类型对象

Python 对象系统中最重要的一个结构体也许是定义新类型的结构体: PyTypeObject 结构体。 类型对象可以使用任何 PyObject_* 或 PyType_* 函数来处理，但并未提供大多数 Python 应用程序会感兴趣的东西。 这些对象是对象行为的基础，所以它们对解释器本身及任何实现新类型的扩展模块都非常重要。

与大多数标准类型相比，类型对象相当大。这么大的原因是每个类型对象存储了大量的值，大部分是C函数指针，每个指针实现了类型功能的一小部分。本节将详细描述类型对象的字段。这些字段将按照它们在结构中出现的顺序进行描述。

除了下面的快速参考， 範例 小节提供了快速了解 PyTypeObject 的含义和用法的例子。

快速参考

"tp_方法槽"

PyTypeObject 槽 1	Type	特殊方法/属性	信息 2
			O	T	D	I
<R> tp_name	const char *	__name__	X	X
tp_basicsize	Py_ssize_t		X	X		X
tp_itemsize	Py_ssize_t			X		X
tp_dealloc	destructor		X	X		X
tp_vectorcall_offset	Py_ssize_t			X		X
(tp_getattr)	getattrfunc	__getattribute__, __getattr__				G
(tp_setattr)	setattrfunc	__setattr__, __delattr__				G
tp_as_async	PyAsyncMethods *	子方法槽（方法域）				%
tp_repr	reprfunc	__repr__	X	X		X
tp_as_number	PyNumberMethods *	子方法槽（方法域）				%
tp_as_sequence	PySequenceMethods *	子方法槽（方法域）				%
tp_as_mapping	PyMappingMethods *	子方法槽（方法域）				%
tp_hash	hashfunc	__hash__	X			G
tp_call	ternaryfunc	__call__		X		X
tp_str	reprfunc	__str__	X			X
tp_getattro	getattrofunc	__getattribute__, __getattr__	X	X		G
tp_setattro	setattrofunc	__setattr__, __delattr__	X	X		G
tp_as_buffer	PyBufferProcs *					%
tp_flags	unsigned long		X	X		?
tp_doc	const char *	__doc__	X	X
tp_traverse	traverseproc			X		G
tp_clear	inquiry			X		G
tp_richcompare	richcmpfunc	__lt__, __le__, __eq__, __ne__, __gt__, __ge__	X			G
tp_weaklistoffset	Py_ssize_t			X		?
tp_iter	getiterfunc	__iter__				X
tp_iternext	iternextfunc	__next__				X
tp_methods	PyMethodDef []		X	X
tp_members	PyMemberDef []			X
tp_getset	PyGetSetDef []		X	X
tp_base	PyTypeObject *	__base__			X
tp_dict	PyObject *	__dict__			?
tp_descr_get	descrgetfunc	__get__				X
tp_descr_set	descrsetfunc	__set__, __delete__				X
tp_dictoffset	Py_ssize_t			X		?
tp_init	initproc	__init__	X	X		X
tp_alloc	allocfunc		X		?	?
tp_new	newfunc	__new__	X	X	?	?
tp_free	freefunc		X	X	?	?
tp_is_gc	inquiry			X		X
<tp_bases>	PyObject *	__bases__			~
<tp_mro>	PyObject *	__mro__			~
[tp_cache]	PyObject *
[tp_subclasses]	PyObject *	__subclasses__
[tp_weaklist]	PyObject *
(tp_del)	destructor
[tp_version_tag]	unsigned int
tp_finalize	destructor	__del__				X
tp_vectorcall	vectorcallfunc

1

（）：括号中的插槽名称表示（实际上）已弃用。

<>: 尖括号内的名称在初始时应设为 NULL 并被视为是只读的。

[]: 方括号内的名称仅供内部使用。

<R> (作为前缀) 表示字段是必需的 (不能是 NULL)。

2

列：

"O": PyBaseObject_Type 必须设置

"T": PyType_Type 必须设置

"D": 默认设置(如果方法槽被设置为NULL)

X - PyType_Ready sets this value if it is NULL
~ - PyType_Ready always sets this value (it should be NULL)
? - PyType_Ready may set this value depending on other slots

Also see the inheritance column ("I").

"I": 继承

X - type slot is inherited via *PyType_Ready* if defined with a *NULL* value
% - the slots of the sub-struct are inherited individually
G - inherited, but only in combination with other slots; see the slot's description
? - it's complicated; see the slot's description

注意，有些方法槽是通过普通属性查找链有效继承的。

子方法槽（方法域）

方法槽	Type	特殊方法
am_await	unaryfunc	__await__
am_aiter	unaryfunc	__aiter__
am_anext	unaryfunc	__anext__
am_send	sendfunc
nb_add	binaryfunc	__add__ __radd__
nb_inplace_add	binaryfunc	__iadd__
nb_subtract	binaryfunc	__sub__ __rsub__
nb_inplace_subtract	binaryfunc	__isub__
nb_multiply	binaryfunc	__mul__ __rmul__
nb_inplace_multiply	binaryfunc	__imul__
nb_remainder	binaryfunc	__mod__ __rmod__
nb_inplace_remainder	binaryfunc	__imod__
nb_divmod	binaryfunc	__divmod__ __rdivmod__
nb_power	ternaryfunc	__pow__ __rpow__
nb_inplace_power	ternaryfunc	__ipow__
nb_negative	unaryfunc	__neg__
nb_positive	unaryfunc	__pos__
nb_absolute	unaryfunc	__abs__
nb_bool	inquiry	__bool__
nb_invert	unaryfunc	__invert__
nb_lshift	binaryfunc	__lshift__ __rlshift__
nb_inplace_lshift	binaryfunc	__ilshift__
nb_rshift	binaryfunc	__rshift__ __rrshift__
nb_inplace_rshift	binaryfunc	__irshift__
nb_and	binaryfunc	__and__ __rand__
nb_inplace_and	binaryfunc	__iand__
nb_xor	binaryfunc	__xor__ __rxor__
nb_inplace_xor	binaryfunc	__ixor__
nb_or	binaryfunc	__or__ __ror__
nb_inplace_or	binaryfunc	__ior__
nb_int	unaryfunc	__int__
nb_reserved	void *
nb_float	unaryfunc	__float__
nb_floor_divide	binaryfunc	__floordiv__
nb_inplace_floor_divide	binaryfunc	__ifloordiv__
nb_true_divide	binaryfunc	__truediv__
nb_inplace_true_divide	binaryfunc	__itruediv__
nb_index	unaryfunc	__index__
nb_matrix_multiply	binaryfunc	__matmul__ __rmatmul__
nb_inplace_matrix_multiply	binaryfunc	__imatmul__
mp_length	lenfunc	__len__
mp_subscript	binaryfunc	__getitem__
mp_ass_subscript	objobjargproc	__setitem__, __delitem__
sq_length	lenfunc	__len__
sq_concat	binaryfunc	__add__
sq_repeat	ssizeargfunc	__mul__
sq_item	ssizeargfunc	__getitem__
sq_ass_item	ssizeobjargproc	__setitem__ __delitem__
sq_contains	objobjproc	__contains__
sq_inplace_concat	binaryfunc	__iadd__
sq_inplace_repeat	ssizeargfunc	__imul__
bf_getbuffer	getbufferproc()
bf_releasebuffer	releasebufferproc()

槽位 typedef

typedef	参数类型	返回类型
allocfunc	PyTypeObject * Py_ssize_t	PyObject *
destructor	void *	void
freefunc	void *	void
traverseproc	void * visitproc void *	int
newfunc	PyObject * PyObject * PyObject *	PyObject *
initproc	PyObject * PyObject * PyObject *	int
reprfunc	PyObject *	PyObject *
getattrfunc	PyObject * const char *	PyObject *
setattrfunc	PyObject * const char * PyObject *	int
getattrofunc	PyObject * PyObject *	PyObject *
setattrofunc	PyObject * PyObject * PyObject *	int
descrgetfunc	PyObject * PyObject * PyObject *	PyObject *
descrsetfunc	PyObject * PyObject * PyObject *	int
hashfunc	PyObject *	Py_hash_t
richcmpfunc	PyObject * PyObject * int	PyObject *
getiterfunc	PyObject *	PyObject *
iternextfunc	PyObject *	PyObject *
lenfunc	PyObject *	Py_ssize_t
getbufferproc	PyObject * Py_buffer * int	int
releasebufferproc	PyObject * Py_buffer *	void
inquiry	void *	int
unaryfunc	PyObject *	PyObject *
binaryfunc	PyObject * PyObject *	PyObject *
ternaryfunc	PyObject * PyObject * PyObject *	PyObject *
ssizeargfunc	PyObject * Py_ssize_t	PyObject *
ssizeobjargproc	PyObject * Py_ssize_t PyObject *	int
objobjproc	PyObject * PyObject *	int
objobjargproc	PyObject * PyObject * PyObject *	int

更多細節請見下方的 Slot Type typedefs。

PyTypeObject 定义

PyTypeObject 的结构定义可以在 Include/object.h 中找到。 为了方便参考，此处复述了其中的定义:

typedef struct _typeobject {
    PyObject_VAR_HEAD
    const char *tp_name; /* For printing, in format "<module>.<name>" */
    Py_ssize_t tp_basicsize, tp_itemsize; /* For allocation */

    /* Methods to implement standard operations */

    destructor tp_dealloc;
    Py_ssize_t tp_vectorcall_offset;
    getattrfunc tp_getattr;
    setattrfunc tp_setattr;
    PyAsyncMethods *tp_as_async; /* formerly known as tp_compare (Python 2)
                                    or tp_reserved (Python 3) */
    reprfunc tp_repr;

    /* Method suites for standard classes */

    PyNumberMethods *tp_as_number;
    PySequenceMethods *tp_as_sequence;
    PyMappingMethods *tp_as_mapping;

    /* More standard operations (here for binary compatibility) */

    hashfunc tp_hash;
    ternaryfunc tp_call;
    reprfunc tp_str;
    getattrofunc tp_getattro;
    setattrofunc tp_setattro;

    /* Functions to access object as input/output buffer */
    PyBufferProcs *tp_as_buffer;

    /* Flags to define presence of optional/expanded features */
    unsigned long tp_flags;

    const char *tp_doc; /* Documentation string */

    /* Assigned meaning in release 2.0 */
    /* call function for all accessible objects */
    traverseproc tp_traverse;

    /* delete references to contained objects */
    inquiry tp_clear;

    /* Assigned meaning in release 2.1 */
    /* rich comparisons */
    richcmpfunc tp_richcompare;

    /* weak reference enabler */
    Py_ssize_t tp_weaklistoffset;

    /* Iterators */
    getiterfunc tp_iter;
    iternextfunc tp_iternext;

    /* Attribute descriptor and subclassing stuff */
    struct PyMethodDef *tp_methods;
    struct PyMemberDef *tp_members;
    struct PyGetSetDef *tp_getset;
    // Strong reference on a heap type, borrowed reference on a static type
    struct _typeobject *tp_base;
    PyObject *tp_dict;
    descrgetfunc tp_descr_get;
    descrsetfunc tp_descr_set;
    Py_ssize_t tp_dictoffset;
    initproc tp_init;
    allocfunc tp_alloc;
    newfunc tp_new;
    freefunc tp_free; /* Low-level free-memory routine */
    inquiry tp_is_gc; /* For PyObject_IS_GC */
    PyObject *tp_bases;
    PyObject *tp_mro; /* method resolution order */
    PyObject *tp_cache;
    PyObject *tp_subclasses;
    PyObject *tp_weaklist;
    destructor tp_del;

    /* Type attribute cache version tag. Added in version 2.6 */
    unsigned int tp_version_tag;

    destructor tp_finalize;
    vectorcallfunc tp_vectorcall;
} PyTypeObject;

PyObject 槽位

类型对象结构扩展了 PyVarObject 结构。 ob_size 字段用于动态类型 (由 type_new() 创建，通常通过 类 语句来调用)。 注意 PyType_Type (元类型) 会初始化 tp_itemsize，这意味着它的实例 (即类型对象) 必须 具有 ob_size 字段。

Py_ssize_t PyObject.ob_refcnt

Part of the Stable ABI.

这是类型对象的引用计数，由 PyObject_HEAD_INIT 宏初始化为 1。 请注意对于 静态分配的类型对象，类型的实例 (对象的 ob_type 指回该类型) 不会 被加入引用计数。 但对于 动态分配的类型对象，实例 确实 会被算作引用。

继承：

子类型不继承此字段。

PyTypeObject *PyObject.ob_type

Part of the Stable ABI.

这是类型的类型，换句话说就是元类型，它由宏 PyObject_HEAD_INIT 的参数来做初始化，它的值一般情况下是 &PyType_Type 。可是为了使动态可载入扩展模块至少在Windows上可用，编译器会报错这是一个不可用的初始化。因此按照惯例传递 NULL 给宏 PyObject_HEAD_INIT 并且在模块的初始化函数开始时候其他任何操作之前初始化这个字段。典型做法是这样的：

Foo_Type.ob_type = &PyType_Type;

This should be done before any instances of the type are created. PyType_Ready() checks if ob_type is NULL, and if so, initializes it to the ob_type field of the base class. PyType_Ready() will not change this field if it is non-zero.

继承：

此字段会被子类型继承。

PyObject *PyObject._ob_next

PyObject *PyObject._ob_prev

这些字段仅在定义了宏 Py_TRACE_REFS 时存在（参阅 configure --with-trace-refs option）。

由 PyObject_HEAD_INIT 宏负责将它们初始化为 NULL 。对于 静态分配的对象，这两个字段始终为 NULL 。对于 动态分配的对象，这两个字段用于将对象链接到堆上所有活动对象的双向链表中。

它们可用于各种调试目的。目前唯一的用途是 sys.getobjects() 函数，在设置了环境变量 PYTHONDUMPREFS 时，打印运行结束时仍然活跃的对象。

继承：

这些字段不会被子类型继承。

PyVarObject 槽位

Py_ssize_t PyVarObject.ob_size

Part of the Stable ABI.

对于 静态分配的内存对象，它应该初始化为 0。对于 动态分配的类型对象，该字段具有特殊的内部含义。

继承：

子类型不继承此字段。

PyTypeObject 槽

Each slot has a section describing inheritance. If PyType_Ready() may set a value when the field is set to NULL then there will also be a "Default" section. (Note that many fields set on PyBaseObject_Type and PyType_Type effectively act as defaults.)

const char *PyTypeObject.tp_name

Pointer to a NUL-terminated string containing the name of the type. For types that are accessible as module globals, the string should be the full module name, followed by a dot, followed by the type name; for built-in types, it should be just the type name. If the module is a submodule of a package, the full package name is part of the full module name. For example, a type named T defined in module M in subpackage Q in package P should have the tp_name initializer "P.Q.M.T".

对于 动态分配的类型对象，这应为类型名称，而模块名称将作为 '__module__' 键的值显式地保存在类型字典中。

对于 静态分配的类型对象，tp_name 字段应当包含一个点号。 最后一个点号之前的所有内容都可作为 __module__ 属性访问，而最后一个点号之后的所有内容都可作为 __name__ 属性访问。

如果不存在点号，则整个 tp_name 字段将作为 __name__ 属性访问，而 __module__ 属性则将是未定义的（除非在字典中显式地设置，如上文所述）。 这意味着你的类型将无法执行 pickle。 此外，用 pydoc 创建的模块文档中也不会列出该类型。

该字段不可为 NULL。 它是 PyTypeObject() 中唯一的必填字段（除了潜在的 tp_itemsize 以外）。

继承：

子类型不继承此字段。

Py_ssize_t PyTypeObject.tp_basicsize

Py_ssize_t PyTypeObject.tp_itemsize

通过这些字段可以计算出该类型实例以字节为单位的大小。

存在两种类型：具有固定长度实例的类型其 tp_itemsize 字段为零；具有可变长度实例的类型其 tp_itemsize 字段不为零。 对于具有固定长度实例的类型，所有实例的大小都相同，具体大小由 tp_basicsize 给出。

For a type with variable-length instances, the instances must have an ob_size field, and the instance size is tp_basicsize plus N times tp_itemsize, where N is the "length" of the object. The value of N is typically stored in the instance's ob_size field. There are exceptions: for example, ints use a negative ob_size to indicate a negative number, and N is abs(ob_size) there. Also, the presence of an ob_size field in the instance layout doesn't mean that the instance structure is variable-length (for example, the structure for the list type has fixed-length instances, yet those instances have a meaningful ob_size field).

The basic size includes the fields in the instance declared by the macro PyObject_HEAD or PyObject_VAR_HEAD (whichever is used to declare the instance struct) and this in turn includes the _ob_prev and _ob_next fields if they are present. This means that the only correct way to get an initializer for the tp_basicsize is to use the sizeof operator on the struct used to declare the instance layout. The basic size does not include the GC header size.

关于对齐的说明：如果变量条目需要特定的对齐，则应通过 tp_basicsize 的值来处理。 例如：假设某个类型实现了一个 double 数组。 tp_itemsize 就是 sizeof(double)。 程序员有责任确保 tp_basicsize 是 sizeof(double) 的倍数（假设这是 double 的对齐要求）。

对于任何具有可变长度实例的类型，该字段不可为 NULL。

继承：

这些字段将由子类分别继承。 如果基本类型有一个非零的 tp_itemsize，那么在子类型中将 tp_itemsize 设置为不同的非零值通常是不安全的（不过这取决于该基本类型的具体实现）。

destructor PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc

指向实例析构函数的指针。除非保证类型的实例永远不会被释放（就像单例对象 None 和 Ellipsis 那样），否则必须定义这个函数。函数声明如下：

void tp_dealloc(PyObject *self);

The destructor function is called by the Py_DECREF() and Py_XDECREF() macros when the new reference count is zero. At this point, the instance is still in existence, but there are no references to it. The destructor function should free all references which the instance owns, free all memory buffers owned by the instance (using the freeing function corresponding to the allocation function used to allocate the buffer), and call the type's tp_free function. If the type is not subtypable (doesn't have the Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE flag bit set), it is permissible to call the object deallocator directly instead of via tp_free. The object deallocator should be the one used to allocate the instance; this is normally PyObject_Del() if the instance was allocated using PyObject_New() or PyObject_VarNew(), or PyObject_GC_Del() if the instance was allocated using PyObject_GC_New() or PyObject_GC_NewVar().

If the type supports garbage collection (has the Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC flag bit set), the destructor should call PyObject_GC_UnTrack() before clearing any member fields.

static void foo_dealloc(foo_object *self) {
    PyObject_GC_UnTrack(self);
    Py_CLEAR(self->ref);
    Py_TYPE(self)->tp_free((PyObject *)self);
}

Finally, if the type is heap allocated (Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE), the deallocator should release the owned reference to its type object (via Py_DECREF()) after calling the type deallocator. In order to avoid dangling pointers, the recommended way to achieve this is:

static void foo_dealloc(foo_object *self) {
    PyTypeObject *tp = Py_TYPE(self);
    // free references and buffers here
    tp->tp_free(self);
    Py_DECREF(tp);
}

继承：

此字段会被子类型继承。

Py_ssize_t PyTypeObject.tp_vectorcall_offset

一个相对使用 vectorcall 协议 实现调用对象的实例级函数的可选的偏移量，这是一种比简单的 tp_call 更有效的替代选择。

This field is only used if the flag Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL is set. If so, this must be a positive integer containing the offset in the instance of a vectorcallfunc pointer.

The vectorcallfunc pointer may be NULL, in which case the instance behaves as if Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL was not set: calling the instance falls back to tp_call.

任何设置了 Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL 的类也必须设置 tp_call 并确保其行为与 vectorcallfunc 函数一致。 这可以通过将 tp_call 设为 PyVectorcall_Call() 来实现。

警告

It is not recommended for heap types to implement the vectorcall protocol. When a user sets __call__ in Python code, only tp_call is updated, likely making it inconsistent with the vectorcall function.

3.8 版更變: 在 3.8 版之前，这个槽位被命名为 tp_print。 在 Python 2.x 中，它被用于打印到文件。 在 Python 3.0 至 3.7 中，它没有被使用。

继承：

This field is always inherited. However, the Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL flag is not always inherited. If it's not, then the subclass won't use vectorcall, except when PyVectorcall_Call() is explicitly called. This is in particular the case for heap types (including subclasses defined in Python).

getattrfunc PyTypeObject.tp_getattr

一个指向获取属性字符串函数的可选指针。

该字段已弃用。当它被定义时，应该和 tp_getattro 指向同一个函数，但接受一个C字符串参数表示属性名，而不是Python字符串对象。

继承：

分组: tp_getattr, tp_getattro

该字段会被子类和 tp_getattro 所继承：当子类型的 tp_getattr 和 tp_getattro 均为 NULL 时该子类型将从它的基类型同时继承 tp_getattr 和 tp_getattro。

setattrfunc PyTypeObject.tp_setattr

一个指向函数以便设置和删除属性的可选指针。

该字段已弃用。当它被定义时，应该和 tp_setattro 指向同一个函数，但接受一个C字符串参数表示属性名，而不是Python字符串对象。

继承：

Group: tp_setattr, tp_setattro

该字段会被子类型和 tp_setattro 所继承：当子类型的 tp_setattr 和 tp_setattro 均为 NULL 时该子类型将同时从它的基类型继承 tp_setattr 和 tp_setattro。

PyAsyncMethods *PyTypeObject.tp_as_async

指向一个包含仅与在 C 层级上实现 awaitable 和 asynchronous iterator 协议的对象相关联的字段的附加结构体。 请参阅 Async Object Structures 了解详情。

3.5 版新加入: 在之前被称为 tp_compare 和 tp_reserved。

继承：

tp_as_async 字段不会被继承，但所包含的字段会被单独继承。

reprfunc PyTypeObject.tp_repr

一个实现了内置函数 repr() 的函数的可选指针。

该签名与 PyObject_Repr() 的相同:

PyObject *tp_repr(PyObject *self);

该函数必须返回一个字符串或 Unicode 对象。 在理想情况下，该函数应当返回一个字符串，当将其传给 eval() 时，只要有合适的环境，就会返回一个具有相同值的对象。 如果这不可行，则它应当返回一个以 '<' 开头并以 '>' 结尾的可被用来推断出对象的类型和值的字符串。

继承：

此字段会被子类型继承。

預設：

如果未设置该字段，则返回 <%s object at %p> 形式的字符串，其中 %s 将替换为类型名称，%p 将替换为对象的内存地址。

PyNumberMethods *PyTypeObject.tp_as_number

指向一个附加结构体的指针，其中包含只与执行数字协议的对象相关的字段。 这些字段的文档参见 Number Object Structures。

继承：

tp_as_number 字段不会被继承，但所包含的字段会被单独继承。

PySequenceMethods *PyTypeObject.tp_as_sequence

指向一个附加结构体的指针，其中包含只与执行序列协议的对象相关的字段。 这些字段的文档见 Sequence Object Structures。

继承：

tp_as_sequence 字段不会被继承，但所包含的字段会被单独继承。

PyMappingMethods *PyTypeObject.tp_as_mapping

指向一个附加结构体的指针，其中包含只与执行映射协议的对象相关的字段。 这些字段的文档见 Mapping Object Structures。

继承：

tp_as_mapping 字段不会继承，但所包含的字段会被单独继承。

hashfunc PyTypeObject.tp_hash

一个指向实现了内置函数 hash() 的函数的可选指针。

其签名与 PyObject_Hash() 的相同:

Py_hash_t tp_hash(PyObject *);

-1 不应作为正常返回值被返回；当计算哈希值过程中发生错误时，函数应设置一个异常并返回 -1。

When this field is not set (and tp_richcompare is not set), an attempt to take the hash of the object raises TypeError. This is the same as setting it to PyObject_HashNotImplemented().

This field can be set explicitly to PyObject_HashNotImplemented() to block inheritance of the hash method from a parent type. This is interpreted as the equivalent of __hash__ = None at the Python level, causing isinstance(o, collections.Hashable) to correctly return False. Note that the converse is also true - setting __hash__ = None on a class at the Python level will result in the tp_hash slot being set to PyObject_HashNotImplemented().

继承：

Group: tp_hash, tp_richcompare

This field is inherited by subtypes together with tp_richcompare: a subtype inherits both of tp_richcompare and tp_hash, when the subtype's tp_richcompare and tp_hash are both NULL.

ternaryfunc PyTypeObject.tp_call

An optional pointer to a function that implements calling the object. This should be NULL if the object is not callable. The signature is the same as for PyObject_Call():

PyObject *tp_call(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs);

继承：

此字段会被子类型继承。

reprfunc PyTypeObject.tp_str

An optional pointer to a function that implements the built-in operation str(). (Note that str is a type now, and str() calls the constructor for that type. This constructor calls PyObject_Str() to do the actual work, and PyObject_Str() will call this handler.)

The signature is the same as for PyObject_Str():

PyObject *tp_str(PyObject *self);

The function must return a string or a Unicode object. It should be a "friendly" string representation of the object, as this is the representation that will be used, among other things, by the print() function.

继承：

此字段会被子类型继承。

預設：

When this field is not set, PyObject_Repr() is called to return a string representation.

getattrofunc PyTypeObject.tp_getattro

An optional pointer to the get-attribute function.

The signature is the same as for PyObject_GetAttr():

PyObject *tp_getattro(PyObject *self, PyObject *attr);

It is usually convenient to set this field to PyObject_GenericGetAttr(), which implements the normal way of looking for object attributes.

继承：

分组: tp_getattr, tp_getattro

This field is inherited by subtypes together with tp_getattr: a subtype inherits both tp_getattr and tp_getattro from its base type when the subtype's tp_getattr and tp_getattro are both NULL.

預設：

PyBaseObject_Type uses PyObject_GenericGetAttr().

setattrofunc PyTypeObject.tp_setattro

一个指向函数以便设置和删除属性的可选指针。

The signature is the same as for PyObject_SetAttr():

int tp_setattro(PyObject *self, PyObject *attr, PyObject *value);

In addition, setting value to NULL to delete an attribute must be supported. It is usually convenient to set this field to PyObject_GenericSetAttr(), which implements the normal way of setting object attributes.

继承：

Group: tp_setattr, tp_setattro

This field is inherited by subtypes together with tp_setattr: a subtype inherits both tp_setattr and tp_setattro from its base type when the subtype's tp_setattr and tp_setattro are both NULL.

預設：

PyBaseObject_Type 使用 PyObject_GenericSetAttr().

PyBufferProcs *PyTypeObject.tp_as_buffer

Pointer to an additional structure that contains fields relevant only to objects which implement the buffer interface. These fields are documented in Buffer Object Structures.

继承：

The tp_as_buffer field is not inherited, but the contained fields are inherited individually.

unsigned long PyTypeObject.tp_flags

This field is a bit mask of various flags. Some flags indicate variant semantics for certain situations; others are used to indicate that certain fields in the type object (or in the extension structures referenced via tp_as_number, tp_as_sequence, tp_as_mapping, and tp_as_buffer) that were historically not always present are valid; if such a flag bit is clear, the type fields it guards must not be accessed and must be considered to have a zero or NULL value instead.

继承：

Inheritance of this field is complicated. Most flag bits are inherited individually, i.e. if the base type has a flag bit set, the subtype inherits this flag bit. The flag bits that pertain to extension structures are strictly inherited if the extension structure is inherited, i.e. the base type's value of the flag bit is copied into the subtype together with a pointer to the extension structure. The Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC flag bit is inherited together with the tp_traverse and tp_clear fields, i.e. if the Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC flag bit is clear in the subtype and the tp_traverse and tp_clear fields in the subtype exist and have NULL values.

預設：

PyBaseObject_Type uses Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE.

位掩码:

目前定义了以下位掩码；可以使用 | 运算符对它们进行 OR 运算以形成 tp_flags 字段的值。 宏 PyType_HasFeature() 接受一个类型和一个旗标值 tp 和 f，并检查 tp->tp_flags & f 是否为非零值。

Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE

This bit is set when the type object itself is allocated on the heap, for example, types created dynamically using PyType_FromSpec(). In this case, the ob_type field of its instances is considered a reference to the type, and the type object is INCREF'ed when a new instance is created, and DECREF'ed when an instance is destroyed (this does not apply to instances of subtypes; only the type referenced by the instance's ob_type gets INCREF'ed or DECREF'ed).

继承：

？？？

Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE

当此类型可被用作另一个类型的基类型时该比特位将被设置。 如果该比特位被清除，则此类型将无法被子类型化（类似于 Java 中的 "final" 类）。

继承：

？？？

Py_TPFLAGS_READY

当此类型对象通过 PyType_Ready() 被完全实例化时该比特位将被设置。

继承：

？？？

Py_TPFLAGS_READYING

当 PyType_Ready() 处在初始化此类型对象过程中时该比特位将被设置。

继承：

？？？

Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC

This bit is set when the object supports garbage collection. If this bit is set, instances must be created using PyObject_GC_New() and destroyed using PyObject_GC_Del(). More information in section 使对象类型支持循环垃圾回收. This bit also implies that the GC-related fields tp_traverse and tp_clear are present in the type object.

继承：

Group: Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, tp_traverse, tp_clear

The Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC flag bit is inherited together with the tp_traverse and tp_clear fields, i.e. if the Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC flag bit is clear in the subtype and the tp_traverse and tp_clear fields in the subtype exist and have NULL values.

Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT

This is a bitmask of all the bits that pertain to the existence of certain fields in the type object and its extension structures. Currently, it includes the following bits: Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_STACKLESS_EXTENSION.

继承：

？？？

Py_TPFLAGS_METHOD_DESCRIPTOR

This bit indicates that objects behave like unbound methods.

If this flag is set for type(meth), then:

• meth.__get__(obj, cls)(*args, **kwds) (with obj not None) must be equivalent to meth(obj, *args, **kwds).

• meth.__get__(None, cls)(*args, **kwds) must be equivalent to meth(*args, **kwds).

This flag enables an optimization for typical method calls like obj.meth(): it avoids creating a temporary "bound method" object for obj.meth.

3.8 版新加入.

继承：

This flag is never inherited by heap types. For extension types, it is inherited whenever tp_descr_get is inherited.

Py_TPFLAGS_LONG_SUBCLASS

Py_TPFLAGS_LIST_SUBCLASS

Py_TPFLAGS_TUPLE_SUBCLASS

Py_TPFLAGS_BYTES_SUBCLASS

Py_TPFLAGS_UNICODE_SUBCLASS

Py_TPFLAGS_DICT_SUBCLASS

Py_TPFLAGS_BASE_EXC_SUBCLASS

Py_TPFLAGS_TYPE_SUBCLASS

These flags are used by functions such as PyLong_Check() to quickly determine if a type is a subclass of a built-in type; such specific checks are faster than a generic check, like PyObject_IsInstance(). Custom types that inherit from built-ins should have their tp_flags set appropriately, or the code that interacts with such types will behave differently depending on what kind of check is used.

Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_FINALIZE

当类型结构体中存在 tp_finalize 槽位时会设置这个比特位。

3.4 版新加入.

3.8 版後已棄用: 此旗标已不再是必要的，因为解释器会假定类型结构体中总是存在 tp_finalize 槽位。

Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL

当类实现了 vectorcall 协议 时会设置这个比特位。 请参阅 tp_vectorcall_offset 了解详情。

继承：

This bit is inherited for static subtypes if tp_call is also inherited. Heap types do not inherit Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL.

3.9 版新加入.

Py_TPFLAGS_IMMUTABLETYPE

不可变的类型对象会设置这个比特位：类型属性无法被设置或删除。

PyType_Ready() 会自动对 静态类型 应用这个旗标。

继承：

这个旗标不会被继承。

3.10 版新加入.

Py_TPFLAGS_DISALLOW_INSTANTIATION

不允许创建此类型的实例：将 tp_new 设为 NULL 并且不会在类型字符中创建 __new__ 键。

这个旗标必须在创建该类型之前设置，而不是在之后。 例如，它必须在该类型调用 PyType_Ready() 之前被设置。

The flag is set automatically on static types if tp_base is NULL or &PyBaseObject_Type and tp_new is NULL.

继承：

This flag is not inherited. However, subclasses will not be instantiable unless they provide a non-NULL tp_new (which is only possible via the C API).

備註

要禁止直接实例化一个类但允许实例化其子类 (例如对于 abstract base class)，请勿使用此旗标。 替代的做法是，让 tp_new 只对子类可用。

3.10 版新加入.

Py_TPFLAGS_MAPPING

This bit indicates that instances of the class may match mapping patterns when used as the subject of a match block. It is automatically set when registering or subclassing collections.abc.Mapping, and unset when registering collections.abc.Sequence.

備註

Py_TPFLAGS_MAPPING and Py_TPFLAGS_SEQUENCE are mutually exclusive; it is an error to enable both flags simultaneously.

继承：

This flag is inherited by types that do not already set Py_TPFLAGS_SEQUENCE.

也參考

PEP 634 —— 结构化模式匹配：规范

3.10 版新加入.

Py_TPFLAGS_SEQUENCE

This bit indicates that instances of the class may match sequence patterns when used as the subject of a match block. It is automatically set when registering or subclassing collections.abc.Sequence, and unset when registering collections.abc.Mapping.

備註

Py_TPFLAGS_MAPPING and Py_TPFLAGS_SEQUENCE are mutually exclusive; it is an error to enable both flags simultaneously.

继承：

This flag is inherited by types that do not already set Py_TPFLAGS_MAPPING.

也參考

PEP 634 —— 结构化模式匹配：规范

3.10 版新加入.

const char *PyTypeObject.tp_doc

An optional pointer to a NUL-terminated C string giving the docstring for this type object. This is exposed as the __doc__ attribute on the type and instances of the type.

继承：

This field is not inherited by subtypes.

traverseproc PyTypeObject.tp_traverse

An optional pointer to a traversal function for the garbage collector. This is only used if the Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC flag bit is set. The signature is:

int tp_traverse(PyObject *self, visitproc visit, void *arg);

More information about Python's garbage collection scheme can be found in section 使对象类型支持循环垃圾回收.

The tp_traverse pointer is used by the garbage collector to detect reference cycles. A typical implementation of a tp_traverse function simply calls Py_VISIT() on each of the instance's members that are Python objects that the instance owns. For example, this is function local_traverse() from the _thread extension module:

static int
local_traverse(localobject *self, visitproc visit, void *arg)
{
    Py_VISIT(self->args);
    Py_VISIT(self->kw);
    Py_VISIT(self->dict);
    return 0;
}

Note that Py_VISIT() is called only on those members that can participate in reference cycles. Although there is also a self->key member, it can only be NULL or a Python string and therefore cannot be part of a reference cycle.

On the other hand, even if you know a member can never be part of a cycle, as a debugging aid you may want to visit it anyway just so the gc module's get_referents() function will include it.

警告

When implementing tp_traverse, only the members that the instance owns (by having strong references to them) must be visited. For instance, if an object supports weak references via the tp_weaklist slot, the pointer supporting the linked list (what tp_weaklist points to) must not be visited as the instance does not directly own the weak references to itself (the weakreference list is there to support the weak reference machinery, but the instance has no strong reference to the elements inside it, as they are allowed to be removed even if the instance is still alive).

Note that Py_VISIT() requires the visit and arg parameters to local_traverse() to have these specific names; don't name them just anything.

Instances of heap-allocated types hold a reference to their type. Their traversal function must therefore either visit Py_TYPE(self), or delegate this responsibility by calling tp_traverse of another heap-allocated type (such as a heap-allocated superclass). If they do not, the type object may not be garbage-collected.

3.9 版更變: Heap-allocated types are expected to visit Py_TYPE(self) in tp_traverse. In earlier versions of Python, due to bug 40217, doing this may lead to crashes in subclasses.

继承：

Group: Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, tp_traverse, tp_clear

This field is inherited by subtypes together with tp_clear and the Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC flag bit: the flag bit, tp_traverse, and tp_clear are all inherited from the base type if they are all zero in the subtype.

inquiry PyTypeObject.tp_clear

An optional pointer to a clear function for the garbage collector. This is only used if the Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC flag bit is set. The signature is:

int tp_clear(PyObject *);

The tp_clear member function is used to break reference cycles in cyclic garbage detected by the garbage collector. Taken together, all tp_clear functions in the system must combine to break all reference cycles. This is subtle, and if in any doubt supply a tp_clear function. For example, the tuple type does not implement a tp_clear function, because it's possible to prove that no reference cycle can be composed entirely of tuples. Therefore the tp_clear functions of other types must be sufficient to break any cycle containing a tuple. This isn't immediately obvious, and there's rarely a good reason to avoid implementing tp_clear.

Implementations of tp_clear should drop the instance's references to those of its members that may be Python objects, and set its pointers to those members to NULL, as in the following example:

static int
local_clear(localobject *self)
{
    Py_CLEAR(self->key);
    Py_CLEAR(self->args);
    Py_CLEAR(self->kw);
    Py_CLEAR(self->dict);
    return 0;
}

The Py_CLEAR() macro should be used, because clearing references is delicate: the reference to the contained object must not be released (via Py_DECREF()) until after the pointer to the contained object is set to NULL. This is because releasing the reference may cause the contained object to become trash, triggering a chain of reclamation activity that may include invoking arbitrary Python code (due to finalizers, or weakref callbacks, associated with the contained object). If it's possible for such code to reference self again, it's important that the pointer to the contained object be NULL at that time, so that self knows the contained object can no longer be used. The Py_CLEAR() macro performs the operations in a safe order.

Note that tp_clear is not always called before an instance is deallocated. For example, when reference counting is enough to determine that an object is no longer used, the cyclic garbage collector is not involved and tp_dealloc is called directly.

Because the goal of tp_clear functions is to break reference cycles, it's not necessary to clear contained objects like Python strings or Python integers, which can't participate in reference cycles. On the other hand, it may be convenient to clear all contained Python objects, and write the type's tp_dealloc function to invoke tp_clear.

More information about Python's garbage collection scheme can be found in section 使对象类型支持循环垃圾回收.

继承：

Group: Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, tp_traverse, tp_clear

This field is inherited by subtypes together with tp_traverse and the Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC flag bit: the flag bit, tp_traverse, and tp_clear are all inherited from the base type if they are all zero in the subtype.

richcmpfunc PyTypeObject.tp_richcompare

An optional pointer to the rich comparison function, whose signature is:

PyObject *tp_richcompare(PyObject *self, PyObject *other, int op);

The first parameter is guaranteed to be an instance of the type that is defined by PyTypeObject.

The function should return the result of the comparison (usually Py_True or Py_False). If the comparison is undefined, it must return Py_NotImplemented, if another error occurred it must return NULL and set an exception condition.

The following constants are defined to be used as the third argument for tp_richcompare and for PyObject_RichCompare():

常數	对照
Py_LT	<
Py_LE	<=
Py_EQ	==
Py_NE	!=
Py_GT	>
Py_GE	>=

定义以下宏是为了简化编写丰富的比较函数：

Py_RETURN_RICHCOMPARE(VAL_A, VAL_B, op)

Return Py_True or Py_False from the function, depending on the result of a comparison. VAL_A and VAL_B must be orderable by C comparison operators (for example, they may be C ints or floats). The third argument specifies the requested operation, as for PyObject_RichCompare().

The returned value is a new strong reference.

On error, sets an exception and returns NULL from the function.

3.7 版新加入.

继承：

Group: tp_hash, tp_richcompare

This field is inherited by subtypes together with tp_hash: a subtype inherits tp_richcompare and tp_hash when the subtype's tp_richcompare and tp_hash are both NULL.

預設：

PyBaseObject_Type provides a tp_richcompare implementation, which may be inherited. However, if only tp_hash is defined, not even the inherited function is used and instances of the type will not be able to participate in any comparisons.

Py_ssize_t PyTypeObject.tp_weaklistoffset

If the instances of this type are weakly referenceable, this field is greater than zero and contains the offset in the instance structure of the weak reference list head (ignoring the GC header, if present); this offset is used by PyObject_ClearWeakRefs() and the PyWeakref_* functions. The instance structure needs to include a field of type PyObject* which is initialized to NULL.

Do not confuse this field with tp_weaklist; that is the list head for weak references to the type object itself.

继承：

This field is inherited by subtypes, but see the rules listed below. A subtype may override this offset; this means that the subtype uses a different weak reference list head than the base type. Since the list head is always found via tp_weaklistoffset, this should not be a problem.

When a type defined by a class statement has no __slots__ declaration, and none of its base types are weakly referenceable, the type is made weakly referenceable by adding a weak reference list head slot to the instance layout and setting the tp_weaklistoffset of that slot's offset.

When a type's __slots__ declaration contains a slot named __weakref__, that slot becomes the weak reference list head for instances of the type, and the slot's offset is stored in the type's tp_weaklistoffset.

When a type's __slots__ declaration does not contain a slot named __weakref__, the type inherits its tp_weaklistoffset from its base type.

getiterfunc PyTypeObject.tp_iter

一个可选的指向函数的指针，该函数返回对象的 iterator。 它的存在通常表明该类型的实例为 iterable (尽管序列在没有此函数的情况下也可能为可迭代对象)。

This function has the same signature as PyObject_GetIter():

PyObject *tp_iter(PyObject *self);

继承：

此字段会被子类型继承。

iternextfunc PyTypeObject.tp_iternext

一个可选的指向函数的指针，该函数返回 iterator 中的下一项。 其签名为:

PyObject *tp_iternext(PyObject *self);

When the iterator is exhausted, it must return NULL; a StopIteration exception may or may not be set. When another error occurs, it must return NULL too. Its presence signals that the instances of this type are iterators.

Iterator types should also define the tp_iter function, and that function should return the iterator instance itself (not a new iterator instance).

This function has the same signature as PyIter_Next().

继承：

此字段会被子类型继承。

struct PyMethodDef *PyTypeObject.tp_methods

An optional pointer to a static NULL-terminated array of PyMethodDef structures, declaring regular methods of this type.

For each entry in the array, an entry is added to the type's dictionary (see tp_dict below) containing a method descriptor.

继承：

This field is not inherited by subtypes (methods are inherited through a different mechanism).

struct PyMemberDef *PyTypeObject.tp_members

An optional pointer to a static NULL-terminated array of PyMemberDef structures, declaring regular data members (fields or slots) of instances of this type.

For each entry in the array, an entry is added to the type's dictionary (see tp_dict below) containing a member descriptor.

继承：

This field is not inherited by subtypes (members are inherited through a different mechanism).

struct PyGetSetDef *PyTypeObject.tp_getset

An optional pointer to a static NULL-terminated array of PyGetSetDef structures, declaring computed attributes of instances of this type.

For each entry in the array, an entry is added to the type's dictionary (see tp_dict below) containing a getset descriptor.

继承：

This field is not inherited by subtypes (computed attributes are inherited through a different mechanism).

PyTypeObject *PyTypeObject.tp_base

An optional pointer to a base type from which type properties are inherited. At this level, only single inheritance is supported; multiple inheritance require dynamically creating a type object by calling the metatype.

備註

Slot initialization is subject to the rules of initializing globals. C99 requires the initializers to be "address constants". Function designators like PyType_GenericNew(), with implicit conversion to a pointer, are valid C99 address constants.

However, the unary '&' operator applied to a non-static variable like PyBaseObject_Type() is not required to produce an address constant. Compilers may support this (gcc does), MSVC does not. Both compilers are strictly standard conforming in this particular behavior.

Consequently, tp_base should be set in the extension module's init function.

继承：

This field is not inherited by subtypes (obviously).

預設：

This field defaults to &PyBaseObject_Type (which to Python programmers is known as the type object).

PyObject *PyTypeObject.tp_dict

The type's dictionary is stored here by PyType_Ready().

This field should normally be initialized to NULL before PyType_Ready is called; it may also be initialized to a dictionary containing initial attributes for the type. Once PyType_Ready() has initialized the type, extra attributes for the type may be added to this dictionary only if they don't correspond to overloaded operations (like __add__()).

继承：

This field is not inherited by subtypes (though the attributes defined in here are inherited through a different mechanism).

預設：

If this field is NULL, PyType_Ready() will assign a new dictionary to it.

警告

It is not safe to use PyDict_SetItem() on or otherwise modify tp_dict with the dictionary C-API.

descrgetfunc PyTypeObject.tp_descr_get

An optional pointer to a "descriptor get" function.

函数的签名为:

PyObject * tp_descr_get(PyObject *self, PyObject *obj, PyObject *type);

继承：

此字段会被子类型继承。

descrsetfunc PyTypeObject.tp_descr_set

An optional pointer to a function for setting and deleting a descriptor's value.

函数的签名为:

int tp_descr_set(PyObject *self, PyObject *obj, PyObject *value);

The value argument is set to NULL to delete the value.

继承：

此字段会被子类型继承。

Py_ssize_t PyTypeObject.tp_dictoffset

If the instances of this type have a dictionary containing instance variables, this field is non-zero and contains the offset in the instances of the type of the instance variable dictionary; this offset is used by PyObject_GenericGetAttr().

Do not confuse this field with tp_dict; that is the dictionary for attributes of the type object itself.

If the value of this field is greater than zero, it specifies the offset from the start of the instance structure. If the value is less than zero, it specifies the offset from the end of the instance structure. A negative offset is more expensive to use, and should only be used when the instance structure contains a variable-length part. This is used for example to add an instance variable dictionary to subtypes of str or tuple. Note that the tp_basicsize field should account for the dictionary added to the end in that case, even though the dictionary is not included in the basic object layout. On a system with a pointer size of 4 bytes, tp_dictoffset should be set to -4 to indicate that the dictionary is at the very end of the structure.

The real dictionary offset in an instance can be computed from a negative tp_dictoffset as follows:

dictoffset = tp_basicsize + abs(ob_size)*tp_itemsize + tp_dictoffset
if dictoffset is not aligned on sizeof(void*):
    round up to sizeof(void*)

where tp_basicsize, tp_itemsize and tp_dictoffset are taken from the type object, and ob_size is taken from the instance. The absolute value is taken because ints use the sign of ob_size to store the sign of the number. (There's never a need to do this calculation yourself; it is done for you by _PyObject_GetDictPtr().)

继承：

This field is inherited by subtypes, but see the rules listed below. A subtype may override this offset; this means that the subtype instances store the dictionary at a difference offset than the base type. Since the dictionary is always found via tp_dictoffset, this should not be a problem.

When a type defined by a class statement has no __slots__ declaration, and none of its base types has an instance variable dictionary, a dictionary slot is added to the instance layout and the tp_dictoffset is set to that slot's offset.

When a type defined by a class statement has a __slots__ declaration, the type inherits its tp_dictoffset from its base type.

(Adding a slot named __dict__ to the __slots__ declaration does not have the expected effect, it just causes confusion. Maybe this should be added as a feature just like __weakref__ though.)

預設：

This slot has no default. For static types, if the field is NULL then no __dict__ gets created for instances.

initproc PyTypeObject.tp_init

An optional pointer to an instance initialization function.

This function corresponds to the __init__() method of classes. Like __init__(), it is possible to create an instance without calling __init__(), and it is possible to reinitialize an instance by calling its __init__() method again.

函数的签名为:

int tp_init(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds);

The self argument is the instance to be initialized; the args and kwds arguments represent positional and keyword arguments of the call to __init__().

The tp_init function, if not NULL, is called when an instance is created normally by calling its type, after the type's tp_new function has returned an instance of the type. If the tp_new function returns an instance of some other type that is not a subtype of the original type, no tp_init function is called; if tp_new returns an instance of a subtype of the original type, the subtype's tp_init is called.

成功时返回 0，发生错误时则返回 -1 并在错误上设置一个异常。and sets an exception on error.

继承：

此字段会被子类型继承。

預設：

对于 静态类型 来说该字段没有默认值。

allocfunc PyTypeObject.tp_alloc

指向一个实例分配函数的可选指针。

函数的签名为:

PyObject *tp_alloc(PyTypeObject *self, Py_ssize_t nitems);

继承：

This field is inherited by static subtypes, but not by dynamic subtypes (subtypes created by a class statement).

預設：

For dynamic subtypes, this field is always set to PyType_GenericAlloc(), to force a standard heap allocation strategy.

For static subtypes, PyBaseObject_Type uses PyType_GenericAlloc(). That is the recommended value for all statically defined types.

newfunc PyTypeObject.tp_new

An optional pointer to an instance creation function.

函数的签名为:

PyObject *tp_new(PyTypeObject *subtype, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds);

The subtype argument is the type of the object being created; the args and kwds arguments represent positional and keyword arguments of the call to the type. Note that subtype doesn't have to equal the type whose tp_new function is called; it may be a subtype of that type (but not an unrelated type).

The tp_new function should call subtype->tp_alloc(subtype, nitems) to allocate space for the object, and then do only as much further initialization as is absolutely necessary. Initialization that can safely be ignored or repeated should be placed in the tp_init handler. A good rule of thumb is that for immutable types, all initialization should take place in tp_new, while for mutable types, most initialization should be deferred to tp_init.

Set the Py_TPFLAGS_DISALLOW_INSTANTIATION flag to disallow creating instances of the type in Python.

继承：

This field is inherited by subtypes, except it is not inherited by static types whose tp_base is NULL or &PyBaseObject_Type.

預設：

For static types this field has no default. This means if the slot is defined as NULL, the type cannot be called to create new instances; presumably there is some other way to create instances, like a factory function.

freefunc PyTypeObject.tp_free

An optional pointer to an instance deallocation function. Its signature is:

void tp_free(void *self);

An initializer that is compatible with this signature is PyObject_Free().

继承：

This field is inherited by static subtypes, but not by dynamic subtypes (subtypes created by a class statement)

預設：

In dynamic subtypes, this field is set to a deallocator suitable to match PyType_GenericAlloc() and the value of the Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC flag bit.

For static subtypes, PyBaseObject_Type uses PyObject_Del.

inquiry PyTypeObject.tp_is_gc

可选的指向垃圾回收器所调用的函数的指针。

The garbage collector needs to know whether a particular object is collectible or not. Normally, it is sufficient to look at the object's type's tp_flags field, and check the Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC flag bit. But some types have a mixture of statically and dynamically allocated instances, and the statically allocated instances are not collectible. Such types should define this function; it should return 1 for a collectible instance, and 0 for a non-collectible instance. The signature is:

int tp_is_gc(PyObject *self);

(The only example of this are types themselves. The metatype, PyType_Type, defines this function to distinguish between statically and dynamically allocated types.)

继承：

此字段会被子类型继承。

預設：

This slot has no default. If this field is NULL, Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC is used as the functional equivalent.

PyObject *PyTypeObject.tp_bases

Tuple of base types.

This field should be set to NULL and treated as read-only. Python will fill it in when the type is initialized.

For dynamically created classes, the Py_tp_bases slot can be used instead of the bases argument of PyType_FromSpecWithBases(). The argument form is preferred.

警告

Multiple inheritance does not work well for statically defined types. If you set tp_bases to a tuple, Python will not raise an error, but some slots will only be inherited from the first base.

继承：

这个字段不会被继承。

PyObject *PyTypeObject.tp_mro

包含基类型的扩展集的元组，以类型本身开始并以 object 作为结束，使用方法解析顺序。

This field should be set to NULL and treated as read-only. Python will fill it in when the type is initialized.

继承：

这个字段不会被继承；它是通过 PyType_Ready() 计算得到的。

PyObject *PyTypeObject.tp_cache

尚未使用。 仅供内部使用。

继承：

这个字段不会被继承。

PyObject *PyTypeObject.tp_subclasses

List of weak references to subclasses. Internal use only.

继承：

这个字段不会被继承。

PyObject *PyTypeObject.tp_weaklist

Weak reference list head, for weak references to this type object. Not inherited. Internal use only.

继承：

这个字段不会被继承。

destructor PyTypeObject.tp_del

This field is deprecated. Use tp_finalize instead.

unsigned int PyTypeObject.tp_version_tag

Used to index into the method cache. Internal use only.

继承：

这个字段不会被继承。

destructor PyTypeObject.tp_finalize

An optional pointer to an instance finalization function. Its signature is:

void tp_finalize(PyObject *self);

If tp_finalize is set, the interpreter calls it once when finalizing an instance. It is called either from the garbage collector (if the instance is part of an isolated reference cycle) or just before the object is deallocated. Either way, it is guaranteed to be called before attempting to break reference cycles, ensuring that it finds the object in a sane state.

tp_finalize should not mutate the current exception status; therefore, a recommended way to write a non-trivial finalizer is:

static void
local_finalize(PyObject *self)
{
    PyObject *error_type, *error_value, *error_traceback;

    /* Save the current exception, if any. */
    PyErr_Fetch(&error_type, &error_value, &error_traceback);

    /* ... */

    /* Restore the saved exception. */
    PyErr_Restore(error_type, error_value, error_traceback);
}

Also, note that, in a garbage collected Python, tp_dealloc may be called from any Python thread, not just the thread which created the object (if the object becomes part of a refcount cycle, that cycle might be collected by a garbage collection on any thread). This is not a problem for Python API calls, since the thread on which tp_dealloc is called will own the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL). However, if the object being destroyed in turn destroys objects from some other C or C++ library, care should be taken to ensure that destroying those objects on the thread which called tp_dealloc will not violate any assumptions of the library.

继承：

此字段会被子类型继承。

3.4 版新加入.

3.8 版更變: Before version 3.8 it was necessary to set the Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_FINALIZE flags bit in order for this field to be used. This is no longer required.

也參考

"Safe object finalization" (PEP 442)

vectorcallfunc PyTypeObject.tp_vectorcall

Vectorcall function to use for calls of this type object. In other words, it is used to implement vectorcall for type.__call__. If tp_vectorcall is NULL, the default call implementation using __new__ and __init__ is used.

继承：

这个字段不会被继承。

3.9 版新加入: （这个字段从 3.8 起即存在，但是从 3.9 开始投入使用）

Static Types

Traditionally, types defined in C code are static, that is, a static PyTypeObject structure is defined directly in code and initialized using PyType_Ready().

This results in types that are limited relative to types defined in Python:

• Static types are limited to one base, i.e. they cannot use multiple inheritance.

• Static type objects (but not necessarily their instances) are immutable. It is not possible to add or modify the type object's attributes from Python.

• Static type objects are shared across sub-interpreters, so they should not include any subinterpreter-specific state.

Also, since PyTypeObject is only part of the Limited API as an opaque struct, any extension modules using static types must be compiled for a specific Python minor version.

堆类型

An alternative to static types is heap-allocated types, or heap types for short, which correspond closely to classes created by Python's class statement. Heap types have the Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE flag set.

This is done by filling a PyType_Spec structure and calling PyType_FromSpec(), PyType_FromSpecWithBases(), or PyType_FromModuleAndSpec().

Number Object Structures

type PyNumberMethods

This structure holds pointers to the functions which an object uses to implement the number protocol. Each function is used by the function of similar name documented in the 数字协议 section.

Here is the structure definition:

typedef struct {
     binaryfunc nb_add;
     binaryfunc nb_subtract;
     binaryfunc nb_multiply;
     binaryfunc nb_remainder;
     binaryfunc nb_divmod;
     ternaryfunc nb_power;
     unaryfunc nb_negative;
     unaryfunc nb_positive;
     unaryfunc nb_absolute;
     inquiry nb_bool;
     unaryfunc nb_invert;
     binaryfunc nb_lshift;
     binaryfunc nb_rshift;
     binaryfunc nb_and;
     binaryfunc nb_xor;
     binaryfunc nb_or;
     unaryfunc nb_int;
     void *nb_reserved;
     unaryfunc nb_float;

     binaryfunc nb_inplace_add;
     binaryfunc nb_inplace_subtract;
     binaryfunc nb_inplace_multiply;
     binaryfunc nb_inplace_remainder;
     ternaryfunc nb_inplace_power;
     binaryfunc nb_inplace_lshift;
     binaryfunc nb_inplace_rshift;
     binaryfunc nb_inplace_and;
     binaryfunc nb_inplace_xor;
     binaryfunc nb_inplace_or;

     binaryfunc nb_floor_divide;
     binaryfunc nb_true_divide;
     binaryfunc nb_inplace_floor_divide;
     binaryfunc nb_inplace_true_divide;

     unaryfunc nb_index;

     binaryfunc nb_matrix_multiply;
     binaryfunc nb_inplace_matrix_multiply;
} PyNumberMethods;

備註

Binary and ternary functions must check the type of all their operands, and implement the necessary conversions (at least one of the operands is an instance of the defined type). If the operation is not defined for the given operands, binary and ternary functions must return Py_NotImplemented, if another error occurred they must return NULL and set an exception.

備註

The nb_reserved field should always be NULL. It was previously called nb_long, and was renamed in Python 3.0.1.

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_add

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_subtract

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_multiply

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_remainder

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_divmod

ternaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_power

unaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_negative

unaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_positive

unaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_absolute

inquiry PyNumberMethods.nb_bool

unaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_invert

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_lshift

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_rshift

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_and

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_xor

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_or

unaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_int

void *PyNumberMethods.nb_reserved

unaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_float

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_inplace_add

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_inplace_subtract

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_inplace_multiply

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_inplace_remainder

ternaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_inplace_power

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_inplace_lshift

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_inplace_rshift

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_inplace_and

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_inplace_xor

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_inplace_or

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_floor_divide

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_true_divide

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_inplace_floor_divide

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_inplace_true_divide

unaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_index

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_matrix_multiply

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_inplace_matrix_multiply

Mapping Object Structures

type PyMappingMethods

This structure holds pointers to the functions which an object uses to implement the mapping protocol. It has three members:

lenfunc PyMappingMethods.mp_length

This function is used by PyMapping_Size() and PyObject_Size(), and has the same signature. This slot may be set to NULL if the object has no defined length.

binaryfunc PyMappingMethods.mp_subscript

This function is used by PyObject_GetItem() and PySequence_GetSlice(), and has the same signature as PyObject_GetItem(). This slot must be filled for the PyMapping_Check() function to return 1, it can be NULL otherwise.

objobjargproc PyMappingMethods.mp_ass_subscript

This function is used by PyObject_SetItem(), PyObject_DelItem(), PyObject_SetSlice() and PyObject_DelSlice(). It has the same signature as PyObject_SetItem(), but v can also be set to NULL to delete an item. If this slot is NULL, the object does not support item assignment and deletion.

Sequence Object Structures

type PySequenceMethods

This structure holds pointers to the functions which an object uses to implement the sequence protocol.

lenfunc PySequenceMethods.sq_length

This function is used by PySequence_Size() and PyObject_Size(), and has the same signature. It is also used for handling negative indices via the sq_item and the sq_ass_item slots.

binaryfunc PySequenceMethods.sq_concat

This function is used by PySequence_Concat() and has the same signature. It is also used by the + operator, after trying the numeric addition via the nb_add slot.

ssizeargfunc PySequenceMethods.sq_repeat

This function is used by PySequence_Repeat() and has the same signature. It is also used by the * operator, after trying numeric multiplication via the nb_multiply slot.

ssizeargfunc PySequenceMethods.sq_item

This function is used by PySequence_GetItem() and has the same signature. It is also used by PyObject_GetItem(), after trying the subscription via the mp_subscript slot. This slot must be filled for the PySequence_Check() function to return 1, it can be NULL otherwise.

Negative indexes are handled as follows: if the sq_length slot is filled, it is called and the sequence length is used to compute a positive index which is passed to sq_item. If sq_length is NULL, the index is passed as is to the function.

ssizeobjargproc PySequenceMethods.sq_ass_item

This function is used by PySequence_SetItem() and has the same signature. It is also used by PyObject_SetItem() and PyObject_DelItem(), after trying the item assignment and deletion via the mp_ass_subscript slot. This slot may be left to NULL if the object does not support item assignment and deletion.

objobjproc PySequenceMethods.sq_contains

该函数可供 PySequence_Contains() 使用并具有相同的签名。 此槽位可以保持为 NULL，在此情况下 PySequence_Contains() 只需遍历该序列直到找到一个匹配。

binaryfunc PySequenceMethods.sq_inplace_concat

This function is used by PySequence_InPlaceConcat() and has the same signature. It should modify its first operand, and return it. This slot may be left to NULL, in this case PySequence_InPlaceConcat() will fall back to PySequence_Concat(). It is also used by the augmented assignment +=, after trying numeric in-place addition via the nb_inplace_add slot.

ssizeargfunc PySequenceMethods.sq_inplace_repeat

This function is used by PySequence_InPlaceRepeat() and has the same signature. It should modify its first operand, and return it. This slot may be left to NULL, in this case PySequence_InPlaceRepeat() will fall back to PySequence_Repeat(). It is also used by the augmented assignment *=, after trying numeric in-place multiplication via the nb_inplace_multiply slot.

Buffer Object Structures

type PyBufferProcs

This structure holds pointers to the functions required by the Buffer protocol. The protocol defines how an exporter object can expose its internal data to consumer objects.

getbufferproc PyBufferProcs.bf_getbuffer

The signature of this function is:

int (PyObject *exporter, Py_buffer *view, int flags);

Handle a request to exporter to fill in view as specified by flags. Except for point (3), an implementation of this function MUST take these steps:

1. Check if the request can be met. If not, raise PyExc_BufferError, set view->obj to NULL and return -1.

2. Fill in the requested fields.

3. Increment an internal counter for the number of exports.

4. Set view->obj to exporter and increment view->obj.

5. Return 0.

If exporter is part of a chain or tree of buffer providers, two main schemes can be used:

• Re-export: Each member of the tree acts as the exporting object and sets view->obj to a new reference to itself.

• Redirect: The buffer request is redirected to the root object of the tree. Here, view->obj will be a new reference to the root object.

The individual fields of view are described in section Buffer structure, the rules how an exporter must react to specific requests are in section Buffer request types.

All memory pointed to in the Py_buffer structure belongs to the exporter and must remain valid until there are no consumers left. format, shape, strides, suboffsets and internal are read-only for the consumer.

PyBuffer_FillInfo() provides an easy way of exposing a simple bytes buffer while dealing correctly with all request types.

PyObject_GetBuffer() is the interface for the consumer that wraps this function.

releasebufferproc PyBufferProcs.bf_releasebuffer

The signature of this function is:

void (PyObject *exporter, Py_buffer *view);

Handle a request to release the resources of the buffer. If no resources need to be released, PyBufferProcs.bf_releasebuffer may be NULL. Otherwise, a standard implementation of this function will take these optional steps:

1. Decrement an internal counter for the number of exports.

2. If the counter is 0, free all memory associated with view.

The exporter MUST use the internal field to keep track of buffer-specific resources. This field is guaranteed to remain constant, while a consumer MAY pass a copy of the original buffer as the view argument.

This function MUST NOT decrement view->obj, since that is done automatically in PyBuffer_Release() (this scheme is useful for breaking reference cycles).

PyBuffer_Release() is the interface for the consumer that wraps this function.

Async Object Structures

3.5 版新加入.

type PyAsyncMethods

This structure holds pointers to the functions required to implement awaitable and asynchronous iterator objects.

Here is the structure definition:

typedef struct {
    unaryfunc am_await;
    unaryfunc am_aiter;
    unaryfunc am_anext;
    sendfunc am_send;
} PyAsyncMethods;

unaryfunc PyAsyncMethods.am_await

The signature of this function is:

PyObject *am_await(PyObject *self);

返回的对象必须为 iterator，即对其执行 PyIter_Check() 必须返回 1。

This slot may be set to NULL if an object is not an awaitable.

unaryfunc PyAsyncMethods.am_aiter

The signature of this function is:

PyObject *am_aiter(PyObject *self);

必须返回一个 asynchronous iterator 对象。 请参阅 __anext__() 了解详情。

This slot may be set to NULL if an object does not implement asynchronous iteration protocol.

unaryfunc PyAsyncMethods.am_anext

The signature of this function is:

PyObject *am_anext(PyObject *self);

Must return an awaitable object. See __anext__() for details. This slot may be set to NULL.

sendfunc PyAsyncMethods.am_send

The signature of this function is:

PySendResult am_send(PyObject *self, PyObject *arg, PyObject **result);

See PyIter_Send() for details. This slot may be set to NULL.

3.10 版新加入.

Slot Type typedefs

typedef PyObject *(*allocfunc)(PyTypeObject *cls, Py_ssize_t nitems)

Part of the Stable ABI.

The purpose of this function is to separate memory allocation from memory initialization. It should return a pointer to a block of memory of adequate length for the instance, suitably aligned, and initialized to zeros, but with ob_refcnt set to 1 and ob_type set to the type argument. If the type's tp_itemsize is non-zero, the object's ob_size field should be initialized to nitems and the length of the allocated memory block should be tp_basicsize + nitems*tp_itemsize, rounded up to a multiple of sizeof(void*); otherwise, nitems is not used and the length of the block should be tp_basicsize.

This function should not do any other instance initialization, not even to allocate additional memory; that should be done by tp_new.

typedef void (*destructor)(PyObject*)

Part of the Stable ABI.

typedef void (*freefunc)(void*)

請見 tp_free。

typedef PyObject *(*newfunc)(PyObject*, PyObject*, PyObject*)

Part of the Stable ABI.

請見 tp_new。

typedef int (*initproc)(PyObject*, PyObject*, PyObject*)

Part of the Stable ABI.

請見 tp_init。

typedef PyObject *(*reprfunc)(PyObject*)

Part of the Stable ABI.

請見 tp_repr。

typedef PyObject *(*getattrfunc)(PyObject *self, char *attr)

Part of the Stable ABI.

返回对象的指定属性的值。

typedef int (*setattrfunc)(PyObject *self, char *attr, PyObject *value)

Part of the Stable ABI.

Set the value of the named attribute for the object. The value argument is set to NULL to delete the attribute.

typedef PyObject *(*getattrofunc)(PyObject *self, PyObject *attr)

Part of the Stable ABI.

返回对象的指定属性的值。

請見 tp_getattro。

typedef int (*setattrofunc)(PyObject *self, PyObject *attr, PyObject *value)

Part of the Stable ABI.

Set the value of the named attribute for the object. The value argument is set to NULL to delete the attribute.

請見 tp_setattro。

typedef PyObject *(*descrgetfunc)(PyObject*, PyObject*, PyObject*)

Part of the Stable ABI.

請見 tp_descr_get。

typedef int (*descrsetfunc)(PyObject*, PyObject*, PyObject*)

Part of the Stable ABI.

請見 tp_descr_set。

typedef Py_hash_t (*hashfunc)(PyObject*)

Part of the Stable ABI.

請見 tp_hash。

typedef PyObject *(*richcmpfunc)(PyObject*, PyObject*, int)

Part of the Stable ABI.

請見 tp_richcompare。

typedef PyObject *(*getiterfunc)(PyObject*)

Part of the Stable ABI.

請見 tp_iter。

typedef PyObject *(*iternextfunc)(PyObject*)

Part of the Stable ABI.

請見 tp_iternext。

typedef Py_ssize_t (*lenfunc)(PyObject*)

Part of the Stable ABI.

typedef int (*getbufferproc)(PyObject*, Py_buffer*, int)

typedef void (*releasebufferproc)(PyObject*, Py_buffer*)

typedef PyObject *(*unaryfunc)(PyObject*)

Part of the Stable ABI.

typedef PyObject *(*binaryfunc)(PyObject*, PyObject*)

Part of the Stable ABI.

typedef PySendResult (*sendfunc)(PyObject*, PyObject*, PyObject**)

請見 am_send。

typedef PyObject *(*ternaryfunc)(PyObject*, PyObject*, PyObject*)

Part of the Stable ABI.

typedef PyObject *(*ssizeargfunc)(PyObject*, Py_ssize_t)

Part of the Stable ABI.

typedef int (*ssizeobjargproc)(PyObject*, Py_ssize_t, PyObject*)

Part of the Stable ABI.

typedef int (*objobjproc)(PyObject*, PyObject*)

Part of the Stable ABI.

typedef int (*objobjargproc)(PyObject*, PyObject*, PyObject*)

Part of the Stable ABI.

範例

下面是一些 Python 类型定义的简单示例。 其中包括你可能会遇到的通常用法。 有些演示了令人困惑的边际情况。 要获取更多示例、实践信息以及教程，请参阅 自定义扩展类型：教程 和 定义扩展类型：已分类主题。

一个基本的 静态类型:

typedef struct {
    PyObject_HEAD
    const char *data;
} MyObject;

static PyTypeObject MyObject_Type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
    .tp_name = "mymod.MyObject",
    .tp_basicsize = sizeof(MyObject),
    .tp_doc = PyDoc_STR("My objects"),
    .tp_new = myobj_new,
    .tp_dealloc = (destructor)myobj_dealloc,
    .tp_repr = (reprfunc)myobj_repr,
};

你可能还会看到带有更繁琐的初始化器的较旧代码（特别是在 CPython 代码库中）:

static PyTypeObject MyObject_Type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
    "mymod.MyObject",               /* tp_name */
    sizeof(MyObject),               /* tp_basicsize */
    0,                              /* tp_itemsize */
    (destructor)myobj_dealloc,      /* tp_dealloc */
    0,                              /* tp_vectorcall_offset */
    0,                              /* tp_getattr */
    0,                              /* tp_setattr */
    0,                              /* tp_as_async */
    (reprfunc)myobj_repr,           /* tp_repr */
    0,                              /* tp_as_number */
    0,                              /* tp_as_sequence */
    0,                              /* tp_as_mapping */
    0,                              /* tp_hash */
    0,                              /* tp_call */
    0,                              /* tp_str */
    0,                              /* tp_getattro */
    0,                              /* tp_setattro */
    0,                              /* tp_as_buffer */
    0,                              /* tp_flags */
    PyDoc_STR("My objects"),        /* tp_doc */
    0,                              /* tp_traverse */
    0,                              /* tp_clear */
    0,                              /* tp_richcompare */
    0,                              /* tp_weaklistoffset */
    0,                              /* tp_iter */
    0,                              /* tp_iternext */
    0,                              /* tp_methods */
    0,                              /* tp_members */
    0,                              /* tp_getset */
    0,                              /* tp_base */
    0,                              /* tp_dict */
    0,                              /* tp_descr_get */
    0,                              /* tp_descr_set */
    0,                              /* tp_dictoffset */
    0,                              /* tp_init */
    0,                              /* tp_alloc */
    myobj_new,                      /* tp_new */
};

一个支持弱引用、实例字典和哈希运算的类型:

typedef struct {
    PyObject_HEAD
    const char *data;
    PyObject *inst_dict;
    PyObject *weakreflist;
} MyObject;

static PyTypeObject MyObject_Type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
    .tp_name = "mymod.MyObject",
    .tp_basicsize = sizeof(MyObject),
    .tp_doc = PyDoc_STR("My objects"),
    .tp_weaklistoffset = offsetof(MyObject, weakreflist),
    .tp_dictoffset = offsetof(MyObject, inst_dict),
    .tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC,
    .tp_new = myobj_new,
    .tp_traverse = (traverseproc)myobj_traverse,
    .tp_clear = (inquiry)myobj_clear,
    .tp_alloc = PyType_GenericNew,
    .tp_dealloc = (destructor)myobj_dealloc,
    .tp_repr = (reprfunc)myobj_repr,
    .tp_hash = (hashfunc)myobj_hash,
    .tp_richcompare = PyBaseObject_Type.tp_richcompare,
};

A str subclass that cannot be subclassed and cannot be called to create instances (e.g. uses a separate factory func) using Py_TPFLAGS_DISALLOW_INSTANTIATION flag:

typedef struct {
    PyUnicodeObject raw;
    char *extra;
} MyStr;

static PyTypeObject MyStr_Type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
    .tp_name = "mymod.MyStr",
    .tp_basicsize = sizeof(MyStr),
    .tp_base = NULL,  // set to &PyUnicode_Type in module init
    .tp_doc = PyDoc_STR("my custom str"),
    .tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_DISALLOW_INSTANTIATION,
    .tp_repr = (reprfunc)myobj_repr,
};

最简单的固定长度实例 静态类型:

typedef struct {
    PyObject_HEAD
} MyObject;

static PyTypeObject MyObject_Type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
    .tp_name = "mymod.MyObject",
};

The simplest static type with variable-length instances:

typedef struct {
    PyObject_VAR_HEAD
    const char *data[1];
} MyObject;

static PyTypeObject MyObject_Type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
    .tp_name = "mymod.MyObject",
    .tp_basicsize = sizeof(MyObject) - sizeof(char *),
    .tp_itemsize = sizeof(char *),
};