Python Standart Kütüphanesi¶
The Python Language Reference Python dilinin tam sözdizimini ve anlamını açıklarken, bu kütüphane başvuru kılavuzu Python ile birlikte dağıtılan standart kütüphaneyi açıklar. Ayrıca, Python dağıtımlarına yaygın olarak dahil edilen bazı isteğe bağlı bileşenleri de açıklar.
Python’un standart kütüphanesi çok kapsamlıdır ve aşağıda listelenen uzun içindekiler tablosunda belirtildiği gibi çok çeşitli olanaklar sunar. Kütüphane, aksi takdirde Python programcılarının erişemeyeceği dosya G/Ç(I/O) gibi sistem işlevlerine erişim sağlayan yerleşik modüllerin (C ile yazılmış) yanı sıra günlük programlamada ortaya çıkan birçok sorun için standartlaştırılmış çözümler sağlayan Python ile yazılmış modüller içerir. Bu modüllerden bazıları, platforma özgü özellikleri platformdan bağımsız API’lere soyutlayarak Python programlarının taşınabilirliğini teşvik etmek ve geliştirmek için açıkça tasarlanmıştır.
Windows platformu için Python yükleyicileri genellikle tüm standart kütüphaneyi içerir ve genellikle birçok ek bileşen de içerir. Unix benzeri işletim sistemleri için Python normalde bir paket koleksiyonu olarak sağlanır, bu nedenle isteğe bağlı bileşenlerin bir kısmını veya tamamını elde etmek için işletim sistemiyle birlikte sağlanan paketleme araçlarını kullanmak gerekebilir.
Standart kütüphaneye ek olarak, Python Package Index adresinden ulaşılabilen yüz binlerce bileşenden (bireysel programlar ve modüllerden paketlere ve tüm uygulama geliştirme çerçevelerine kadar) oluşan aktif bir koleksiyon bulunmaktadır.
- Giriş
- Gömülü Fonksiyonlar
- Built-in Constants
- Gömülü Türler
- Doğruluk Değeri Testi
- Boolean İşlemleri —
and,or,not - Karşılaştırmalar
- Sayısal Türler —
int,float,complex - Boolean Type -
bool - Yineleyici Türleri
- Dizi Tipleri —
list,tuple,range - Metin Sırası Türü —
str - Binary Sequence Types —
bytes,bytearray,memoryview - Set Türleri —
set,frozenset - Mapping Types —
dict - Bağlam Yöneticisi Türleri
- Type Annotation Types — Generic Alias, Union
- Diğer Yerleşik Tipler
- Özel Özellikler
- Integer string conversion length limitation
- Gömülü İstisnalar
- Text Processing Services
string— Common string operationsre— Regular expression operationsdifflib— Helpers for computing deltastextwrap— Text wrapping and fillingunicodedata— Unicode Databasestringprep— Internet String Preparationreadline— GNU readline interfacerlcompleter— Completion function for GNU readline
- Binary Data Services
- Data Types
datetime— Basic date and time typeszoneinfo— IANA time zone supportcalendar— General calendar-related functionscollections— Container datatypescollections.abc— Abstract Base Classes for Containersheapq— Heap queue algorithmbisect— Array bisection algorithmarray— Efficient arrays of numeric valuesweakref— Weak referencestypes— Dynamic type creation and names for built-in typescopy— Shallow and deep copy operationspprint— Data pretty printerreprlib— Alternaterepr()implementationenum— Support for enumerationsgraphlib— Functionality to operate with graph-like structures
- Numeric and Mathematical Modules
- Functional Programming Modules
- File and Directory Access
pathlib— Object-oriented filesystem pathsos.path— Common pathname manipulationsfileinput— Iterate over lines from multiple input streamsstat— Interpretingstat()resultsfilecmp— File and Directory Comparisonstempfile— Generate temporary files and directoriesglob— Unix style pathname pattern expansionfnmatch— Unix filename pattern matchinglinecache— Random access to text linesshutil— High-level file operations
- Data Persistence
- Data Compression and Archiving
- File Formats
- Cryptographic Services
- Generic Operating System Services
os— Miscellaneous operating system interfacesio— Core tools for working with streamstime— Time access and conversionsargparse— Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commandsgetopt— C-style parser for command line optionslogging— Logging facility for Pythonlogging.config— Logging configurationlogging.handlers— Logging handlersgetpass— Portable password inputcurses— Terminal handling for character-cell displayscurses.textpad— Text input widget for curses programscurses.ascii— Utilities for ASCII characterscurses.panel— A panel stack extension for cursesplatform— Access to underlying platform’s identifying dataerrno— Standard errno system symbolsctypes— A foreign function library for Python
- Concurrent Execution
threading— Thread-based parallelismmultiprocessing— Process-based parallelismmultiprocessing.shared_memory— Shared memory for direct access across processes- The
concurrentpackage concurrent.futures— Launching parallel taskssubprocess— Subprocess managementsched— Event schedulerqueue— A synchronized queue classcontextvars— Context Variables_thread— Low-level threading API
- Networking and Interprocess Communication
- Internet Data Handling
email— An email and MIME handling packagejson— JSON encoder and decodermailbox— Manipulate mailboxes in various formatsmimetypes— Map filenames to MIME typesbase64— Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 Data Encodingsbinascii— Convert between binary and ASCIIquopri— Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
- Structured Markup Processing Tools
html— HyperText Markup Language supporthtml.parser— Simple HTML and XHTML parserhtml.entities— Definitions of HTML general entities- XML Processing Modules
xml.etree.ElementTree— The ElementTree XML APIxml.dom— The Document Object Model APIxml.dom.minidom— Minimal DOM implementationxml.dom.pulldom— Support for building partial DOM treesxml.sax— Support for SAX2 parsersxml.sax.handler— Base classes for SAX handlersxml.sax.saxutils— SAX Utilitiesxml.sax.xmlreader— Interface for XML parsersxml.parsers.expat— Fast XML parsing using Expat
- Internet Protocols and Support
webbrowser— Convenient web-browser controllerwsgiref— WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementationurllib— URL handling modulesurllib.request— Extensible library for opening URLsurllib.response— Response classes used by urlliburllib.parse— Parse URLs into componentsurllib.error— Exception classes raised by urllib.requesturllib.robotparser— Parser for robots.txthttp— HTTP moduleshttp.client— HTTP protocol clientftplib— FTP protocol clientpoplib— POP3 protocol clientimaplib— IMAP4 protocol clientsmtplib— SMTP protocol clientuuid— UUID objects according to RFC 4122socketserver— A framework for network servershttp.server— HTTP servershttp.cookies— HTTP state managementhttp.cookiejar— Cookie handling for HTTP clientsxmlrpc— XMLRPC server and client modulesxmlrpc.client— XML-RPC client accessxmlrpc.server— Basic XML-RPC serversipaddress— IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library
- Multimedia Services
- Internationalization
- Program Frameworks
- Tk ile Grafik Kullanıcı Arayüzleri
tkinter— Python interface to Tcl/Tktkinter.colorchooser— Color choosing dialogtkinter.font— Tkinter font wrapper- Tkinter Dialogs
tkinter.messagebox— Tkinter message promptstkinter.scrolledtext— Scrolled Text Widgettkinter.dnd— Drag and drop supporttkinter.ttk— Tk themed widgetstkinter.tix— Extension widgets for Tk- IDLE
- Development Tools
typing— Support for type hintspydoc— Documentation generator and online help system- Python Development Mode
doctest— Test interactive Python examplesunittest— Unit testing frameworkunittest.mock— mock object libraryunittest.mock— getting started- 2to3 — Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation
test— Regression tests package for Pythontest.support— Utilities for the Python test suitetest.support.socket_helper— Utilities for socket teststest.support.script_helper— Utilities for the Python execution teststest.support.bytecode_helper— Support tools for testing correct bytecode generationtest.support.threading_helper— Utilities for threading teststest.support.os_helper— Utilities for os teststest.support.import_helper— Utilities for import teststest.support.warnings_helper— Utilities for warnings tests
- Debugging and Profiling
- Software Packaging and Distribution
- Python Runtime Services
sys— System-specific parameters and functionssys.monitoring— Execution event monitoringsysconfig— Provide access to Python’s configuration informationbuiltins— Built-in objects__main__— Top-level code environmentwarnings— Warning controldataclasses— Data Classescontextlib— Utilities forwith-statement contextsabc— Abstract Base Classesatexit— Exit handlerstraceback— Print or retrieve a stack traceback__future__— Future statement definitionsgc— Garbage Collector interfaceinspect— Inspect live objectssite— Site-specific configuration hook
- Custom Python Interpreters
- Importing Modules
zipimport— Import modules from Zip archivespkgutil— Package extension utilitymodulefinder— Find modules used by a scriptrunpy— Locating and executing Python modulesimportlib— The implementation ofimportimportlib.resources– Package resource reading, opening and accessimportlib.resources.abc– Abstract base classes for resourcesimportlib.metadata– Accessing package metadata- The initialization of the
sys.pathmodule search path
- Python Language Services
ast— Abstract Syntax Treessymtable— Access to the compiler’s symbol tablestoken— Constants used with Python parse treeskeyword— Testing for Python keywordstokenize— Tokenizer for Python sourcetabnanny— Detection of ambiguous indentationpyclbr— Python module browser supportpy_compile— Compile Python source filescompileall— Byte-compile Python librariesdis— Disassembler for Python bytecodepickletools— Tools for pickle developers
- MS Windows Specific Services
- Unix Specific Services
posix— The most common POSIX system callspwd— The password databasegrp— The group databasetermios— POSIX style tty controltty— Terminal control functionspty— Pseudo-terminal utilitiesfcntl— Thefcntlandioctlsystem callsresource— Resource usage informationsyslog— Unix syslog library routines
- Modules command-line interface (CLI)
- Superseded Modules
aifc— Read and write AIFF and AIFC filesaudioop— Manipulate raw audio datacgi— Common Gateway Interface supportcgitb— Traceback manager for CGI scriptschunk— Read IFF chunked datacrypt— Function to check Unix passwordsimghdr— Determine the type of an imagemailcap— Mailcap file handlingmsilib— Read and write Microsoft Installer filesnis— Interface to Sun’s NIS (Yellow Pages)nntplib— NNTP protocol clientoptparse— Parser for command line optionsossaudiodev— Access to OSS-compatible audio devicespipes— Interface to shell pipelinessndhdr— Determine type of sound filespwd— The shadow password databasesunau— Read and write Sun AU filestelnetlib— Telnet clientuu— Encode and decode uuencode filesxdrlib— Encode and decode XDR data
- Security Considerations