Desenvolvendo com asyncio

Asynchronous programming is different from classic “sequential” programming.

This page lists common mistakes and traps and explains how to avoid them.

Modo de Depuração

By default asyncio runs in production mode. In order to ease the development asyncio has a debug mode.

There are several ways to enable asyncio debug mode:

Além de habilitar o modo de depuração, considere também:

  • setting the log level of the asyncio logger to logging.DEBUG, for example the following snippet of code can be run at startup of the application:

    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)

  • configuring the warnings module to display ResourceWarning warnings. One way of doing that is by using the -W default command line option.

Quando o modo de depuração está habilitado:

  • asyncio checks for coroutines that were not awaited and logs them; this mitigates the “forgotten await” pitfall.

  • Many non-threadsafe asyncio APIs (such as loop.call_soon() and loop.call_at() methods) raise an exception if they are called from a wrong thread.

  • O tempo de execução de um seletor de E/S é registrado se demorar muito para executar a operação E/S.

  • Funções de retorno demorando mais do que 100 milissegundos são registradas. O atributo loop.slow_callback_duration pode ser usado para definir a duração de execução mínima em segundos para se considerada “devagar”.

Concorrência e Múltiplas Threads

An event loop runs in a thread (typically the main thread) and executes all callbacks and Tasks in its thread. While a Task is running in the event loop, no other Tasks can run in the same thread. When a Task executes an await expression, the running Task gets suspended, and the event loop executes the next Task.

Para agendar uma callback de outra thread do SO, o método loop.call_soon_threadsafe() deve ser usado. Exemplo:

loop.call_soon_threadsafe(callback, *args)

Almost all asyncio objects are not thread safe, which is typically not a problem unless there is code that works with them from outside of a Task or a callback. If there’s a need for such code to call a low-level asyncio API, the loop.call_soon_threadsafe() method should be used, e.g.:

loop.call_soon_threadsafe(fut.cancel)

To schedule a coroutine object from a different OS thread, the run_coroutine_threadsafe() function should be used. It returns a concurrent.futures.Future to access the result:

async def coro_func():
     return await asyncio.sleep(1, 42)

# Later in another OS thread:

future = asyncio.run_coroutine_threadsafe(coro_func(), loop)
# Wait for the result:
result = future.result()

To handle signals the event loop must be run in the main thread.

The loop.run_in_executor() method can be used with a concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor or InterpreterPoolExecutor to execute blocking code in a different OS thread without blocking the OS thread that the event loop runs in.

There is currently no way to schedule coroutines or callbacks directly from a different process (such as one started with multiprocessing). The Métodos do laço de eventos section lists APIs that can read from pipes and watch file descriptors without blocking the event loop. In addition, asyncio’s Subprocess APIs provide a way to start a process and communicate with it from the event loop. Lastly, the aforementioned loop.run_in_executor() method can also be used with a concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor to execute code in a different process.

Executando código bloqueante

Blocking (CPU-bound) code should not be called directly. For example, if a function performs a CPU-intensive calculation for 1 second, all concurrent asyncio Tasks and IO operations would be delayed by 1 second.

An executor can be used to run a task in a different thread, including in a different interpreter, or even in a different process to avoid blocking the OS thread with the event loop. See the loop.run_in_executor() method for more details.

Gerando logs

asyncio usa o módulo logging e todo registro é feito via o registrador "asyncio".

The default log level is logging.INFO, which can be easily adjusted:

logging.getLogger("asyncio").setLevel(logging.WARNING)

Network logging can block the event loop. It is recommended to use a separate thread for handling logs or use non-blocking IO. For example, see Dealing with handlers that block.

Detect never-awaited coroutines

When a coroutine function is called, but not awaited (e.g. coro() instead of await coro()) or the coroutine is not scheduled with asyncio.create_task(), asyncio will emit a RuntimeWarning:

import asyncio

async def test():
    print("never scheduled")

async def main():
    test()

asyncio.run(main())

Saída:

test.py:7: RuntimeWarning: coroutine 'test' was never awaited
  test()

Output in debug mode:

test.py:7: RuntimeWarning: coroutine 'test' was never awaited
Coroutine created at (most recent call last)
  File "../t.py", line 9, in <module>
    asyncio.run(main(), debug=True)

  < .. >

  File "../t.py", line 7, in main
    test()
  test()

The usual fix is to either await the coroutine or call the asyncio.create_task() function:

async def main():
    await test()

Detect never-retrieved exceptions

If a Future.set_exception() is called but the Future object is never awaited on, the exception would never be propagated to the user code. In this case, asyncio would emit a log message when the Future object is garbage collected.

Exemplo de uma exceção não tratada:

import asyncio

async def bug():
    raise Exception("not consumed")

async def main():
    asyncio.create_task(bug())

asyncio.run(main())

Saída:

Task exception was never retrieved
future: <Task finished coro=<bug() done, defined at test.py:3>
  exception=Exception('not consumed')>

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "test.py", line 4, in bug
    raise Exception("not consumed")
Exception: not consumed

Enable the debug mode to get the traceback where the task was created:

asyncio.run(main(), debug=True)

Output in debug mode:

Task exception was never retrieved
future: <Task finished coro=<bug() done, defined at test.py:3>
    exception=Exception('not consumed') created at asyncio/tasks.py:321>

source_traceback: Object created at (most recent call last):
  File "../t.py", line 9, in <module>
    asyncio.run(main(), debug=True)

< .. >

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "../t.py", line 4, in bug
    raise Exception("not consumed")
Exception: not consumed