29.1. `sys` — System-specific parameters and functions¶

This module provides access to some variables used or maintained by the interpreter and to functions that interact strongly with the interpreter. It is always available.

sys.abiflags¶: On POSIX systems where Python was built with the standard configure script, this contains the ABI flags as specified by PEP 3149.

Nuevo en la versión 3.2.

sys.argv¶

The list of command line arguments passed to a Python script. argv[0] is the script name (it is operating system dependent whether this is a full pathname or not). If the command was executed using the -c command line option to the interpreter, argv[0] is set to the string '-c'. If no script name was passed to the Python interpreter, argv[0] is the empty string.

To loop over the standard input, or the list of files given on the command line, see the fileinput module.

sys.base_exec_prefix¶: Set during Python startup, before site.py is run, to the same value as exec_prefix. If not running in a virtual environment, the values will stay the same; if site.py finds that a virtual environment is in use, the values of prefix and exec_prefix will be changed to point to the virtual environment, whereas base_prefix and base_exec_prefix will remain pointing to the base Python installation (the one which the virtual environment was created from).

Nuevo en la versión 3.3.

sys.base_prefix¶: Set during Python startup, before site.py is run, to the same value as prefix. If not running in a virtual environment, the values will stay the same; if site.py finds that a virtual environment is in use, the values of prefix and exec_prefix will be changed to point to the virtual environment, whereas base_prefix and base_exec_prefix will remain pointing to the base Python installation (the one which the virtual environment was created from).

Nuevo en la versión 3.3.

sys.byteorder¶: An indicator of the native byte order. This will have the value 'big' on big-endian (most-significant byte first) platforms, and 'little' on little-endian (least-significant byte first) platforms.

sys.builtin_module_names¶: A tuple of strings giving the names of all modules that are compiled into this Python interpreter. (This information is not available in any other way — modules.keys() only lists the imported modules.)

sys.call_tracing(func, args)¶: Call func(*args), while tracing is enabled. The tracing state is saved, and restored afterwards. This is intended to be called from a debugger from a checkpoint, to recursively debug some other code.

sys.copyright¶: A string containing the copyright pertaining to the Python interpreter.

sys._clear_type_cache()¶

Clear the internal type cache. The type cache is used to speed up attribute and method lookups. Use the function only to drop unnecessary references during reference leak debugging.

This function should be used for internal and specialized purposes only.

sys._current_frames()¶

Return a dictionary mapping each thread’s identifier to the topmost stack frame currently active in that thread at the time the function is called. Note that functions in the traceback module can build the call stack given such a frame.

This is most useful for debugging deadlock: this function does not require the deadlocked threads” cooperation, and such threads” call stacks are frozen for as long as they remain deadlocked. The frame returned for a non-deadlocked thread may bear no relationship to that thread’s current activity by the time calling code examines the frame.

This function should be used for internal and specialized purposes only.

sys._debugmallocstats()¶

Print low-level information to stderr about the state of CPython’s memory allocator.

If Python is configured –with-pydebug, it also performs some expensive internal consistency checks.

Nuevo en la versión 3.3.

CPython implementation detail: This function is specific to CPython. The exact output format is not defined here, and may change.

sys.dllhandle¶: Integer specifying the handle of the Python DLL. Availability: Windows.

sys.displayhook(value)¶

If value is not None, this function prints repr(value) to sys.stdout, and saves value in builtins._. If repr(value) is not encodable to sys.stdout.encoding with sys.stdout.errors error handler (which is probably 'strict'), encode it to sys.stdout.encoding with 'backslashreplace' error handler.

sys.displayhook is called on the result of evaluating an expression entered in an interactive Python session. The display of these values can be customized by assigning another one-argument function to sys.displayhook.

Pseudo-code:

def displayhook(value):
    if value is None:
        return
    # Set '_' to None to avoid recursion
    builtins._ = None
    text = repr(value)
    try:
        sys.stdout.write(text)
    except UnicodeEncodeError:
        bytes = text.encode(sys.stdout.encoding, 'backslashreplace')
        if hasattr(sys.stdout, 'buffer'):
            sys.stdout.buffer.write(bytes)
        else:
            text = bytes.decode(sys.stdout.encoding, 'strict')
            sys.stdout.write(text)
    sys.stdout.write("\n")
    builtins._ = value

Distinto en la versión 3.2: Use 'backslashreplace' error handler on UnicodeEncodeError.

sys.dont_write_bytecode¶: If this is true, Python won’t try to write .pyc files on the import of source modules. This value is initially set to True or False depending on the -B command line option and the PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE environment variable, but you can set it yourself to control bytecode file generation.

sys.excepthook(type, value, traceback)¶

This function prints out a given traceback and exception to sys.stderr.

When an exception is raised and uncaught, the interpreter calls sys.excepthook with three arguments, the exception class, exception instance, and a traceback object. In an interactive session this happens just before control is returned to the prompt; in a Python program this happens just before the program exits. The handling of such top-level exceptions can be customized by assigning another three-argument function to sys.excepthook.

sys.__displayhook__¶
sys.__excepthook__¶: These objects contain the original values of displayhook and excepthook at the start of the program. They are saved so that displayhook and excepthook can be restored in case they happen to get replaced with broken objects.

sys.exc_info()¶

This function returns a tuple of three values that give information about the exception that is currently being handled. The information returned is specific both to the current thread and to the current stack frame. If the current stack frame is not handling an exception, the information is taken from the calling stack frame, or its caller, and so on until a stack frame is found that is handling an exception. Here, «handling an exception» is defined as «executing an except clause.» For any stack frame, only information about the exception being currently handled is accessible.

If no exception is being handled anywhere on the stack, a tuple containing three None values is returned. Otherwise, the values returned are (type, value, traceback). Their meaning is: type gets the type of the exception being handled (a subclass of BaseException); value gets the exception instance (an instance of the exception type); traceback gets a traceback object (see the Reference Manual) which encapsulates the call stack at the point where the exception originally occurred.

sys.exec_prefix¶: A string giving the site-specific directory prefix where the platform-dependent Python files are installed; by default, this is also '/usr/local'. This can be set at build time with the --exec-prefix argument to the configure script. Specifically, all configuration files (e.g. the pyconfig.h header file) are installed in the directory exec_prefix/lib/pythonX.Y/config, and shared library modules are installed in exec_prefix/lib/pythonX.Y/lib-dynload, where X.Y is the version number of Python, for example 3.2.

Nota

If a virtual environment is in effect, this value will be changed in site.py to point to the virtual environment. The value for the Python installation will still be available, via base_exec_prefix.

sys.executable¶: A string giving the absolute path of the executable binary for the Python interpreter, on systems where this makes sense. If Python is unable to retrieve the real path to its executable, sys.executable will be an empty string or None.

sys.exit([arg])¶

Exit from Python. This is implemented by raising the SystemExit exception, so cleanup actions specified by finally clauses of try statements are honored, and it is possible to intercept the exit attempt at an outer level.

The optional argument arg can be an integer giving the exit status (defaulting to zero), or another type of object. If it is an integer, zero is considered «successful termination» and any nonzero value is considered «abnormal termination» by shells and the like. Most systems require it to be in the range 0–127, and produce undefined results otherwise. Some systems have a convention for assigning specific meanings to specific exit codes, but these are generally underdeveloped; Unix programs generally use 2 for command line syntax errors and 1 for all other kind of errors. If another type of object is passed, None is equivalent to passing zero, and any other object is printed to stderr and results in an exit code of 1. In particular, sys.exit("some error message") is a quick way to exit a program when an error occurs.

Since exit() ultimately «only» raises an exception, it will only exit the process when called from the main thread, and the exception is not intercepted.

sys.flags¶

The struct sequence flags exposes the status of command line flags. The attributes are read only.

attribute	flag
`debug`	`-d`
`inspect`	`-i`
`interactive`	`-i`
`optimize`	`-O` or `-OO`
`dont_write_bytecode`	`-B`
`no_user_site`	`-s`
`no_site`	`-S`
`ignore_environment`	`-E`
`verbose`	`-v`
`bytes_warning`	`-b`
`quiet`	`-q`
`hash_randomization`	`-R`

Distinto en la versión 3.2: Added quiet attribute for the new -q flag.

Nuevo en la versión 3.2.3: The hash_randomization attribute.

Distinto en la versión 3.3: Removed obsolete division_warning attribute.

sys.float_info¶

A struct sequence holding information about the float type. It contains low level information about the precision and internal representation. The values correspond to the various floating-point constants defined in the standard header file float.h for the “C” programming language; see section 5.2.4.2.2 of the 1999 ISO/IEC C standard [C99], “Characteristics of floating types”, for details.

attribute	float.h macro	explanation
`epsilon`	DBL_EPSILON	difference between 1 and the least value greater than 1 that is representable as a float
`dig`	DBL_DIG	maximum number of decimal digits that can be faithfully represented in a float; see below
`mant_dig`	DBL_MANT_DIG	float precision: the number of base-`radix` digits in the significand of a float
`max`	DBL_MAX	maximum representable finite float
`max_exp`	DBL_MAX_EXP	maximum integer e such that `radix**(e-1)` is a representable finite float
`max_10_exp`	DBL_MAX_10_EXP	maximum integer e such that `10**e` is in the range of representable finite floats
`min`	DBL_MIN	minimum positive normalized float
`min_exp`	DBL_MIN_EXP	minimum integer e such that `radix**(e-1)` is a normalized float
`min_10_exp`	DBL_MIN_10_EXP	minimum integer e such that `10**e` is a normalized float
`radix`	FLT_RADIX	radix of exponent representation
`rounds`	FLT_ROUNDS	integer constant representing the rounding mode used for arithmetic operations. This reflects the value of the system FLT_ROUNDS macro at interpreter startup time. See section 5.2.4.2.2 of the C99 standard for an explanation of the possible values and their meanings.

The attribute sys.float_info.dig needs further explanation. If s is any string representing a decimal number with at most sys.float_info.dig significant digits, then converting s to a float and back again will recover a string representing the same decimal value:

>>> import sys
>>> sys.float_info.dig
15
>>> s = '3.14159265358979'    # decimal string with 15 significant digits
>>> format(float(s), '.15g')  # convert to float and back -> same value
'3.14159265358979'

But for strings with more than sys.float_info.dig significant digits, this isn’t always true:

>>> s = '9876543211234567'    # 16 significant digits is too many!
>>> format(float(s), '.16g')  # conversion changes value
'9876543211234568'

sys.float_repr_style¶: A string indicating how the repr() function behaves for floats. If the string has value 'short' then for a finite float x, repr(x) aims to produce a short string with the property that float(repr(x)) == x. This is the usual behaviour in Python 3.1 and later. Otherwise, float_repr_style has value 'legacy' and repr(x) behaves in the same way as it did in versions of Python prior to 3.1.

Nuevo en la versión 3.1.

sys.getallocatedblocks()¶

Return the number of memory blocks currently allocated by the interpreter, regardless of their size. This function is mainly useful for tracking and debugging memory leaks. Because of the interpreter’s internal caches, the result can vary from call to call; you may have to call _clear_type_cache() and gc.collect() to get more predictable results.

If a Python build or implementation cannot reasonably compute this information, getallocatedblocks() is allowed to return 0 instead.

Nuevo en la versión 3.4.

sys.getcheckinterval()¶: Return the interpreter’s «check interval»; see setcheckinterval().

Obsoleto desde la versión 3.2: Use getswitchinterval() instead.

sys.getdefaultencoding()¶: Return the name of the current default string encoding used by the Unicode implementation.

sys.getdlopenflags()¶: Return the current value of the flags that are used for dlopen() calls. Symbolic names for the flag values can be found in the os module (RTLD_xxx constants, e.g. os.RTLD_LAZY). Availability: Unix.

sys.getfilesystemencoding()¶

Return the name of the encoding used to convert Unicode filenames into system file names. The result value depends on the operating system:

On Mac OS X, the encoding is 'utf-8'.
On Unix, the encoding is the user’s preference according to the result of nl_langinfo(CODESET).
On Windows NT+, file names are Unicode natively, so no conversion is performed. getfilesystemencoding() still returns 'mbcs', as this is the encoding that applications should use when they explicitly want to convert Unicode strings to byte strings that are equivalent when used as file names.
On Windows 9x, the encoding is 'mbcs'.

Distinto en la versión 3.2: getfilesystemencoding() result cannot be None anymore.

sys.getrefcount(object)¶: Return the reference count of the object. The count returned is generally one higher than you might expect, because it includes the (temporary) reference as an argument to getrefcount().

sys.getrecursionlimit()¶: Return the current value of the recursion limit, the maximum depth of the Python interpreter stack. This limit prevents infinite recursion from causing an overflow of the C stack and crashing Python. It can be set by setrecursionlimit().

sys.getsizeof(object[, default])¶

Return the size of an object in bytes. The object can be any type of object. All built-in objects will return correct results, but this does not have to hold true for third-party extensions as it is implementation specific.

Only the memory consumption directly attributed to the object is accounted for, not the memory consumption of objects it refers to.

If given, default will be returned if the object does not provide means to retrieve the size. Otherwise a TypeError will be raised.

getsizeof() calls the object’s __sizeof__ method and adds an additional garbage collector overhead if the object is managed by the garbage collector.

See recursive sizeof recipe for an example of using getsizeof() recursively to find the size of containers and all their contents.

sys.getswitchinterval()¶: Return the interpreter’s «thread switch interval»; see setswitchinterval().

Nuevo en la versión 3.2.

sys._getframe([depth])¶: Return a frame object from the call stack. If optional integer depth is given, return the frame object that many calls below the top of the stack. If that is deeper than the call stack, ValueError is raised. The default for depth is zero, returning the frame at the top of the call stack.

CPython implementation detail: This function should be used for internal and specialized purposes only. It is not guaranteed to exist in all implementations of Python.

sys.getprofile()¶: Get the profiler function as set by setprofile().

sys.gettrace()¶: Get the trace function as set by settrace().

CPython implementation detail: The gettrace() function is intended only for implementing debuggers, profilers, coverage tools and the like. Its behavior is part of the implementation platform, rather than part of the language definition, and thus may not be available in all Python implementations.

sys.getwindowsversion()¶

Return a named tuple describing the Windows version currently running. The named elements are major, minor, build, platform, service_pack, service_pack_minor, service_pack_major, suite_mask, and product_type. service_pack contains a string while all other values are integers. The components can also be accessed by name, so sys.getwindowsversion()[0] is equivalent to sys.getwindowsversion().major. For compatibility with prior versions, only the first 5 elements are retrievable by indexing.

platform may be one of the following values:

Constant	Platform
`0 (VER_PLATFORM_WIN32s)`	Win32s on Windows 3.1
`1 (VER_PLATFORM_WIN32_WINDOWS)`	Windows 95/98/ME
`2 (VER_PLATFORM_WIN32_NT)`	Windows NT/2000/XP/x64
`3 (VER_PLATFORM_WIN32_CE)`	Windows CE

product_type may be one of the following values:

Constant	Meaning
`1 (VER_NT_WORKSTATION)`	The system is a workstation.
`2 (VER_NT_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER)`	The system is a domain controller.
`3 (VER_NT_SERVER)`	The system is a server, but not a domain controller.

This function wraps the Win32 GetVersionEx() function; see the Microsoft documentation on OSVERSIONINFOEX() for more information about these fields.

Availability: Windows.

Distinto en la versión 3.2: Changed to a named tuple and added service_pack_minor, service_pack_major, suite_mask, and product_type.

sys.get_coroutine_wrapper()¶: Returns None, or a wrapper set by set_coroutine_wrapper().

Nuevo en la versión 3.5: See PEP 492 for more details.

Nota

This function has been added on a provisional basis (see PEP 411 for details.) Use it only for debugging purposes.

sys.hash_info¶

A struct sequence giving parameters of the numeric hash implementation. For more details about hashing of numeric types, see Hashing of numeric types.

attribute	explanation
`width`	width in bits used for hash values
`modulus`	prime modulus P used for numeric hash scheme
`inf`	hash value returned for a positive infinity
`nan`	hash value returned for a nan
`imag`	multiplier used for the imaginary part of a complex number
`algorithm`	name of the algorithm for hashing of str, bytes, and memoryview
`hash_bits`	internal output size of the hash algorithm
`seed_bits`	size of the seed key of the hash algorithm

Nuevo en la versión 3.2.

Distinto en la versión 3.4: Added algorithm, hash_bits and seed_bits

sys.hexversion¶

The version number encoded as a single integer. This is guaranteed to increase with each version, including proper support for non-production releases. For example, to test that the Python interpreter is at least version 1.5.2, use:

if sys.hexversion >= 0x010502F0:
    # use some advanced feature
    ...
else:
    # use an alternative implementation or warn the user
    ...

This is called hexversion since it only really looks meaningful when viewed as the result of passing it to the built-in hex() function. The struct sequence sys.version_info may be used for a more human-friendly encoding of the same information.

More details of hexversion can be found at API and ABI Versioning.

sys.implementation¶

An object containing information about the implementation of the currently running Python interpreter. The following attributes are required to exist in all Python implementations.

name is the implementation’s identifier, e.g. 'cpython'. The actual string is defined by the Python implementation, but it is guaranteed to be lower case.

version is a named tuple, in the same format as sys.version_info. It represents the version of the Python implementation. This has a distinct meaning from the specific version of the Python language to which the currently running interpreter conforms, which sys.version_info represents. For example, for PyPy 1.8 sys.implementation.version might be sys.version_info(1, 8, 0, 'final', 0), whereas sys.version_info would be sys.version_info(2, 7, 2, 'final', 0). For CPython they are the same value, since it is the reference implementation.

hexversion is the implementation version in hexadecimal format, like sys.hexversion.

cache_tag is the tag used by the import machinery in the filenames of cached modules. By convention, it would be a composite of the implementation’s name and version, like 'cpython-33'. However, a Python implementation may use some other value if appropriate. If cache_tag is set to None, it indicates that module caching should be disabled.

sys.implementation may contain additional attributes specific to the Python implementation. These non-standard attributes must start with an underscore, and are not described here. Regardless of its contents, sys.implementation will not change during a run of the interpreter, nor between implementation versions. (It may change between Python language versions, however.) See PEP 421 for more information.

Nuevo en la versión 3.3.

sys.int_info¶

A struct sequence that holds information about Python’s internal representation of integers. The attributes are read only.

Attribute	Explanation
`bits_per_digit`	number of bits held in each digit. Python integers are stored internally in base `2**int_info.bits_per_digit`
`sizeof_digit`	size in bytes of the C type used to represent a digit

Nuevo en la versión 3.1.

sys.__interactivehook__¶: When this attribute exists, its value is automatically called (with no arguments) when the interpreter is launched in interactive mode. This is done after the PYTHONSTARTUP file is read, so that you can set this hook there. The site module sets this.

Nuevo en la versión 3.4.

sys.intern(string)¶

Enter string in the table of «interned» strings and return the interned string – which is string itself or a copy. Interning strings is useful to gain a little performance on dictionary lookup – if the keys in a dictionary are interned, and the lookup key is interned, the key comparisons (after hashing) can be done by a pointer compare instead of a string compare. Normally, the names used in Python programs are automatically interned, and the dictionaries used to hold module, class or instance attributes have interned keys.

Interned strings are not immortal; you must keep a reference to the return value of intern() around to benefit from it.

sys.is_finalizing()¶: Return True if the Python interpreter is shutting down, False otherwise.

Nuevo en la versión 3.5.

sys.last_type¶

sys.last_value¶

sys.last_traceback¶

These three variables are not always defined; they are set when an exception is not handled and the interpreter prints an error message and a stack traceback. Their intended use is to allow an interactive user to import a debugger module and engage in post-mortem debugging without having to re-execute the command that caused the error. (Typical use is import pdb; pdb.pm() to enter the post-mortem debugger; see pdb module for more information.)

The meaning of the variables is the same as that of the return values from exc_info() above.

sys.maxsize¶: An integer giving the maximum value a variable of type Py_ssize_t can take. It’s usually 2**31 - 1 on a 32-bit platform and 2**63 - 1 on a 64-bit platform.

sys.maxunicode¶: An integer giving the value of the largest Unicode code point, i.e. 1114111 (0x10FFFF in hexadecimal).

Distinto en la versión 3.3: Before PEP 393, sys.maxunicode used to be either 0xFFFF or 0x10FFFF, depending on the configuration option that specified whether Unicode characters were stored as UCS-2 or UCS-4.

sys.meta_path¶

A list of meta path finder objects that have their find_spec() methods called to see if one of the objects can find the module to be imported. The find_spec() method is called with at least the absolute name of the module being imported. If the module to be imported is contained in a package, then the parent package’s __path__ attribute is passed in as a second argument. The method returns a module spec, or None if the module cannot be found.

Ver también

importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder: The abstract base class defining the interface of finder objects on meta_path.
importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec: The concrete class which find_spec() should return instances of.

Distinto en la versión 3.4: Module specs were introduced in Python 3.4, by PEP 451. Earlier versions of Python looked for a method called find_module(). This is still called as a fallback if a meta_path entry doesn’t have a find_spec() method.

sys.modules¶: This is a dictionary that maps module names to modules which have already been loaded. This can be manipulated to force reloading of modules and other tricks. However, replacing the dictionary will not necessarily work as expected and deleting essential items from the dictionary may cause Python to fail.

sys.path¶

A list of strings that specifies the search path for modules. Initialized from the environment variable PYTHONPATH, plus an installation-dependent default.

As initialized upon program startup, the first item of this list, path[0], is the directory containing the script that was used to invoke the Python interpreter. If the script directory is not available (e.g. if the interpreter is invoked interactively or if the script is read from standard input), path[0] is the empty string, which directs Python to search modules in the current directory first. Notice that the script directory is inserted before the entries inserted as a result of PYTHONPATH.

A program is free to modify this list for its own purposes. Only strings and bytes should be added to sys.path; all other data types are ignored during import.

Ver también

Module site This describes how to use .pth files to extend sys.path.

sys.path_hooks¶

A list of callables that take a path argument to try to create a finder for the path. If a finder can be created, it is to be returned by the callable, else raise ImportError.

Originally specified in PEP 302.

sys.path_importer_cache¶

A dictionary acting as a cache for finder objects. The keys are paths that have been passed to sys.path_hooks and the values are the finders that are found. If a path is a valid file system path but no finder is found on sys.path_hooks then None is stored.

Originally specified in PEP 302.

Distinto en la versión 3.3: None is stored instead of imp.NullImporter when no finder is found.

sys.platform¶

This string contains a platform identifier that can be used to append platform-specific components to sys.path, for instance.

For Unix systems, except on Linux, this is the lowercased OS name as returned by uname -s with the first part of the version as returned by uname -r appended, e.g. 'sunos5' or 'freebsd8', at the time when Python was built. Unless you want to test for a specific system version, it is therefore recommended to use the following idiom:

if sys.platform.startswith('freebsd'):
    # FreeBSD-specific code here...
elif sys.platform.startswith('linux'):
    # Linux-specific code here...

For other systems, the values are:

System	`platform` value
Linux	`'linux'`
Windows	`'win32'`
Windows/Cygwin	`'cygwin'`
Mac OS X	`'darwin'`

Distinto en la versión 3.3: On Linux, sys.platform doesn’t contain the major version anymore. It is always 'linux', instead of 'linux2' or 'linux3'. Since older Python versions include the version number, it is recommended to always use the startswith idiom presented above.

Ver también

os.name has a coarser granularity. os.uname() gives system-dependent version information.

The platform module provides detailed checks for the system’s identity.

sys.prefix¶: A string giving the site-specific directory prefix where the platform independent Python files are installed; by default, this is the string '/usr/local'. This can be set at build time with the --prefix argument to the configure script. The main collection of Python library modules is installed in the directory prefix/lib/pythonX.Y while the platform independent header files (all except pyconfig.h) are stored in prefix/include/pythonX.Y, where X.Y is the version number of Python, for example 3.2.

Nota

If a virtual environment is in effect, this value will be changed in site.py to point to the virtual environment. The value for the Python installation will still be available, via base_prefix.

sys.ps1¶
sys.ps2¶: Strings specifying the primary and secondary prompt of the interpreter. These are only defined if the interpreter is in interactive mode. Their initial values in this case are '>>> ' and '... '. If a non-string object is assigned to either variable, its str() is re-evaluated each time the interpreter prepares to read a new interactive command; this can be used to implement a dynamic prompt.

sys.setcheckinterval(interval)¶: Set the interpreter’s «check interval». This integer value determines how often the interpreter checks for periodic things such as thread switches and signal handlers. The default is 100, meaning the check is performed every 100 Python virtual instructions. Setting it to a larger value may increase performance for programs using threads. Setting it to a value <= 0 checks every virtual instruction, maximizing responsiveness as well as overhead.

Obsoleto desde la versión 3.2: This function doesn’t have an effect anymore, as the internal logic for thread switching and asynchronous tasks has been rewritten. Use setswitchinterval() instead.

sys.setdlopenflags(n)¶

Set the flags used by the interpreter for dlopen() calls, such as when the interpreter loads extension modules. Among other things, this will enable a lazy resolving of symbols when importing a module, if called as sys.setdlopenflags(0). To share symbols across extension modules, call as sys.setdlopenflags(os.RTLD_GLOBAL). Symbolic names for the flag values can be found in the os module (RTLD_xxx constants, e.g. os.RTLD_LAZY).

Availability: Unix.

sys.setprofile(profilefunc)¶: Set the system’s profile function, which allows you to implement a Python source code profiler in Python. See chapter The Python Profilers for more information on the Python profiler. The system’s profile function is called similarly to the system’s trace function (see settrace()), but it isn’t called for each executed line of code (only on call and return, but the return event is reported even when an exception has been set). The function is thread-specific, but there is no way for the profiler to know about context switches between threads, so it does not make sense to use this in the presence of multiple threads. Also, its return value is not used, so it can simply return None.

sys.setrecursionlimit(limit)¶

Set the maximum depth of the Python interpreter stack to limit. This limit prevents infinite recursion from causing an overflow of the C stack and crashing Python.

The highest possible limit is platform-dependent. A user may need to set the limit higher when they have a program that requires deep recursion and a platform that supports a higher limit. This should be done with care, because a too-high limit can lead to a crash.

If the new limit is too low at the current recursion depth, a RecursionError exception is raised.

Distinto en la versión 3.5.1: A RecursionError exception is now raised if the new limit is too low at the current recursion depth.

sys.setswitchinterval(interval)¶: Set the interpreter’s thread switch interval (in seconds). This floating-point value determines the ideal duration of the «timeslices» allocated to concurrently running Python threads. Please note that the actual value can be higher, especially if long-running internal functions or methods are used. Also, which thread becomes scheduled at the end of the interval is the operating system’s decision. The interpreter doesn’t have its own scheduler.

Nuevo en la versión 3.2.

sys.settrace(tracefunc)¶

Set the system’s trace function, which allows you to implement a Python source code debugger in Python. The function is thread-specific; for a debugger to support multiple threads, it must be registered using settrace() for each thread being debugged.

Trace functions should have three arguments: frame, event, and arg. frame is the current stack frame. event is a string: 'call', 'line', 'return', 'exception', 'c_call', 'c_return', or 'c_exception'. arg depends on the event type.

The trace function is invoked (with event set to 'call') whenever a new local scope is entered; it should return a reference to a local trace function to be used that scope, or None if the scope shouldn’t be traced.

The local trace function should return a reference to itself (or to another function for further tracing in that scope), or None to turn off tracing in that scope.

The events have the following meaning:

'call': A function is called (or some other code block entered). The global trace function is called; arg is None; the return value specifies the local trace function.
'line': The interpreter is about to execute a new line of code or re-execute the condition of a loop. The local trace function is called; arg is None; the return value specifies the new local trace function. See Objects/lnotab_notes.txt for a detailed explanation of how this works.
'return': A function (or other code block) is about to return. The local trace function is called; arg is the value that will be returned, or None if the event is caused by an exception being raised. The trace function’s return value is ignored.
'exception': An exception has occurred. The local trace function is called; arg is a tuple (exception, value, traceback); the return value specifies the new local trace function.
'c_call': A C function is about to be called. This may be an extension function or a built-in. arg is the C function object.
'c_return': A C function has returned. arg is the C function object.
'c_exception': A C function has raised an exception. arg is the C function object.

Note that as an exception is propagated down the chain of callers, an 'exception' event is generated at each level.

For more information on code and frame objects, refer to The standard type hierarchy.

CPython implementation detail: The settrace() function is intended only for implementing debuggers, profilers, coverage tools and the like. Its behavior is part of the implementation platform, rather than part of the language definition, and thus may not be available in all Python implementations.

sys.settscdump(on_flag)¶: Activate dumping of VM measurements using the Pentium timestamp counter, if on_flag is true. Deactivate these dumps if on_flag is off. The function is available only if Python was compiled with --with-tsc. To understand the output of this dump, read Python/ceval.c in the Python sources.

CPython implementation detail: This function is intimately bound to CPython implementation details and thus not likely to be implemented elsewhere.

sys.set_coroutine_wrapper(wrapper)¶

Allows intercepting creation of coroutine objects (only ones that are created by an async def function; generators decorated with types.coroutine() or asyncio.coroutine() will not be intercepted).

The wrapper argument must be either:

a callable that accepts one argument (a coroutine object);
None, to reset the wrapper.

If called twice, the new wrapper replaces the previous one. The function is thread-specific.

The wrapper callable cannot define new coroutines directly or indirectly:

def wrapper(coro):
    async def wrap(coro):
        return await coro
    return wrap(coro)
sys.set_coroutine_wrapper(wrapper)

async def foo():
    pass

# The following line will fail with a RuntimeError, because
# ``wrapper`` creates a ``wrap(coro)`` coroutine:
foo()

29.1. `sys` — System-specific parameters and functions¶

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29.1. sys — System-specific parameters and functions¶

29.1. `sys` — System-specific parameters and functions¶