파이썬 표준 라이브러리¶
파이썬 언어 레퍼런스 는 파이썬 언어의 정확한 문법과 의미를 설명하고 있지만, 이 라이브러리 레퍼런스 설명서는 파이썬과 함께 배포되는 표준 라이브러리를 설명합니다. 또한, 파이썬 배포판에 일반적으로 포함되어있는 선택적 구성 요소 중 일부를 설명합니다.
파이썬의 표준 라이브러리는 매우 광범위하며, 아래 나열된 긴 목차에 표시된 대로 다양한 기능을 제공합니다. 라이브러리에는 일상적인 프로그래밍에서 발생하는 많은 문제에 대한 표준적인 해결책을 제공하는 파이썬으로 작성된 모듈뿐만 아니라, 파일 I/O와 같은 시스템 기능에 액세스하는 (C로 작성된) 내장 모듈들이 포함됩니다 (이 모듈들이 없다면 파이썬 프로그래머가 액세스할 방법은 없습니다). 이 모듈 중 일부는 플랫폼 관련 사항을 플랫폼 중립적인 API들로 추상화시킴으로써, 파이썬 프로그램의 이식성을 권장하고 개선하도록 명시적으로 설계되었습니다.
윈도우 플랫폼용 파이썬 설치 프로그램은 일반적으로 전체 표준 라이브러리를 포함하며 종종 많은 추가 구성 요소도 포함합니다. 유닉스와 같은 운영체제의 경우, 파이썬은 일반적으로 패키지 모음으로 제공되기 때문에, 운영 체제와 함께 제공되는 패키지 도구를 사용하여 선택적 구성 요소의 일부 또는 전부를 구해야 할 수 있습니다.
표준 라이브러리 외에도, 수천 가지 컴포넌트(개별 프로그램과 모듈부터 패키지 및 전체 응용 프로그램 개발 프레임워크까지)가 늘어나고 있는데, 파이썬 패키지 색인 에서 얻을 수 있습니다.
- 1. 소개
- 2. 내장 함수
- 3. Non-essential Built-in Functions
- 4. 내장 상수
- 5. 내장형
- 5.1. 논리값 검사
- 5.2. 논리 연산 —
and,or,not - 5.3. 비교
- 5.4. Numeric Types —
int,float,long,complex - 5.5. 이터레이터 형
- 5.6. Sequence Types —
str,unicode,list,tuple,bytearray,buffer,xrange - 5.7. 집합 형 —
set,frozenset - 5.8. 매핑 형 —
dict - 5.9. File Objects
- 5.10. memoryview type
- 5.11. 컨텍스트 관리자 형
- 5.12. 기타 내장형
- 5.13. 특수 어트리뷰트
- 6. 내장 예외
- 7. String Services
- 7.1.
string— Common string operations - 7.2.
re— Regular expression operations - 7.3.
struct— Interpret strings as packed binary data - 7.4.
difflib— Helpers for computing deltas - 7.5.
StringIO— Read and write strings as files - 7.6.
cStringIO— Faster version ofStringIO - 7.7.
textwrap— Text wrapping and filling - 7.8.
codecs— Codec registry and base classes - 7.9.
unicodedata— Unicode Database - 7.10.
stringprep— Internet String Preparation - 7.11.
fpformat— Floating point conversions
- 7.1.
- 8. Data Types
- 8.1.
datetime— Basic date and time types - 8.2.
calendar— General calendar-related functions - 8.3.
collections— High-performance container datatypes - 8.4.
heapq— Heap queue algorithm - 8.5.
bisect— Array bisection algorithm - 8.6.
array— Efficient arrays of numeric values - 8.7.
sets— Unordered collections of unique elements - 8.8.
sched— Event scheduler - 8.9.
mutex— Mutual exclusion support - 8.10.
Queue— A synchronized queue class - 8.11.
weakref— Weak references - 8.12.
UserDict— Class wrapper for dictionary objects - 8.13.
UserList— Class wrapper for list objects - 8.14.
UserString— Class wrapper for string objects - 8.15.
types— Names for built-in types - 8.16.
new— Creation of runtime internal objects - 8.17.
copy— Shallow and deep copy operations - 8.18.
pprint— Data pretty printer - 8.19.
repr— Alternaterepr()implementation
- 8.1.
- 9. 숫자와 수학 모듈
- 9.1.
numbers— 숫자 추상 베이스 클래스 - 9.2.
math— Mathematical functions - 9.3.
cmath— Mathematical functions for complex numbers - 9.4.
decimal— Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic - 9.5.
fractions— Rational numbers - 9.6.
random— Generate pseudo-random numbers - 9.7.
itertools— Functions creating iterators for efficient looping - 9.8.
functools— Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects - 9.9.
operator— Standard operators as functions
- 9.1.
- 10. File and Directory Access
- 10.1.
os.path— Common pathname manipulations - 10.2.
fileinput— Iterate over lines from multiple input streams - 10.3.
stat— Interpretingstat()results - 10.4.
statvfs— Constants used withos.statvfs() - 10.5.
filecmp— File and Directory Comparisons - 10.6.
tempfile— Generate temporary files and directories - 10.7.
glob— Unix style pathname pattern expansion - 10.8.
fnmatch— Unix filename pattern matching - 10.9.
linecache— Random access to text lines - 10.10.
shutil— High-level file operations - 10.11.
dircache— Cached directory listings - 10.12.
macpath— Mac OS 9 path manipulation functions
- 10.1.
- 11. Data Persistence
- 11.1.
pickle— Python object serialization - 11.2.
cPickle— A fasterpickle - 11.3.
copy_reg— Registerpicklesupport functions - 11.4.
shelve— Python object persistence - 11.5.
marshal— Internal Python object serialization - 11.6.
anydbm— Generic access to DBM-style databases - 11.7.
whichdb— Guess which DBM module created a database - 11.8.
dbm— Simple 《database》 interface - 11.9.
gdbm— GNU’s reinterpretation of dbm - 11.10.
dbhash— DBM-style interface to the BSD database library - 11.11.
bsddb— Interface to Berkeley DB library - 11.12.
dumbdbm— Portable DBM implementation - 11.13.
sqlite3— DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases
- 11.1.
- 12. Data Compression and Archiving
- 13. File Formats
- 14. Cryptographic Services
- 15. Generic Operating System Services
- 15.1.
os— Miscellaneous operating system interfaces - 15.2.
io— Core tools for working with streams - 15.3.
time— Time access and conversions - 15.4.
argparse— Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands - 15.5.
optparse— Parser for command line options - 15.6.
getopt— C-style parser for command line options - 15.7.
logging— Logging facility for Python - 15.8.
logging.config— Logging configuration - 15.9.
logging.handlers— Logging handlers - 15.10.
getpass— Portable password input - 15.11.
curses— Terminal handling for character-cell displays - 15.12.
curses.textpad— Text input widget for curses programs - 15.13.
curses.ascii— Utilities for ASCII characters - 15.14.
curses.panel— A panel stack extension for curses - 15.15.
platform— Access to underlying platform’s identifying data - 15.16.
errno— Standard errno system symbols - 15.17.
ctypes— A foreign function library for Python
- 15.1.
- 16. Optional Operating System Services
- 16.1.
select— Waiting for I/O completion - 16.2.
threading— Higher-level threading interface - 16.3.
thread— Multiple threads of control - 16.4.
dummy_threading— Drop-in replacement for thethreadingmodule - 16.5.
dummy_thread— Drop-in replacement for thethreadmodule - 16.6.
multiprocessing— Process-based 《threading》 interface - 16.7.
mmap— Memory-mapped file support - 16.8.
readline— GNU readline interface - 16.9.
rlcompleter— Completion function for GNU readline
- 16.1.
- 17. Interprocess Communication and Networking
- 17.1.
subprocess— Subprocess management - 17.2.
socket— Low-level networking interface - 17.3.
ssl— TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects - 17.4.
signal— Set handlers for asynchronous events - 17.5.
popen2— Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams - 17.6.
asyncore— Asynchronous socket handler - 17.7.
asynchat— Asynchronous socket command/response handler
- 17.1.
- 18. Internet Data Handling
- 18.1.
email— An email and MIME handling package - 18.2.
json— JSON encoder and decoder - 18.3.
mailcap— Mailcap file handling - 18.4.
mailbox— Manipulate mailboxes in various formats - 18.5.
mhlib— Access to MH mailboxes - 18.6.
mimetools— Tools for parsing MIME messages - 18.7.
mimetypes— Map filenames to MIME types - 18.8.
MimeWriter— Generic MIME file writer - 18.9.
mimify— MIME processing of mail messages - 18.10.
multifile— Support for files containing distinct parts - 18.11.
rfc822— Parse RFC 2822 mail headers - 18.12.
base64— RFC 3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings - 18.13.
binhex— Encode and decode binhex4 files - 18.14.
binascii— Convert between binary and ASCII - 18.15.
quopri— Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data - 18.16.
uu— Encode and decode uuencode files
- 18.1.
- 19. Structured Markup Processing Tools
- 19.1.
HTMLParser— Simple HTML and XHTML parser - 19.2.
sgmllib— Simple SGML parser - 19.3.
htmllib— A parser for HTML documents - 19.4.
htmlentitydefs— Definitions of HTML general entities - 19.5. XML Processing Modules
- 19.6. XML vulnerabilities
- 19.7.
xml.etree.ElementTree— The ElementTree XML API - 19.8.
xml.dom— The Document Object Model API - 19.9.
xml.dom.minidom— Minimal DOM implementation - 19.10.
xml.dom.pulldom— Support for building partial DOM trees - 19.11.
xml.sax— Support for SAX2 parsers - 19.12.
xml.sax.handler— Base classes for SAX handlers - 19.13.
xml.sax.saxutils— SAX Utilities - 19.14.
xml.sax.xmlreader— Interface for XML parsers - 19.15.
xml.parsers.expat— Fast XML parsing using Expat
- 19.1.
- 20. Internet Protocols and Support
- 20.1.
webbrowser— Convenient Web-browser controller - 20.2.
cgi— Common Gateway Interface support - 20.3.
cgitb— Traceback manager for CGI scripts - 20.4.
wsgiref— WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation - 20.5.
urllib— Open arbitrary resources by URL - 20.6.
urllib2— extensible library for opening URLs - 20.7.
httplib— HTTP protocol client - 20.8.
ftplib— FTP protocol client - 20.9.
poplib— POP3 protocol client - 20.10.
imaplib— IMAP4 protocol client - 20.11.
nntplib— NNTP protocol client - 20.12.
smtplib— SMTP protocol client - 20.13.
smtpd— SMTP Server - 20.14.
telnetlib— Telnet client - 20.15.
uuid— UUID objects according to RFC 4122 - 20.16.
urlparse— Parse URLs into components - 20.17.
SocketServer— A framework for network servers - 20.18.
BaseHTTPServer— Basic HTTP server - 20.19.
SimpleHTTPServer— Simple HTTP request handler - 20.20.
CGIHTTPServer— CGI-capable HTTP request handler - 20.21.
cookielib— Cookie handling for HTTP clients - 20.22.
Cookie— HTTP state management - 20.23.
xmlrpclib— XML-RPC client access - 20.24.
SimpleXMLRPCServer— Basic XML-RPC server - 20.25.
DocXMLRPCServer— Self-documenting XML-RPC server
- 20.1.
- 21. Multimedia Services
- 21.1.
audioop— Manipulate raw audio data - 21.2.
imageop— Manipulate raw image data - 21.3.
aifc— Read and write AIFF and AIFC files - 21.4.
sunau— Read and write Sun AU files - 21.5.
wave— Read and write WAV files - 21.6.
chunk— Read IFF chunked data - 21.7.
colorsys— Conversions between color systems - 21.8.
imghdr— Determine the type of an image - 21.9.
sndhdr— Determine type of sound file - 21.10.
ossaudiodev— Access to OSS-compatible audio devices
- 21.1.
- 22. Internationalization
- 23. Program Frameworks
- 24. Graphical User Interfaces with Tk
- 25. Development Tools
- 25.1.
pydoc— Documentation generator and online help system - 25.2.
doctest— Test interactive Python examples - 25.3.
unittest— Unit testing framework - 25.4. 2to3 - Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation
- 25.5.
test— Regression tests package for Python - 25.6.
test.support— Utility functions for tests
- 25.1.
- 26. Debugging and Profiling
- 27. Software Packaging and Distribution
- 28. 파이썬 실행시간 서비스
- 28.1.
sys— System-specific parameters and functions - 28.2.
sysconfig— Provide access to Python’s configuration information - 28.3.
__builtin__— Built-in objects - 28.4.
future_builtins— Python 3 builtins - 28.5.
__main__— 최상위 스크립트 환경 - 28.6.
warnings— Warning control - 28.7.
contextlib— Utilities forwith-statement contexts - 28.8.
abc— Abstract Base Classes - 28.9.
atexit— Exit handlers - 28.10.
traceback— Print or retrieve a stack traceback - 28.11.
__future__— Future statement definitions - 28.12.
gc— Garbage Collector interface - 28.13.
inspect— Inspect live objects - 28.14.
site— Site-specific configuration hook - 28.15.
user— User-specific configuration hook - 28.16.
fpectl— Floating point exception control
- 28.1.
- 29. Custom Python Interpreters
- 30. Restricted Execution
- 31. Importing Modules
- 31.1.
imp— Access theimportinternals - 31.2.
importlib— Convenience wrappers for__import__() - 31.3.
imputil— Import utilities - 31.4.
zipimport— Import modules from Zip archives - 31.5.
pkgutil— Package extension utility - 31.6.
modulefinder— Find modules used by a script - 31.7.
runpy— Locating and executing Python modules
- 31.1.
- 32. Python Language Services
- 32.1.
parser— Access Python parse trees - 32.2.
ast— Abstract Syntax Trees - 32.3.
symtable— Access to the compiler’s symbol tables - 32.4.
symbol— Constants used with Python parse trees - 32.5.
token— Constants used with Python parse trees - 32.6.
keyword— Testing for Python keywords - 32.7.
tokenize— Tokenizer for Python source - 32.8.
tabnanny— Detection of ambiguous indentation - 32.9.
pyclbr— Python class browser support - 32.10.
py_compile— Compile Python source files - 32.11.
compileall— Byte-compile Python libraries - 32.12.
dis— Disassembler for Python bytecode - 32.13.
pickletools— Tools for pickle developers
- 32.1.
- 33. Python compiler package
- 34. Miscellaneous Services
- 35. MS Windows Specific Services
- 36. Unix Specific Services
- 36.1.
posix— The most common POSIX system calls - 36.2.
pwd— The password database - 36.3.
spwd— The shadow password database - 36.4.
grp— The group database - 36.5.
crypt— Function to check Unix passwords - 36.6.
dl— Call C functions in shared objects - 36.7.
termios— POSIX style tty control - 36.8.
tty— Terminal control functions - 36.9.
pty— Pseudo-terminal utilities - 36.10.
fcntl— Thefcntlandioctlsystem calls - 36.11.
pipes— Interface to shell pipelines - 36.12.
posixfile— File-like objects with locking support - 36.13.
resource— Resource usage information - 36.14.
nis— Interface to Sun’s NIS (Yellow Pages) - 36.15.
syslog— Unix syslog library routines - 36.16.
commands— Utilities for running commands
- 36.1.
- 37. Mac OS X specific services
- 37.1.
ic— Access to the Mac OS X Internet Config - 37.2.
MacOS— Access to Mac OS interpreter features - 37.3.
macostools— Convenience routines for file manipulation - 37.4.
findertools— The finder’s Apple Events interface - 37.5.
EasyDialogs— Basic Macintosh dialogs - 37.6.
FrameWork— Interactive application framework - 37.7.
autoGIL— Global Interpreter Lock handling in event loops - 37.8. Mac OS Toolbox Modules
- 37.9.
ColorPicker— Color selection dialog
- 37.1.
- 38. MacPython OSA Modules
- 39. SGI IRIX Specific Services
- 39.1.
al— Audio functions on the SGI - 39.2.
AL— Constants used with thealmodule - 39.3.
cd— CD-ROM access on SGI systems - 39.4.
fl— FORMS library for graphical user interfaces - 39.5.
FL— Constants used with theflmodule - 39.6.
flp— Functions for loading stored FORMS designs - 39.7.
fm— Font Manager interface - 39.8.
gl— Graphics Library interface - 39.9.
DEVICE— Constants used with theglmodule - 39.10.
GL— Constants used with theglmodule - 39.11.
imgfile— Support for SGI imglib files - 39.12.
jpeg— Read and write JPEG files
- 39.1.
- 40. SunOS Specific Services
- 41. Undocumented Modules