Layanan Runtime Python

Modul-modul yang dijelaskan dalam bab ini menyediakan berbagai layanan yang terkait dengan interpreter Python dan interaksi dengan lingkungannya. Berikut ini ikhtisar:

• sys --- System-specific parameters and functions
  • abiflags
  • addaudithook()
  • argv
  • audit()
  • base_exec_prefix
  • base_prefix
  • byteorder
  • builtin_module_names
  • call_tracing()
  • copyright
  • _clear_type_cache()
  • _clear_internal_caches()
  • _current_frames()
  • _current_exceptions()
  • breakpointhook()
  • _debugmallocstats()
  • dllhandle
  • displayhook()
  • dont_write_bytecode
  • _emscripten_info
    • emscripten_version
    • runtime
    • pthreads
    • shared_memory
  • pycache_prefix
  • excepthook()
  • __breakpointhook__
  • __displayhook__
  • __excepthook__
  • __unraisablehook__
  • exception()
  • exc_info()
  • exec_prefix
  • executable
  • exit()
  • flags
    • debug
    • inspect
    • interactive
    • isolated
    • optimize
    • dont_write_bytecode
    • no_user_site
    • no_site
    • ignore_environment
    • verbose
    • bytes_warning
    • quiet
    • hash_randomization
    • dev_mode
    • utf8_mode
    • safe_path
    • int_max_str_digits
    • warn_default_encoding
  • float_info
    • epsilon
    • dig
    • mant_dig
    • max
    • max_exp
    • max_10_exp
    • min
    • min_exp
    • min_10_exp
    • radix
    • rounds
  • float_repr_style
  • getallocatedblocks()
  • getunicodeinternedsize()
  • getandroidapilevel()
  • getdefaultencoding()
  • getdlopenflags()
  • getfilesystemencoding()
  • getfilesystemencodeerrors()
  • get_int_max_str_digits()
  • getrefcount()
  • getrecursionlimit()
  • getsizeof()
  • getswitchinterval()
  • _getframe()
  • _getframemodulename()
  • getobjects()
  • getprofile()
  • gettrace()
  • getwindowsversion()
  • get_asyncgen_hooks()
  • get_coroutine_origin_tracking_depth()
  • hash_info
    • width
    • modulus
    • inf
    • nan
    • imag
    • algorithm
    • hash_bits
    • seed_bits
  • hexversion
  • implementation
  • int_info
    • bits_per_digit
    • sizeof_digit
    • default_max_str_digits
    • str_digits_check_threshold
  • __interactivehook__
  • intern()
  • _is_gil_enabled()
  • is_finalizing()
  • last_exc
  • _is_interned()
  • last_type
  • last_value
  • last_traceback
  • maxsize
  • maxunicode
  • meta_path
  • modules
  • orig_argv
  • path
  • path_hooks
  • path_importer_cache
  • platform
  • platlibdir
  • prefix
  • ps1
  • ps2
  • setdlopenflags()
  • set_int_max_str_digits()
  • setprofile()
  • setrecursionlimit()
  • setswitchinterval()
  • settrace()
  • set_asyncgen_hooks()
  • set_coroutine_origin_tracking_depth()
  • activate_stack_trampoline()
  • deactivate_stack_trampoline()
  • is_stack_trampoline_active()
  • _enablelegacywindowsfsencoding()
  • stdin
  • stdout
  • stderr
  • __stdin__
  • __stdout__
  • __stderr__
  • stdlib_module_names
  • thread_info
    • name
    • lock
    • version
  • tracebacklimit
  • unraisablehook()
  • version
  • api_version
  • version_info
  • warnoptions
  • winver
  • _xoptions
• sys.monitoring --- Execution event monitoring
  • Tool identifiers
    • Registering and using tools
      • use_tool_id()
      • clear_tool_id()
      • free_tool_id()
      • get_tool()
  • Events
    • Local events
    • Ancillary events
    • Other events
    • The STOP_ITERATION event
  • Turning events on and off
    • Setting events globally
      • get_events()
      • set_events()
    • Per code object events
      • get_local_events()
      • set_local_events()
    • Disabling events
      • DISABLE
      • restart_events()
  • Registering callback functions
    • register_callback()
    • Callback function arguments
      • MISSING
• sysconfig --- Provide access to Python's configuration information
  • Configuration variables
    • get_config_vars()
    • get_config_var()
  • Installation paths
  • User scheme
    • posix_user
    • nt_user
    • osx_framework_user
  • Home scheme
    • posix_home
  • Prefix scheme
    • posix_prefix
    • nt
  • Installation path functions
    • get_scheme_names()
    • get_default_scheme()
    • get_preferred_scheme()
    • _get_preferred_schemes()
    • get_path_names()
    • get_path()
    • get_paths()
  • Other functions
    • get_python_version()
    • get_platform()
    • is_python_build()
    • parse_config_h()
    • get_config_h_filename()
    • get_makefile_filename()
  • Using sysconfig as a script
• builtins --- Built-in objects
• __main__ --- Top-level code environment
  • __name__ == '__main__'
    • What is the "top-level code environment"?
    • Idiomatic Usage
    • Packaging Considerations
  • __main__.py in Python Packages
    • Idiomatic Usage
  • import __main__
• warnings --- Warning control
  • Warning Categories
  • The Warnings Filter
    • Repeated Warning Suppression Criteria
    • Describing Warning Filters
    • Default Warning Filter
    • Overriding the default filter
  • Temporarily Suppressing Warnings
  • Testing Warnings
  • Updating Code For New Versions of Dependencies
  • Available Functions
    • warn()
    • warn_explicit()
    • showwarning()
    • formatwarning()
    • filterwarnings()
    • simplefilter()
    • resetwarnings()
    • deprecated()
  • Available Context Managers
    • catch_warnings
• dataclasses --- Data Classes
  • Module contents
    • dataclass()
    • field()
    • Field
    • fields()
    • asdict()
    • astuple()
    • make_dataclass()
    • replace()
    • is_dataclass()
    • MISSING
    • KW_ONLY
    • FrozenInstanceError
  • Post-init processing
    • __post_init__()
  • Class variables
  • Init-only variables
  • Frozen instances
  • Pewarisan
  • Re-ordering of keyword-only parameters in __init__()
  • Default factory functions
  • Mutable default values
  • Descriptor-typed fields
• contextlib --- Utilities for with-statement contexts
  • Utilitas
    • AbstractContextManager
    • AbstractAsyncContextManager
    • contextmanager()
    • asynccontextmanager()
    • closing()
    • aclosing()
    • nullcontext()
    • suppress()
    • redirect_stdout()
    • redirect_stderr()
    • chdir()
    • ContextDecorator
    • AsyncContextDecorator
    • ExitStack
      • enter_context()
      • push()
      • callback()
      • pop_all()
      • close()
    • AsyncExitStack
      • enter_async_context()
      • push_async_exit()
      • push_async_callback()
      • aclose()
  • Examples and Recipes
    • Supporting a variable number of context managers
    • Catching exceptions from __enter__ methods
    • Cleaning up in an __enter__ implementation
    • Replacing any use of try-finally and flag variables
    • Using a context manager as a function decorator
  • Single use, reusable and reentrant context managers
    • Reentrant context managers
    • Reusable context managers
• abc --- Abstract Base Classes
  • ABC
  • ABCMeta
    • register()
    • __subclasshook__()
  • abstractmethod()
  • abstractclassmethod()
  • abstractstaticmethod()
  • abstractproperty()
  • get_cache_token()
  • update_abstractmethods()
• atexit --- Exit handlers
  • register()
  • unregister()
  • atexit Example
• traceback --- Print or retrieve a stack traceback
  • Module-Level Functions
    • print_tb()
    • print_exception()
    • print_exc()
    • print_last()
    • print_stack()
    • extract_tb()
    • extract_stack()
    • format_list()
    • format_exception_only()
    • format_exception()
    • format_exc()
    • format_tb()
    • format_stack()
    • clear_frames()
    • walk_stack()
    • walk_tb()
  • TracebackException Objects
    • TracebackException
      • __cause__
      • __context__
      • exceptions
      • __suppress_context__
      • __notes__
      • stack
      • exc_type
      • exc_type_str
      • filename
      • lineno
      • end_lineno
      • text
      • offset
      • end_offset
      • msg
      • from_exception()
      • print()
      • format()
      • format_exception_only()
  • StackSummary Objects
    • StackSummary
      • extract()
      • from_list()
      • format()
      • format_frame_summary()
  • FrameSummary Objects
    • FrameSummary
      • filename
      • lineno
      • name
      • line
  • Examples of Using the Module-Level Functions
  • Examples of Using TracebackException
• __future__ --- Future statement definitions
  • Module Contents
    • _Feature
    • getOptionalRelease()
    • getMandatoryRelease()
    • compiler_flag
• gc --- Garbage Collector interface
  • enable()
  • disable()
  • isenabled()
  • collect()
  • set_debug()
  • get_debug()
  • get_objects()
  • get_stats()
  • set_threshold()
  • get_count()
  • get_threshold()
  • get_referrers()
  • get_referents()
  • is_tracked()
  • is_finalized()
  • freeze()
  • unfreeze()
  • get_freeze_count()
  • garbage
  • callbacks
  • DEBUG_STATS
  • DEBUG_COLLECTABLE
  • DEBUG_UNCOLLECTABLE
  • DEBUG_SAVEALL
  • DEBUG_LEAK
• inspect --- Inspect live objects
  • Types and members
    • getmembers()
    • getmembers_static()
    • getmodulename()
    • ismodule()
    • isclass()
    • ismethod()
    • ispackage()
    • isfunction()
    • isgeneratorfunction()
    • isgenerator()
    • iscoroutinefunction()
    • markcoroutinefunction()
    • iscoroutine()
    • isawaitable()
    • isasyncgenfunction()
    • isasyncgen()
    • istraceback()
    • isframe()
    • iscode()
    • isbuiltin()
    • ismethodwrapper()
    • isroutine()
    • isabstract()
    • ismethoddescriptor()
    • isdatadescriptor()
    • isgetsetdescriptor()
    • ismemberdescriptor()
  • Retrieving source code
    • getdoc()
    • getcomments()
    • getfile()
    • getmodule()
    • getsourcefile()
    • getsourcelines()
    • getsource()
    • cleandoc()
  • Introspecting callables with the Signature object
    • signature()
    • Signature
      • empty
      • parameters
      • return_annotation
      • bind()
      • bind_partial()
      • replace()
      • format()
      • from_callable()
    • Parameter
      • empty
      • name
      • default
      • annotation
      • kind
      • description
      • replace()
    • BoundArguments
      • arguments
      • args
      • kwargs
      • signature
      • apply_defaults()
  • Classes and functions
    • getclasstree()
    • getfullargspec()
    • getargvalues()
    • formatargvalues()
    • getmro()
    • getcallargs()
    • getclosurevars()
    • unwrap()
    • get_annotations()
  • The interpreter stack
    • FrameInfo
      • frame
      • filename
      • lineno
      • function
      • code_context
      • index
      • positions
    • Traceback
      • filename
      • lineno
      • function
      • code_context
      • index
      • positions
    • getframeinfo()
    • getouterframes()
    • getinnerframes()
    • currentframe()
    • stack()
    • trace()
  • Fetching attributes statically
    • getattr_static()
  • Current State of Generators, Coroutines, and Asynchronous Generators
    • getgeneratorstate()
    • getcoroutinestate()
    • getasyncgenstate()
    • getgeneratorlocals()
    • getcoroutinelocals()
    • getasyncgenlocals()
  • Code Objects Bit Flags
    • CO_OPTIMIZED
    • CO_NEWLOCALS
    • CO_VARARGS
    • CO_VARKEYWORDS
    • CO_NESTED
    • CO_GENERATOR
    • CO_COROUTINE
    • CO_ITERABLE_COROUTINE
    • CO_ASYNC_GENERATOR
    • CO_HAS_DOCSTRING
  • Buffer flags
    • BufferFlags
      • SIMPLE
      • WRITABLE
      • FORMAT
      • ND
      • STRIDES
      • C_CONTIGUOUS
      • F_CONTIGUOUS
      • ANY_CONTIGUOUS
      • INDIRECT
      • CONTIG
      • CONTIG_RO
      • STRIDED
      • STRIDED_RO
      • RECORDS
      • RECORDS_RO
      • FULL
      • FULL_RO
      • READ
      • WRITE
  • Command Line Interface
• annotationlib --- Functionality for introspecting annotations
  • Annotation semantics
  • Classes
    • Format
      • VALUE
      • FORWARDREF
      • STRING
    • ForwardRef
      • __forward_arg__
      • evaluate()
  • Functions
    • annotations_to_string()
    • call_annotate_function()
    • call_evaluate_function()
    • get_annotate_function()
    • get_annotations()
    • value_to_string()
• site --- Site-specific configuration hook
  • sitecustomize
  • usercustomize
  • Readline configuration
  • Module contents
    • PREFIXES
    • ENABLE_USER_SITE
    • USER_SITE
    • USER_BASE
    • main()
    • addsitedir()
    • getsitepackages()
    • getuserbase()
    • getusersitepackages()
  • Command Line Interface