5. O sistema de importação

O código Python em um módulo obtém acesso ao código em outro módulo pelo processo de importação dele. A instrução import é a maneira mais comum de chamar o mecanismo de importação, mas não é a única maneira. Funções como importlib.import_module() e a embutida __import__() também podem ser usadas para chamar o mecanismo de importação.

A instrução import combina duas operações; ela procura o módulo nomeado e vincula os resultados dessa pesquisa a um nome no escopo local. A operação de busca da instrução import é definida como uma chamada para a função __import__(), com os argumentos apropriados. O valor de retorno de __import__() é usado para executar a operação de ligação de nome da instrução import. Veja a instrução import para os detalhes exatos da operação de ligação desse nome.

Uma chamada direta para __import__() realiza apenas a pesquisa do módulo e, se encontrada, a operação de criação do módulo. Embora certos efeitos colaterais possam ocorrer, como a importação de pacotes pai e a atualização de vários caches (incluindo sys.modules), apenas a instrução import realiza uma operação de ligação de nome.

Quando uma instrução import é executada, a função embutida padrão __import__() é chamada. Outros mecanismos para chamar o sistema de importação (como importlib.import_module()) podem optar por ignorar __import__() e usar suas próprias soluções para implementar a semântica de importação.

Quando um módulo é importado pela primeira vez, o Python procura pelo módulo e, se encontrado, cria um objeto de módulo 1, inicializando-o. Se o módulo nomeado não puder ser encontrado, uma ModuleNotFoundError será levantada. O Python implementa várias estratégias para procurar o módulo nomeado quando o mecanismo de importação é chamado. Essas estratégias podem ser modificadas e estendidas usando vários ganchos descritos nas seções abaixo.

Alterado na versão 3.3: O sistema de importação foi atualizado para implementar completamente a segunda fase da PEP 302. Não há mais um mecanismo de importação implícito – o sistema completo de importação é exposto através de sys.meta_path. Além disso, o suporte nativo a pacote de espaço de nomes foi implementado (consulte PEP 420).

5.1. importlib

O módulo importlib fornece uma API rica para interagir com o sistema de importação. Por exemplo importlib.import_module() fornece uma API mais simples e recomendada do que a embutida __import__() para chamar o mecanismo de importação. Consulte a documentação da biblioteca importlib para obter detalhes adicionais.

5.2. Pacotes

O Python possui apenas um tipo de objeto de módulo e todos os módulos são desse tipo, independentemente de o módulo estar implementado em Python, C ou qualquer outra coisa. Para ajudar a organizar os módulos e fornecer uma hierarquia de nomes, o Python tem o conceito de pacotes.

Você pode pensar em pacotes como os diretórios em um sistema de arquivos e os módulos como arquivos nos diretórios, mas não tome essa analogia muito literalmente, já que pacotes e módulos não precisam se originar do sistema de arquivos. Para os fins desta documentação, usaremos essa analogia conveniente de diretórios e arquivos. Como os diretórios do sistema de arquivos, os pacotes são organizados hierarquicamente e os próprios pacotes podem conter subpacotes e módulos regulares.

É importante ter em mente que todos os pacotes são módulos, mas nem todos os módulos são pacotes. Ou, dito de outra forma, os pacotes são apenas um tipo especial de módulo. Especificamente, qualquer módulo que contenha um atributo __path__ é considerado um pacote.

Todos os módulos têm um nome. Os nomes dos subpacotes são separados do nome do pacote pai por pontos, semelhante à sintaxe de acesso aos atributos padrão do Python. Assim, você pode ter um módulo chamado sys e um pacote chamado email, que por sua vez possui um subpacote chamado email.mime e um módulo dentro desse subpacote chamado email.mime.text.

5.2.1. Pacotes regulares

O Python define dois tipos de pacotes, pacotes regulares e pacotes de espaço de nomes. Pacotes regulares são pacotes tradicionais, como existiam no Python 3.2 e versões anteriores. Um pacote regular é normalmente implementado como um diretório que contém um arquivo __init__.py. Quando um pacote regular é importado, esse arquivo __init__.py é executado implicitamente, e os objetos que ele define são vinculados aos nomes no espaço de nomes do pacote. O arquivo __init__.py pode conter o mesmo código Python que qualquer outro módulo pode conter, e o Python adicionará alguns atributos adicionais ao módulo quando ele for importado.

Por exemplo, o layout do sistema de arquivos a seguir define um pacote parent de nível superior com três subpacotes:

parent/
    __init__.py
    one/
        __init__.py
    two/
        __init__.py
    three/
        __init__.py

A importação de parent.one vai executar implicitamente parent/__init__.py e parent/one/__init__.py. Importações subsequentes de parent.two ou parent.three vão executar parent/two/__init__.py e parent/three/__init__.py, respectivamente.

5.2.2. Pacotes de espaço de nomes

Um pacote de espaço de nomes é um composto de várias porções, em que cada parte contribui com um subpacote para o pacote pai. Partes podem residir em locais diferentes no sistema de arquivos. Partes também podem ser encontradas em arquivos zip, na rede ou em qualquer outro lugar que o Python pesquisar durante a importação. Os pacotes de espaço de nomes podem ou não corresponder diretamente aos objetos no sistema de arquivos; eles podem ser módulos virtuais que não têm representação concreta.

Os pacotes de espaço de nomes não usam uma lista comum para o atributo __path__. Em vez disso, eles usam um tipo iterável personalizado que executará automaticamente uma nova pesquisa por partes do pacote na próxima tentativa de importação dentro desse pacote, se o caminho do pacote pai (ou sys.path para um pacote de nível superior) for alterado.

Com pacotes de espaço de nomes, não há arquivo pai/__init__.py. De fato, pode haver vários diretórios pai encontrados durante a pesquisa de importação, onde cada um é fornecido por uma parte diferente. Portanto, pai/um pode não estar fisicamente localizado próximo a pai/dois. Nesse caso, o Python criará um pacote de espaço de nomes para o pacote pai de nível superior sempre que ele ou um de seus subpacotes for importado.

Veja também PEP 420 para a especificação de pacotes de espaço de nomes.

5.3. Caminho de busca

Para iniciar a busca, Python precisa do nome completo do módulo (ou pacote, mas para o propósito dessa exposição, não há diferença) que se quer importar. Esse nome vem de vários argumentos passados para o comando import , ou dos parâmetros das funções importlib.import_module() ou __import__() .

Esse nome será usado em várias fases da busca do import, e pode ser um nome com pontos, para um submódulo, ex. foo.bar.baz. Nesse caso, Python primeiro tenta importar foo, depois foo.bar, e finalmente foo.bar.baz. Se algum dos imports intermediários falhar, uma exceção ModuleNotFoundError é levantada.

5.3.1. Caches de módulos

A primeira checagem durante a busca do import é feita num dicionário chamado sys.modules. Esse mapeamento serve como um cache de todos os módulos que já foram importados previamente, incluindo os caminhos intermediários. Se foo.bar.baz foi previamente importado, sys.modules conterá entradas para foo, foo.bar, and foo.bar.baz. Cada chave terá como valor um objeto módulo correspondente.

Durante o import, o nome do módulo é procurado em sys.modules e, se estiver presente, o valor associado é o módulo que satisfaz o import, e o processo termina. Entretanto, se o valor é None, uma exceção ModuleNotFoundError é levantada. Se o nome do módulo não foi encontrado, Python continuará a busca.

É possível alterar sys.modules. Apagar uma chave pode não destruir o objeto módulo associado (outros módulos podem manter referências para ele), mas a entrada do cache será invalidada para o nome daquele módulo, fazendo Python executar nova busca no próximo import. Pode ser atribuído None para a chave, forçãndo que o próximo importe do módulo resulte numa exceção ModuleNotFoundError.

Beware though, as if you keep a reference to the module object, invalidate its cache entry in sys.modules, and then re-import the named module, the two module objects will not be the same. By contrast, importlib.reload() will reuse the same module object, and simply reinitialise the module contents by rerunning the module’s code.

5.3.2. Finders and loaders

If the named module is not found in sys.modules, then Python’s import protocol is invoked to find and load the module. This protocol consists of two conceptual objects, finders and loaders. A finder’s job is to determine whether it can find the named module using whatever strategy it knows about. Objects that implement both of these interfaces are referred to as importers - they return themselves when they find that they can load the requested module.

Python includes a number of default finders and importers. The first one knows how to locate built-in modules, and the second knows how to locate frozen modules. A third default finder searches an import path for modules. The import path is a list of locations that may name file system paths or zip files. It can also be extended to search for any locatable resource, such as those identified by URLs.

The import machinery is extensible, so new finders can be added to extend the range and scope of module searching.

Finders do not actually load modules. If they can find the named module, they return a module spec, an encapsulation of the module’s import-related information, which the import machinery then uses when loading the module.

The following sections describe the protocol for finders and loaders in more detail, including how you can create and register new ones to extend the import machinery.

Alterado na versão 3.4: In previous versions of Python, finders returned loaders directly, whereas now they return module specs which contain loaders. Loaders are still used during import but have fewer responsibilities.

5.3.3. Import hooks

The import machinery is designed to be extensible; the primary mechanism for this are the import hooks. There are two types of import hooks: meta hooks and import path hooks.

Meta hooks are called at the start of import processing, before any other import processing has occurred, other than sys.modules cache look up. This allows meta hooks to override sys.path processing, frozen modules, or even built-in modules. Meta hooks are registered by adding new finder objects to sys.meta_path, as described below.

Import path hooks are called as part of sys.path (or package.__path__) processing, at the point where their associated path item is encountered. Import path hooks are registered by adding new callables to sys.path_hooks as described below.

5.3.4. The meta path

When the named module is not found in sys.modules, Python next searches sys.meta_path, which contains a list of meta path finder objects. These finders are queried in order to see if they know how to handle the named module. Meta path finders must implement a method called find_spec() which takes three arguments: a name, an import path, and (optionally) a target module. The meta path finder can use any strategy it wants to determine whether it can handle the named module or not.

If the meta path finder knows how to handle the named module, it returns a spec object. If it cannot handle the named module, it returns None. If sys.meta_path processing reaches the end of its list without returning a spec, then a ModuleNotFoundError is raised. Any other exceptions raised are simply propagated up, aborting the import process.

The find_spec() method of meta path finders is called with two or three arguments. The first is the fully qualified name of the module being imported, for example foo.bar.baz. The second argument is the path entries to use for the module search. For top-level modules, the second argument is None, but for submodules or subpackages, the second argument is the value of the parent package’s __path__ attribute. If the appropriate __path__ attribute cannot be accessed, a ModuleNotFoundError is raised. The third argument is an existing module object that will be the target of loading later. The import system passes in a target module only during reload.

The meta path may be traversed multiple times for a single import request. For example, assuming none of the modules involved has already been cached, importing foo.bar.baz will first perform a top level import, calling mpf.find_spec("foo", None, None) on each meta path finder (mpf). After foo has been imported, foo.bar will be imported by traversing the meta path a second time, calling mpf.find_spec("foo.bar", foo.__path__, None). Once foo.bar has been imported, the final traversal will call mpf.find_spec("foo.bar.baz", foo.bar.__path__, None).

Some meta path finders only support top level imports. These importers will always return None when anything other than None is passed as the second argument.

Python’s default sys.meta_path has three meta path finders, one that knows how to import built-in modules, one that knows how to import frozen modules, and one that knows how to import modules from an import path (i.e. the path based finder).

Alterado na versão 3.4: The find_spec() method of meta path finders replaced find_module(), which is now deprecated. While it will continue to work without change, the import machinery will try it only if the finder does not implement find_spec().

5.4. Loading

If and when a module spec is found, the import machinery will use it (and the loader it contains) when loading the module. Here is an approximation of what happens during the loading portion of import:

module = None
if spec.loader is not None and hasattr(spec.loader, 'create_module'):
    # It is assumed 'exec_module' will also be defined on the loader.
    module = spec.loader.create_module(spec)
if module is None:
    module = ModuleType(spec.name)
# The import-related module attributes get set here:
_init_module_attrs(spec, module)

if spec.loader is None:
    if spec.submodule_search_locations is not None:
        # namespace package
        sys.modules[spec.name] = module
    else:
        # unsupported
        raise ImportError
elif not hasattr(spec.loader, 'exec_module'):
    module = spec.loader.load_module(spec.name)
    # Set __loader__ and __package__ if missing.
else:
    sys.modules[spec.name] = module
    try:
        spec.loader.exec_module(module)
    except BaseException:
        try:
            del sys.modules[spec.name]
        except KeyError:
            pass
        raise
return sys.modules[spec.name]

Note the following details:

  • If there is an existing module object with the given name in sys.modules, import will have already returned it.

  • The module will exist in sys.modules before the loader executes the module code. This is crucial because the module code may (directly or indirectly) import itself; adding it to sys.modules beforehand prevents unbounded recursion in the worst case and multiple loading in the best.

  • If loading fails, the failing module – and only the failing module – gets removed from sys.modules. Any module already in the sys.modules cache, and any module that was successfully loaded as a side-effect, must remain in the cache. This contrasts with reloading where even the failing module is left in sys.modules.

  • After the module is created but before execution, the import machinery sets the import-related module attributes (“_init_module_attrs” in the pseudo-code example above), as summarized in a later section.

  • Module execution is the key moment of loading in which the module’s namespace gets populated. Execution is entirely delegated to the loader, which gets to decide what gets populated and how.

  • The module created during loading and passed to exec_module() may not be the one returned at the end of import 2.

Alterado na versão 3.4: The import system has taken over the boilerplate responsibilities of loaders. These were previously performed by the importlib.abc.Loader.load_module() method.

5.4.1. Loaders

Module loaders provide the critical function of loading: module execution. The import machinery calls the importlib.abc.Loader.exec_module() method with a single argument, the module object to execute. Any value returned from exec_module() is ignored.

Loaders must satisfy the following requirements:

  • If the module is a Python module (as opposed to a built-in module or a dynamically loaded extension), the loader should execute the module’s code in the module’s global name space (module.__dict__).

  • If the loader cannot execute the module, it should raise an ImportError, although any other exception raised during exec_module() will be propagated.

In many cases, the finder and loader can be the same object; in such cases the find_spec() method would just return a spec with the loader set to self.

Module loaders may opt in to creating the module object during loading by implementing a create_module() method. It takes one argument, the module spec, and returns the new module object to use during loading. create_module() does not need to set any attributes on the module object. If the method returns None, the import machinery will create the new module itself.

Novo na versão 3.4: The create_module() method of loaders.

Alterado na versão 3.4: The load_module() method was replaced by exec_module() and the import machinery assumed all the boilerplate responsibilities of loading.

For compatibility with existing loaders, the import machinery will use the load_module() method of loaders if it exists and the loader does not also implement exec_module(). However, load_module() has been deprecated and loaders should implement exec_module() instead.

The load_module() method must implement all the boilerplate loading functionality described above in addition to executing the module. All the same constraints apply, with some additional clarification:

  • If there is an existing module object with the given name in sys.modules, the loader must use that existing module. (Otherwise, importlib.reload() will not work correctly.) If the named module does not exist in sys.modules, the loader must create a new module object and add it to sys.modules.

  • The module must exist in sys.modules before the loader executes the module code, to prevent unbounded recursion or multiple loading.

  • If loading fails, the loader must remove any modules it has inserted into sys.modules, but it must remove only the failing module(s), and only if the loader itself has loaded the module(s) explicitly.

Alterado na versão 3.5: A DeprecationWarning is raised when exec_module() is defined but create_module() is not.

Alterado na versão 3.6: An ImportError is raised when exec_module() is defined but create_module() is not.

5.4.2. Submódulos

When a submodule is loaded using any mechanism (e.g. importlib APIs, the import or import-from statements, or built-in __import__()) a binding is placed in the parent module’s namespace to the submodule object. For example, if package spam has a submodule foo, after importing spam.foo, spam will have an attribute foo which is bound to the submodule. Let’s say you have the following directory structure:

spam/
    __init__.py
    foo.py
    bar.py

and spam/__init__.py has the following lines in it:

from .foo import Foo
from .bar import Bar

then executing the following puts a name binding to foo and bar in the spam module:

>>> import spam
>>> spam.foo
<module 'spam.foo' from '/tmp/imports/spam/foo.py'>
>>> spam.bar
<module 'spam.bar' from '/tmp/imports/spam/bar.py'>

Given Python’s familiar name binding rules this might seem surprising, but it’s actually a fundamental feature of the import system. The invariant holding is that if you have sys.modules['spam'] and sys.modules['spam.foo'] (as you would after the above import), the latter must appear as the foo attribute of the former.

5.4.3. Module spec

The import machinery uses a variety of information about each module during import, especially before loading. Most of the information is common to all modules. The purpose of a module’s spec is to encapsulate this import-related information on a per-module basis.

Using a spec during import allows state to be transferred between import system components, e.g. between the finder that creates the module spec and the loader that executes it. Most importantly, it allows the import machinery to perform the boilerplate operations of loading, whereas without a module spec the loader had that responsibility.

The module’s spec is exposed as the __spec__ attribute on a module object. See ModuleSpec for details on the contents of the module spec.

Novo na versão 3.4.

5.4.5. module.__path__

By definition, if a module has a __path__ attribute, it is a package.

A package’s __path__ attribute is used during imports of its subpackages. Within the import machinery, it functions much the same as sys.path, i.e. providing a list of locations to search for modules during import. However, __path__ is typically much more constrained than sys.path.

__path__ must be an iterable of strings, but it may be empty. The same rules used for sys.path also apply to a package’s __path__, and sys.path_hooks (described below) are consulted when traversing a package’s __path__.

A package’s __init__.py file may set or alter the package’s __path__ attribute, and this was typically the way namespace packages were implemented prior to PEP 420. With the adoption of PEP 420, namespace packages no longer need to supply __init__.py files containing only __path__ manipulation code; the import machinery automatically sets __path__ correctly for the namespace package.

5.4.6. Module reprs

By default, all modules have a usable repr, however depending on the attributes set above, and in the module’s spec, you can more explicitly control the repr of module objects.

If the module has a spec (__spec__), the import machinery will try to generate a repr from it. If that fails or there is no spec, the import system will craft a default repr using whatever information is available on the module. It will try to use the module.__name__, module.__file__, and module.__loader__ as input into the repr, with defaults for whatever information is missing.

Here are the exact rules used:

  • If the module has a __spec__ attribute, the information in the spec is used to generate the repr. The “name”, “loader”, “origin”, and “has_location” attributes are consulted.

  • If the module has a __file__ attribute, this is used as part of the module’s repr.

  • If the module has no __file__ but does have a __loader__ that is not None, then the loader’s repr is used as part of the module’s repr.

  • Otherwise, just use the module’s __name__ in the repr.

Alterado na versão 3.4: Use of loader.module_repr() has been deprecated and the module spec is now used by the import machinery to generate a module repr.

For backward compatibility with Python 3.3, the module repr will be generated by calling the loader’s module_repr() method, if defined, before trying either approach described above. However, the method is deprecated.

5.4.7. Cached bytecode invalidation

Before Python loads cached bytecode from .pyc file, it checks whether the cache is up-to-date with the source .py file. By default, Python does this by storing the source’s last-modified timestamp and size in the cache file when writing it. At runtime, the import system then validates the cache file by checking the stored metadata in the cache file against the source’s metadata.

Python also supports “hash-based” cache files, which store a hash of the source file’s contents rather than its metadata. There are two variants of hash-based .pyc files: checked and unchecked. For checked hash-based .pyc files, Python validates the cache file by hashing the source file and comparing the resulting hash with the hash in the cache file. If a checked hash-based cache file is found to be invalid, Python regenerates it and writes a new checked hash-based cache file. For unchecked hash-based .pyc files, Python simply assumes the cache file is valid if it exists. Hash-based .pyc files validation behavior may be overridden with the --check-hash-based-pycs flag.

Alterado na versão 3.7: Added hash-based .pyc files. Previously, Python only supported timestamp-based invalidation of bytecode caches.

5.5. The Path Based Finder

As mentioned previously, Python comes with several default meta path finders. One of these, called the path based finder (PathFinder), searches an import path, which contains a list of path entries. Each path entry names a location to search for modules.

The path based finder itself doesn’t know how to import anything. Instead, it traverses the individual path entries, associating each of them with a path entry finder that knows how to handle that particular kind of path.

The default set of path entry finders implement all the semantics for finding modules on the file system, handling special file types such as Python source code (.py files), Python byte code (.pyc files) and shared libraries (e.g. .so files). When supported by the zipimport module in the standard library, the default path entry finders also handle loading all of these file types (other than shared libraries) from zipfiles.

Path entries need not be limited to file system locations. They can refer to URLs, database queries, or any other location that can be specified as a string.

The path based finder provides additional hooks and protocols so that you can extend and customize the types of searchable path entries. For example, if you wanted to support path entries as network URLs, you could write a hook that implements HTTP semantics to find modules on the web. This hook (a callable) would return a path entry finder supporting the protocol described below, which was then used to get a loader for the module from the web.

A word of warning: this section and the previous both use the term finder, distinguishing between them by using the terms meta path finder and path entry finder. These two types of finders are very similar, support similar protocols, and function in similar ways during the import process, but it’s important to keep in mind that they are subtly different. In particular, meta path finders operate at the beginning of the import process, as keyed off the sys.meta_path traversal.

By contrast, path entry finders are in a sense an implementation detail of the path based finder, and in fact, if the path based finder were to be removed from sys.meta_path, none of the path entry finder semantics would be invoked.

5.5.1. Path entry finders

The path based finder is responsible for finding and loading Python modules and packages whose location is specified with a string path entry. Most path entries name locations in the file system, but they need not be limited to this.

As a meta path finder, the path based finder implements the find_spec() protocol previously described, however it exposes additional hooks that can be used to customize how modules are found and loaded from the import path.

Three variables are used by the path based finder, sys.path, sys.path_hooks and sys.path_importer_cache. The __path__ attributes on package objects are also used. These provide additional ways that the import machinery can be customized.

sys.path contains a list of strings providing search locations for modules and packages. It is initialized from the PYTHONPATH environment variable and various other installation- and implementation-specific defaults. Entries in sys.path can name directories on the file system, zip files, and potentially other “locations” (see the site module) that should be searched for modules, such as URLs, or database queries. Only strings and bytes should be present on sys.path; all other data types are ignored. The encoding of bytes entries is determined by the individual path entry finders.

The path based finder is a meta path finder, so the import machinery begins the import path search by calling the path based finder’s find_spec() method as described previously. When the path argument to find_spec() is given, it will be a list of string paths to traverse - typically a package’s __path__ attribute for an import within that package. If the path argument is None, this indicates a top level import and sys.path is used.

The path based finder iterates over every entry in the search path, and for each of these, looks for an appropriate path entry finder (PathEntryFinder) for the path entry. Because this can be an expensive operation (e.g. there may be stat() call overheads for this search), the path based finder maintains a cache mapping path entries to path entry finders. This cache is maintained in sys.path_importer_cache (despite the name, this cache actually stores finder objects rather than being limited to importer objects). In this way, the expensive search for a particular path entry location’s path entry finder need only be done once. User code is free to remove cache entries from sys.path_importer_cache forcing the path based finder to perform the path entry search again 3.

If the path entry is not present in the cache, the path based finder iterates over every callable in sys.path_hooks. Each of the path entry hooks in this list is called with a single argument, the path entry to be searched. This callable may either return a path entry finder that can handle the path entry, or it may raise ImportError. An ImportError is used by the path based finder to signal that the hook cannot find a path entry finder for that path entry. The exception is ignored and import path iteration continues. The hook should expect either a string or bytes object; the encoding of bytes objects is up to the hook (e.g. it may be a file system encoding, UTF-8, or something else), and if the hook cannot decode the argument, it should raise ImportError.

If sys.path_hooks iteration ends with no path entry finder being returned, then the path based finder’s find_spec() method will store None in sys.path_importer_cache (to indicate that there is no finder for this path entry) and return None, indicating that this meta path finder could not find the module.

If a path entry finder is returned by one of the path entry hook callables on sys.path_hooks, then the following protocol is used to ask the finder for a module spec, which is then used when loading the module.

The current working directory – denoted by an empty string – is handled slightly differently from other entries on sys.path. First, if the current working directory is found to not exist, no value is stored in sys.path_importer_cache. Second, the value for the current working directory is looked up fresh for each module lookup. Third, the path used for sys.path_importer_cache and returned by importlib.machinery.PathFinder.find_spec() will be the actual current working directory and not the empty string.

5.5.2. Path entry finder protocol

In order to support imports of modules and initialized packages and also to contribute portions to namespace packages, path entry finders must implement the find_spec() method.

find_spec() takes two arguments: the fully qualified name of the module being imported, and the (optional) target module. find_spec() returns a fully populated spec for the module. This spec will always have “loader” set (with one exception).

To indicate to the import machinery that the spec represents a namespace portion, the path entry finder sets “loader” on the spec to None and “submodule_search_locations” to a list containing the portion.

Alterado na versão 3.4: find_spec() replaced find_loader() and find_module(), both of which are now deprecated, but will be used if find_spec() is not defined.

Older path entry finders may implement one of these two deprecated methods instead of find_spec(). The methods are still respected for the sake of backward compatibility. However, if find_spec() is implemented on the path entry finder, the legacy methods are ignored.

find_loader() takes one argument, the fully qualified name of the module being imported. find_loader() returns a 2-tuple where the first item is the loader and the second item is a namespace portion. When the first item (i.e. the loader) is None, this means that while the path entry finder does not have a loader for the named module, it knows that the path entry contributes to a namespace portion for the named module. This will almost always be the case where Python is asked to import a namespace package that has no physical presence on the file system. When a path entry finder returns None for the loader, the second item of the 2-tuple return value must be a sequence, although it can be empty.

If find_loader() returns a non-None loader value, the portion is ignored and the loader is returned from the path based finder, terminating the search through the path entries.

For backwards compatibility with other implementations of the import protocol, many path entry finders also support the same, traditional find_module() method that meta path finders support. However path entry finder find_module() methods are never called with a path argument (they are expected to record the appropriate path information from the initial call to the path hook).

The find_module() method on path entry finders is deprecated, as it does not allow the path entry finder to contribute portions to namespace packages. If both find_loader() and find_module() exist on a path entry finder, the import system will always call find_loader() in preference to find_module().

5.6. Replacing the standard import system

The most reliable mechanism for replacing the entire import system is to delete the default contents of sys.meta_path, replacing them entirely with a custom meta path hook.

If it is acceptable to only alter the behaviour of import statements without affecting other APIs that access the import system, then replacing the builtin __import__() function may be sufficient. This technique may also be employed at the module level to only alter the behaviour of import statements within that module.

To selectively prevent the import of some modules from a hook early on the meta path (rather than disabling the standard import system entirely), it is sufficient to raise ModuleNotFoundError directly from find_spec() instead of returning None. The latter indicates that the meta path search should continue, while raising an exception terminates it immediately.

5.7. Package Relative Imports

Relative imports use leading dots. A single leading dot indicates a relative import, starting with the current package. Two or more leading dots indicate a relative import to the parent(s) of the current package, one level per dot after the first. For example, given the following package layout:

package/
    __init__.py
    subpackage1/
        __init__.py
        moduleX.py
        moduleY.py
    subpackage2/
        __init__.py
        moduleZ.py
    moduleA.py

In either subpackage1/moduleX.py or subpackage1/__init__.py, the following are valid relative imports:

from .moduleY import spam
from .moduleY import spam as ham
from . import moduleY
from ..subpackage1 import moduleY
from ..subpackage2.moduleZ import eggs
from ..moduleA import foo

Absolute imports may use either the import <> or from <> import <> syntax, but relative imports may only use the second form; the reason for this is that:

import XXX.YYY.ZZZ

should expose XXX.YYY.ZZZ as a usable expression, but .moduleY is not a valid expression.

5.8. Special considerations for __main__

The __main__ module is a special case relative to Python’s import system. As noted elsewhere, the __main__ module is directly initialized at interpreter startup, much like sys and builtins. However, unlike those two, it doesn’t strictly qualify as a built-in module. This is because the manner in which __main__ is initialized depends on the flags and other options with which the interpreter is invoked.

5.8.1. __main__.__spec__

Depending on how __main__ is initialized, __main__.__spec__ gets set appropriately or to None.

When Python is started with the -m option, __spec__ is set to the module spec of the corresponding module or package. __spec__ is also populated when the __main__ module is loaded as part of executing a directory, zipfile or other sys.path entry.

In the remaining cases __main__.__spec__ is set to None, as the code used to populate the __main__ does not correspond directly with an importable module:

  • interactive prompt

  • -c option

  • running from stdin

  • running directly from a source or bytecode file

Note that __main__.__spec__ is always None in the last case, even if the file could technically be imported directly as a module instead. Use the -m switch if valid module metadata is desired in __main__.

Note also that even when __main__ corresponds with an importable module and __main__.__spec__ is set accordingly, they’re still considered distinct modules. This is due to the fact that blocks guarded by if __name__ == "__main__": checks only execute when the module is used to populate the __main__ namespace, and not during normal import.

5.9. Open issues

XXX It would be really nice to have a diagram.

XXX * (import_machinery.rst) how about a section devoted just to the attributes of modules and packages, perhaps expanding upon or supplanting the related entries in the data model reference page?

XXX runpy, pkgutil, et al in the library manual should all get “See Also” links at the top pointing to the new import system section.

XXX Add more explanation regarding the different ways in which __main__ is initialized?

XXX Add more info on __main__ quirks/pitfalls (i.e. copy from PEP 395).

5.10. Referências

The import machinery has evolved considerably since Python’s early days. The original specification for packages is still available to read, although some details have changed since the writing of that document.

The original specification for sys.meta_path was PEP 302, with subsequent extension in PEP 420.

PEP 420 introduced namespace packages for Python 3.3. PEP 420 also introduced the find_loader() protocol as an alternative to find_module().

PEP 366 describes the addition of the __package__ attribute for explicit relative imports in main modules.

PEP 328 introduced absolute and explicit relative imports and initially proposed __name__ for semantics PEP 366 would eventually specify for __package__.

PEP 338 defines executing modules as scripts.

PEP 451 adds the encapsulation of per-module import state in spec objects. It also off-loads most of the boilerplate responsibilities of loaders back onto the import machinery. These changes allow the deprecation of several APIs in the import system and also addition of new methods to finders and loaders.

Notas de rodapé

1

See types.ModuleType.

2

The importlib implementation avoids using the return value directly. Instead, it gets the module object by looking the module name up in sys.modules. The indirect effect of this is that an imported module may replace itself in sys.modules. This is implementation-specific behavior that is not guaranteed to work in other Python implementations.

3

In legacy code, it is possible to find instances of imp.NullImporter in the sys.path_importer_cache. It is recommended that code be changed to use None instead. See Porting Python code for more details.