2. Fungsi Bawaan¶

The Python interpreter has a number of functions built into it that are always available. They are listed here in alphabetical order.

		Fungsi Bawaan
`abs()`	`divmod()`	`input()`	`open()`	`staticmethod()`
`all()`	`enumerate()`	`int()`	`ord()`	`str()`
`any()`	`eval()`	`isinstance()`	`pow()`	`sum()`
`basestring()`	`execfile()`	`issubclass()`	`print()`	`super()`
`bin()`	`file()`	`iter()`	`property()`	`tuple()`
`bool()`	`filter()`	`len()`	`range()`	`type()`
`bytearray()`	`float()`	`list()`	`raw_input()`	`unichr()`
`callable()`	`format()`	`locals()`	`reduce()`	`unicode()`
`chr()`	`frozenset()`	`long()`	`reload()`	`vars()`
`classmethod()`	`getattr()`	`map()`	`repr()`	`xrange()`
`cmp()`	`globals()`	`max()`	`reversed()`	`zip()`
`compile()`	`hasattr()`	`memoryview()`	`round()`	`__import__()`
`complex()`	`hash()`	`min()`	`set()`
`delattr()`	`help()`	`next()`	`setattr()`
`dict()`	`hex()`	`object()`	`slice()`
`dir()`	`id()`	`oct()`	`sorted()`

In addition, there are other four built-in functions that are no longer considered essential: apply(), buffer(), coerce(), and intern(). They are documented in the Non-essential Built-in Functions section.

abs(x)¶: Return the absolute value of a number. The argument may be a plain or long integer or a floating point number. If the argument is a complex number, its magnitude is returned.

all(iterable)¶

Kembalikan True jika semua elemen dari iterable bernilai benar (atau jika iterable kosong). Setara dengan:

def all(iterable):
    for element in iterable:
        if not element:
            return False
    return True

Baru pada versi 2.5.

any(iterable)¶

Kembalikan True jika ada elemen dari iterable bernilai benar. Jika iterable kosong, kembalikan False. Setara dengan:

def any(iterable):
    for element in iterable:
        if element:
            return True
    return False

Baru pada versi 2.5.

basestring()¶: This abstract type is the superclass for str and unicode. It cannot be called or instantiated, but it can be used to test whether an object is an instance of str or unicode. isinstance(obj, basestring) is equivalent to isinstance(obj, (str, unicode)).

Baru pada versi 2.3.

bin(x)¶: Convert an integer number to a binary string. The result is a valid Python expression. If x is not a Python int object, it has to define an __index__() method that returns an integer.

Baru pada versi 2.6.

class bool([x])¶: Return a Boolean value, i.e. one of True or False. x is converted using the standard truth testing procedure. If x is false or omitted, this returns False; otherwise it returns True. bool is also a class, which is a subclass of int. Class bool cannot be subclassed further. Its only instances are False and True.

Baru pada versi 2.2.1.

Berubah pada versi 2.3: If no argument is given, this function returns False.

class bytearray([source[, encoding[, errors]]])¶

Return a new array of bytes. The bytearray class is a mutable sequence of integers in the range 0 <= x < 256. It has most of the usual methods of mutable sequences, described in Mutable Sequence Types, as well as most methods that the str type has, see String Methods.

Parameter opsional source dapat digunakan untuk menginisialisasi array dengan beberapa cara berbeda:

If it is unicode, you must also give the encoding (and optionally, errors) parameters; bytearray() then converts the unicode to bytes using unicode.encode().
Jika ini adalah integer, array akan memiliki ukuran itu dan akan diinisialisasi dengan null bytes.
Jika itu adalah objek yang sesuai dengan antarmuka buffer, sebuah penyangga baca-saja read-only buffer dari objek akan digunakan untuk menginisialisasi array byte.
Jika ini adalah iterable, itu harus iterable dari bilangan bulat dalam kisaran 0 <= x < 256, yang digunakan sebagai konten awal array.

Tanpa argumen, dibuat array berukuran 0.

Baru pada versi 2.6.

callable(object)¶: Return True if the object argument appears callable, False if not. If this returns true, it is still possible that a call fails, but if it is false, calling object will never succeed. Note that classes are callable (calling a class returns a new instance); class instances are callable if they have a __call__() method.

chr(i)¶: Return a string of one character whose ASCII code is the integer i. For example, chr(97) returns the string 'a'. This is the inverse of ord(). The argument must be in the range [0..255], inclusive; ValueError will be raised if i is outside that range. See also unichr().

classmethod(function)¶

Return a class method for function.

Metode kelas atau class method menerima kelas sebagai argumen implisit pertama, seperti halnya metode instance menerima instance. Untuk mendeklarasikan metode kelas, gunakan idiom ini:

class C(object):
    @classmethod
    def f(cls, arg1, arg2, ...):
        ...

Bentuk @classmethod adalah fungsi decorator -- lihat Definisi fungsi untuk detail.

Metode kelas dapat dipanggil baik pada kelas (seperti C.f()) atau pada instance (seperti C().f()). Instance diabaikan kecuali untuk kelasnya. Jika metode kelas dipanggil untuk kelas turunan, objek kelas turunan dilewatkan sebagai argumen pertama yang tersirat.

Metode kelas atau class methods berbeda dari metode statis C++ atau Java. Jika Anda menginginkannya, lihat staticmethod().

Untuk informasi lebih lanjut tentang metode kelas, lihat The standard type hierarchy.

Baru pada versi 2.2.

Berubah pada versi 2.4: Function decorator syntax added.

cmp(x, y)¶: Compare the two objects x and y and return an integer according to the outcome. The return value is negative if x < y, zero if x == y and strictly positive if x > y.

compile(source, filename, mode[, flags[, dont_inherit]])¶

Compile the source into a code or AST object. Code objects can be executed by an exec statement or evaluated by a call to eval(). source can either be a Unicode string, a Latin-1 encoded string or an AST object. Refer to the ast module documentation for information on how to work with AST objects.

Argumen filename harus memberikan berkas dari mana kode dibaca; berikan nilai yang dapat dikenali jika tidak dibaca dari berkas ('<string>' biasa digunakan).

Argumen mode menentukan jenis kode apa yang harus dikompilasi; itu bisa 'exec' jika source terdiri dari urutan pernyataan, 'eval' jika terdiri dari satu ekspresi, atau 'single' jika terdiri dari satu pernyataan interaktif (dalam kasus terakhir, pernyataan ekspresi yang mengevaluasi sesuatu selain None akan dicetak).

The optional arguments flags and dont_inherit control which future statements (see PEP 236) affect the compilation of source. If neither is present (or both are zero) the code is compiled with those future statements that are in effect in the code that is calling compile(). If the flags argument is given and dont_inherit is not (or is zero) then the future statements specified by the flags argument are used in addition to those that would be used anyway. If dont_inherit is a non-zero integer then the flags argument is it -- the future statements in effect around the call to compile are ignored.

future statements ditentukan oleh bit yang dapat dilakukan bitwise OR bersama-sama untuk menentukan sejumlah pernyataan. Bitfield yang diperlukan untuk menentukan fitur yang diberikan dapat ditemukan sebagai atribut compiler_flag pada _instance contoh dalam :mod: __future__ modul.

This function raises SyntaxError if the compiled source is invalid, and TypeError if the source contains null bytes.

Jika Anda ingin mengurai kode Python ke dalam representasi AST-nya, lihat ast.parse().

Catatan

Ketika mengkompilasi string dengan kode multi-baris dalam mode 'single' atau 'eval', masukan harus diakhiri oleh setidaknya satu karakter baris baru. Ini untuk memudahkan deteksi pernyataan tidak lengkap dan lengkap dalam modul code.

Peringatan

Dimungkinkan untuk membuat crash interpreter Python dengan string yang cukup besar/kompleks ketika dikompilasi ke objek AST karena batasan kedalaman tumpukan dalam kompiler AST Python.

Berubah pada versi 2.3: The flags and dont_inherit arguments were added.

Berubah pada versi 2.6: Support for compiling AST objects.

Berubah pada versi 2.7: Allowed use of Windows and Mac newlines. Also input in 'exec' mode does not have to end in a newline anymore.

class complex([real[, imag]])¶

Return a complex number with the value real + imag*1j or convert a string or number to a complex number. If the first parameter is a string, it will be interpreted as a complex number and the function must be called without a second parameter. The second parameter can never be a string. Each argument may be any numeric type (including complex). If imag is omitted, it defaults to zero and the function serves as a numeric conversion function like int(), long() and float(). If both arguments are omitted, returns 0j.

Catatan

Saat mengkonversi dari string, string tidak boleh berisi spasi whitespace di sekitar operator + atau - pusat. Misalnya, complex('1+2j') baik-baik saja, tetapi complex('1 + 2j') menimbulkan ValueError.

Tipe kompleks dijelaskan dalam Numeric Types --- int, float, long, complex.

delattr(object, name)¶: Ini adalah kerabat relative dari setattr(). Argumen adalah objek dan string. String haruslah nama dari salah satu atribut objek. Fungsi menghapus atribut bernama, asalkan objek memperbolehkannya. Misalnya, delattr(x, 'foobar') setara dengan del x.foobar.

class dict(**kwarg)

class dict(mapping, **kwarg)

class dict(iterable, **kwarg)

Buat dictionary baru. Objek dict adalah kelas kamus dictionary. Lihat dict dan Mapping Types --- dict untuk dokumentasi tentang kelas ini.

Untuk wadah containers lain, lihat kelas-kelas bawaan :class: list, set, dan tuple, dan juga modul collections.

dir([object])¶

Tanpa argumen, kembalikan daftar list nama dalam lingkup lokal saat ini. Dengan argumen, mencoba untuk mengembalikan daftar list atribut yang valid untuk objek itu.

Jika objek memiliki metode bernama __dir__(), metode ini akan dipanggil dan harus mengembalikan daftar atribut. Ini memungkinkan objek yang mengimplementasikan fungsi alihsuai custom __getattr__() atau __getattribute__() untuk menyesuaikan cara dir() melaporkan atributnya.

Jika objek tidak menyediakan :meth: __dir__, fungsi mencoba yang terbaik untuk mengumpulkan informasi dari atribut objek __dict__, jika ditentukan, dan dari objek tipenya. Daftar yang dihasilkan belum tentu lengkap, dan mungkin tidak akurat ketika objek memiliki alihsuai custom __getattr__().

Mekanisme bawaan dir() berperilaku berbeda dengan berbagai jenis objek, karena berusaha menghasilkan informasi yang paling relevan, dibanding lengkap,:

Jika objek adalah objek modul, daftar berisi nama-nama atribut modul.
Jika objek adalah tipe atau objek kelas, daftar berisi nama atributnya, dan secara rekursif atribut dari basisnya.
Jika tidak, daftar berisi nama atribut objek, nama atribut kelasnya, dan secara rekursif atribut dari kelas dasar kelasnya.

Daftar yang dihasilkan diurutkan berdasarkan abjad. Sebagai contoh:

>>> import struct
>>> dir()   # show the names in the module namespace
['__builtins__', '__doc__', '__name__', 'struct']
>>> dir(struct)   # show the names in the struct module
['Struct', '__builtins__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__name__',
 '__package__', '_clearcache', 'calcsize', 'error', 'pack', 'pack_into',
 'unpack', 'unpack_from']
>>> class Shape(object):
        def __dir__(self):
            return ['area', 'perimeter', 'location']
>>> s = Shape()
>>> dir(s)
['area', 'perimeter', 'location']

Catatan

Karena dir() disediakan terutama sebagai kenyamanan untuk digunakan pada prompt interaktif, ia mencoba untuk memasok sekumpulan nama yang menarik lebih dari sekedar untuk menyediakan sekumpulan nama yang didefinisikan secara ketat atau konsisten, dan perilakunya yang terperinci dapat berubah lintas rilis. Misalnya, atribut metaclass tidak ada dalam daftar hasil ketika argumennya adalah kelas.

divmod(a, b)¶: Take two (non complex) numbers as arguments and return a pair of numbers consisting of their quotient and remainder when using long division. With mixed operand types, the rules for binary arithmetic operators apply. For plain and long integers, the result is the same as (a // b, a % b). For floating point numbers the result is (q, a % b), where q is usually math.floor(a / b) but may be 1 less than that. In any case q * b + a % b is very close to a, if a % b is non-zero it has the same sign as b, and 0 <= abs(a % b) < abs(b).

Berubah pada versi 2.3: Using divmod() with complex numbers is deprecated.

enumerate(sequence, start=0)¶

Return an enumerate object. sequence must be a sequence, an iterator, or some other object which supports iteration. The next() method of the iterator returned by enumerate() returns a tuple containing a count (from start which defaults to 0) and the values obtained from iterating over sequence:

>>> seasons = ['Spring', 'Summer', 'Fall', 'Winter']
>>> list(enumerate(seasons))
[(0, 'Spring'), (1, 'Summer'), (2, 'Fall'), (3, 'Winter')]
>>> list(enumerate(seasons, start=1))
[(1, 'Spring'), (2, 'Summer'), (3, 'Fall'), (4, 'Winter')]

Setara dengan:

def enumerate(sequence, start=0):
    n = start
    for elem in sequence:
        yield n, elem
        n += 1

Baru pada versi 2.3.

Berubah pada versi 2.6: The start parameter was added.

eval(expression[, globals[, locals]])¶

The arguments are a Unicode or Latin-1 encoded string and optional globals and locals. If provided, globals must be a dictionary. If provided, locals can be any mapping object.

Berubah pada versi 2.4: formerly locals was required to be a dictionary.

The expression argument is parsed and evaluated as a Python expression (technically speaking, a condition list) using the globals and locals dictionaries as global and local namespace. If the globals dictionary is present and lacks '__builtins__', the current globals are copied into globals before expression is parsed. This means that expression normally has full access to the standard __builtin__ module and restricted environments are propagated. If the locals dictionary is omitted it defaults to the globals dictionary. If both dictionaries are omitted, the expression is executed in the environment where eval() is called. The return value is the result of the evaluated expression. Syntax errors are reported as exceptions. Example:

>>> x = 1
>>> print eval('x+1')
2

Fungsi ini juga dapat digunakan untuk mengeksekusi objek kode arbitrary (seperti yang dibuat oleh compile()). Dalam hal ini, berikan objek kode alih-alih string. Jika objek kode telah dikompilasi dengan 'exec' sebagai argumen mode, eval() nilai kembaliannya akan menjadi None.

Hints: dynamic execution of statements is supported by the exec statement. Execution of statements from a file is supported by the execfile() function. The globals() and locals() functions returns the current global and local dictionary, respectively, which may be useful to pass around for use by eval() or execfile().

Lihat ast.literal_eval() untuk fungsi yang dapat dengan aman mengevaluasi string dengan ekspresi yang hanya mengandung literal.

execfile(filename[, globals[, locals]])¶

This function is similar to the exec statement, but parses a file instead of a string. It is different from the import statement in that it does not use the module administration --- it reads the file unconditionally and does not create a new module. 1

The arguments are a file name and two optional dictionaries. The file is parsed and evaluated as a sequence of Python statements (similarly to a module) using the globals and locals dictionaries as global and local namespace. If provided, locals can be any mapping object. Remember that at module level, globals and locals are the same dictionary. If two separate objects are passed as globals and locals, the code will be executed as if it were embedded in a class definition.

Berubah pada versi 2.4: formerly locals was required to be a dictionary.

If the locals dictionary is omitted it defaults to the globals dictionary. If both dictionaries are omitted, the expression is executed in the environment where execfile() is called. The return value is None.

Catatan

The default locals act as described for function locals() below: modifications to the default locals dictionary should not be attempted. Pass an explicit locals dictionary if you need to see effects of the code on locals after function execfile() returns. execfile() cannot be used reliably to modify a function's locals.

file(name[, mode[, buffering]])¶

Constructor function for the file type, described further in section File Objects. The constructor's arguments are the same as those of the open() built-in function described below.

When opening a file, it's preferable to use open() instead of invoking this constructor directly. file is more suited to type testing (for example, writing isinstance(f, file)).

Baru pada versi 2.2.

filter(function, iterable)¶

Construct a list from those elements of iterable for which function returns true. iterable may be either a sequence, a container which supports iteration, or an iterator. If iterable is a string or a tuple, the result also has that type; otherwise it is always a list. If function is None, the identity function is assumed, that is, all elements of iterable that are false are removed.

Note that filter(function, iterable) is equivalent to [item for item in iterable if function(item)] if function is not None and [item for item in iterable if item] if function is None.

See itertools.ifilter() and itertools.ifilterfalse() for iterator versions of this function, including a variation that filters for elements where the function returns false.

class float([x])¶

Kembalikan angka pecahan floating point yang dibangun dari angka atau string x.

If the argument is a string, it must contain a possibly signed decimal or floating point number, possibly embedded in whitespace. The argument may also be [+|-]nan or [+|-]inf. Otherwise, the argument may be a plain or long integer or a floating point number, and a floating point number with the same value (within Python's floating point precision) is returned. If no argument is given, returns 0.0.

Catatan

When passing in a string, values for NaN and Infinity may be returned, depending on the underlying C library. Float accepts the strings nan, inf and -inf for NaN and positive or negative infinity. The case and a leading + are ignored as well as a leading - is ignored for NaN. Float always represents NaN and infinity as nan, inf or -inf.

Tipe float dijelaskan dalam Numeric Types --- int, float, long, complex.

format(value[, format_spec])¶: Konversi value ke representasi "formatted", sebagaimana dikendalikan oleh format_spec. Interpretasi format_spec akan tergantung pada jenis argumen value, namun ada sintaks pemformatan standar yang digunakan oleh sebagian besar tipe bawaan: formatpec.

Catatan

format(value, format_spec) merely calls value.__format__(format_spec).

Baru pada versi 2.6.

class frozenset([iterable])

Kembalikan objek baru frozenset, secara opsional dengan elemen yang diambil dari iterable. frozenset adalah kelas bawaan. Lihat frozenset dan Set Types --- set, frozenset untuk dokumentasi tentang kelas ini.

Untuk wadah containers lain lihat kelas-kelas bawaan set, list,: class: tuple, dan dict, serta modul collections.

Baru pada versi 2.4.

getattr(object, name[, default])¶: Kembalikan nilai atribut bernama dari object. name harus berupa string. Jika string adalah nama salah satu atribut objek, hasilnya adalah nilai atribut itu. Misalnya, getattr(x, 'foobar') setara dengan x.foobar. Jika atribut yang disebutkan tidak ada, default dikembalikan jika disediakan, jika tidak AttributeError dimunculkan.

globals()¶: Kembalikan dictionary yang mewakili tabel simbol global saat ini. Ini selalu merupakan dictionary dari modul saat ini (di dalam suatu fungsi atau metode, ini adalah modul di mana ia didefinisikan, bukan modul dari mana ia dipanggil).

hasattr(object, name)¶: The arguments are an object and a string. The result is True if the string is the name of one of the object's attributes, False if not. (This is implemented by calling getattr(object, name) and seeing whether it raises an exception or not.)

hash(object)¶: Return the hash value of the object (if it has one). Hash values are integers. They are used to quickly compare dictionary keys during a dictionary lookup. Numeric values that compare equal have the same hash value (even if they are of different types, as is the case for 1 and 1.0).

help([object])¶

Meminta sistem bantuan bawaan. (Fungsi ini dimaksudkan untuk penggunaan interaktif.) Jika tidak ada argumen yang diberikan, sistem bantuan interaktif dimulai pada konsol interpreter. Jika argumennya adalah string, maka string tersebut dicari sebagai nama modul, fungsi, kelas, metode, kata kunci, atau topik dokumentasi, dan halaman bantuan dicetak pada konsol. Jika argumennya adalah objek jenis apa pun, halaman bantuan tentang objek tersebut dihasilkan.

Fungsi ini ditambahkan ke namespace bawaan dengan modul site.

Baru pada versi 2.2.

hex(x)¶

Convert an integer number (of any size) to a lowercase hexadecimal string prefixed with "0x", for example:

>>> hex(255)
'0xff'
>>> hex(-42)
'-0x2a'
>>> hex(1L)
'0x1L'

If x is not a Python int or long object, it has to define a __hex__() method that returns a string.

Lihat juga int() untuk mengonversi string heksadesimal menjadi integer menggunakan basis 16.

Catatan

Untuk mendapatkan representasi string heksadesimal untuk float, gunakan metode float.hex().

Berubah pada versi 2.4: Formerly only returned an unsigned literal.

id(object)¶: Return the "identity" of an object. This is an integer (or long integer) which is guaranteed to be unique and constant for this object during its lifetime. Two objects with non-overlapping lifetimes may have the same id() value.

CPython implementation detail: This is the address of the object in memory.

input([prompt])¶

Equivalent to eval(raw_input(prompt)).

This function does not catch user errors. If the input is not syntactically valid, a SyntaxError will be raised. Other exceptions may be raised if there is an error during evaluation.

Jika modul readline dimuat, maka input() akan menggunakannya untuk menyediakan fitur pengeditan baris dan riwayat.

Consider using the raw_input() function for general input from users.

class int(x=0)¶

class int(x, base=10)

Return an integer object constructed from a number or string x, or return 0 if no arguments are given. If x is a number, it can be a plain integer, a long integer, or a floating point number. If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero. If the argument is outside the integer range, the function returns a long object instead.

If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or Unicode object representing an integer literal in radix base. Optionally, the literal can be preceded by + or - (with no space in between) and surrounded by whitespace. A base-n literal consists of the digits 0 to n-1, with a to z (or A to Z) having values 10 to 35. The default base is 10. The allowed values are 0 and 2--36. Base-2, -8, and -16 literals can be optionally prefixed with 0b/0B, 0o/0O/0, or 0x/0X, as with integer literals in code. Base 0 means to interpret the string exactly as an integer literal, so that the actual base is 2, 8, 10, or 16.

Tipe integer dijelaskan dalam Numeric Types --- int, float, long, complex.

isinstance(object, classinfo)¶: Return true if the object argument is an instance of the classinfo argument, or of a (direct, indirect or virtual) subclass thereof. Also return true if classinfo is a type object (new-style class) and object is an object of that type or of a (direct, indirect or virtual) subclass thereof. If object is not a class instance or an object of the given type, the function always returns false. If classinfo is a tuple of class or type objects (or recursively, other such tuples), return true if object is an instance of any of the classes or types. If classinfo is not a class, type, or tuple of classes, types, and such tuples, a TypeError exception is raised.

Berubah pada versi 2.2: Support for a tuple of type information was added.

issubclass(class, classinfo)¶: Return true if class is a subclass (direct, indirect or virtual) of classinfo. A class is considered a subclass of itself. classinfo may be a tuple of class objects, in which case every entry in classinfo will be checked. In any other case, a TypeError exception is raised.

Berubah pada versi 2.3: Support for a tuple of type information was added.

iter(o[, sentinel])¶

Return an iterator object. The first argument is interpreted very differently depending on the presence of the second argument. Without a second argument, o must be a collection object which supports the iteration protocol (the __iter__() method), or it must support the sequence protocol (the __getitem__() method with integer arguments starting at 0). If it does not support either of those protocols, TypeError is raised. If the second argument, sentinel, is given, then o must be a callable object. The iterator created in this case will call o with no arguments for each call to its next() method; if the value returned is equal to sentinel, StopIteration will be raised, otherwise the value will be returned.

One useful application of the second form of iter() is to read lines of a file until a certain line is reached. The following example reads a file until the readline() method returns an empty string:

with open('mydata.txt') as fp:
    for line in iter(fp.readline, ''):
        process_line(line)

Baru pada versi 2.2.

len(s)¶: Mengembalikan panjang (jumlah item) suatu objek. Argumennya bisa berupa urutan (seperti string, byte, tuple, list, atau range) atau koleksi (seperti dictionary, set, atau frozen set).

class list([iterable])

Return a list whose items are the same and in the same order as iterable's items. iterable may be either a sequence, a container that supports iteration, or an iterator object. If iterable is already a list, a copy is made and returned, similar to iterable[:]. For instance, list('abc') returns ['a', 'b', 'c'] and list( (1, 2, 3) ) returns [1, 2, 3]. If no argument is given, returns a new empty list, [].

list is a mutable sequence type, as documented in Sequence Types --- str, unicode, list, tuple, bytearray, buffer, xrange. For other containers see the built in dict, set, and tuple classes, and the collections module.

locals()¶: Update and return a dictionary representing the current local symbol table. Free variables are returned by locals() when it is called in function blocks, but not in class blocks.

Catatan

Isi dictionary ini tidak boleh dimodifikasi; perubahan mungkin tidak mempengaruhi nilai variabel lokal dan bebas yang digunakan oleh interpreter.

class long(x=0)¶

class long(x, base=10)

Return a long integer object constructed from a string or number x. If the argument is a string, it must contain a possibly signed number of arbitrary size, possibly embedded in whitespace. The base argument is interpreted in the same way as for int(), and may only be given when x is a string. Otherwise, the argument may be a plain or long integer or a floating point number, and a long integer with the same value is returned. Conversion of floating point numbers to integers truncates (towards zero). If no arguments are given, returns 0L.

The long type is described in Numeric Types --- int, float, long, complex.

map(function, iterable, ...)¶: Apply function to every item of iterable and return a list of the results. If additional iterable arguments are passed, function must take that many arguments and is applied to the items from all iterables in parallel. If one iterable is shorter than another it is assumed to be extended with None items. If function is None, the identity function is assumed; if there are multiple arguments, map() returns a list consisting of tuples containing the corresponding items from all iterables (a kind of transpose operation). The iterable arguments may be a sequence or any iterable object; the result is always a list.

max(iterable[, key])¶

max(arg1, arg2, *args[, key])

Kembalikan item terbesar dalam iterable atau yang terbesar dari dua atau lebih argumen.

If one positional argument is provided, iterable must be a non-empty iterable (such as a non-empty string, tuple or list). The largest item in the iterable is returned. If two or more positional arguments are provided, the largest of the positional arguments is returned.

The optional key argument specifies a one-argument ordering function like that used for list.sort(). The key argument, if supplied, must be in keyword form (for example, max(a,b,c,key=func)).

Berubah pada versi 2.5: Added support for the optional key argument.

memoryview(obj): Kembalikan objek "memory view" yang dibuat dari argumen yang diberikan. Lihat memoryview type untuk informasi lebih lanjut.

min(iterable[, key])¶

min(arg1, arg2, *args[, key])

Kembalikan item terkecil dalam iterable atau terkecil dari dua atau lebih argumen.

If one positional argument is provided, iterable must be a non-empty iterable (such as a non-empty string, tuple or list). The smallest item in the iterable is returned. If two or more positional arguments are provided, the smallest of the positional arguments is returned.

The optional key argument specifies a one-argument ordering function like that used for list.sort(). The key argument, if supplied, must be in keyword form (for example, min(a,b,c,key=func)).

Berubah pada versi 2.5: Added support for the optional key argument.

next(iterator[, default])¶: Retrieve the next item from the iterator by calling its next() method. If default is given, it is returned if the iterator is exhausted, otherwise StopIteration is raised.

Baru pada versi 2.6.

class object¶: Return a new featureless object. object is a base for all new style classes. It has the methods that are common to all instances of new style classes.

Baru pada versi 2.2.

Berubah pada versi 2.3: This function does not accept any arguments. Formerly, it accepted arguments but ignored them.

oct(x)¶: Convert an integer number (of any size) to an octal string. The result is a valid Python expression.

Berubah pada versi 2.4: Formerly only returned an unsigned literal.

open(name[, mode[, buffering]])¶

Open a file, returning an object of the file type described in section File Objects. If the file cannot be opened, IOError is raised. When opening a file, it's preferable to use open() instead of invoking the file constructor directly.

The first two arguments are the same as for stdio's fopen(): name is the file name to be opened, and mode is a string indicating how the file is to be opened.

The most commonly-used values of mode are 'r' for reading, 'w' for writing (truncating the file if it already exists), and 'a' for appending (which on some Unix systems means that all writes append to the end of the file regardless of the current seek position). If mode is omitted, it defaults to 'r'. The default is to use text mode, which may convert '\n' characters to a platform-specific representation on writing and back on reading. Thus, when opening a binary file, you should append 'b' to the mode value to open the file in binary mode, which will improve portability. (Appending 'b' is useful even on systems that don't treat binary and text files differently, where it serves as documentation.) See below for more possible values of mode.

The optional buffering argument specifies the file's desired buffer size: 0 means unbuffered, 1 means line buffered, any other positive value means use a buffer of (approximately) that size (in bytes). A negative buffering means to use the system default, which is usually line buffered for tty devices and fully buffered for other files. If omitted, the system default is used. 2

Modes 'r+', 'w+' and 'a+' open the file for updating (reading and writing); note that 'w+' truncates the file. Append 'b' to the mode to open the file in binary mode, on systems that differentiate between binary and text files; on systems that don't have this distinction, adding the 'b' has no effect.

In addition to the standard fopen() values mode may be 'U' or 'rU'. Python is usually built with universal newlines support; supplying 'U' opens the file as a text file, but lines may be terminated by any of the following: the Unix end-of-line convention '\n', the Macintosh convention '\r', or the Windows convention '\r\n'. All of these external representations are seen as '\n' by the Python program. If Python is built without universal newlines support a mode with 'U' is the same as normal text mode. Note that file objects so opened also have an attribute called newlines which has a value of None (if no newlines have yet been seen), '\n', '\r', '\r\n', or a tuple containing all the newline types seen.

Python enforces that the mode, after stripping 'U', begins with 'r', 'w' or 'a'.

Python provides many file handling modules including fileinput, os, os.path, tempfile, and shutil.

Berubah pada versi 2.5: Restriction on first letter of mode string introduced.

ord(c)¶: Given a string of length one, return an integer representing the Unicode code point of the character when the argument is a unicode object, or the value of the byte when the argument is an 8-bit string. For example, ord('a') returns the integer 97, ord(u'\u2020') returns 8224. This is the inverse of chr() for 8-bit strings and of unichr() for unicode objects. If a unicode argument is given and Python was built with UCS2 Unicode, then the character's code point must be in the range [0..65535] inclusive; otherwise the string length is two, and a TypeError will be raised.

pow(x, y[, z])¶

Return x to the power y; if z is present, return x to the power y, modulo z (computed more efficiently than pow(x, y) % z). The two-argument form pow(x, y) is equivalent to using the power operator: x**y.

The arguments must have numeric types. With mixed operand types, the coercion rules for binary arithmetic operators apply. For int and long int operands, the result has the same type as the operands (after coercion) unless the second argument is negative; in that case, all arguments are converted to float and a float result is delivered. For example, 10**2 returns 100, but 10**-2 returns 0.01. (This last feature was added in Python 2.2. In Python 2.1 and before, if both arguments were of integer types and the second argument was negative, an exception was raised.) If the second argument is negative, the third argument must be omitted. If z is present, x and y must be of integer types, and y must be non-negative. (This restriction was added in Python 2.2. In Python 2.1 and before, floating 3-argument pow() returned platform-dependent results depending on floating-point rounding accidents.)

print(*objects, sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout)¶

Print objects to the stream file, separated by sep and followed by end. sep, end and file, if present, must be given as keyword arguments.

Semua argumen non-kata kunci dikonversi ke string seperti str() dan ditulis ke aliran stream, dipisahkan oleh sep dan diikuti oleh end. Baik sep dan end harus berupa string; mereka juga bisa None, yang berarti menggunakan nilai bawaan. Jika tidak ada objects yang diberikan, print() hanya akan menulis end.

The file argument must be an object with a write(string) method; if it is not present or None, sys.stdout will be used. Output buffering is determined by file. Use file.flush() to ensure, for instance, immediate appearance on a screen.

Catatan

This function is not normally available as a built-in since the name print is recognized as the print statement. To disable the statement and use the print() function, use this future statement at the top of your module:

from __future__ import print_function

Baru pada versi 2.6.

class property([fget[, fset[, fdel[, doc]]]])¶

Return a property attribute for new-style classes (classes that derive from object).

fget adalah fungsi untuk mendapatkan nilai atribut. fset adalah fungsi untuk mengatur nilai atribut. fdel adalah fungsi untuk menghapus nilai atribut. Dan doc membuat docstring untuk atribut.

Penggunaan khasnya untuk mendefinisikan atribut yang dikelola x:

class C(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self._x = None

    def getx(self):
        return self._x

    def setx(self, value):
        self._x = value

    def delx(self):
        del self._x

    x = property(getx, setx, delx, "I'm the 'x' property.")

Jika c adalah instance dari C, c.x akan memanggil getter, c.x = value akan memanggil setter dan del c.x memanggil deleter.

Jika diberikan, doc akan menjadi docstring dari atribut properti. Jika tidak, properti akan menyalin docstring dari fget (jika ada). Ini memungkinkan untuk membuat properti baca-saja read-only dengan mudah menggunakan property() sebagai decorator:

class Parrot(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self._voltage = 100000

    @property
    def voltage(self):
        """Get the current voltage."""
        return self._voltage

Decorator @property mengubah metode voltage() menjadi "getter" untuk atribut baca-saja read-only dengan nama yang sama, dan mengatur docstring untuk voltage menjadi "Get the current voltage."

Properti dari objek memiliki: attr:~property.getter, setter, dan deleter metode yang dapat digunakan sebagai dekorator yang membuat salinan properti dengan fungsi accessor yang sesuai. diatur ke fungsi yang didekorasi. Ini paling baik dijelaskan dengan contoh:

class C(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self._x = None

    @property
    def x(self):
        """I'm the 'x' property."""
        return self._x

    @x.setter
    def x(self, value):
        self._x = value

    @x.deleter
    def x(self):
        del self._x

Kode ini persis sama dengan contoh pertama. Pastikan untuk memberi fungsi tambahan nama yang sama dengan properti asli (x dalam kasus ini.)

Properti dari objek yang dikembalikan juga memiliki atribut fget, fset, dan fdel yang sesuai dengan argumen pembangun constructor.

Baru pada versi 2.2.

Berubah pada versi 2.5: Use fget's docstring if no doc given.

Berubah pada versi 2.6: The getter, setter, and deleter attributes were added.

range(stop)¶

range(start, stop[, step])

This is a versatile function to create lists containing arithmetic progressions. It is most often used in for loops. The arguments must be plain integers. If the step argument is omitted, it defaults to 1. If the start argument is omitted, it defaults to 0. The full form returns a list of plain integers [start, start + step, start + 2 * step, ...]. If step is positive, the last element is the largest start + i * step less than stop; if step is negative, the last element is the smallest start + i * step greater than stop. step must not be zero (or else ValueError is raised). Example:

>>> range(10)
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
>>> range(1, 11)
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
>>> range(0, 30, 5)
[0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25]
>>> range(0, 10, 3)
[0, 3, 6, 9]
>>> range(0, -10, -1)
[0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9]
>>> range(0)
[]
>>> range(1, 0)
[]

raw_input([prompt])¶

If the prompt argument is present, it is written to standard output without a trailing newline. The function then reads a line from input, converts it to a string (stripping a trailing newline), and returns that. When EOF is read, EOFError is raised. Example:

>>> s = raw_input('--> ')
--> Monty Python's Flying Circus
>>> s
"Monty Python's Flying Circus"

If the readline module was loaded, then raw_input() will use it to provide elaborate line editing and history features.

reduce(function, iterable[, initializer])¶

Apply function of two arguments cumulatively to the items of iterable, from left to right, so as to reduce the iterable to a single value. For example, reduce(lambda x, y: x+y, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) calculates ((((1+2)+3)+4)+5). The left argument, x, is the accumulated value and the right argument, y, is the update value from the iterable. If the optional initializer is present, it is placed before the items of the iterable in the calculation, and serves as a default when the iterable is empty. If initializer is not given and iterable contains only one item, the first item is returned. Roughly equivalent to:

def reduce(function, iterable, initializer=None):
    it = iter(iterable)
    if initializer is None:
        try:
            initializer = next(it)
        except StopIteration:
            raise TypeError('reduce() of empty sequence with no initial value')
    accum_value = initializer
    for x in it:
        accum_value = function(accum_value, x)
    return accum_value

reload(module)¶

Reload a previously imported module. The argument must be a module object, so it must have been successfully imported before. This is useful if you have edited the module source file using an external editor and want to try out the new version without leaving the Python interpreter. The return value is the module object (the same as the module argument).

When reload(module) is executed:

Python modules' code is recompiled and the module-level code reexecuted, defining a new set of objects which are bound to names in the module's dictionary. The init function of extension modules is not called a second time.
As with all other objects in Python the old objects are only reclaimed after their reference counts drop to zero.
The names in the module namespace are updated to point to any new or changed objects.
Other references to the old objects (such as names external to the module) are not rebound to refer to the new objects and must be updated in each namespace where they occur if that is desired.

There are a number of other caveats:

When a module is reloaded, its dictionary (containing the module's global variables) is retained. Redefinitions of names will override the old definitions, so this is generally not a problem. If the new version of a module does not define a name that was defined by the old version, the old definition remains. This feature can be used to the module's advantage if it maintains a global table or cache of objects --- with a try statement it can test for the table's presence and skip its initialization if desired:

try:
    cache
except NameError:
    cache = {}

It is generally not very useful to reload built-in or dynamically loaded modules. Reloading sys, __main__, builtins and other key modules is not recommended. In many cases extension modules are not designed to be initialized more than once, and may fail in arbitrary ways when reloaded.

If a module imports objects from another module using from ... import ..., calling reload() for the other module does not redefine the objects imported from it --- one way around this is to re-execute the from statement, another is to use import and qualified names (module.*name*) instead.

If a module instantiates instances of a class, reloading the module that defines the class does not affect the method definitions of the instances --- they continue to use the old class definition. The same is true for derived classes.

repr(object)¶: Return a string containing a printable representation of an object. This is the same value yielded by conversions (reverse quotes). It is sometimes useful to be able to access this operation as an ordinary function. For many types, this function makes an attempt to return a string that would yield an object with the same value when passed to eval(), otherwise the representation is a string enclosed in angle brackets that contains the name of the type of the object together with additional information often including the name and address of the object. A class can control what this function returns for its instances by defining a __repr__() method.

reversed(seq)¶: Kembalikan kebalikan dari iterator. seq harus berupa objek yang memiliki __reversed__() metode atau dukungan protokol urutan (metode __len__() dan metode __getitem__() dengan argumen integer mulai dari 0 ).

Baru pada versi 2.4.

Berubah pada versi 2.6: Added the possibility to write a custom __reversed__() method.

round(number[, ndigits])¶: Return the floating point value number rounded to ndigits digits after the decimal point. If ndigits is omitted, it defaults to zero. The result is a floating point number. Values are rounded to the closest multiple of 10 to the power minus ndigits; if two multiples are equally close, rounding is done away from 0 (so, for example, round(0.5) is 1.0 and round(-0.5) is -1.0).

Catatan

Perilaku round() untuk pecahan floats bisa mengejutkan: misalnya, round(2.675, 2) memberikan 2.67 alih-alih yang diharapkan 2.68. Ini bukan bug: ini adalah hasil dari fakta bahwa sebagian besar pecahan desimal tidak dapat diwakili persis seperti pelampung float. Lihat Aritmatika Pecahan Floating Point: Masalah dan Keterbatasan untuk informasi lebih lanjut.

class set([iterable])

Kembalikan objek baru set, secara opsional dengan elemen yang diambil dari iterable. set adalah kelas bawaan. Lihat: class:set dan Set Types --- set, frozenset untuk dokumentasi tentang kelas ini.

Untuk wadah containers lain lihat kelas-kelas bawaan frozenset, list, tuple, dan dict, juga modul collections.

Baru pada versi 2.4.

setattr(object, name, value)¶: Ini adalah bagian dari getattr(). Argumen adalah objek, string dan nilai yang berubah-ubah arbitrary. String dapat memberi nama atribut yang ada atau atribut baru. Fungsi memberikan nilai ke atribut, asalkan objek memungkinkannya. Misalnya, setattr(x, 'foobar', 123) setara dengan x.foobar = 123.

class slice(stop)¶
class slice(start, stop[, step]): Kembali sebuah objek slice yang mewakili sekumpulan indeks yang ditentukan oleh range(start, stop, step). The start dan step argumen bawaannya None. Objek Slice memiliki atribut data hanya baca read-only start, stop dan step yang hanya mengembalikan nilai argumen (atau bawaannya). Mereka tidak memiliki fungsi eksplisit lainnya; namun mereka digunakan oleh Numerical Python dan ekstensi pihak ketiga lainnya. Objek slice juga dihasilkan ketika sintaks pengindeksan yang diperbesar digunakan. Misalnya: a[start:stop:step] atau a[start:stop, i]. Lihat itertools.islice() untuk versi alternatif yang mengembalikan sebuah iterator.

sorted(iterable[, cmp[, key[, reverse]]])¶

Kembalikan daftar baru yang diurutkan dari item di iterable.

The optional arguments cmp, key, and reverse have the same meaning as those for the list.sort() method (described in section Mutable Sequence Types).

cmp specifies a custom comparison function of two arguments (iterable elements) which should return a negative, zero or positive number depending on whether the first argument is considered smaller than, equal to, or larger than the second argument: cmp=lambda x,y: cmp(x.lower(), y.lower()). The default value is None.

key specifies a function of one argument that is used to extract a comparison key from each list element: key=str.lower. The default value is None (compare the elements directly).

reverse adalah nilai boolean. Jika diatur ke True, maka elemen list atau daftar diurutkan seolah-olah setiap perbandingan dibalik.

In general, the key and reverse conversion processes are much faster than specifying an equivalent cmp function. This is because cmp is called multiple times for each list element while key and reverse touch each element only once. Use functools.cmp_to_key() to convert an old-style cmp function to a key function.

Fungsi bawaan sorted() dijamin stabil. Semacam stabil jika menjamin tidak mengubah urutan relatif elemen yang membandingkan kesamaan --- ini berguna untuk menyortir dalam beberapa langkah (misalnya, urutkan berdasarkan departemen, lalu dengan tingkat gaji).

Untuk contoh pengurutan dan tutorial singkat pengurutan, lihat :ref: sortinghowto.

Baru pada versi 2.4.

staticmethod(function)¶

Return a static method for function.

Metode statis tidak menerima argumen implisit pertama. Untuk mendeklarasikan metode statis, gunakan idiom ini:

class C(object):
    @staticmethod
    def f(arg1, arg2, ...):
        ...

Bentuk @staticmethod adalah fungsi decorator -- lihat Definisi fungsi untuk detail.

Metode statis dapat dipanggil baik di kelas (seperti C.f()) atau pada instance (seperti C().f()).

Metode statis di Python mirip dengan yang ditemukan di Java atau C++. Juga lihat classmethod() untuk varian yang berguna untuk membuat konstruktor kelas alternatif.

Untuk informasi lebih lanjut tentang metode statis, lihat The standard type hierarchy.

Baru pada versi 2.2.

Berubah pada versi 2.4: Function decorator syntax added.

class str(object='')¶

Return a string containing a nicely printable representation of an object. For strings, this returns the string itself. The difference with repr(object) is that str(object) does not always attempt to return a string that is acceptable to eval(); its goal is to return a printable string. If no argument is given, returns the empty string, ''.

For more information on strings see Sequence Types --- str, unicode, list, tuple, bytearray, buffer, xrange which describes sequence functionality (strings are sequences), and also the string-specific methods described in the String Methods section. To output formatted strings use template strings or the % operator described in the String Formatting Operations section. In addition see the String Services section. See also unicode().

sum(iterable[, start])¶

Sums start and the items of an iterable from left to right and returns the total. start defaults to 0. The iterable's items are normally numbers, and the start value is not allowed to be a string.

Untuk beberapa kasus penggunaan, ada alternatif yang baik untuk sum(). Cara yang disukai dan cepat untuk menggabungkan rangkaian string adalah dengan memanggil ''.join(sequence). Untuk menambahkan nilai pecahan floating point dengan presisi yang diperluas, lihat math.fsum(). Untuk menggabungkan serangkaian iterables, coba gunakan itertools.chain().

Baru pada versi 2.3.

super(type[, object-or-type])¶

Return a proxy object that delegates method calls to a parent or sibling class of type. This is useful for accessing inherited methods that have been overridden in a class. The search order is same as that used by getattr() except that the type itself is skipped.

The __mro__ attribute of the type lists the method resolution search order used by both getattr() and super(). The attribute is dynamic and can change whenever the inheritance hierarchy is updated.

Jika argumen kedua dihilangkan, objek super yang dikembalikan tidak terikat unbound. Jika argumen kedua adalah objek, isinstance(obj, type) harus benar. Jika argumen kedua adalah tipe, issubclass(type2, type) harus benar (ini berguna untuk metode-metode kelas).

Catatan

super() only works for new-style classes.

Ada dua kasus penggunaan khas untuk super. Dalam hierarki kelas dengan pewarisan tunggal single inheritance, super dapat digunakan untuk merujuk ke kelas induk tanpa menyebutkannya secara eksplisit, sehingga membuat kode lebih mudah dikelola. Penggunaan ini sangat mirip dengan penggunaan super dalam bahasa pemrograman lain.

Kasus penggunaan kedua adalah untuk mendukung multiple inheritance kooperatif dalam lingkungan eksekusi yang dinamis. Kasus penggunaan ini unik untuk Python dan tidak ditemukan dalam bahasa yang dikompilasi secara statis atau bahasa yang hanya mendukung pewarisan tunggal single inheritance. Ini memungkinkan untuk mengimplementasikan "diagram berlian" di mana beberapa kelas dasar menerapkan metode yang sama. Desain yang baik menentukan bahwa metode ini memiliki tanda tangan signature panggilan yang sama dalam setiap kasus (karena urutan panggilan ditentukan pada saat runtime, karena urutan itu menyesuaikan dengan perubahan dalam hierarki kelas, dan karena urutan itu dapat mencakup kelas saudara yang tidak diketahui sebelum runtime).

Untuk kedua kasus penggunaan, pemanggilan superclass yang khas terlihat seperti ini:

class C(B):
    def method(self, arg):
        super(C, self).method(arg)

Perhatikan bahwa super() diimplementasikan sebagai bagian dari proses pengikatan binding untuk pencarian atribut eksplisit bertitik dotted seperti super().__getitem__(name). Itu melakukannya dengan menerapkan sendiri metode __getattribute__() untuk mencari kelas dalam urutan terprediksi yang mendukung multiple inheritance kooperatif. Dengan demikian, super() tidak ditentukan untuk pencarian implisit menggunakan pernyataan atau operator seperti super()[name].

Also note that super() is not limited to use inside methods. The two argument form specifies the arguments exactly and makes the appropriate references.

Untuk saran praktis tentang bagaimana merancang kelas kooperatif menggunakan super(), lihat guide to using super().

Baru pada versi 2.2.

tuple([iterable])¶

Return a tuple whose items are the same and in the same order as iterable's items. iterable may be a sequence, a container that supports iteration, or an iterator object. If iterable is already a tuple, it is returned unchanged. For instance, tuple('abc') returns ('a', 'b', 'c') and tuple([1, 2, 3]) returns (1, 2, 3). If no argument is given, returns a new empty tuple, ().

tuple is an immutable sequence type, as documented in Sequence Types --- str, unicode, list, tuple, bytearray, buffer, xrange. For other containers see the built in dict, list, and set classes, and the collections module.

class type(object)¶

class type(name, bases, dict)

With one argument, return the type of an object. The return value is a type object. The isinstance() built-in function is recommended for testing the type of an object.

With three arguments, return a new type object. This is essentially a dynamic form of the class statement. The name string is the class name and becomes the __name__ attribute; the bases tuple itemizes the base classes and becomes the __bases__ attribute; and the dict dictionary is the namespace containing definitions for class body and becomes the __dict__ attribute. For example, the following two statements create identical type objects:

>>> class X(object):
...     a = 1
...
>>> X = type('X', (object,), dict(a=1))

Baru pada versi 2.2.

unichr(i)¶: Return the Unicode string of one character whose Unicode code is the integer i. For example, unichr(97) returns the string u'a'. This is the inverse of ord() for Unicode strings. The valid range for the argument depends how Python was configured -- it may be either UCS2 [0..0xFFFF] or UCS4 [0..0x10FFFF]. ValueError is raised otherwise. For ASCII and 8-bit strings see chr().

Baru pada versi 2.0.

unicode(object='')¶

unicode(object[, encoding[, errors]])

Return the Unicode string version of object using one of the following modes:

If encoding and/or errors are given, unicode() will decode the object which can either be an 8-bit string or a character buffer using the codec for encoding. The encoding parameter is a string giving the name of an encoding; if the encoding is not known, LookupError is raised. Error handling is done according to errors; this specifies the treatment of characters which are invalid in the input encoding. If errors is 'strict' (the default), a ValueError is raised on errors, while a value of 'ignore' causes errors to be silently ignored, and a value of 'replace' causes the official Unicode replacement character, U+FFFD, to be used to replace input characters which cannot be decoded. See also the codecs module.

If no optional parameters are given, unicode() will mimic the behaviour of str() except that it returns Unicode strings instead of 8-bit strings. More precisely, if object is a Unicode string or subclass it will return that Unicode string without any additional decoding applied.

For objects which provide a __unicode__() method, it will call this method without arguments to create a Unicode string. For all other objects, the 8-bit string version or representation is requested and then converted to a Unicode string using the codec for the default encoding in 'strict' mode.

For more information on Unicode strings see Sequence Types --- str, unicode, list, tuple, bytearray, buffer, xrange which describes sequence functionality (Unicode strings are sequences), and also the string-specific methods described in the String Methods section. To output formatted strings use template strings or the % operator described in the String Formatting Operations section. In addition see the String Services section. See also str().

Baru pada versi 2.0.

Berubah pada versi 2.2: Support for __unicode__() added.

vars([object])¶

Kembalikan atribut: attr:~object.__ dict__ untuk modul, kelas, instance, atau objek lainnya yang memiliki atribut __ dict__.

Objects such as modules and instances have an updateable __dict__ attribute; however, other objects may have write restrictions on their __dict__ attributes (for example, new-style classes use a dictproxy to prevent direct dictionary updates).

Tanpa argumen, vars() bertindak seperti locals(). Catatan, dictionary lokal hanya berguna untuk dibaca karena pembaruan ke dictionary lokal diabaikan.

xrange(stop)¶
xrange(start, stop[, step]): This function is very similar to range(), but returns an xrange object instead of a list. This is an opaque sequence type which yields the same values as the corresponding list, without actually storing them all simultaneously. The advantage of xrange() over range() is minimal (since xrange() still has to create the values when asked for them) except when a very large range is used on a memory-starved machine or when all of the range's elements are never used (such as when the loop is usually terminated with break). For more information on xrange objects, see XRange Type and Sequence Types --- str, unicode, list, tuple, bytearray, buffer, xrange.

CPython implementation detail: xrange() is intended to be simple and fast. Implementations may impose restrictions to achieve this. The C implementation of Python restricts all arguments to native C longs ("short" Python integers), and also requires that the number of elements fit in a native C long. If a larger range is needed, an alternate version can be crafted using the itertools module: islice(count(start, step), (stop-start+step-1+2*(step<0))//step).

zip([iterable, ...])¶

This function returns a list of tuples, where the i-th tuple contains the i-th element from each of the argument sequences or iterables. The returned list is truncated in length to the length of the shortest argument sequence. When there are multiple arguments which are all of the same length, zip() is similar to map() with an initial argument of None. With a single sequence argument, it returns a list of 1-tuples. With no arguments, it returns an empty list.

The left-to-right evaluation order of the iterables is guaranteed. This makes possible an idiom for clustering a data series into n-length groups using zip(*[iter(s)]*n).

zip() bersama dengan operator * dapat digunakan untuk unzip sebuah list atau daftar:

>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>> y = [4, 5, 6]
>>> zipped = zip(x, y)
>>> zipped
[(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)]
>>> x2, y2 = zip(*zipped)
>>> x == list(x2) and y == list(y2)
True

Baru pada versi 2.0.

Berubah pada versi 2.4: Formerly, zip() required at least one argument and zip() raised a TypeError instead of returning an empty list.

__import__(name[, globals[, locals[, fromlist[, level]]]])¶

Catatan

Ini adalah fungsi lanjutan yang tidak diperlukan dalam pemrograman Python sehari-hari, tidak seperti importlib.import_module().

This function is invoked by the import statement. It can be replaced (by importing the __builtin__ module and assigning to __builtin__.__import__) in order to change semantics of the import statement, but nowadays it is usually simpler to use import hooks (see PEP 302). Direct use of __import__() is rare, except in cases where you want to import a module whose name is only known at runtime.

Fungsi ini mengimpor modul name, berpotensi menggunakan globals dan locals yang diberikan untuk menentukan cara menafsirkan nama dalam konteks paket. fromlist memberikan nama-nama objek atau submodul yang harus diimpor dari modul yang diberikan oleh name. Implementasi standar sama sekali tidak menggunakan argumen locals, dan hanya menggunakan globals untuk menentukan konteks paket dari pernyataan import.

level specifies whether to use absolute or relative imports. The default is -1 which indicates both absolute and relative imports will be attempted. 0 means only perform absolute imports. Positive values for level indicate the number of parent directories to search relative to the directory of the module calling __import__().

Ketika variabel name dalam bentuk package.module, biasanya, paket tingkat atas (nama hingga titik pertama) dikembalikan, not modul dinamai dengan name. Namun, ketika argumen tidak-kosong fromlist * diberikan, modul bernama oleh *name dikembalikan.

Sebagai contoh, pernyataan import spam menghasilkan bytecode yang menyerupai kode berikut:

spam = __import__('spam', globals(), locals(), [], -1)

Pernyataan import spam.ham menghasilkan panggilan ini:

spam = __import__('spam.ham', globals(), locals(), [], -1)

Perhatikan caranya __import__() mengembalikan modul tingkat atas di sini karena ini adalah objek yang terikat pada nama oleh pernyataan import.

Di sisi lain, pernyataan from spam.ham import eggs, sausage as saus menghasilkan

_temp = __import__('spam.ham', globals(), locals(), ['eggs', 'sausage'], -1)
eggs = _temp.eggs
saus = _temp.sausage

Di sini, modul spam.ham dikembalikan dari __import__(). Dari objek ini, nama yang akan diimpor diambil dan diisikan ke nama masing-masing.

Jika Anda hanya ingin mengimpor sebuah modul (berpotensi dalam suatu paket) dengan nama, gunakan importlib.import_module().

Berubah pada versi 2.5: The level parameter was added.

Berubah pada versi 2.5: Keyword support for parameters was added.

3. Non-essential Built-in Functions¶

There are several built-in functions that are no longer essential to learn, know or use in modern Python programming. They have been kept here to maintain backwards compatibility with programs written for older versions of Python.

Python programmers, trainers, students and book writers should feel free to bypass these functions without concerns about missing something important.

apply(function, args[, keywords])¶: The function argument must be a callable object (a user-defined or built-in function or method, or a class object) and the args argument must be a sequence. The function is called with args as the argument list; the number of arguments is the length of the tuple. If the optional keywords argument is present, it must be a dictionary whose keys are strings. It specifies keyword arguments to be added to the end of the argument list. Calling apply() is different from just calling function(args), since in that case there is always exactly one argument. The use of apply() is equivalent to function(*args, **keywords).

Ditinggalkan sejak versi 2.3: Use function(*args, **keywords) instead of apply(function, args, keywords) (see Pembukaan Paket Unpacking Daftar Argumen).

buffer(object[, offset[, size]])¶: The object argument must be an object that supports the buffer call interface (such as strings, arrays, and buffers). A new buffer object will be created which references the object argument. The buffer object will be a slice from the beginning of object (or from the specified offset). The slice will extend to the end of object (or will have a length given by the size argument).

coerce(x, y)¶: Return a tuple consisting of the two numeric arguments converted to a common type, using the same rules as used by arithmetic operations. If coercion is not possible, raise TypeError.

intern(string)¶: Enter string in the table of "interned" strings and return the interned string -- which is string itself or a copy. Interning strings is useful to gain a little performance on dictionary lookup -- if the keys in a dictionary are interned, and the lookup key is interned, the key comparisons (after hashing) can be done by a pointer compare instead of a string compare. Normally, the names used in Python programs are automatically interned, and the dictionaries used to hold module, class or instance attributes have interned keys.

Berubah pada versi 2.3: Interned strings are not immortal (like they used to be in Python 2.2 and before); you must keep a reference to the return value of intern() around to benefit from it.

Catatan kaki

1: It is used relatively rarely so does not warrant being made into a statement.
2: Specifying a buffer size currently has no effect on systems that don't have setvbuf(). The interface to specify the buffer size is not done using a method that calls setvbuf(), because that may dump core when called after any I/O has been performed, and there's no reliable way to determine whether this is the case.
3: In the current implementation, local variable bindings cannot normally be affected this way, but variables retrieved from other scopes (such as modules) can be. This may change.

2. Fungsi Bawaan¶

3. Non-essential Built-in Functions¶

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