typing — Suporte para dicas de tipo

Novo na versão 3.5.

Código-fonte: Lib/typing.py

Nota

O tempo de execução do Python não força anotações de tipos de variáveis e funções. Elas podem ser usadas por ferramentas de terceiros como verificadores de tipo, IDEs, linters, etc.

This module provides runtime support for type hints. The most fundamental support consists of the types Any, Union, Callable, TypeVar, and Generic. For a full specification, please see PEP 484. For a simplified introduction to type hints, see PEP 483.

A função abaixo recebe e retorna uma string e é anotada como a seguir:

def greeting(name: str) -> str:
    return 'Hello ' + name

Na função greeting, é esperado que o argumento name seja do tipo str e o retorno do tipo str. Subtipos são aceitos como argumentos.

Novos recursos são frequentemente adicionados ao módulo typing. O pacote typing_extensions provê suporte retroativo a estes novos recursos em versões anteriores do Python.

PEPs Relevantes

Since the initial introduction of type hints in PEP 484 and PEP 483, a number of PEPs have modified and enhanced Python’s framework for type annotations. These include:

Apelidos de tipo

Um apelido de tipo é definido ao atribuir o tipo ao apelido. Nesse exemplo, Vector e list[float] serão tratados como sinônimos intercambiáveis:

Vector = list[float]

def scale(scalar: float, vector: Vector) -> Vector:
    return [scalar * num for num in vector]

# typechecks; a list of floats qualifies as a Vector.
new_vector = scale(2.0, [1.0, -4.2, 5.4])

Apelidos de tipo são úteis para simplificar assinaturas de tipo complexas. Por exemplo:

from collections.abc import Sequence

ConnectionOptions = dict[str, str]
Address = tuple[str, int]
Server = tuple[Address, ConnectionOptions]

def broadcast_message(message: str, servers: Sequence[Server]) -> None:
    ...

# The static type checker will treat the previous type signature as
# being exactly equivalent to this one.
def broadcast_message(
        message: str,
        servers: Sequence[tuple[tuple[str, int], dict[str, str]]]) -> None:
    ...

Note que None como uma dica de tipo é um caso especial e é substituído por type(None).

NewType

Use the NewType() helper to create distinct types:

from typing import NewType

UserId = NewType('UserId', int)
some_id = UserId(524313)

O verificador de tipo estático tratará o novo tipo como se fosse uma subclasse do tipo original. Isso é útil para ajudar a encontrar erros de lógica:

def get_user_name(user_id: UserId) -> str:
    ...

# typechecks
user_a = get_user_name(UserId(42351))

# does not typecheck; an int is not a UserId
user_b = get_user_name(-1)

Você ainda pode executar todas as operações int em uma variável do tipo UserId, mas o resultado sempre será do tipo int. Isso permite que você passe um UserId em qualquer ocasião que int possa ser esperado, mas previne que você acidentalmente crie um UserId de uma forma inválida:

# 'output' is of type 'int', not 'UserId'
output = UserId(23413) + UserId(54341)

Note that these checks are enforced only by the static type checker. At runtime, the statement Derived = NewType('Derived', Base) will make Derived a callable that immediately returns whatever parameter you pass it. That means the expression Derived(some_value) does not create a new class or introduce any overhead beyond that of a regular function call.

Mais precisamente, a expressão some_value is Derived(some_value) é sempre verdadeira em tempo de execução.

This also means that it is not possible to create a subtype of Derived since it is an identity function at runtime, not an actual type:

from typing import NewType

UserId = NewType('UserId', int)

# Fails at runtime and does not typecheck
class AdminUserId(UserId): pass

However, it is possible to create a NewType() based on a ‘derived’ NewType:

from typing import NewType

UserId = NewType('UserId', int)

ProUserId = NewType('ProUserId', UserId)

e a verificação de tipo para ProUserId funcionará como esperado.

Veja PEP 484 para mais detalhes.

Nota

Relembre que o uso de um apelido de tipo declara que dois tipos serão equivalentes entre si. Efetuar Alias = Original irá fazer o verificador de tipo estático tratar Alias como sendo exatamente equivalente a Original em todos os casos. Isso é útil quando você deseja simplificar assinaturas de tipo complexas.

Em contraste, NewType declara que um tipo será subtipo de outro. Efetuando Derived = NewType('Derived', Original) irá fazer o verificador de tipo estático tratar Derived como uma subclasse de Original, o que significa que um valor do tipo Original não pode ser utilizado onde um valor do tipo Derived é esperado. Isso é útil quando você deseja evitar erros de lógica com custo mínimo de tempo de execução.

Novo na versão 3.5.2.

Callable

Frameworks que esperam funções de retorno com assinaturas específicas podem ter seus tipos indicados usando``Callable[[Arg1Type, Arg2Type], ReturnType]``.

Por exemplo:

from collections.abc import Callable

def feeder(get_next_item: Callable[[], str]) -> None:
    # Body

def async_query(on_success: Callable[[int], None],
                on_error: Callable[[int, Exception], None]) -> None:
    # Body

async def on_update(value: str) -> None:
    # Body
callback: Callable[[str], Awaitable[None]] = on_update

É possível declarar o tipo de retorno de um chamável sem especificar a assinatura da chamada, substituindo por reticências literais a lista de argumentos na dica de tipo: Callable[..., ReturnType].

Genéricos

Since type information about objects kept in containers cannot be statically inferred in a generic way, abstract base classes have been extended to support subscription to denote expected types for container elements.

from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence

def notify_by_email(employees: Sequence[Employee],
                    overrides: Mapping[str, str]) -> None: ...

Generics can be parameterized by using a factory available in typing called TypeVar.

from collections.abc import Sequence
from typing import TypeVar

T = TypeVar('T')      # Declare type variable

def first(l: Sequence[T]) -> T:   # Generic function
    return l[0]

Tipos genéricos definidos pelo usuário

Uma classe definida pelo usuário pode ser definica como uma classe genérica.

from typing import TypeVar, Generic
from logging import Logger

T = TypeVar('T')

class LoggedVar(Generic[T]):
    def __init__(self, value: T, name: str, logger: Logger) -> None:
        self.name = name
        self.logger = logger
        self.value = value

    def set(self, new: T) -> None:
        self.log('Set ' + repr(self.value))
        self.value = new

    def get(self) -> T:
        self.log('Get ' + repr(self.value))
        return self.value

    def log(self, message: str) -> None:
        self.logger.info('%s: %s', self.name, message)

Generic[T] as a base class defines that the class LoggedVar takes a single type parameter T . This also makes T valid as a type within the class body.

The Generic base class defines __class_getitem__() so that LoggedVar[t] is valid as a type:

from collections.abc import Iterable

def zero_all_vars(vars: Iterable[LoggedVar[int]]) -> None:
    for var in vars:
        var.set(0)

Um tipo genérico pode ter qualquer número de tipos de variáveis. Todas as variedades de TypeVar são permitidas como parâmetros para um tipo genérico:

from typing import TypeVar, Generic, Sequence

T = TypeVar('T', contravariant=True)
B = TypeVar('B', bound=Sequence[bytes], covariant=True)
S = TypeVar('S', int, str)

class WeirdTrio(Generic[T, B, S]):
    ...

Cada tipo dos argumentos para Generic devem ser distintos. Assim, os seguintes exemplos são inválidos:

from typing import TypeVar, Generic
...

T = TypeVar('T')

class Pair(Generic[T, T]):   # INVALID
    ...

You can use multiple inheritance with Generic:

from collections.abc import Sized
from typing import TypeVar, Generic

T = TypeVar('T')

class LinkedList(Sized, Generic[T]):
    ...

When inheriting from generic classes, some type variables could be fixed:

from collections.abc import Mapping
from typing import TypeVar

T = TypeVar('T')

class MyDict(Mapping[str, T]):
    ...

Neste caso MyDict possui um único parâmetro, T.

Using a generic class without specifying type parameters assumes Any for each position. In the following example, MyIterable is not generic but implicitly inherits from Iterable[Any]:

from collections.abc import Iterable

class MyIterable(Iterable): # Same as Iterable[Any]

User defined generic type aliases are also supported. Examples:

from collections.abc import Iterable
from typing import TypeVar, Union
S = TypeVar('S')
Response = Union[Iterable[S], int]

# Return type here is same as Union[Iterable[str], int]
def response(query: str) -> Response[str]:
    ...

T = TypeVar('T', int, float, complex)
Vec = Iterable[tuple[T, T]]

def inproduct(v: Vec[T]) -> T: # Same as Iterable[tuple[T, T]]
    return sum(x*y for x, y in v)

Alterado na versão 3.7: Generic não possui mais uma metaclasse personalizada.

A user-defined generic class can have ABCs as base classes without a metaclass conflict. Generic metaclasses are not supported. The outcome of parameterizing generics is cached, and most types in the typing module are hashable and comparable for equality.

O tipo Any

Um tipo especial de tipo é Any. Um verificador de tipo estático tratará cada tipo como sendo compatível com Any e Any como sendo compatível com todos os tipos.

Isso significa que é possível realizar qualquer operação ou chamada de método sobre um valor do tipo Any e atribuí-lo a qualquer variável:

from typing import Any

a: Any = None
a = []          # OK
a = 2           # OK

s: str = ''
s = a           # OK

def foo(item: Any) -> int:
    # Typechecks; 'item' could be any type,
    # and that type might have a 'bar' method
    item.bar()
    ...

Notice that no typechecking is performed when assigning a value of type Any to a more precise type. For example, the static type checker did not report an error when assigning a to s even though s was declared to be of type str and receives an int value at runtime!

Além disso, todas as funções sem um tipo de retorno ou tipos de parâmetro terão como padrão implicitamente o uso de Any:

def legacy_parser(text):
    ...
    return data

# A static type checker will treat the above
# as having the same signature as:
def legacy_parser(text: Any) -> Any:
    ...
    return data

Este comportamento permite que Any seja usado como uma saída de emergência quando você precisar misturar código tipado dinamicamente e estaticamente.

Compare o comportamento de Any com o comportamento de object. Semelhante a Any, todo tipo é um subtipo de object. No entanto, ao contrário de Any, o inverso não é verdadeiro: object não é um subtipo de qualquer outro tipo.

Isso significa que quando o tipo de um valor é object, um verificador de tipo rejeitará quase todas as operações nele, e atribuí-lo a uma variável (ou usá-la como valor de retorno) de um tipo mais especializado é um tipo erro. Por exemplo:

def hash_a(item: object) -> int:
    # Fails; an object does not have a 'magic' method.
    item.magic()
    ...

def hash_b(item: Any) -> int:
    # Typechecks
    item.magic()
    ...

# Typechecks, since ints and strs are subclasses of object
hash_a(42)
hash_a("foo")

# Typechecks, since Any is compatible with all types
hash_b(42)
hash_b("foo")

Use object para indicar que um valor pode ser de qualquer tipo de maneira segura. Use Any para indicar que um valor é tipado dinamicamente.

Subtipagem nominal vs estrutural

Inicialmente a PEP 484 definiu o sistema de tipos estáticos do Python como usando subtipagem nominal. Isto significa que uma classe A é permitida onde uma classe B é esperada se e somente se A for uma subclasse de B.

Este requisito anteriormente também se aplicava a classes base abstratas, como Iterable. O problema com essa abordagem é que uma classe teve que ser marcada explicitamente para suportá-los, o que não é pythônico e diferente do que normalmente seria feito em código Python de tipo dinamicamente idiomático. Por exemplo, isso está em conformidade com PEP 484:

from collections.abc import Sized, Iterable, Iterator

class Bucket(Sized, Iterable[int]):
    ...
    def __len__(self) -> int: ...
    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[int]: ...

PEP 544 permite resolver este problema permitindo que os usuários escrevam o código acima sem classes base explícitas na definição de classe, permitindo que Bucket seja implicitamente considerado um subtipo de Sized e Iterable[int] por verificador de tipo estático. Isso é conhecido como subtipagem estrutural (ou tipagem pato estática):

from collections.abc import Iterator, Iterable

class Bucket:  # Note: no base classes
    ...
    def __len__(self) -> int: ...
    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[int]: ...

def collect(items: Iterable[int]) -> int: ...
result = collect(Bucket())  # Passes type check

Além disso, ao criar uma subclasse de uma classe especial Protocol, um usuário pode definir novos protocolos personalizados para aproveitar ao máximo a subtipagem estrutural (veja exemplos abaixo).

Conteúdo do módulo

The module defines the following classes, functions and decorators.

Nota

This module defines several types that are subclasses of pre-existing standard library classes which also extend Generic to support type variables inside []. These types became redundant in Python 3.9 when the corresponding pre-existing classes were enhanced to support [].

The redundant types are deprecated as of Python 3.9 but no deprecation warnings will be issued by the interpreter. It is expected that type checkers will flag the deprecated types when the checked program targets Python 3.9 or newer.

The deprecated types will be removed from the typing module in the first Python version released 5 years after the release of Python 3.9.0. See details in PEP 585—Type Hinting Generics In Standard Collections.

Tipos primitivos especiais

Tipos especiais

These can be used as types in annotations and do not support [].

typing.Any

Tipo especial que indica um tipo irrestrito.

  • Todos os tipos são compatíveis com Any.

  • Any é compatível com todos os tipos.

typing.NoReturn

Tipo especial indicando que uma função nunca retorna. Por exemplo:

from typing import NoReturn

def stop() -> NoReturn:
    raise RuntimeError('no way')

Novo na versão 3.5.4.

Novo na versão 3.6.2.

Formas especiais

These can be used as types in annotations using [], each having a unique syntax.

typing.Tuple

Tuple type; Tuple[X, Y] is the type of a tuple of two items with the first item of type X and the second of type Y. The type of the empty tuple can be written as Tuple[()].

Example: Tuple[T1, T2] is a tuple of two elements corresponding to type variables T1 and T2. Tuple[int, float, str] is a tuple of an int, a float and a string.

To specify a variable-length tuple of homogeneous type, use literal ellipsis, e.g. Tuple[int, ...]. A plain Tuple is equivalent to Tuple[Any, ...], and in turn to tuple.

Obsoleto desde a versão 3.9: builtins.tuple now supports []. See PEP 585 and Tipo Generic Alias.

typing.Union

Union type; Union[X, Y] means either X or Y.

To define a union, use e.g. Union[int, str]. Details:

  • Os argumentos devem ser tipos e deve haver pelo menos um.

  • As uniões de uniões são achatadas, por exemplo:

    Union[Union[int, str], float] == Union[int, str, float]

  • As uniões de um único argumento desaparecem, por exemplo:

    Union[int] == int  # The constructor actually returns int

  • Argumento redundantes são pulados, e.g.:

    Union[int, str, int] == Union[int, str]

  • When comparing unions, the argument order is ignored, e.g.:

    Union[int, str] == Union[str, int]

  • You cannot subclass or instantiate a union.

  • Você não pode escrever Union[X][Y].

  • You can use Optional[X] as a shorthand for Union[X, None].

Alterado na versão 3.7: Don’t remove explicit subclasses from unions at runtime.

typing.Optional

Tipo opcional.

Optional[X] is equivalent to Union[X, None].

Note that this is not the same concept as an optional argument, which is one that has a default. An optional argument with a default does not require the Optional qualifier on its type annotation just because it is optional. For example:

def foo(arg: int = 0) -> None:
    ...

On the other hand, if an explicit value of None is allowed, the use of Optional is appropriate, whether the argument is optional or not. For example:

def foo(arg: Optional[int] = None) -> None:
    ...
typing.Callable

Callable type; Callable[[int], str] is a function of (int) -> str.

The subscription syntax must always be used with exactly two values: the argument list and the return type. The argument list must be a list of types or an ellipsis; the return type must be a single type.

There is no syntax to indicate optional or keyword arguments; such function types are rarely used as callback types. Callable[..., ReturnType] (literal ellipsis) can be used to type hint a callable taking any number of arguments and returning ReturnType. A plain Callable is equivalent to Callable[..., Any], and in turn to collections.abc.Callable.

Obsoleto desde a versão 3.9: collections.abc.Callable now supports []. See PEP 585 and Tipo Generic Alias.

class typing.Type(Generic[CT_co])

A variable annotated with C may accept a value of type C. In contrast, a variable annotated with Type[C] may accept values that are classes themselves – specifically, it will accept the class object of C. For example:

a = 3         # Has type 'int'
b = int       # Has type 'Type[int]'
c = type(a)   # Also has type 'Type[int]'

Note that Type[C] is covariant:

class User: ...
class BasicUser(User): ...
class ProUser(User): ...
class TeamUser(User): ...

# Accepts User, BasicUser, ProUser, TeamUser, ...
def make_new_user(user_class: Type[User]) -> User:
    # ...
    return user_class()

The fact that Type[C] is covariant implies that all subclasses of C should implement the same constructor signature and class method signatures as C. The type checker should flag violations of this, but should also allow constructor calls in subclasses that match the constructor calls in the indicated base class. How the type checker is required to handle this particular case may change in future revisions of PEP 484.

The only legal parameters for Type are classes, Any, type variables, and unions of any of these types. For example:

def new_non_team_user(user_class: Type[Union[BasicUser, ProUser]]): ...

Type[Any] is equivalent to Type which in turn is equivalent to type, which is the root of Python’s metaclass hierarchy.

Novo na versão 3.5.2.

Obsoleto desde a versão 3.9: builtins.type now supports []. See PEP 585 and Tipo Generic Alias.

typing.Literal

A type that can be used to indicate to type checkers that the corresponding variable or function parameter has a value equivalent to the provided literal (or one of several literals). For example:

def validate_simple(data: Any) -> Literal[True]:  # always returns True
    ...

MODE = Literal['r', 'rb', 'w', 'wb']
def open_helper(file: str, mode: MODE) -> str:
    ...

open_helper('/some/path', 'r')  # Passes type check
open_helper('/other/path', 'typo')  # Error in type checker

Literal[...] cannot be subclassed. At runtime, an arbitrary value is allowed as type argument to Literal[...], but type checkers may impose restrictions. See PEP 586 for more details about literal types.

Novo na versão 3.8.

Alterado na versão 3.9.1: Literal now de-duplicates parameters. Equality comparisons of Literal objects are no longer order dependent. Literal objects will now raise a TypeError exception during equality comparisons if one of their parameters are not hashable.

typing.ClassVar

Special type construct to mark class variables.

As introduced in PEP 526, a variable annotation wrapped in ClassVar indicates that a given attribute is intended to be used as a class variable and should not be set on instances of that class. Usage:

class Starship:
    stats: ClassVar[dict[str, int]] = {} # class variable
    damage: int = 10                     # instance variable

ClassVar accepts only types and cannot be further subscribed.

ClassVar is not a class itself, and should not be used with isinstance() or issubclass(). ClassVar does not change Python runtime behavior, but it can be used by third-party type checkers. For example, a type checker might flag the following code as an error:

enterprise_d = Starship(3000)
enterprise_d.stats = {} # Error, setting class variable on instance
Starship.stats = {}     # This is OK

Novo na versão 3.5.3.

typing.Final

A special typing construct to indicate to type checkers that a name cannot be re-assigned or overridden in a subclass. For example:

MAX_SIZE: Final = 9000
MAX_SIZE += 1  # Error reported by type checker

class Connection:
    TIMEOUT: Final[int] = 10

class FastConnector(Connection):
    TIMEOUT = 1  # Error reported by type checker

There is no runtime checking of these properties. See PEP 591 for more details.

Novo na versão 3.8.

typing.Annotated

A type, introduced in PEP 593 (Flexible function and variable annotations), to decorate existing types with context-specific metadata (possibly multiple pieces of it, as Annotated is variadic). Specifically, a type T can be annotated with metadata x via the typehint Annotated[T, x]. This metadata can be used for either static analysis or at runtime. If a library (or tool) encounters a typehint Annotated[T, x] and has no special logic for metadata x, it should ignore it and simply treat the type as T. Unlike the no_type_check functionality that currently exists in the typing module which completely disables typechecking annotations on a function or a class, the Annotated type allows for both static typechecking of T (which can safely ignore x) together with runtime access to x within a specific application.

Ultimately, the responsibility of how to interpret the annotations (if at all) is the responsibility of the tool or library encountering the Annotated type. A tool or library encountering an Annotated type can scan through the annotations to determine if they are of interest (e.g., using isinstance()).

When a tool or a library does not support annotations or encounters an unknown annotation it should just ignore it and treat annotated type as the underlying type.

It’s up to the tool consuming the annotations to decide whether the client is allowed to have several annotations on one type and how to merge those annotations.

Since the Annotated type allows you to put several annotations of the same (or different) type(s) on any node, the tools or libraries consuming those annotations are in charge of dealing with potential duplicates. For example, if you are doing value range analysis you might allow this:

T1 = Annotated[int, ValueRange(-10, 5)]
T2 = Annotated[T1, ValueRange(-20, 3)]

Passing include_extras=True to get_type_hints() lets one access the extra annotations at runtime.

Os detalhes da sintaxe:

  • The first argument to Annotated must be a valid type

  • Multiple type annotations are supported (Annotated supports variadic arguments):

    Annotated[int, ValueRange(3, 10), ctype("char")]

  • Annotated must be called with at least two arguments ( Annotated[int] is not valid)

  • The order of the annotations is preserved and matters for equality checks:

    Annotated[int, ValueRange(3, 10), ctype("char")] != Annotated[
    int, ctype("char"), ValueRange(3, 10)
]

  • Nested Annotated types are flattened, with metadata ordered starting with the innermost annotation:

    Annotated[Annotated[int, ValueRange(3, 10)], ctype("char")] == Annotated[
    int, ValueRange(3, 10), ctype("char")
]

  • Duplicated annotations are not removed:

    Annotated[int, ValueRange(3, 10)] != Annotated[
    int, ValueRange(3, 10), ValueRange(3, 10)
]

  • Annotated can be used with nested and generic aliases:

    T = TypeVar('T')
Vec = Annotated[list[tuple[T, T]], MaxLen(10)]
V = Vec[int]

V == Annotated[list[tuple[int, int]], MaxLen(10)]

Novo na versão 3.9.

Construindo tipos genéricos

These are not used in annotations. They are building blocks for creating generic types.

class typing.Generic

Classe base abstrata para tipos genéricos

A generic type is typically declared by inheriting from an instantiation of this class with one or more type variables. For example, a generic mapping type might be defined as:

class Mapping(Generic[KT, VT]):
    def __getitem__(self, key: KT) -> VT:
        ...
        # Etc.

Esta classe pode ser utilizada como segue:

X = TypeVar('X')
Y = TypeVar('Y')

def lookup_name(mapping: Mapping[X, Y], key: X, default: Y) -> Y:
    try:
        return mapping[key]
    except KeyError:
        return default
class typing.TypeVar

Tipo variável.

Uso:

T = TypeVar('T')  # Can be anything
S = TypeVar('S', bound=str)  # Can be any subtype of str
A = TypeVar('A', str, bytes)  # Must be exactly str or bytes

Type variables exist primarily for the benefit of static type checkers. They serve as the parameters for generic types as well as for generic function definitions. See Generic for more information on generic types. Generic functions work as follows:

def repeat(x: T, n: int) -> Sequence[T]:
    """Return a list containing n references to x."""
    return [x]*n


def print_capitalized(x: S) -> S:
    """Print x capitalized, and return x."""
    print(x.capitalize())
    return x


def concatenate(x: A, y: A) -> A:
    """Add two strings or bytes objects together."""
    return x + y

Note that type variables can be bound, constrained, or neither, but cannot be both bound and constrained.

Constrained type variables and bound type variables have different semantics in several important ways. Using a constrained type variable means that the TypeVar can only ever be solved as being exactly one of the constraints given:

a = concatenate('one', 'two')  # Ok, variable 'a' has type 'str'
b = concatenate(StringSubclass('one'), StringSubclass('two'))  # Inferred type of variable 'b' is 'str',
                                                               # despite 'StringSubclass' being passed in
c = concatenate('one', b'two')  # error: type variable 'A' can be either 'str' or 'bytes' in a function call, but not both

Using a bound type variable, however, means that the TypeVar will be solved using the most specific type possible:

print_capitalized('a string')  # Ok, output has type 'str'

class StringSubclass(str):
    pass

print_capitalized(StringSubclass('another string'))  # Ok, output has type 'StringSubclass'
print_capitalized(45)  # error: int is not a subtype of str

Type variables can be bound to concrete types, abstract types (ABCs or protocols), and even unions of types:

U = TypeVar('U', bound=str|bytes)  # Can be any subtype of the union str|bytes
V = TypeVar('V', bound=SupportsAbs)  # Can be anything with an __abs__ method

Bound type variables are particularly useful for annotating classmethods that serve as alternative constructors. In the following example (© Raymond Hettinger), the type variable C is bound to the Circle class through the use of a forward reference. Using this type variable to annotate the with_circumference classmethod, rather than hardcoding the return type as Circle, means that a type checker can correctly infer the return type even if the method is called on a subclass:

import math

C = TypeVar('C', bound='Circle')

class Circle:
    """An abstract circle"""

    def __init__(self, radius: float) -> None:
        self.radius = radius

    # Use a type variable to show that the return type
    # will always be an instance of whatever ``cls`` is
    @classmethod
    def with_circumference(cls: type[C], circumference: float) -> C:
        """Create a circle with the specified circumference"""
        radius = circumference / (math.pi * 2)
        return cls(radius)


class Tire(Circle):
    """A specialised circle (made out of rubber)"""

    MATERIAL = 'rubber'


c = Circle.with_circumference(3)  # Ok, variable 'c' has type 'Circle'
t = Tire.with_circumference(4)  # Ok, variable 't' has type 'Tire' (not 'Circle')

At runtime, isinstance(x, T) will raise TypeError. In general, isinstance() and issubclass() should not be used with types.

Type variables may be marked covariant or contravariant by passing covariant=True or contravariant=True. See PEP 484 for more details. By default, type variables are invariant.

typing.AnyStr

AnyStr is a constrained type variable defined as AnyStr = TypeVar('AnyStr', str, bytes).

It is meant to be used for functions that may accept any kind of string without allowing different kinds of strings to mix. For example:

def concat(a: AnyStr, b: AnyStr) -> AnyStr:
    return a + b

concat(u"foo", u"bar")  # Ok, output has type 'unicode'
concat(b"foo", b"bar")  # Ok, output has type 'bytes'
concat(u"foo", b"bar")  # Error, cannot mix unicode and bytes
class typing.Protocol(Generic)

Base class for protocol classes. Protocol classes are defined like this:

class Proto(Protocol):
    def meth(self) -> int:
        ...

Such classes are primarily used with static type checkers that recognize structural subtyping (static duck-typing), for example:

class C:
    def meth(self) -> int:
        return 0

def func(x: Proto) -> int:
    return x.meth()

func(C())  # Passes static type check

See PEP 544 for details. Protocol classes decorated with runtime_checkable() (described later) act as simple-minded runtime protocols that check only the presence of given attributes, ignoring their type signatures.

Protocol classes can be generic, for example:

class GenProto(Protocol[T]):
    def meth(self) -> T:
        ...

Novo na versão 3.8.

@typing.runtime_checkable

Mark a protocol class as a runtime protocol.

Such a protocol can be used with isinstance() and issubclass(). This raises TypeError when applied to a non-protocol class. This allows a simple-minded structural check, very similar to “one trick ponies” in collections.abc such as Iterable. For example:

@runtime_checkable
class Closable(Protocol):
    def close(self): ...

assert isinstance(open('/some/file'), Closable)

Nota

runtime_checkable() will check only the presence of the required methods, not their type signatures! For example, builtins.complex implements __float__(), therefore it passes an issubclass() check against SupportsFloat. However, the complex.__float__ method exists only to raise a TypeError with a more informative message.

Novo na versão 3.8.

Outras diretivas especiais

These are not used in annotations. They are building blocks for declaring types.

class typing.NamedTuple

Typed version of collections.namedtuple().

Uso:

class Employee(NamedTuple):
    name: str
    id: int

Isso equivale a:

Employee = collections.namedtuple('Employee', ['name', 'id'])

To give a field a default value, you can assign to it in the class body:

class Employee(NamedTuple):
    name: str
    id: int = 3

employee = Employee('Guido')
assert employee.id == 3

Fields with a default value must come after any fields without a default.

The resulting class has an extra attribute __annotations__ giving a dict that maps the field names to the field types. (The field names are in the _fields attribute and the default values are in the _field_defaults attribute, both of which are part of the namedtuple() API.)

NamedTuple subclasses can also have docstrings and methods:

class Employee(NamedTuple):
    """Represents an employee."""
    name: str
    id: int = 3

    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        return f'<Employee {self.name}, id={self.id}>'

Backward-compatible usage:

Employee = NamedTuple('Employee', [('name', str), ('id', int)])

Alterado na versão 3.6: Added support for PEP 526 variable annotation syntax.

Alterado na versão 3.6.1: Added support for default values, methods, and docstrings.

Alterado na versão 3.8: The _field_types and __annotations__ attributes are now regular dictionaries instead of instances of OrderedDict.

Alterado na versão 3.9: Removed the _field_types attribute in favor of the more standard __annotations__ attribute which has the same information.

typing.NewType(name, tp)

A helper function to indicate a distinct type to a typechecker, see NewType. At runtime it returns a function that returns its argument. Usage:

UserId = NewType('UserId', int)
first_user = UserId(1)

Novo na versão 3.5.2.

class typing.TypedDict(dict)

Special construct to add type hints to a dictionary. At runtime it is a plain dict.

TypedDict declares a dictionary type that expects all of its instances to have a certain set of keys, where each key is associated with a value of a consistent type. This expectation is not checked at runtime but is only enforced by type checkers. Usage:

class Point2D(TypedDict):
    x: int
    y: int
    label: str

a: Point2D = {'x': 1, 'y': 2, 'label': 'good'}  # OK
b: Point2D = {'z': 3, 'label': 'bad'}           # Fails type check

assert Point2D(x=1, y=2, label='first') == dict(x=1, y=2, label='first')

To allow using this feature with older versions of Python that do not support PEP 526, TypedDict supports two additional equivalent syntactic forms:

  • Utilizando um literal dict como segundo argumento:

    Point2D = TypedDict('Point2D', {'x': int, 'y': int, 'label': str})

  • Using keyword arguments:

    Point2D = TypedDict('Point2D', x=int, y=int, label=str)

The functional syntax should also be used when any of the keys are not valid identifiers, for example because they are keywords or contain hyphens. Example:

# raises SyntaxError
class Point2D(TypedDict):
    in: int  # 'in' is a keyword
    x-y: int  # name with hyphens

# OK, functional syntax
Point2D = TypedDict('Point2D', {'in': int, 'x-y': int})

By default, all keys must be present in a TypedDict. It is possible to override this by specifying totality. Usage:

class Point2D(TypedDict, total=False):
    x: int
    y: int

# Alternative syntax
Point2D = TypedDict('Point2D', {'x': int, 'y': int}, total=False)

This means that a Point2D TypedDict can have any of the keys omitted. A type checker is only expected to support a literal False or True as the value of the total argument. True is the default, and makes all items defined in the class body required.

It is possible for a TypedDict type to inherit from one or more other TypedDict types using the class-based syntax. Usage:

class Point3D(Point2D):
    z: int

Point3D has three items: x, y and z. It is equivalent to this definition:

class Point3D(TypedDict):
    x: int
    y: int
    z: int

A TypedDict cannot inherit from a non-TypedDict class, notably including Generic. For example:

class X(TypedDict):
    x: int

class Y(TypedDict):
    y: int

class Z(object): pass  # A non-TypedDict class

class XY(X, Y): pass  # OK

class XZ(X, Z): pass  # raises TypeError

T = TypeVar('T')
class XT(X, Generic[T]): pass  # raises TypeError

A TypedDict can be introspected via __annotations__, __total__, __required_keys__, and __optional_keys__.

__total__

Point2D.__total__ gives the value of the total argument. Example:

>>> from typing import TypedDict
>>> class Point2D(TypedDict): pass
>>> Point2D.__total__
True
>>> class Point2D(TypedDict, total=False): pass
>>> Point2D.__total__
False
>>> class Point3D(Point2D): pass
>>> Point3D.__total__
True
__required_keys__
__optional_keys__

Point2D.__required_keys__ and Point2D.__optional_keys__ return frozenset objects containing required and non-required keys, respectively. Currently the only way to declare both required and non-required keys in the same TypedDict is mixed inheritance, declaring a TypedDict with one value for the total argument and then inheriting it from another TypedDict with a different value for total. Usage:

>>> class Point2D(TypedDict, total=False):
...     x: int
...     y: int
...
>>> class Point3D(Point2D):
...     z: int
...
>>> Point3D.__required_keys__ == frozenset({'z'})
True
>>> Point3D.__optional_keys__ == frozenset({'x', 'y'})
True

See PEP 589 for more examples and detailed rules of using TypedDict.

Novo na versão 3.8.

Generic concrete collections

Corresponding to built-in types

class typing.Dict(dict, MutableMapping[KT, VT])

A generic version of dict. Useful for annotating return types. To annotate arguments it is preferred to use an abstract collection type such as Mapping.

This type can be used as follows:

def count_words(text: str) -> Dict[str, int]:
    ...

Obsoleto desde a versão 3.9: builtins.dict now supports []. See PEP 585 and Tipo Generic Alias.

class typing.List(list, MutableSequence[T])

Generic version of list. Useful for annotating return types. To annotate arguments it is preferred to use an abstract collection type such as Sequence or Iterable.

This type may be used as follows:

T = TypeVar('T', int, float)

def vec2(x: T, y: T) -> List[T]:
    return [x, y]

def keep_positives(vector: Sequence[T]) -> List[T]:
    return [item for item in vector if item > 0]

Obsoleto desde a versão 3.9: builtins.list now supports []. See PEP 585 and Tipo Generic Alias.

class typing.Set(set, MutableSet[T])

A generic version of builtins.set. Useful for annotating return types. To annotate arguments it is preferred to use an abstract collection type such as AbstractSet.

Obsoleto desde a versão 3.9: builtins.set now supports []. See PEP 585 and Tipo Generic Alias.

class typing.FrozenSet(frozenset, AbstractSet[T_co])

A generic version of builtins.frozenset.

Obsoleto desde a versão 3.9: builtins.frozenset now supports []. See PEP 585 and Tipo Generic Alias.

Nota

Tuple is a special form.

Corresponding to types in collections

class typing.DefaultDict(collections.defaultdict, MutableMapping[KT, VT])

A generic version of collections.defaultdict.

Novo na versão 3.5.2.

Obsoleto desde a versão 3.9: collections.defaultdict now supports []. See PEP 585 and Tipo Generic Alias.

class typing.OrderedDict(collections.OrderedDict, MutableMapping[KT, VT])

A generic version of collections.OrderedDict.

Novo na versão 3.7.2.

Obsoleto desde a versão 3.9: collections.OrderedDict now supports []. See PEP 585 and Tipo Generic Alias.

class typing.ChainMap(collections.ChainMap, MutableMapping[KT, VT])

A generic version of collections.ChainMap.

Novo na versão 3.5.4.

Novo na versão 3.6.1.

Obsoleto desde a versão 3.9: collections.ChainMap now supports []. See PEP 585 and Tipo Generic Alias.

class typing.Counter(collections.Counter, Dict[T, int])

A generic version of collections.Counter.

Novo na versão 3.5.4.

Novo na versão 3.6.1.

Obsoleto desde a versão 3.9: collections.Counter now supports []. See PEP 585 and Tipo Generic Alias.

class typing.Deque(deque, MutableSequence[T])

A generic version of collections.deque.

Novo na versão 3.5.4.

Novo na versão 3.6.1.

Obsoleto desde a versão 3.9: collections.deque now supports []. See PEP 585 and Tipo Generic Alias.

Other concrete types

class typing.IO
class typing.TextIO
class typing.BinaryIO

Generic type IO[AnyStr] and its subclasses TextIO(IO[str]) and BinaryIO(IO[bytes]) represent the types of I/O streams such as returned by open().

Deprecated since version 3.8, will be removed in version 3.12: These types are also in the typing.io namespace, which was never supported by type checkers and will be removed.

class typing.Pattern
class typing.Match

These type aliases correspond to the return types from re.compile() and re.match(). These types (and the corresponding functions) are generic in AnyStr and can be made specific by writing Pattern[str], Pattern[bytes], Match[str], or Match[bytes].

Deprecated since version 3.8, will be removed in version 3.12: These types are also in the typing.re namespace, which was never supported by type checkers and will be removed.

Obsoleto desde a versão 3.9: Classes Pattern and Match from re now support []. See PEP 585 and Tipo Generic Alias.

class typing.Text

Text is an alias for str. It is provided to supply a forward compatible path for Python 2 code: in Python 2, Text is an alias for unicode.

Use Text to indicate that a value must contain a unicode string in a manner that is compatible with both Python 2 and Python 3:

def add_unicode_checkmark(text: Text) -> Text:
    return text + u' \u2713'

Novo na versão 3.5.2.

Classes Bases Abstratas

Corresponding to collections in collections.abc

class typing.AbstractSet(Sized, Collection[T_co])

A generic version of collections.abc.Set.

Obsoleto desde a versão 3.9: collections.abc.Set now supports []. See PEP 585 and Tipo Generic Alias.

class typing.ByteString(Sequence[int])

A generic version of collections.abc.ByteString.

This type represents the types bytes, bytearray, and memoryview of byte sequences.

As a shorthand for this type, bytes can be used to annotate arguments of any of the types mentioned above.

Obsoleto desde a versão 3.9: collections.abc.ByteString now supports []. See PEP 585 and Tipo Generic Alias.

class typing.Collection(Sized, Iterable[T_co], Container[T_co])

A generic version of collections.abc.Collection

Novo na versão 3.6.0.

Obsoleto desde a versão 3.9: collections.abc.Collection now supports []. See PEP 585 and Tipo Generic Alias.

class typing.Container(Generic[T_co])

A generic version of collections.abc.Container.

Obsoleto desde a versão 3.9: collections.abc.Container now supports []. See PEP 585 and Tipo Generic Alias.

class typing.ItemsView(MappingView, Generic[KT_co, VT_co])

A generic version of collections.abc.ItemsView.

Obsoleto desde a versão 3.9: collections.abc.ItemsView now supports []. See PEP 585 and Tipo Generic Alias.

class typing.KeysView(MappingView[KT_co], AbstractSet[KT_co])

A generic version of collections.abc.KeysView.

Obsoleto desde a versão 3.9: collections.abc.KeysView now supports []. See PEP 585 and Tipo Generic Alias.

class typing.Mapping(Sized, Collection[KT], Generic[VT_co])

A generic version of collections.abc.Mapping. This type can be used as follows:

def get_position_in_index(word_list: Mapping[str, int], word: str) -> int:
    return word_list[word]

Obsoleto desde a versão 3.9: collections.abc.Mapping now supports []. See PEP 585 and Tipo Generic Alias.

class typing.MappingView(Sized, Iterable[T_co])

A generic version of collections.abc.MappingView.

Obsoleto desde a versão 3.9: collections.abc.MappingView now supports []. See PEP 585 and Tipo Generic Alias.

class typing.MutableMapping(Mapping[KT, VT])

A generic version of collections.abc.MutableMapping.

Obsoleto desde a versão 3.9: collections.abc.MutableMapping now supports []. See PEP 585 and Tipo Generic Alias.

class typing.MutableSequence(Sequence[T])

A generic version of collections.abc.MutableSequence.

Obsoleto desde a versão 3.9: collections.abc.MutableSequence now supports []. See PEP 585 and Tipo Generic Alias.

class typing.MutableSet(AbstractSet[T])

A generic version of collections.abc.MutableSet.

Obsoleto desde a versão 3.9: collections.abc.MutableSet now supports []. See PEP 585 and Tipo Generic Alias.

class typing.Sequence(Reversible[T_co], Collection[T_co])

A generic version of collections.abc.Sequence.

Obsoleto desde a versão 3.9: collections.abc.Sequence now supports []. See PEP 585 and Tipo Generic Alias.

class typing.ValuesView(MappingView[VT_co])

A generic version of collections.abc.ValuesView.

Obsoleto desde a versão 3.9: collections.abc.ValuesView now supports []. See PEP 585 and Tipo Generic Alias.

Corresponding to other types in collections.abc

class typing.Iterable(Generic[T_co])

A generic version of collections.abc.Iterable.

Obsoleto desde a versão 3.9: collections.abc.Iterable now supports []. See PEP 585 and Tipo Generic Alias.

class typing.Iterator(Iterable[T_co])

A generic version of collections.abc.Iterator.

Obsoleto desde a versão 3.9: collections.abc.Iterator now supports []. See PEP 585 and Tipo Generic Alias.

class typing.Generator(Iterator[T_co], Generic[T_co, T_contra, V_co])

A generator can be annotated by the generic type Generator[YieldType, SendType, ReturnType]. For example:

def echo_round() -> Generator[int, float, str]:
    sent = yield 0
    while sent >= 0:
        sent = yield round(sent)
    return 'Done'

Note that unlike many other generics in the typing module, the SendType of Generator behaves contravariantly, not covariantly or invariantly.

If your generator will only yield values, set the SendType and ReturnType to None:

def infinite_stream(start: int) -> Generator[int, None, None]:
    while True:
        yield start
        start += 1

Alternatively, annotate your generator as having a return type of either Iterable[YieldType] or Iterator[YieldType]:

def infinite_stream(start: int) -> Iterator[int]:
    while True:
        yield start
        start += 1

Obsoleto desde a versão 3.9: collections.abc.Generator now supports []. See PEP 585 and Tipo Generic Alias.

class typing.Hashable

An alias to collections.abc.Hashable.

class typing.Reversible(Iterable[T_co])

A generic version of collections.abc.Reversible.

Obsoleto desde a versão 3.9: collections.abc.Reversible now supports []. See PEP 585 and Tipo Generic Alias.

class typing.Sized

An alias to collections.abc.Sized.

Asynchronous programming

class typing.Coroutine(Awaitable[V_co], Generic[T_co, T_contra, V_co])

A generic version of collections.abc.Coroutine. The variance and order of type variables correspond to those of Generator, for example:

from collections.abc import Coroutine
c: Coroutine[list[str], str, int]  # Some coroutine defined elsewhere
x = c.send('hi')                   # Inferred type of 'x' is list[str]
async def bar() -> None:
    y = await c                    # Inferred type of 'y' is int

Novo na versão 3.5.3.

Obsoleto desde a versão 3.9: collections.abc.Coroutine now supports []. See PEP 585 and Tipo Generic Alias.

class typing.AsyncGenerator(AsyncIterator[T_co], Generic[T_co, T_contra])

An async generator can be annotated by the generic type AsyncGenerator[YieldType, SendType]. For example:

async def echo_round() -> AsyncGenerator[int, float]:
    sent = yield 0
    while sent >= 0.0:
        rounded = await round(sent)
        sent = yield rounded

Unlike normal generators, async generators cannot return a value, so there is no ReturnType type parameter. As with Generator, the SendType behaves contravariantly.

If your generator will only yield values, set the SendType to None:

async def infinite_stream(start: int) -> AsyncGenerator[int, None]:
    while True:
        yield start
        start = await increment(start)

Alternatively, annotate your generator as having a return type of either AsyncIterable[YieldType] or AsyncIterator[YieldType]:

async def infinite_stream(start: int) -> AsyncIterator[int]:
    while True:
        yield start
        start = await increment(start)

Novo na versão 3.6.1.

Obsoleto desde a versão 3.9: collections.abc.AsyncGenerator now supports []. See PEP 585 and Tipo Generic Alias.

class typing.AsyncIterable(Generic[T_co])

Uma versão genérica de collections.abc.AsyncIterable.

Novo na versão 3.5.2.

Obsoleto desde a versão 3.9: collections.abc.AsyncIterable now supports []. See PEP 585 and Tipo Generic Alias.

class typing.AsyncIterator(AsyncIterable[T_co])

A generic version of collections.abc.AsyncIterator.

Novo na versão 3.5.2.

Obsoleto desde a versão 3.9: collections.abc.AsyncIterator now supports []. See PEP 585 and Tipo Generic Alias.

class typing.Awaitable(Generic[T_co])

A generic version of collections.abc.Awaitable.

Novo na versão 3.5.2.

Obsoleto desde a versão 3.9: collections.abc.Awaitable now supports []. See PEP 585 and Tipo Generic Alias.

Context manager types

class typing.ContextManager(Generic[T_co])

Uma versão genérica de contextlib.AbstractContextManager.

Novo na versão 3.5.4.

Novo na versão 3.6.0.

Obsoleto desde a versão 3.9: contextlib.AbstractContextManager now supports []. See PEP 585 and Tipo Generic Alias.

class typing.AsyncContextManager(Generic[T_co])

A generic version of contextlib.AbstractAsyncContextManager.

Novo na versão 3.5.4.

Novo na versão 3.6.2.

Obsoleto desde a versão 3.9: contextlib.AbstractAsyncContextManager now supports []. See PEP 585 and Tipo Generic Alias.

Protocolos

Esses protocolos são decorados com runtime_checkable().

class typing.SupportsAbs

An ABC with one abstract method __abs__ that is covariant in its return type.

class typing.SupportsBytes

An ABC with one abstract method __bytes__.

class typing.SupportsComplex

An ABC with one abstract method __complex__.

class typing.SupportsFloat

An ABC with one abstract method __float__.

class typing.SupportsIndex

An ABC with one abstract method __index__.

Novo na versão 3.8.

class typing.SupportsInt

An ABC with one abstract method __int__.

class typing.SupportsRound

An ABC with one abstract method __round__ that is covariant in its return type.

Funções e decoradores

typing.cast(typ, val)

Define um valor para um tipo.

This returns the value unchanged. To the type checker this signals that the return value has the designated type, but at runtime we intentionally don’t check anything (we want this to be as fast as possible).

@typing.overload

The @overload decorator allows describing functions and methods that support multiple different combinations of argument types. A series of @overload-decorated definitions must be followed by exactly one non-@overload-decorated definition (for the same function/method). The @overload-decorated definitions are for the benefit of the type checker only, since they will be overwritten by the non-@overload-decorated definition, while the latter is used at runtime but should be ignored by a type checker. At runtime, calling a @overload-decorated function directly will raise NotImplementedError. An example of overload that gives a more precise type than can be expressed using a union or a type variable:

@overload
def process(response: None) -> None:
    ...
@overload
def process(response: int) -> tuple[int, str]:
    ...
@overload
def process(response: bytes) -> str:
    ...
def process(response):
    <actual implementation>

See PEP 484 for details and comparison with other typing semantics.

@typing.final

A decorator to indicate to type checkers that the decorated method cannot be overridden, and the decorated class cannot be subclassed. For example:

class Base:
    @final
    def done(self) -> None:
        ...
class Sub(Base):
    def done(self) -> None:  # Error reported by type checker
        ...

@final
class Leaf:
    ...
class Other(Leaf):  # Error reported by type checker
    ...

There is no runtime checking of these properties. See PEP 591 for more details.

Novo na versão 3.8.

@typing.no_type_check

Decorator to indicate that annotations are not type hints.

This works as class or function decorator. With a class, it applies recursively to all methods defined in that class (but not to methods defined in its superclasses or subclasses).

This mutates the function(s) in place.

@typing.no_type_check_decorator

Decorator to give another decorator the no_type_check() effect.

This wraps the decorator with something that wraps the decorated function in no_type_check().

@typing.type_check_only

Decorator to mark a class or function to be unavailable at runtime.

This decorator is itself not available at runtime. It is mainly intended to mark classes that are defined in type stub files if an implementation returns an instance of a private class:

@type_check_only
class Response:  # private or not available at runtime
    code: int
    def get_header(self, name: str) -> str: ...

def fetch_response() -> Response: ...

Note that returning instances of private classes is not recommended. It is usually preferable to make such classes public.

Introspection helpers

typing.get_type_hints(obj, globalns=None, localns=None, include_extras=False)

Return a dictionary containing type hints for a function, method, module or class object.

This is often the same as obj.__annotations__. In addition, forward references encoded as string literals are handled by evaluating them in globals and locals namespaces. If necessary, Optional[t] is added for function and method annotations if a default value equal to None is set. For a class C, return a dictionary constructed by merging all the __annotations__ along C.__mro__ in reverse order.

The function recursively replaces all Annotated[T, ...] with T, unless include_extras is set to True (see Annotated for more information). For example:

class Student(NamedTuple):
    name: Annotated[str, 'some marker']

get_type_hints(Student) == {'name': str}
get_type_hints(Student, include_extras=False) == {'name': str}
get_type_hints(Student, include_extras=True) == {
    'name': Annotated[str, 'some marker']
}

Alterado na versão 3.9: Added include_extras parameter as part of PEP 593.

typing.get_args(tp)
typing.get_origin(tp)

Provide basic introspection for generic types and special typing forms.

For a typing object of the form X[Y, Z, ...] these functions return X and (Y, Z, ...). If X is a generic alias for a builtin or collections class, it gets normalized to the original class. If X is a Union or Literal contained in another generic type, the order of (Y, Z, ...) may be different from the order of the original arguments [Y, Z, ...] due to type caching. For unsupported objects return None and () correspondingly. Examples:

assert get_origin(Dict[str, int]) is dict
assert get_args(Dict[int, str]) == (int, str)

assert get_origin(Union[int, str]) is Union
assert get_args(Union[int, str]) == (int, str)

Novo na versão 3.8.

class typing.ForwardRef

A class used for internal typing representation of string forward references. For example, List["SomeClass"] is implicitly transformed into List[ForwardRef("SomeClass")]. This class should not be instantiated by a user, but may be used by introspection tools.

Nota

PEP 585 generic types such as list["SomeClass"] will not be implicitly transformed into list[ForwardRef("SomeClass")] and thus will not automatically resolve to list[SomeClass].

Novo na versão 3.7.4.

Constante

typing.TYPE_CHECKING

A special constant that is assumed to be True by 3rd party static type checkers. It is False at runtime. Usage:

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    import expensive_mod

def fun(arg: 'expensive_mod.SomeType') -> None:
    local_var: expensive_mod.AnotherType = other_fun()

The first type annotation must be enclosed in quotes, making it a “forward reference”, to hide the expensive_mod reference from the interpreter runtime. Type annotations for local variables are not evaluated, so the second annotation does not need to be enclosed in quotes.

Nota

If from __future__ import annotations is used, annotations are not evaluated at function definition time. Instead, they are stored as strings in __annotations__. This makes it unnecessary to use quotes around the annotation (see PEP 563).

Novo na versão 3.5.2.