21.26. xmlrpc.client --- akses klien XML-RPC

Kode sumber: Lib/xmlrpc/client.py

---

XML-RPC adalah metode Pemanggilan Prosedur Jarak Jauh (Remote Procedure Call) yang menggunakan XML, dikirimkan melalui HTTP(S) sebagai sarana transportasi. Dengan itu, klien dapat memanggil metode dengan parameter di server jauh (server dinamai oleh URI) dan mendapatkan kembali data terstruktur. Modul ini mendukung penulisan kode klien XML-RPC; ia menangani semua detail penerjemahan antara objek Python yang sesuai dan XML pada kabel.

Peringatan

Modul xmlrpc.client tidak aman terhadap data yang dirangkai untuk tujuan jahat. Jika Anda perlu melakukan parsing data yang tidak dipercaya atau tidak terauthentikasi, lihat XML vulnerabilities.

Berubah pada versi 3.5: Untuk URI HTTPS, xmlrpc.client sekarang melakukan semua pemeriksaan sertifikat dan nama host yang diperlukan secara default.

class xmlrpc.client.ServerProxy(uri, transport=None, encoding=None, verbose=False, allow_none=False, use_datetime=False, use_builtin_types=False, *, context=None)

Berubah pada versi 3.3: Penanda use_builtin_types ditambahkan.

Instance ServerProxy adalah objek yang mengelola komunikasi dengan server XML-RPC jarak jauh. Argumen pertama yang diperlukan adalah URI (Uniform Resource Indicator), dan biasanya akan menjadi URL server. Argumen opsional kedua adalah instance dari transport factory; secara default ini adalah instance internal SafeTransport untuk https: URL dan internal instance HTTP Transport 'jika selain itu. Argumen opsional ketiga adalah pengkodean, secara default UTF-8. Argumen opsional keempat adalah bendera debugging.

The following parameters govern the use of the returned proxy instance. If allow_none is true, the Python constant None will be translated into XML; the default behaviour is for None to raise a TypeError. This is a commonly-used extension to the XML-RPC specification, but isn't supported by all clients and servers; see http://ontosys.com/xml-rpc/extensions.php for a description. The use_builtin_types flag can be used to cause date/time values to be presented as datetime.datetime objects and binary data to be presented as bytes objects; this flag is false by default. datetime.datetime, bytes and bytearray objects may be passed to calls. The obsolete use_datetime flag is similar to use_builtin_types but it applies only to date/time values.

Both the HTTP and HTTPS transports support the URL syntax extension for HTTP Basic Authentication: http://user:pass@host:port/path. The user:pass portion will be base64-encoded as an HTTP 'Authorization' header, and sent to the remote server as part of the connection process when invoking an XML-RPC method. You only need to use this if the remote server requires a Basic Authentication user and password. If an HTTPS URL is provided, context may be ssl.SSLContext and configures the SSL settings of the underlying HTTPS connection.

The returned instance is a proxy object with methods that can be used to invoke corresponding RPC calls on the remote server. If the remote server supports the introspection API, the proxy can also be used to query the remote server for the methods it supports (service discovery) and fetch other server-associated metadata.

Types that are conformable (e.g. that can be marshalled through XML), include the following (and except where noted, they are unmarshalled as the same Python type):

Tipe XML-RPC	tipe Python
boolean	bool
int or i4	int in range from -2147483648 to 2147483647.
double	float
string	str
array	list or tuple containing conformable elements. Arrays are returned as lists.
struct	dict. Keys must be strings, values may be any conformable type. Objects of user-defined classes can be passed in; only their __dict__ attribute is transmitted.
dateTime.iso8601	DateTime or datetime.datetime. Returned type depends on values of use_builtin_types and use_datetime flags.
base64	Binary, bytes or bytearray. Tipe yang dikembalikan bergantung pada penanda use_builtin_types.
nil	Konstan None. Penggunaan hanya diizinkan jika allow_none bernilai true.

This is the full set of data types supported by XML-RPC. Method calls may also raise a special Fault instance, used to signal XML-RPC server errors, or ProtocolError used to signal an error in the HTTP/HTTPS transport layer. Both Fault and ProtocolError derive from a base class called Error. Note that the xmlrpc client module currently does not marshal instances of subclasses of built-in types.

When passing strings, characters special to XML such as <, >, and & will be automatically escaped. However, it's the caller's responsibility to ensure that the string is free of characters that aren't allowed in XML, such as the control characters with ASCII values between 0 and 31 (except, of course, tab, newline and carriage return); failing to do this will result in an XML-RPC request that isn't well-formed XML. If you have to pass arbitrary bytes via XML-RPC, use bytes or bytearray classes or the Binary wrapper class described below.

Server is retained as an alias for ServerProxy for backwards compatibility. New code should use ServerProxy.

Berubah pada versi 3.5: Menambahkan argumen context.

lihat juga

XML-RPC HOWTO

A good description of XML-RPC operation and client software in several languages. Contains pretty much everything an XML-RPC client developer needs to know.

Tinjauan XML-RPC

Describes the XML-RPC protocol extension for introspection.

Spesifikasi XML-RPC

Spesifikasi resmi

Koreksi error tidak resmi XML-RPC

Fredrik Lundh's "unofficial errata, intended to clarify certain details in the XML-RPC specification, as well as hint at 'best practices' to use when designing your own XML-RPC implementations."

21.26.1. Objek ServerProxy

A ServerProxy instance has a method corresponding to each remote procedure call accepted by the XML-RPC server. Calling the method performs an RPC, dispatched by both name and argument signature (e.g. the same method name can be overloaded with multiple argument signatures). The RPC finishes by returning a value, which may be either returned data in a conformant type or a Fault or ProtocolError object indicating an error.

Servers that support the XML introspection API support some common methods grouped under the reserved system attribute:

ServerProxy.system.listMethods()

This method returns a list of strings, one for each (non-system) method supported by the XML-RPC server.

ServerProxy.system.methodSignature(name)

This method takes one parameter, the name of a method implemented by the XML-RPC server. It returns an array of possible signatures for this method. A signature is an array of types. The first of these types is the return type of the method, the rest are parameters.

Because multiple signatures (ie. overloading) is permitted, this method returns a list of signatures rather than a singleton.

Signatures themselves are restricted to the top level parameters expected by a method. For instance if a method expects one array of structs as a parameter, and it returns a string, its signature is simply "string, array". If it expects three integers and returns a string, its signature is "string, int, int, int".

If no signature is defined for the method, a non-array value is returned. In Python this means that the type of the returned value will be something other than list.

ServerProxy.system.methodHelp(name)

This method takes one parameter, the name of a method implemented by the XML-RPC server. It returns a documentation string describing the use of that method. If no such string is available, an empty string is returned. The documentation string may contain HTML markup.

Berubah pada versi 3.5: Instances of ServerProxy support the context manager protocol for closing the underlying transport.

A working example follows. The server code:

from xmlrpc.server import SimpleXMLRPCServer

def is_even(n):
    return n % 2 == 0

server = SimpleXMLRPCServer(("localhost", 8000))
print("Listening on port 8000...")
server.register_function(is_even, "is_even")
server.serve_forever()

The client code for the preceding server:

import xmlrpc.client

with xmlrpc.client.ServerProxy("http://localhost:8000/") as proxy:
    print("3 is even: %s" % str(proxy.is_even(3)))
    print("100 is even: %s" % str(proxy.is_even(100)))

21.26.2. Objek DateTime

class xmlrpc.client.DateTime

This class may be initialized with seconds since the epoch, a time tuple, an ISO 8601 time/date string, or a datetime.datetime instance. It has the following methods, supported mainly for internal use by the marshalling/unmarshalling code:

decode(string)

Accept a string as the instance's new time value.

encode(out)

Write the XML-RPC encoding of this DateTime item to the out stream object.

It also supports certain of Python's built-in operators through rich comparison and __repr__() methods.

A working example follows. The server code:

import datetime
from xmlrpc.server import SimpleXMLRPCServer
import xmlrpc.client

def today():
    today = datetime.datetime.today()
    return xmlrpc.client.DateTime(today)

server = SimpleXMLRPCServer(("localhost", 8000))
print("Listening on port 8000...")
server.register_function(today, "today")
server.serve_forever()

The client code for the preceding server:

import xmlrpc.client
import datetime

proxy = xmlrpc.client.ServerProxy("http://localhost:8000/")

today = proxy.today()
# convert the ISO8601 string to a datetime object
converted = datetime.datetime.strptime(today.value, "%Y%m%dT%H:%M:%S")
print("Today: %s" % converted.strftime("%d.%m.%Y, %H:%M"))

21.26.3. Objek biner

class xmlrpc.client.Binary

This class may be initialized from bytes data (which may include NULs). The primary access to the content of a Binary object is provided by an attribute:

data

The binary data encapsulated by the Binary instance. The data is provided as a bytes object.

Binary objects have the following methods, supported mainly for internal use by the marshalling/unmarshalling code:

decode(bytes)

Accept a base64 bytes object and decode it as the instance's new data.

encode(out)

Write the XML-RPC base 64 encoding of this binary item to the out stream object.

The encoded data will have newlines every 76 characters as per RFC 2045 section 6.8, which was the de facto standard base64 specification when the XML-RPC spec was written.

It also supports certain of Python's built-in operators through __eq__() and __ne__() methods.

Example usage of the binary objects. We're going to transfer an image over XMLRPC:

from xmlrpc.server import SimpleXMLRPCServer
import xmlrpc.client

def python_logo():
    with open("python_logo.jpg", "rb") as handle:
        return xmlrpc.client.Binary(handle.read())

server = SimpleXMLRPCServer(("localhost", 8000))
print("Listening on port 8000...")
server.register_function(python_logo, 'python_logo')

server.serve_forever()

The client gets the image and saves it to a file:

import xmlrpc.client

proxy = xmlrpc.client.ServerProxy("http://localhost:8000/")
with open("fetched_python_logo.jpg", "wb") as handle:
    handle.write(proxy.python_logo().data)

21.26.4. Fault Objects

class xmlrpc.client.Fault

A Fault object encapsulates the content of an XML-RPC fault tag. Fault objects have the following attributes:

faultCode

A string indicating the fault type.

faultString

A string containing a diagnostic message associated with the fault.

In the following example we're going to intentionally cause a Fault by returning a complex type object. The server code:

from xmlrpc.server import SimpleXMLRPCServer

# A marshalling error is going to occur because we're returning a
# complex number
def add(x, y):
    return x+y+0j

server = SimpleXMLRPCServer(("localhost", 8000))
print("Listening on port 8000...")
server.register_function(add, 'add')

server.serve_forever()

The client code for the preceding server:

import xmlrpc.client

proxy = xmlrpc.client.ServerProxy("http://localhost:8000/")
try:
    proxy.add(2, 5)
except xmlrpc.client.Fault as err:
    print("A fault occurred")
    print("Fault code: %d" % err.faultCode)
    print("Fault string: %s" % err.faultString)

21.26.5. Objek ProtocolError

class xmlrpc.client.ProtocolError

A ProtocolError object describes a protocol error in the underlying transport layer (such as a 404 'not found' error if the server named by the URI does not exist). It has the following attributes:

url

URI atau URL yang menyebabkan error.

errcode

Kode errornya

errmsg

Pesan error atau string diagnosanya

headers

A dict containing the headers of the HTTP/HTTPS request that triggered the error.

In the following example we're going to intentionally cause a ProtocolError by providing an invalid URI:

import xmlrpc.client

# create a ServerProxy with a URI that doesn't respond to XMLRPC requests
proxy = xmlrpc.client.ServerProxy("http://google.com/")

try:
    proxy.some_method()
except xmlrpc.client.ProtocolError as err:
    print("A protocol error occurred")
    print("URL: %s" % err.url)
    print("HTTP/HTTPS headers: %s" % err.headers)
    print("Error code: %d" % err.errcode)
    print("Error message: %s" % err.errmsg)

21.26.6. Objek MultiCall

The MultiCall object provides a way to encapsulate multiple calls to a remote server into a single request [1].

class xmlrpc.client.MultiCall(server)

Create an object used to boxcar method calls. server is the eventual target of the call. Calls can be made to the result object, but they will immediately return None, and only store the call name and parameters in the MultiCall object. Calling the object itself causes all stored calls to be transmitted as a single system.multicall request. The result of this call is a generator; iterating over this generator yields the individual results.

A usage example of this class follows. The server code:

from xmlrpc.server import SimpleXMLRPCServer

def add(x, y):
    return x + y

def subtract(x, y):
    return x - y

def multiply(x, y):
    return x * y

def divide(x, y):
    return x // y

# A simple server with simple arithmetic functions
server = SimpleXMLRPCServer(("localhost", 8000))
print("Listening on port 8000...")
server.register_multicall_functions()
server.register_function(add, 'add')
server.register_function(subtract, 'subtract')
server.register_function(multiply, 'multiply')
server.register_function(divide, 'divide')
server.serve_forever()

The client code for the preceding server:

import xmlrpc.client

proxy = xmlrpc.client.ServerProxy("http://localhost:8000/")
multicall = xmlrpc.client.MultiCall(proxy)
multicall.add(7, 3)
multicall.subtract(7, 3)
multicall.multiply(7, 3)
multicall.divide(7, 3)
result = multicall()

print("7+3=%d, 7-3=%d, 7*3=%d, 7//3=%d" % tuple(result))

21.26.7. Fungsi yang memudahkan

xmlrpc.client.dumps(params, methodname=None, methodresponse=None, encoding=None, allow_none=False)

Convert params into an XML-RPC request. or into a response if methodresponse is true. params can be either a tuple of arguments or an instance of the Fault exception class. If methodresponse is true, only a single value can be returned, meaning that params must be of length 1. encoding, if supplied, is the encoding to use in the generated XML; the default is UTF-8. Python's None value cannot be used in standard XML-RPC; to allow using it via an extension, provide a true value for allow_none.

xmlrpc.client.loads(data, use_datetime=False, use_builtin_types=False)

Convert an XML-RPC request or response into Python objects, a (params, methodname). params is a tuple of argument; methodname is a string, or None if no method name is present in the packet. If the XML-RPC packet represents a fault condition, this function will raise a Fault exception. The use_builtin_types flag can be used to cause date/time values to be presented as datetime.datetime objects and binary data to be presented as bytes objects; this flag is false by default.

Penanda use_datetime yang obsolete mirip dengan use_builtin_types tetapi hanya berlaku untuk nilai tanggal/waktu.

Berubah pada versi 3.3: Penanda use_builtin_types ditambahkan.

21.26.8. Contoh penggunaan Client

# simple test program (from the XML-RPC specification)
from xmlrpc.client import ServerProxy, Error

# server = ServerProxy("http://localhost:8000") # local server
with ServerProxy("http://betty.userland.com") as proxy:

    print(proxy)

    try:
        print(proxy.examples.getStateName(41))
    except Error as v:
        print("ERROR", v)

Untuk mengakses server XML-RPC melalui proksi HTTP, Anda perlu menentukan transport khusus. Contoh berikut menunjukkan caranya

import http.client
import xmlrpc.client

class ProxiedTransport(xmlrpc.client.Transport):

    def set_proxy(self, host, port=None, headers=None):
        self.proxy = host, port
        self.proxy_headers = headers

    def make_connection(self, host):
        connection = http.client.HTTPConnection(*self.proxy)
        connection.set_tunnel(host, headers=self.proxy_headers)
        self._connection = host, connection
        return connection

transport = ProxiedTransport()
transport.set_proxy('proxy-server', 8080)
server = xmlrpc.client.ServerProxy('http://betty.userland.com', transport=transport)
print(server.examples.getStateName(41))

21.26.9. Contoh penggunaan Client dan Server

Lihat SimpleXMLRPCServer Example.

Catatan kaki

[1]	Pendekatan ini pertama kali ditampilkan pada sebuah diskusi pada xmlrpc.com.