dbm — Interfaces to Unix “databases”

소스 코드: Lib/dbm/__init__.py

---

dbm is a generic interface to variants of the DBM database — dbm.gnu or dbm.ndbm. If none of these modules is installed, the slow-but-simple implementation in module dbm.dumb will be used. There is a third party interface to the Oracle Berkeley DB.

exception dbm.error

지원되는 각 모듈에 의해 발생할 수 있는 예외를 포함하는 튜플. 역시 dbm.error라고 이름 붙인 고유한 예외를 첫 번째 항목으로 갖고 있습니다 — dbm.error가 발생할 때 이것이 사용됩니다.

dbm.whichdb(filename)

This function attempts to guess which of the several simple database modules available — dbm.gnu, dbm.ndbm or dbm.dumb — should be used to open a given file.

Returns one of the following values: None if the file can’t be opened because it’s unreadable or doesn’t exist; the empty string ('') if the file’s format can’t be guessed; or a string containing the required module name, such as 'dbm.ndbm' or 'dbm.gnu'.

dbm.open(file, flag='r', mode=0o666)

Open the database file file and return a corresponding object.

If the database file already exists, the whichdb() function is used to determine its type and the appropriate module is used; if it does not exist, the first module listed above that can be imported is used.

The optional flag argument can be:

Value	Meaning
'r'	Open existing database for reading only (default)
'w'	Open existing database for reading and writing
'c'	Open database for reading and writing, creating it if it doesn’t exist
'n'	Always create a new, empty database, open for reading and writing

The optional mode argument is the Unix mode of the file, used only when the database has to be created. It defaults to octal 0o666 (and will be modified by the prevailing umask).

The object returned by open() supports the same basic functionality as dictionaries; keys and their corresponding values can be stored, retrieved, and deleted, and the in operator and the keys() method are available, as well as get() and setdefault().

버전 3.2에서 변경: get() and setdefault() are now available in all database modules.

버전 3.8에서 변경: Deleting a key from a read-only database raises database module specific error instead of KeyError.

Key and values are always stored as bytes. This means that when strings are used they are implicitly converted to the default encoding before being stored.

이 객체는 with 문에서도 사용되도록 지원해서, 완료될 때 자동으로 닫힙니다.

버전 3.4에서 변경: Added native support for the context management protocol to the objects returned by open().

다음 예제는 일부 호스트 명과 해당 제목을 기록한 다음, 데이터베이스의 내용을 인쇄합니다:

import dbm

# Open database, creating it if necessary.
with dbm.open('cache', 'c') as db:

    # Record some values
    db[b'hello'] = b'there'
    db['www.python.org'] = 'Python Website'
    db['www.cnn.com'] = 'Cable News Network'

    # Note that the keys are considered bytes now.
    assert db[b'www.python.org'] == b'Python Website'
    # Notice how the value is now in bytes.
    assert db['www.cnn.com'] == b'Cable News Network'

    # Often-used methods of the dict interface work too.
    print(db.get('python.org', b'not present'))

    # Storing a non-string key or value will raise an exception (most
    # likely a TypeError).
    db['www.yahoo.com'] = 4

# db is automatically closed when leaving the with statement.

더 보기

모듈 shelve

문자열이 아닌 데이터를 저장하는 지속성 모듈.

개별 서브 모듈은 다음 섹션에서 설명합니다.

dbm.gnu — GNU’s reinterpretation of dbm

소스 코드: Lib/dbm/gnu.py

---

This module is quite similar to the dbm module, but uses the GNU library gdbm instead to provide some additional functionality. Please note that the file formats created by dbm.gnu and dbm.ndbm are incompatible.

The dbm.gnu module provides an interface to the GNU DBM library. dbm.gnu.gdbm objects behave like mappings (dictionaries), except that keys and values are always converted to bytes before storing. Printing a gdbm object doesn’t print the keys and values, and the items() and values() methods are not supported.

exception dbm.gnu.error

I/O 에러와 같은 dbm.gnu 특정 에러에서 발생합니다. 잘못된 키 지정과 같은 일반적인 매핑 에러에 대해서는 KeyError가 발생합니다.

dbm.gnu.open(filename[, flag[, mode]])

Open a gdbm database and return a gdbm object. The filename argument is the name of the database file.

The optional flag argument can be:

Value	Meaning
'r'	Open existing database for reading only (default)
'w'	Open existing database for reading and writing
'c'	Open database for reading and writing, creating it if it doesn’t exist
'n'	Always create a new, empty database, open for reading and writing

The following additional characters may be appended to the flag to control how the database is opened:

Value	Meaning
'f'	Open the database in fast mode. Writes to the database will not be synchronized.
's'	Synchronized mode. This will cause changes to the database to be immediately written to the file.
'u'	Do not lock database.

Not all flags are valid for all versions of gdbm. The module constant open_flags is a string of supported flag characters. The exception error is raised if an invalid flag is specified.

The optional mode argument is the Unix mode of the file, used only when the database has to be created. It defaults to octal 0o666.

In addition to the dictionary-like methods, gdbm objects have the following methods:

gdbm.firstkey()

It’s possible to loop over every key in the database using this method and the nextkey() method. The traversal is ordered by gdbm’s internal hash values, and won’t be sorted by the key values. This method returns the starting key.

gdbm.nextkey(key)

순회에서 key 뒤에 오는 키를 반환합니다. 다음 코드는 메모리에 모든 키를 포함하는 리스트를 만들지 않고, 데이터베이스 db의 모든 키를 인쇄합니다:

k = db.firstkey()
while k is not None:
    print(k)
    k = db.nextkey(k)

gdbm.reorganize()

If you have carried out a lot of deletions and would like to shrink the space used by the gdbm file, this routine will reorganize the database. gdbm objects will not shorten the length of a database file except by using this reorganization; otherwise, deleted file space will be kept and reused as new (key, value) pairs are added.

gdbm.sync()

데이터베이스가 빠른 모드로 열렸을 때, 이 메서드를 사용하면 기록되지 않은 데이터가 디스크에 기록됩니다.

gdbm.close()

Close the gdbm database.

dbm.ndbm — Interface based on ndbm

소스 코드: Lib/dbm/ndbm.py

---

The dbm.ndbm module provides an interface to the Unix “(n)dbm” library. Dbm objects behave like mappings (dictionaries), except that keys and values are always stored as bytes. Printing a dbm object doesn’t print the keys and values, and the items() and values() methods are not supported.

This module can be used with the “classic” ndbm interface or the GNU GDBM compatibility interface. On Unix, the configure script will attempt to locate the appropriate header file to simplify building this module.

exception dbm.ndbm.error

I/O 에러와 같은 dbm.ndbm 특정 에러에서 발생합니다. 잘못된 키 지정과 같은 일반적인 매핑 에러에 대해서는 KeyError가 발생합니다.

dbm.ndbm.library

Name of the ndbm implementation library used.

dbm.ndbm.open(filename[, flag[, mode]])

Open a dbm database and return a ndbm object. The filename argument is the name of the database file (without the .dir or .pag extensions).

The optional flag argument must be one of these values:

Value	Meaning
'r'	Open existing database for reading only (default)
'w'	Open existing database for reading and writing
'c'	Open database for reading and writing, creating it if it doesn’t exist
'n'	Always create a new, empty database, open for reading and writing

The optional mode argument is the Unix mode of the file, used only when the database has to be created. It defaults to octal 0o666 (and will be modified by the prevailing umask).

In addition to the dictionary-like methods, ndbm objects provide the following method:

ndbm.close()

Close the ndbm database.

dbm.dumb — 이식성 있는 DBM 구현

소스 코드: Lib/dbm/dumb.py

참고

dbm.dumb 모듈은 더욱 강인한 모듈을 사용할 수 없을 때 dbm 모듈에 대한 최후의 대체 폴백으로 사용됩니다. dbm.dumb 모듈은 속도를 위해 작성되지 않았으며 다른 데이터베이스 모듈만큼 많이 사용되지는 않습니다.

---

The dbm.dumb module provides a persistent dictionary-like interface which is written entirely in Python. Unlike other modules such as dbm.gnu no external library is required. As with other persistent mappings, the keys and values are always stored as bytes.

The module defines the following:

exception dbm.dumb.error

I/O 에러와 같은 dbm.dumb 특정 에러에서 발생합니다. 잘못된 키 지정과 같은 일반적인 매핑 에러에 대해서는 KeyError가 발생합니다.

dbm.dumb.open(filename[, flag[, mode]])

Open a dumbdbm database and return a dumbdbm object. The filename argument is the basename of the database file (without any specific extensions). When a dumbdbm database is created, files with .dat and .dir extensions are created.

The optional flag argument can be:

Value	Meaning
'r'	Open existing database for reading only (default)
'w'	Open existing database for reading and writing
'c'	Open database for reading and writing, creating it if it doesn’t exist
'n'	Always create a new, empty database, open for reading and writing

The optional mode argument is the Unix mode of the file, used only when the database has to be created. It defaults to octal 0o666 (and will be modified by the prevailing umask).

경고

파이썬 AST 컴파일러의 스택 깊이 제한으로 인해, 충분히 큰/복잡한 항목이 있는 데이터베이스를 로드할 때 파이썬 인터프리터가 충돌할 수 있습니다.

버전 3.5에서 변경: open() always creates a new database when the flag has the value 'n'.

버전 3.8에서 변경: A database opened with flags 'r' is now read-only. Opening with flags 'r' and 'w' no longer creates a database if it does not exist.

In addition to the methods provided by the collections.abc.MutableMapping class, dumbdbm objects provide the following methods:

dumbdbm.sync()

Synchronize the on-disk directory and data files. This method is called by the Shelve.sync() method.

dumbdbm.close()

Close the dumbdbm database.