Contagem de Referências

As macros nesta seção são usadas para gerenciar contagens de referências de objetos Python.

void Py_INCREF(PyObject *o)

Indicate taking a new strong reference to object o, indicating it is in use and should not be destroyed.

This function is usually used to convert a borrowed reference to a strong reference in-place. The Py_NewRef() function can be used to create a new strong reference.

When done using the object, release it by calling Py_DECREF().

The object must not be NULL; if you aren’t sure that it isn’t NULL, use Py_XINCREF().

Do not expect this function to actually modify o in any way.

void Py_XINCREF(PyObject *o)

Similar to Py_INCREF(), but the object o can be NULL, in which case this has no effect.

See also Py_XNewRef().

PyObject *Py_NewRef(PyObject *o)

Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.10.

Create a new strong reference to an object: call Py_INCREF() on o and return the object o.

When the strong reference is no longer needed, Py_DECREF() should be called on it to release the reference.

The object o must not be NULL; use Py_XNewRef() if o can be NULL.

Por exemplo:

Py_INCREF(obj);
self->attr = obj;

can be written as:

self->attr = Py_NewRef(obj);

See also Py_INCREF().

Novo na versão 3.10.

PyObject *Py_XNewRef(PyObject *o)

Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.10.

Similar to Py_NewRef(), but the object o can be NULL.

If the object o is NULL, the function just returns NULL.

Novo na versão 3.10.

void Py_DECREF(PyObject *o)

Release a strong reference to object o, indicating the reference is no longer used.

Once the last strong reference is released (i.e. the object’s reference count reaches 0), the object’s type’s deallocation function (which must not be NULL) is invoked.

This function is usually used to delete a strong reference before exiting its scope.

The object must not be NULL; if you aren’t sure that it isn’t NULL, use Py_XDECREF().

Do not expect this function to actually modify o in any way.

Aviso

A função de desalocação pode fazer com que o código Python arbitrário seja invocado (por exemplo, quando uma instância de classe com um método __del__() é desalocada). Embora as exceções em tal código não sejam propagadas, o código executado tem acesso livre a todas as variáveis globais do Python. Isso significa que qualquer objeto que é alcançável de uma variável global deve estar em um estado consistente antes de Py_DECREF() ser invocado. Por exemplo, o código para excluir um objeto de uma lista deve copiar uma referência ao objeto excluído em uma variável temporária, atualizar a estrutura de dados da lista e então chamar Py_DECREF() para a variável temporária.

void Py_XDECREF(PyObject *o)

Similar to Py_DECREF(), but the object o can be NULL, in which case this has no effect. The same warning from Py_DECREF() applies here as well.

void Py_CLEAR(PyObject *o)

Release a strong reference for object o. The object may be NULL, in which case the macro has no effect; otherwise the effect is the same as for Py_DECREF(), except that the argument is also set to NULL. The warning for Py_DECREF() does not apply with respect to the object passed because the macro carefully uses a temporary variable and sets the argument to NULL before releasing the reference.

It is a good idea to use this macro whenever releasing a reference to an object that might be traversed during garbage collection.

void Py_IncRef(PyObject *o)

Part of the Stable ABI.

Indicate taking a new strong reference to object o. A function version of Py_XINCREF(). It can be used for runtime dynamic embedding of Python.

void Py_DecRef(PyObject *o)

Part of the Stable ABI.

Release a strong reference to object o. A function version of Py_XDECREF(). It can be used for runtime dynamic embedding of Python.

As seguintes funções ou macros são apenas para uso dentro do núcleo do interpretador: _Py_Dealloc(), _Py_ForgetReference(), _Py_NewReference(), bem como a variável global _Py_RefTotal.