9.9. operator — 标准运算符替代函数

The operator module exports a set of efficient functions corresponding to the intrinsic operators of Python. For example, operator.add(x, y) is equivalent to the expression x+y. The function names are those used for special class methods; variants without leading and trailing __ are also provided for convenience.

The functions fall into categories that perform object comparisons, logical operations, mathematical operations, sequence operations, and abstract type tests.

对象比较函数适用于所有的对象,函数名根据它们对应的比较运算符命名。

operator.lt(a, b)
operator.le(a, b)
operator.eq(a, b)
operator.ne(a, b)
operator.ge(a, b)
operator.gt(a, b)
operator.__lt__(a, b)
operator.__le__(a, b)
operator.__eq__(a, b)
operator.__ne__(a, b)
operator.__ge__(a, b)
operator.__gt__(a, b)

Perform “rich comparisons” between a and b. Specifically, lt(a, b) is equivalent to a < b, le(a, b) is equivalent to a <= b, eq(a, b) is equivalent to a == b, ne(a, b) is equivalent to a != b, gt(a, b) is equivalent to a > b and ge(a, b) is equivalent to a >= b. Note that unlike the built-in cmp(), these functions can return any value, which may or may not be interpretable as a Boolean value. See 比较运算 for more information about rich comparisons.

2.2 新版功能.

逻辑运算通常也适用于所有对象,并且支持真值检测、标识检测和布尔运算:

operator.not_(obj)
operator.__not__(obj)

Return the outcome of not obj. (Note that there is no __not__() method for object instances; only the interpreter core defines this operation. The result is affected by the __nonzero__() and __len__() methods.)

operator.truth(obj)

如果 obj 为真值则返回 True,否则返回 False。 这等价于使用 bool 构造器。

operator.is_(a, b)

返回 a is b. 测试对象标识。

2.3 新版功能.

operator.is_not(a, b)

返回 a is not b. 测试对象标识。

2.3 新版功能.

数学和按位运算的种类是最多的:

operator.abs(obj)
operator.__abs__(obj)

返回 obj 的绝对值。

operator.add(a, b)
operator.__add__(a, b)

对于数字 ab,返回 a + b

operator.and_(a, b)
operator.__and__(a, b)

返回 xy 按位与

operator.div(a, b)
operator.__div__(a, b)

Return a / b when __future__.division is not in effect. This is also known as “classic” division.

operator.floordiv(a, b)
operator.__floordiv__(a, b)

返回 a // b.

2.2 新版功能.

operator.index(a)
operator.__index__(a)

返回 a 转换为整数的结果。 等价于 a.__index__()

2.5 新版功能.

operator.inv(obj)
operator.invert(obj)
operator.__inv__(obj)
operator.__invert__(obj)

返回数字 obj 按位取反的结果。 这等价于 ~obj

2.0 新版功能: The names invert() and __invert__().

operator.lshift(a, b)
operator.__lshift__(a, b)

返回 a 左移 b 位的结果。

operator.mod(a, b)
operator.__mod__(a, b)

返回 a % b.

operator.mul(a, b)
operator.__mul__(a, b)

对于数字 ab,返回 a * b

operator.neg(obj)
operator.__neg__(obj)

返回 obj 的负值 (-obj)。

operator.or_(a, b)
operator.__or__(a, b)

返回 ab 按位或的结果。

operator.pos(obj)
operator.__pos__(obj)

返回 obj 取正的结果 (+obj)。

operator.pow(a, b)
operator.__pow__(a, b)

对于数字 ab,返回 a ** b

2.3 新版功能.

operator.rshift(a, b)
operator.__rshift__(a, b)

返回 a 右移 b 位的结果。

operator.sub(a, b)
operator.__sub__(a, b)

返回 a - b.

operator.truediv(a, b)
operator.__truediv__(a, b)

Return a / b when __future__.division is in effect. This is also known as “true” division.

2.2 新版功能.

operator.xor(a, b)
operator.__xor__(a, b)

返回 ab 按位异或的结果。

适用于序列的操作(其中一些也适用于映射)包括:

operator.concat(a, b)
operator.__concat__(a, b)

对于序列 ab,返回 a + b

operator.contains(a, b)
operator.__contains__(a, b)

返回 b in a 检测的结果。 请注意操作数是反序的。

2.0 新版功能: The name __contains__().

operator.countOf(a, b)

返回 ba 中的出现次数。

operator.delitem(a, b)
operator.__delitem__(a, b)

移除索引号 b 上的值 a

operator.delslice(a, b, c)
operator.__delslice__(a, b, c)

Delete the slice of a from index b to index c-1.

2.6 版后已移除: This function is removed in Python 3.x. Use delitem() with a slice index.

operator.getitem(a, b)
operator.__getitem__(a, b)

返回索引号 b 上的值 a

operator.getslice(a, b, c)
operator.__getslice__(a, b, c)

Return the slice of a from index b to index c-1.

2.6 版后已移除: This function is removed in Python 3.x. Use getitem() with a slice index.

operator.indexOf(a, b)

返回 ba 中首次出现所在的索引号。

operator.repeat(a, b)
operator.__repeat__(a, b)

2.7 版后已移除: Use __mul__() instead.

Return a * b where a is a sequence and b is an integer.

operator.sequenceIncludes(...)

2.0 版后已移除: Use contains() instead.

Alias for contains().

operator.setitem(a, b, c)
operator.__setitem__(a, b, c)

将索引号 b 上的值 a 设为 c

operator.setslice(a, b, c, v)
operator.__setslice__(a, b, c, v)

Set the slice of a from index b to index c-1 to the sequence v.

2.6 版后已移除: This function is removed in Python 3.x. Use setitem() with a slice index.

Example use of operator functions:

>>> # Elementwise multiplication
>>> map(mul, [0, 1, 2, 3], [10, 20, 30, 40])
[0, 20, 60, 120]

>>> # Dot product
>>> sum(map(mul, [0, 1, 2, 3], [10, 20, 30, 40]))
200

Many operations have an “in-place” version. The following functions provide a more primitive access to in-place operators than the usual syntax does; for example, the statement x += y is equivalent to x = operator.iadd(x, y). Another way to put it is to say that z = operator.iadd(x, y) is equivalent to the compound statement z = x; z += y.

operator.iadd(a, b)
operator.__iadd__(a, b)

a = iadd(a, b) 等价于 a += b

2.5 新版功能.

operator.iand(a, b)
operator.__iand__(a, b)

a = iand(a, b) 等价于 a &= b

2.5 新版功能.

operator.iconcat(a, b)
operator.__iconcat__(a, b)

a = iconcat(a, b) 等价于 a += b 其中 ab 为序列。

2.5 新版功能.

operator.idiv(a, b)
operator.__idiv__(a, b)

a = idiv(a, b) is equivalent to a /= b when __future__.division is not in effect.

2.5 新版功能.

operator.ifloordiv(a, b)
operator.__ifloordiv__(a, b)

a = ifloordiv(a, b) 等价于 a //= b.

2.5 新版功能.

operator.ilshift(a, b)
operator.__ilshift__(a, b)

a = ilshift(a, b) 等价于 a <<= b

2.5 新版功能.

operator.imod(a, b)
operator.__imod__(a, b)

a = imod(a, b) 等价于 a %= b

2.5 新版功能.

operator.imul(a, b)
operator.__imul__(a, b)

a = imul(a, b) 等价于 a *= b

2.5 新版功能.

operator.ior(a, b)
operator.__ior__(a, b)

a = ior(a, b) 等价于 a |= b

2.5 新版功能.

operator.ipow(a, b)
operator.__ipow__(a, b)

a = ipow(a, b) 等价于 a **= b

2.5 新版功能.

operator.irepeat(a, b)
operator.__irepeat__(a, b)

2.7 版后已移除: Use __imul__() instead.

a = irepeat(a, b) is equivalent to a *= b where a is a sequence and b is an integer.

2.5 新版功能.

operator.irshift(a, b)
operator.__irshift__(a, b)

a = irshift(a, b) 等价于 a >>= b

2.5 新版功能.

operator.isub(a, b)
operator.__isub__(a, b)

a = isub(a, b) 等价于 a -= b

2.5 新版功能.

operator.itruediv(a, b)
operator.__itruediv__(a, b)

a = itruediv(a, b) is equivalent to a /= b when __future__.division is in effect.

2.5 新版功能.

operator.ixor(a, b)
operator.__ixor__(a, b)

a = ixor(a, b) 等价于 a ^= b

2.5 新版功能.

The operator module also defines a few predicates to test the type of objects; however, these are not all reliable. It is preferable to test abstract base classes instead (see collections and numbers for details).

operator.isCallable(obj)

2.0 版后已移除: Use isinstance(x, collections.Callable) instead.

Returns true if the object obj can be called like a function, otherwise it returns false. True is returned for functions, bound and unbound methods, class objects, and instance objects which support the __call__() method.

operator.isMappingType(obj)

2.7 版后已移除: Use isinstance(x, collections.Mapping) instead.

Returns true if the object obj supports the mapping interface. This is true for dictionaries and all instance objects defining __getitem__().

operator.isNumberType(obj)

2.7 版后已移除: Use isinstance(x, numbers.Number) instead.

Returns true if the object obj represents a number. This is true for all numeric types implemented in C.

operator.isSequenceType(obj)

2.7 版后已移除: Use isinstance(x, collections.Sequence) instead.

Returns true if the object obj supports the sequence protocol. This returns true for all objects which define sequence methods in C, and for all instance objects defining __getitem__().

operator 模块还定义了一些用于常规属性和条目查找的工具。 这些工具适合用来编写快速字段提取器作为 map(), sorted(), itertools.groupby() 或其他需要相应函数参数的函数的参数。

operator.attrgetter(attr)
operator.attrgetter(*attrs)

返回一个可从操作数中获取 attr 的可调用对象。 如果请求了一个以上的属性,则返回一个属性元组。 属性名称还可包含点号。 例如:

  • f = attrgetter('name') 之后,调用 f(b) 将返回 b.name

  • f = attrgetter('name', 'date') 之后,调用 f(b) 将返回 (b.name, b.date)

  • f = attrgetter('name.first', 'name.last') 之后,调用 f(b) 将返回 (b.name.first, b.name.last)

等价于:

def attrgetter(*items):
    if len(items) == 1:
        attr = items[0]
        def g(obj):
            return resolve_attr(obj, attr)
    else:
        def g(obj):
            return tuple(resolve_attr(obj, attr) for attr in items)
    return g

def resolve_attr(obj, attr):
    for name in attr.split("."):
        obj = getattr(obj, name)
    return obj

2.4 新版功能.

在 2.5 版更改: Added support for multiple attributes.

在 2.6 版更改: Added support for dotted attributes.

operator.itemgetter(item)
operator.itemgetter(*items)

返回一个使用操作数的 __getitem__() 方法从操作数中获取 item 的可调用对象。 如果指定了多个条目,则返回一个查找值的元组。 例如:

  • f = itemgetter(2) 之后,调用 f(r) 将返回 r[2]

  • g = itemgetter(2, 5, 3) 之后,调用 g(r) 将返回 (r[2], r[5], r[3])

等价于:

def itemgetter(*items):
    if len(items) == 1:
        item = items[0]
        def g(obj):
            return obj[item]
    else:
        def g(obj):
            return tuple(obj[item] for item in items)
    return g

传入的条目可以为操作数的 __getitem__() 所接受的任何类型。 字典接受任意可哈希的值。 列表、元组和字符串接受 index 或 slice 对象:

>>> itemgetter(1)('ABCDEFG')
'B'
>>> itemgetter(1,3,5)('ABCDEFG')
('B', 'D', 'F')
>>> itemgetter(slice(2,None))('ABCDEFG')
'CDEFG'

2.4 新版功能.

在 2.5 版更改: Added support for multiple item extraction.

使用 itemgetter() 从元组的记录中提取特定字段的例子:

>>> inventory = [('apple', 3), ('banana', 2), ('pear', 5), ('orange', 1)]
>>> getcount = itemgetter(1)
>>> map(getcount, inventory)
[3, 2, 5, 1]
>>> sorted(inventory, key=getcount)
[('orange', 1), ('banana', 2), ('apple', 3), ('pear', 5)]
operator.methodcaller(name[, args...])

返回一个在操作数上调用 name 方法的可调用对象。 如果给出额外的参数和/或关键字参数,它们也将被传给该方法。 例如:

  • f = methodcaller('name') 之后,调用 f(b) 将返回 b.name()

  • f = methodcaller('name', 'foo', bar=1) 之后,调用 f(b) 将返回 b.name('foo', bar=1)

等价于:

def methodcaller(name, *args, **kwargs):
    def caller(obj):
        return getattr(obj, name)(*args, **kwargs)
    return caller

2.6 新版功能.

9.9.1. 将运算符映射到函数

以下表格显示了抽象运算是如何对应于 Python 语法中的运算符和 operator 模块中的函数的。

运算

语法

函数

加法

a + b

add(a, b)

字符串拼接

seq1 + seq2

concat(seq1, seq2)

包含测试

obj in seq

contains(seq, obj)

除法

a / b

div(a, b) (without __future__.division)

除法

a / b

truediv(a, b) (with __future__.division)

除法

a // b

floordiv(a, b)

按位与

a & b

and_(a, b)

按位异或

a ^ b

xor(a, b)

按位取反

~ a

invert(a)

按位或

a | b

or_(a, b)

取幂

a ** b

pow(a, b)

一致

a is b

is_(a, b)

一致

a is not b

is_not(a, b)

索引赋值

obj[k] = v

setitem(obj, k, v)

索引删除

del obj[k]

delitem(obj, k)

索引取值

obj[k]

getitem(obj, k)

左移

a << b

lshift(a, b)

取模

a % b

mod(a, b)

乘法

a * b

mul(a, b)

否定(算术)

- a

neg(a)

否定(逻辑)

not a

not_(a)

正数

+ a

pos(a)

右移

a >> b

rshift(a, b)

Sequence Repetition

seq * i

repeat(seq, i)

切片赋值

seq[i:j] = values

setitem(seq, slice(i, j), values)

切片删除

del seq[i:j]

delitem(seq, slice(i, j))

切片取值

seq[i:j]

getitem(seq, slice(i, j))

字符串格式化

s % obj

mod(s, obj)

减法

a - b

sub(a, b)

真值测试

obj

truth(obj)

比较

a < b

lt(a, b)

比较

a <= b

le(a, b)

相等

a == b

eq(a, b)

不等

a != b

ne(a, b)

比较

a >= b

ge(a, b)

比较

a > b

gt(a, b)