__vectorcalloffset__"
in PyMemberDef)
If it is not possible to switch to a
MANAGED
flag (for example, for vectorcall or to support Python older than 3.12), specify the offset inPy_tp_members
. See PyMemberDef documentation for details.The following internal fields cannot be set at all when creating a heap type:
tp_dict
,tp_mro
,tp_cache
,tp_subclasses
, andtp_weaklist
.
Setting
Py_tp_bases
orPy_tp_base
may be problematic on some platforms. To avoid issues, use the bases argument ofPyType_FromSpecWithBases()
instead.Modifié dans la version 3.9: Slots in
PyBufferProcs
may be set in the unlimited API.Modifié dans la version 3.11:
bf_getbuffer
andbf_releasebuffer
are now available under the limited API.Modifié dans la version 3.14: The field
tp_vectorcall
can now set usingPy_tp_vectorcall
. See the field's documentation for details.
-
void *pfunc¶
The desired value of the slot. In most cases, this is a pointer to a function.
pfunc values may not be
NULL
, except for the following slots:Py_tp_doc
Py_tp_token
(for clarity, preferPy_TP_USE_SPEC
rather thanNULL
)
-
int slot¶
-
Py_tp_token¶
A
slot
that records a static memory layout ID for a class.If the
PyType_Spec
of the class is statically allocated, the token can be set to the spec using the special valuePy_TP_USE_SPEC
:static PyType_Slot foo_slots[] = { {Py_tp_token, Py_TP_USE_SPEC},
It can also be set to an arbitrary pointer, but you must ensure that:
The pointer outlives the class, so it's not reused for something else while the class exists.
It "belongs" to the extension module where the class lives, so it will not clash with other extensions.
Use
PyType_GetBaseByToken()
to check if a class's superclass has a given token -- that is, check whether the memory layout is compatible.To get the token for a given class (without considering superclasses), use
PyType_GetSlot()
withPy_tp_token
.Ajouté dans la version 3.14.
-
Py_TP_USE_SPEC¶
Used as a value with
Py_tp_token
to set the token to the class'sPyType_Spec
. Expands toNULL
.Ajouté dans la version 3.14.