Streams¶

Source code: Lib/asyncio/streams.py

Streams are high-level async/await-ready primitives to work with network connections. Streams allow sending and receiving data without using callbacks or low-level protocols and transports.

Here is an example of a TCP echo client written using asyncio streams:

import asyncio

async def tcp_echo_client(message):
    reader, writer = await asyncio.open_connection(
        '127.0.0.1', 8888)

    print(f'Send: {message!r}')
    writer.write(message.encode())
    await writer.drain()

    data = await reader.read(100)
    print(f'Received: {data.decode()!r}')

    print('Close the connection')
    writer.close()
    await writer.wait_closed()

asyncio.run(tcp_echo_client('Hello World!'))

StreamReader¶

class asyncio.StreamReader¶

Represents a reader object that provides APIs to read data from the IO stream. As an asynchronous iterable, the object supports the async for statement.

It is not recommended to instantiate StreamReader objects directly; use open_connection() and start_server() instead.

feed_eof()¶: Acknowledge the EOF.

coroutine read(n=-1)¶

Read up to n bytes from the stream.

If n is not provided or set to -1, read until EOF, then return all read bytes. If EOF was received and the internal buffer is empty, return an empty bytes object.

If n is 0, return an empty bytes object immediately.

If n is positive, return at most n available bytes as soon as at least 1 byte is available in the internal buffer. If EOF is received before any byte is read, return an empty bytes object.

coroutine readline()¶

Read one line, where «line» is a sequence of bytes ending with \n.

If EOF is received and \n was not found, the method returns partially read data.

If EOF is received and the internal buffer is empty, return an empty bytes object.

coroutine readexactly(n)¶

Read exactly n bytes.

Raise an IncompleteReadError if EOF is reached before n can be read. Use the IncompleteReadError.partial attribute to get the partially read data.

coroutine readuntil(separator=b'\n')¶

Read data from the stream until separator is found.

On success, the data and separator will be removed from the internal buffer (consumed). Returned data will include the separator at the end.

If the amount of data read exceeds the configured stream limit, a LimitOverrunError exception is raised, and the data is left in the internal buffer and can be read again.

If EOF is reached before the complete separator is found, an IncompleteReadError exception is raised, and the internal buffer is reset. The IncompleteReadError.partial attribute may contain a portion of the separator.

The separator may also be a tuple of separators. In this case the return value will be the shortest possible that has any separator as the suffix. For the purposes of LimitOverrunError, the shortest possible separator is considered to be the one that matched.

Added in version 3.5.2.

Cambiato nella versione 3.13: The separator parameter may now be a tuple of separators.

at_eof()¶: Return True if the buffer is empty and feed_eof() was called.

StreamWriter¶

class asyncio.StreamWriter¶

Represents a writer object that provides APIs to write data to the IO stream.

It is not recommended to instantiate StreamWriter objects directly; use open_connection() and start_server() instead.

write(data)¶

The method attempts to write the data to the underlying socket immediately. If that fails, the data is queued in an internal write buffer until it can be sent.

The method should be used along with the drain() method:

stream.write(data)
await stream.drain()

writelines(data)¶

The method writes a list (or any iterable) of bytes to the underlying socket immediately. If that fails, the data is queued in an internal write buffer until it can be sent.

The method should be used along with the drain() method:

stream.writelines(lines)
await stream.drain()

close()¶

The method closes the stream and the underlying socket.

The method should be used, though not mandatory, along with the wait_closed() method:

stream.close()
await stream.wait_closed()

can_write_eof()¶: Return True if the underlying transport supports the write_eof() method, False otherwise.

write_eof()¶: Close the write end of the stream after the buffered write data is flushed.

transport¶: Return the underlying asyncio transport.

get_extra_info(name, default=None)¶: Access optional transport information; see BaseTransport.get_extra_info() for details.

coroutine drain()¶

Wait until it is appropriate to resume writing to the stream. Example:

writer.write(data)
await writer.drain()

This is a flow control method that interacts with the underlying IO write buffer. When the size of the buffer reaches the high watermark, drain() blocks until the size of the buffer is drained down to the low watermark and writing can be resumed. When there is nothing to wait for, the drain() returns immediately.

coroutine start_tls(sslcontext, *, server_hostname=None, ssl_handshake_timeout=None, ssl_shutdown_timeout=None)¶

Upgrade an existing stream-based connection to TLS.

Parameters:

sslcontext: a configured instance of SSLContext.
server_hostname: sets or overrides the host name that the target server’s certificate will be matched against.
ssl_handshake_timeout is the time in seconds to wait for the TLS handshake to complete before aborting the connection. 60.0 seconds if None (default).
ssl_shutdown_timeout is the time in seconds to wait for the SSL shutdown to complete before aborting the connection. 30.0 seconds if None (default).

Added in version 3.11.

Cambiato nella versione 3.12: Added the ssl_shutdown_timeout parameter.

is_closing()¶: Return True if the stream is closed or in the process of being closed.

Added in version 3.7.

coroutine wait_closed()¶

Wait until the stream is closed.

Should be called after close() to wait until the underlying connection is closed, ensuring that all data has been flushed before e.g. exiting the program.

Added in version 3.7.

Examples¶

TCP echo client using streams¶

TCP echo client using the asyncio.open_connection() function:

import asyncio

async def tcp_echo_client(message):
    reader, writer = await asyncio.open_connection(
        '127.0.0.1', 8888)

    print(f'Send: {message!r}')
    writer.write(message.encode())
    await writer.drain()

    data = await reader.read(100)
    print(f'Received: {data.decode()!r}')

    print('Close the connection')
    writer.close()
    await writer.wait_closed()

asyncio.run(tcp_echo_client('Hello World!'))

Vedi anche

The TCP echo client protocol example uses the low-level loop.create_connection() method.

TCP echo server using streams¶

TCP echo server using the asyncio.start_server() function:

import asyncio

async def handle_echo(reader, writer):
    data = await reader.read(100)
    message = data.decode()
    addr = writer.get_extra_info('peername')

    print(f"Received {message!r} from {addr!r}")

    print(f"Send: {message!r}")
    writer.write(data)
    await writer.drain()

    print("Close the connection")
    writer.close()
    await writer.wait_closed()

async def main():
    server = await asyncio.start_server(
        handle_echo, '127.0.0.1', 8888)

    addrs = ', '.join(str(sock.getsockname()) for sock in server.sockets)
    print(f'Serving on {addrs}')

    async with server:
        await server.serve_forever()

asyncio.run(main())

Vedi anche

The TCP echo server protocol example uses the loop.create_server() method.

Get HTTP headers¶

Simple example querying HTTP headers of the URL passed on the command line:

import asyncio
import urllib.parse
import sys

async def print_http_headers(url):
    url = urllib.parse.urlsplit(url)
    if url.scheme == 'https':
        reader, writer = await asyncio.open_connection(
            url.hostname, 443, ssl=True)
    else:
        reader, writer = await asyncio.open_connection(
            url.hostname, 80)

    query = (
        f"HEAD {url.path or '/'} HTTP/1.0\r\n"
        f"Host: {url.hostname}\r\n"
        f"\r\n"
    )

    writer.write(query.encode('latin-1'))
    while True:
        line = await reader.readline()
        if not line:
            break

        line = line.decode('latin1').rstrip()
        if line:
            print(f'HTTP header> {line}')

    # Ignore the body, close the socket
    writer.close()
    await writer.wait_closed()

url = sys.argv[1]
asyncio.run(print_http_headers(url))

Usage:

python example.py http://example.com/path/page.html

or with HTTPS:

python example.py https://example.com/path/page.html

Register an open socket to wait for data using streams¶

Coroutine waiting until a socket receives data using the open_connection() function:

import asyncio
import socket

async def wait_for_data():
    # Get a reference to the current event loop because
    # we want to access low-level APIs.
    loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()

    # Create a pair of connected sockets.
    rsock, wsock = socket.socketpair()

    # Register the open socket to wait for data.
    reader, writer = await asyncio.open_connection(sock=rsock)

    # Simulate the reception of data from the network
    loop.call_soon(wsock.send, 'abc'.encode())

    # Wait for data
    data = await reader.read(100)

    # Got data, we are done: close the socket
    print("Received:", data.decode())
    writer.close()
    await writer.wait_closed()

    # Close the second socket
    wsock.close()

asyncio.run(wait_for_data())

Vedi anche

The register an open socket to wait for data using a protocol example uses a low-level protocol and the loop.create_connection() method.

The watch a file descriptor for read events example uses the low-level loop.add_reader() method to watch a file descriptor.

Streams¶

StreamReader¶

StreamWriter¶

Examples¶

TCP echo client using streams¶

TCP echo server using streams¶

Get HTTP headers¶

Register an open socket to wait for data using streams¶

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