Python 說明文件內容
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* Python 有什麼新功能？

  * What's new in Python 3.14

    * Summary -- release highlights

    * New features

      * PEP 649: deferred evaluation of annotations

        * Implications for annotated code

        * Implications for readers of "__annotations__"

        * Related changes

        * "from __future__ import annotations"

      * Improved error messages

    * Other language changes

    * New modules

    * Improved modules

      * argparse

      * ast

      * concurrent.futures

      * ctypes

      * decimal

      * datetime

      * dis

      * fractions

      * functools

      * http

      * inspect

      * json

      * operator

      * os

      * pathlib

      * pdb

      * pickle

      * pydoc

      * symtable

      * sys

      * unicodedata

      * unittest

    * Optimizations

      * asyncio

      * io

    * Deprecated

      * Pending removal in Python 3.15

      * Pending removal in Python 3.16

      * Pending removal in future versions

    * Removed

      * argparse

      * ast

      * asyncio

      * collections.abc

      * email

      * importlib

      * itertools

      * pathlib

      * pkgutil

      * pty

      * sqlite3

      * typing

      * urllib

      * Others

    * Porting to Python 3.14

      * Changes in the Python API

    * Build changes

    * C API changes

      * New features

      * Porting to Python 3.14

      * Deprecated

        * Pending removal in Python 3.15

        * Pending removal in future versions

      * Removed

  * Python 3.13 有什麼新功能

    * 發布重點摘要

    * 新增功能

      * A better interactive interpreter

      * Improved error messages

      * Free-threaded CPython

      * An experimental just-in-time (JIT) compiler

      * Defined mutation semantics for "locals()"

      * Support for mobile platforms

    * 其他語言更動

    * 新增模組

    * 改進的模組

      * argparse

      * array

      * ast

      * asyncio

      * base64

      * compileall

      * concurrent.futures

      * configparser

      * copy

      * ctypes

      * dbm

      * dis

      * doctest

      * email

      * fractions

      * glob

      * importlib

      * io

      * ipaddress

      * itertools

      * marshal

      * math

      * mimetypes

      * mmap

      * multiprocessing

      * os

      * os.path

      * pathlib

      * pdb

      * queue

      * random

      * re

      * shutil

      * site

      * sqlite3

      * ssl

      * statistics

      * subprocess

      * sys

      * tempfile

      * time

      * tkinter

      * traceback

      * types

      * typing

      * unicodedata

      * venv

      * warnings

      * xml

      * zipimport

    * 最佳化

    * Removed Modules And APIs

      * PEP 594: Remove "dead batteries" from the standard library

      * 2to3

      * builtins

      * configparser

      * importlib.metadata

      * locale

      * opcode

      * pathlib

      * re

      * tkinter.tix

      * turtle

      * typing

      * unittest

      * urllib

      * webbrowser

    * New Deprecations

      * Pending removal in Python 3.14

      * Pending removal in Python 3.15

      * Python 3.16 中待移除的項目

      * Pending removal in future versions

    * CPython Bytecode Changes

    * C API 變更

      * 新增功能

      * Changed C APIs

      * Limited C API Changes

      * Removed C APIs

      * 器用的 C API

        * Pending removal in Python 3.14

        * Pending removal in Python 3.15

        * Pending removal in future versions

    * 建置變更

    * 移植至 Python 3.13

      * Python API 的變更

      * C API 中的改動

    * Regression Test Changes

  * Python 3.12 有什麼新功能

    * 發布重點摘要

    * 新增功能

      * PEP 695：型別參數語法

      * PEP 701: Syntactic formalization of f-strings

      * PEP 684: A Per-Interpreter GIL

      * PEP 669: Low impact monitoring for CPython

      * PEP 688: Making the buffer protocol accessible in Python

      * PEP 709: Comprehension inlining

      * Improved Error Messages

    * New Features Related to Type Hints

      * PEP 692: Using "TypedDict" for more precise "**kwargs" typing

      * PEP 698: Override Decorator for Static Typing

    * 其他語言更動

    * 新增模組

    * 改進的模組

      * array

      * asyncio

      * calendar

      * csv

      * dis

      * fractions

      * importlib.resources

      * inspect

      * itertools

      * math

      * os

      * os.path

      * pathlib

      * pdb

      * random

      * shutil

      * sqlite3

      * statistics

      * sys

      * tempfile

      * threading

      * tkinter

      * tokenize

      * types

      * typing

      * unicodedata

      * unittest

      * uuid

    * 最佳化

    * CPython 位元組碼變更

    * Demos and Tools

    * 已棄用

      * Pending removal in Python 3.13

      * Pending removal in Python 3.14

      * Pending removal in Python 3.15

      * Python 3.16 中待移除的項目

      * Pending removal in future versions

    * 已移除

      * asynchat 和 asyncore

      * configparser

      * distutils

      * ensurepip

      * enum

      * ftplib

      * gzip

      * hashlib

      * importlib

      * imp

      * io

      * locale

      * smtpd

      * sqlite3

      * ssl

      * unittest

      * webbrowser

      * xml.etree.ElementTree

      * zipimport

      * 其他

    * 移植至 Python 3.12

      * Python API 的變更

    * 建置變更

    * C API 變更

      * 新增功能

      * 移植至 Python 3.12

      * 已棄用

        * Pending removal in Python 3.14

        * Pending removal in Python 3.15

        * Pending removal in future versions

      * 已移除

  * Python 3.11 有什麼新功能

    * 發布重點摘要

    * 新增功能

      * PEP 657：回溯 (traceback) 中更細緻的錯誤位置

      * PEP 654：例外群組與 "except*"

      * PEP 678：運用例外註解使其更加詳盡

      * Windows "py.exe" 啟動程式 (launcher) 的改進

    * 型別提示相關的新特性

      * PEP 646：可變參數泛型 (variadic generics)

      * PEP 655：標記獨立 "TypedDict" 項目為必要或不必要

      * PEP 673："Self" 型別

      * PEP 675：任意的文本字串型別 (Arbitrary literal string type)

      * PEP 681：資料類別轉換 (Data class transforms)

      * PEP 563 可能不是未來

    * 其他語言更動

    * 其他 CPython 實作更動

    * 新增模組

    * 改進的模組

      * asyncio

      * contextlib

      * dataclasses

      * datetime

      * enum

      * fcntl

      * fractions

      * functools

      * gzip

      * hashlib

      * IDLE 與 idlelib

      * inspect

      * locale

      * logging

      * math

      * operator

      * os

      * pathlib

      * re

      * shutil

      * socket

      * sqlite3

      * string

      * sys

      * sysconfig

      * tempfile

      * threading

      * time

      * tkinter

      * traceback

      * typing

      * unicodedata

      * unittest

      * venv

      * warnings

      * zipfile

    * 最佳化

    * 更快的 CPython

      * 更快的啟動

        * 凍結引入 (Frozen imports) / 靜態程式碼物件 (Static code
          objects)

      * 更快的運行程式

        * 所需資源更少 (cheaper) 且惰性的 (lazy)) Python 幀 (frame)

        * 行內 Python 函式呼叫

        * PEP 659：特化的適應性直譯器

      * 雜項

      * FAQ

        * 我該如何在程式碼中獲取這些加速？

        * Python 3.11 會不會使用更多記憶體？

        * 我在我的程式當中沒感覺到任何加速，為什麼？

        * 有用到 JIT 編譯器嗎？

      * 關於

    * CPython 位元組碼變更

      * 新增 opcode

      * 被取代的操作碼 (opcode)

      * 有更動/被移除的 opcode

    * 已棄用

      * 語言/內建

      * 模組

      * 標準函式庫

    * Python 3.12 中待決議的移除項目

    * 已移除

    * 移植至 Python 3.11

    * 建置變更

    * C API 變更

      * 新增功能

      * 移植至 Python 3.11

      * 已棄用

      * Python 3.12 中待決議的移除項目

      * 已移除

    * Notable changes in 3.11.4

      * tarfile

    * Notable changes in 3.11.5

      * OpenSSL

  * Python 3.10 有什麼新功能

    * 發布重點摘要

    * 新增功能

      * 帶括號的情境管理器

      * 更好的錯誤訊息

        * SyntaxErrors

        * IndentationErrors

        * AttributeErrors

        * NameErrors

      * PEP 626：用於除錯和其他工具的精確列號

      * PEP 634：結構模式匹配

        * 語法和操作

        * 宣告式方法 (Declarative approach)

        * 簡單模式：與字面值匹配

          * 沒有萬用字元 (wildcard) 的行為

        * 具有字面值和變數的模式

        * 模式和類別

          * 具有位置參數的模式

        * 巢狀模式

        * 複雜模式和萬用字元

        * Guard

        * 其他主要功能

      * 可選的 "EncodingWarning" 和 "encoding="locale"" 選項

    * 與型別提示相關的新功能

      * PEP 604：新型聯集運算子

      * PEP 612：參數規範變數

      * PEP 613：型別別名 (TypeAlias)

      * PEP 647：使用者定義的型別防護

    * 其他語言更動

    * 新模組

    * 改進的模組

      * asyncio

      * argparse

      * array

      * asynchat, asyncore, smtpd

      * base64

      * bdb

      * bisect

      * codecs

      * collections.abc

      * contextlib

      * curses

      * dataclasses

        * __slots__

        * 僅限關鍵字欄位 (Keyword-only fields)

      * distutils

      * doctest

      * encodings

      * enum

      * fileinput

      * faulthandler

      * gc

      * glob

      * hashlib

      * hmac

      * IDLE 和 idlelib

      * importlib.metadata

      * inspect

      * itertools

      * linecache

      * os

      * os.path

      * pathlib

      * platform

      * pprint

      * py_compile

      * pyclbr

      * shelve

      * statistics

      * site

      * socket

      * ssl

      * sqlite3

      * sys

      * _thread

      * threading

      * traceback

      * types

      * typing

      * unittest

      * urllib.parse

      * xml

      * zipimport

    * 最佳化

    * 已棄用

    * 已刪除

    * 移植到 Python 3.10

      * Python 語法的變化

      * Python API 的變化

      * C API 中的改動

    * CPython 位元組碼變更

    * 建置變更

    * C API 變更

      * PEP 652：維護穩定 ABI

      * 新增功能

      * 移植到 Python 3.10

      * 已棄用

      * 已刪除

    * Notable security feature in 3.10.7

    * Notable security feature in 3.10.8

    * Notable changes in 3.10.12

      * tarfile

  * Python 3.9 有什麼新功能

    * 發布重點摘要

    * You should check for DeprecationWarning in your code

    * 新增功能

      * Dictionary Merge & Update Operators

      * New String Methods to Remove Prefixes and Suffixes

      * Type Hinting Generics in Standard Collections

      * New Parser

    * 其他語言更動

    * 新模組

      * zoneinfo

      * graphlib

    * 改進的模組

      * ast

      * asyncio

      * compileall

      * concurrent.futures

      * curses

      * datetime

      * distutils

      * fcntl

      * ftplib

      * gc

      * hashlib

      * http

      * IDLE and idlelib

      * imaplib

      * importlib

      * inspect

      * ipaddress

      * math

      * multiprocessing

      * nntplib

      * os

      * pathlib

      * pdb

      * poplib

      * pprint

      * pydoc

      * random

      * signal

      * smtplib

      * socket

      * time

      * sys

      * tracemalloc

      * typing

      * unicodedata

      * venv

      * xml

    * 最佳化

    * 已棄用

    * 已移除

    * 移植至 Python 3.9

      * Changes in the Python API

      * C API 中的改動

      * CPython 位元組碼變更

    * 建置變更

    * C API 變更

      * 新增功能

      * 移植至 Python 3.9

      * 已移除

    * Python 3.9.1 中顯著的變更

      * typing

      * macOS 11.0 (Big Sur) and Apple Silicon Mac support

    * Python 3.9.2 中顯著的變更

      * collections.abc

      * urllib.parse

    * Python 3.9.3 中顯著的變更

    * Python 3.9.5 中顯著的變更

      * urllib.parse

    * Notable security feature in 3.9.14

    * Notable changes in 3.9.17

      * tarfile

  * Python 3.8 有什麼新功能

    * 發布重點摘要

    * 新增功能

      * Assignment expressions

      * Positional-only parameters

      * Parallel filesystem cache for compiled bytecode files

      * Debug build uses the same ABI as release build

      * f-strings support "=" for self-documenting expressions and
        debugging

      * PEP 578: Python Runtime Audit Hooks

      * PEP 587: Python Initialization Configuration

      * PEP 590: Vectorcall: a fast calling protocol for CPython

      * Pickle protocol 5 with out-of-band data buffers

    * 其他語言更動

    * 新增模組

    * 改進的模組

      * ast

      * asyncio

      * builtins（內建）

      * collections

      * cProfile

      * csv

      * curses

      * ctypes

      * datetime

      * functools

      * gc

      * gettext

      * gzip

      * IDLE and idlelib

      * inspect

      * io

      * itertools

      * json.tool

      * logging

      * math

      * mmap

      * multiprocessing

      * os

      * os.path

      * pathlib

      * pickle

      * plistlib

      * pprint

      * py_compile

      * shlex

      * shutil

      * socket

      * ssl

      * statistics

      * sys

      * tarfile

      * threading

      * tokenize

      * tkinter

      * time

      * typing

      * unicodedata

      * unittest

      * venv

      * weakref

      * xml

      * xmlrpc

    * 最佳化

    * Build and C API Changes

    * 已棄用

    * API and Feature Removals

    * 移植至 Python 3.8

      * Changes in Python behavior

      * Changes in the Python API

      * C API 中的改動

      * CPython 位元組碼變更

      * Demos and Tools

    * Python 3.8.1 中顯著的變更

    * Python 3.8.2 中顯著的變更

    * Python 3.8.3 中顯著的變更

    * Python 3.8.8 中顯著的變更

    * Python 3.8.9 中顯著的變更

    * Python 3.8.10 中顯著的變更

      * macOS 11.0 (Big Sur) and Apple Silicon Mac support

    * Python 3.8.10 中顯著的變更

      * urllib.parse

    * Python 3.8.12 中顯著的變更

      * Changes in the Python API

    * Notable security feature in 3.8.14

    * Notable changes in 3.8.17

      * tarfile

  * Python 3.7 有什麼新功能

    * 發布重點摘要

    * 新增功能

      * PEP 563: Postponed Evaluation of Annotations

      * PEP 538: Legacy C Locale Coercion

      * PEP 540: Forced UTF-8 Runtime Mode

      * PEP 553: Built-in "breakpoint()"

      * PEP 539: New C API for Thread-Local Storage

      * PEP 562: Customization of Access to Module Attributes

      * PEP 564: New Time Functions With Nanosecond Resolution

      * PEP 565: Show DeprecationWarning in "__main__"

      * PEP 560: Core Support for "typing" module and Generic Types

      * PEP 552: Hash-based .pyc Files

      * PEP 545：Python 文件翻譯

      * Python Development Mode (-X dev)

    * 其他語言更動

    * 新模組

      * contextvars

      * dataclasses

      * importlib.resources

    * 改進的模組

      * argparse

      * asyncio

      * binascii

      * calendar

      * collections

      * compileall

      * concurrent.futures

      * contextlib

      * cProfile

      * crypt

      * datetime

      * dbm

      * decimal

      * dis

      * distutils

      * enum

      * functools

      * gc

      * hmac

      * http.client

      * http.server

      * idlelib and IDLE

      * importlib

      * io

      * ipaddress

      * itertools

      * locale

      * logging

      * math

      * mimetypes

      * msilib

      * multiprocessing

      * os

      * pathlib

      * pdb

      * py_compile

      * pydoc

      * queue

      * re

      * signal

      * socket

      * socketserver

      * sqlite3

      * ssl

      * string

      * subprocess

      * sys

      * time

      * tkinter

      * tracemalloc

      * types

      * unicodedata

      * unittest

      * unittest.mock

      * urllib.parse

      * uu

      * uuid

      * warnings

      * xml

      * xml.etree

      * xmlrpc.server

      * zipapp

      * zipfile

    * C API 變更

    * 建置變更

    * 最佳化

    * Other CPython Implementation Changes

    * Deprecated Python Behavior

    * Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods

      * aifc

      * asyncio

      * collections

      * dbm

      * enum

      * gettext

      * importlib

      * locale

      * macpath

      * threading

      * socket

      * ssl

      * sunau

      * sys

      * wave

    * Deprecated functions and types of the C API

    * Platform Support Removals

    * API and Feature Removals

    * Module Removals

    * Windows-only Changes

    * 移植至 Python 3.7

      * Changes in Python Behavior

      * Changes in the Python API

      * C API 中的改動

      * CPython 位元組碼變更

      * Windows-only Changes

      * Other CPython implementation changes

    * Python 3.7.1 中顯著的變更

    * Python 3.7.2 中顯著的變更

    * Python 3.7.6 中顯著的變更

    * Python 3.7.10 中顯著的變更

    * Python 3.7.11 中顯著的變更

    * Notable security feature in 3.7.14

  * Python 3.6 有什麼新功能

    * 發布重點摘要

    * 新增功能

      * PEP 498: Formatted string literals

      * PEP 526: Syntax for variable annotations

      * PEP 515: Underscores in Numeric Literals

      * PEP 525: Asynchronous Generators

      * PEP 530: Asynchronous Comprehensions

      * PEP 487: Simpler customization of class creation

      * PEP 487: Descriptor Protocol Enhancements

      * PEP 519: Adding a file system path protocol

      * PEP 495: Local Time Disambiguation

      * PEP 529: Change Windows filesystem encoding to UTF-8

      * PEP 528: Change Windows console encoding to UTF-8

      * PEP 520: Preserving Class Attribute Definition Order

      * PEP 468: Preserving Keyword Argument Order

      * New *dict* implementation

      * PEP 523: Adding a frame evaluation API to CPython

      * PYTHONMALLOC environment variable

      * DTrace and SystemTap probing support

    * 其他語言更動

    * 新模組

      * secrets

    * 改進的模組

      * array

      * ast

      * asyncio

      * binascii

      * cmath

      * collections

      * concurrent.futures

      * contextlib

      * datetime

      * decimal

      * distutils

      * email

      * encodings

      * enum

      * faulthandler

      * fileinput

      * hashlib

      * http.client

      * idlelib and IDLE

      * importlib

      * inspect

      * json

      * logging

      * math

      * multiprocessing

      * os

      * pathlib

      * pdb

      * pickle

      * pickletools

      * pydoc

      * random

      * re

      * readline

      * rlcompleter

      * shlex

      * site

      * sqlite3

      * socket

      * socketserver

      * ssl

      * statistics

      * struct

      * subprocess

      * sys

      * telnetlib

      * time

      * timeit

      * tkinter

      * traceback

      * tracemalloc

      * typing

      * unicodedata

      * unittest.mock

      * urllib.request

      * urllib.robotparser

      * venv

      * warnings

      * winreg

      * winsound

      * xmlrpc.client

      * zipfile

      * zlib

    * 最佳化

    * Build and C API Changes

    * Other Improvements

    * 已棄用

      * 新關鍵字

      * Deprecated Python behavior

      * Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods

        * asynchat

        * asyncore

        * dbm

        * distutils

        * grp

        * importlib

        * os

        * re

        * ssl

        * tkinter

        * venv

      * xml

      * Deprecated functions and types of the C API

      * Deprecated Build Options

    * 已移除

      * API and Feature Removals

    * 移植至 Python 3.6

      * Changes in 'python' Command Behavior

      * Changes in the Python API

      * C API 中的改動

      * CPython 位元組碼變更

    * Python 3.6.2 中顯著的變更

      * New "make regen-all" build target

      * Removal of "make touch" build target

    * Python 3.6.4 中顯著的變更

    * Python 3.6.5 中顯著的變更

    * Python 3.6.7 中顯著的變更

    * Python 3.6.10 中顯著的變更

    * Python 3.6.13 中顯著的變更

    * Python 3.6.14 中顯著的變更

  * Python 3.4 有什麼新功能

    * 發布重點摘要

    * 新增功能

      * PEP 492 - Coroutines with async and await syntax

      * PEP 465 - A dedicated infix operator for matrix multiplication

      * PEP 448 - Additional Unpacking Generalizations

      * PEP 461 - percent formatting support for bytes and bytearray

      * PEP 484 - Type Hints

      * PEP 471 - os.scandir() function -- a better and faster
        directory iterator

      * PEP 475: Retry system calls failing with EINTR

      * PEP 479: Change StopIteration handling inside generators

      * PEP 485: A function for testing approximate equality

      * PEP 486: Make the Python Launcher aware of virtual
        environments

      * PEP 488: Elimination of PYO files

      * PEP 489: Multi-phase extension module initialization

    * 其他語言更動

    * 新增模組

      * typing

      * zipapp

    * 改進的模組

      * argparse

      * asyncio

      * bz2

      * cgi

      * cmath

      * code

      * collections

      * collections.abc

      * compileall

      * concurrent.futures

      * configparser

      * contextlib

      * csv

      * curses

      * dbm

      * difflib

      * distutils

      * doctest

      * email

      * enum

      * faulthandler

      * functools

      * glob

      * gzip

      * heapq

      * http

      * http.client

      * idlelib and IDLE

      * imaplib

      * imghdr

      * importlib

      * inspect

      * io

      * ipaddress

      * json

      * linecache

      * locale

      * logging

      * lzma

      * math

      * multiprocessing

      * operator

      * os

      * pathlib

      * pickle

      * poplib

      * re

      * readline

      * selectors

      * shutil

      * signal

      * smtpd

      * smtplib

      * sndhdr

      * socket

      * ssl

        * Memory BIO Support

        * Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation Support

        * Other Changes

      * sqlite3

      * subprocess

      * sys

      * sysconfig

      * tarfile

      * threading

      * time

      * timeit

      * tkinter

      * traceback

      * types

      * unicodedata

      * unittest

      * unittest.mock

      * urllib

      * wsgiref

      * xmlrpc

      * xml.sax

      * zipfile

    * Other module-level changes

    * 最佳化

    * Build and C API Changes

    * 已棄用

      * New Keywords

      * Deprecated Python Behavior

      * Unsupported Operating Systems

      * Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods

    * 已移除

      * API and Feature Removals

    * 移植至 Python 3.5

      * Changes in Python behavior

      * Changes in the Python API

      * C API 中的改動

    * Python 3.5.4 中顯著的變更

      * New "make regen-all" build target

      * Removal of "make touch" build target

  * Python 3.4 有什麼新功能

    * 發布重點摘要

    * 新增功能

      * PEP 453: Explicit Bootstrapping of PIP in Python Installations

        * Bootstrapping pip By Default

        * Documentation Changes

      * PEP 446: Newly Created File Descriptors Are Non-Inheritable

      * Improvements to Codec Handling

      * PEP 451: A ModuleSpec Type for the Import System

      * 其他語言更動

    * 新模組

      * asyncio

      * ensurepip

      * enum

      * pathlib

      * selectors

      * statistics

      * tracemalloc

    * 改進的模組

      * abc

      * aifc

      * argparse

      * audioop

      * base64

      * collections

      * colorsys

      * contextlib

      * dbm

      * dis

      * doctest

      * email

      * filecmp

      * functools

      * gc

      * glob

      * hashlib

      * hmac

      * html

      * http

      * idlelib 與 IDLE

      * importlib

      * inspect

      * ipaddress

      * logging

      * marshal

      * mmap

      * multiprocessing

      * operator

      * os

      * pdb

      * pickle

      * plistlib

      * poplib

      * pprint

      * pty

      * pydoc

      * re

      * resource

      * select

      * shelve

      * shutil

      * smtpd

      * smtplib

      * socket

      * sqlite3

      * ssl

      * stat

      * struct

      * subprocess

      * sunau

      * sys

      * tarfile

      * textwrap

      * threading

      * traceback

      * types

      * urllib

      * unittest

      * venv

      * wave

      * weakref

      * xml.etree

      * zipfile

    * CPython 實作變更

      * PEP 445: Customization of CPython Memory Allocators

      * PEP 442: Safe Object Finalization

      * PEP 456: Secure and Interchangeable Hash Algorithm

      * PEP 436: Argument Clinic

      * Other Build and C API Changes

      * Other Improvements

      * 顯著最佳化

    * 已棄用

      * Deprecations in the Python API

      * 已棄用功能

    * 已移除

      * Operating Systems No Longer Supported

      * API 與功能的移除

      * 程式碼的清除

    * 移植至 Python 3.4

      * Changes in 'python' Command Behavior

      * Python API 的變更

      * C API 中的改動

    * 3.4.3 中的變更

      * PEP 476: Enabling certificate verification by default for
        stdlib http clients

  * Python 3.3 有什麼新功能

    * 發布重點摘要

    * PEP 405：虛擬環境

    * PEP 420: Implicit Namespace Packages

    * PEP 3118: New memoryview implementation and buffer protocol
      documentation

      * 功能

      * API 變更

    * PEP 393: Flexible String Representation

      * 功能性

      * 性能和資源使用情況

    * PEP 397：適用於 Windows 的 Python 啟動器

    * PEP 3151: Reworking the OS and IO exception hierarchy

    * PEP 380: Syntax for Delegating to a Subgenerator

    * PEP 409: Suppressing exception context

    * PEP 414: Explicit Unicode literals

    * PEP 3155: Qualified name for classes and functions

    * PEP 412: Key-Sharing Dictionary

    * PEP 362：函式簽名物件

    * PEP 421：新增 sys.implementation

      * SimpleNamespace

    * 使用 importlib 作為 import 的實作

      * 新 API

      * 明顯的變更

    * 其他語言更動

    * A Finer-Grained Import Lock

    * 內建函式和型別

    * 新模組

      * faulthandler

      * ipaddress

      * lzma

    * 改進的模組

      * abc

      * array

      * base64

      * binascii

      * bz2

      * codecs

      * collections

      * contextlib

      * crypt

      * curses

      * datetime

      * decimal

        * 功能

        * API 變更

      * email

        * Policy Framework

        * Provisional Policy with New Header API

        * 其他 API 變更

      * ftplib

      * functools

      * gc

      * hmac

      * http

      * html

      * imaplib

      * inspect

      * io

      * itertools

      * logging

      * math

      * mmap

      * multiprocessing

      * nntplib

      * os

      * pdb

      * pickle

      * pydoc

      * re

      * sched

      * select

      * shlex

      * shutil

      * signal

      * smtpd

      * smtplib

      * socket

      * socketserver

      * sqlite3

      * ssl

      * stat

      * struct

      * subprocess

      * sys

      * tarfile

      * tempfile

      * textwrap

      * threading

      * time

      * types

      * unittest

      * urllib

      * webbrowser

      * xml.etree.ElementTree

      * zlib

    * 最佳化

    * 建置和 C API 更改

    * 已棄用

      * 不支援的作業系統

      * 已棄用的 Python 模組、函式和方法

      * C API 中已棄用的函式和型別

      * 已棄用的功能

    * 移植到 Python 3.3

      * 移植 Python 程式碼

      * Porting C code

      * Building C extensions

      * 命令列開關更改

  * Python 3.2 有什麼新功能

    * PEP 384: Defining a Stable ABI

    * PEP 389: Argparse 命令列剖析模組

    * PEP 391:  Dictionary Based Configuration for Logging

    * PEP 3148："concurrent.futures" 模組

    * PEP 3147:  PYC Repository Directories

    * PEP 3149: ABI Version Tagged .so Files

    * PEP 3333: Python Web Server Gateway Interface v1.0.1

    * 其他語言更動

    * New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules

      * email

      * elementtree

      * functools

      * itertools

      * collections

      * threading

      * datetime 和 time

      * math

      * abc

      * io

      * reprlib

      * logging

      * csv

      * contextlib

      * decimal and fractions

      * ftp

      * popen

      * select

      * gzip 和 zipfile

      * tarfile

      * hashlib

      * ast

      * os

      * shutil

      * sqlite3

      * html

      * socket

      * ssl

      * nntp

      * certificates

      * imaplib

      * http.client

      * unittest

      * random

      * poplib

      * asyncore

      * tempfile

      * inspect

      * pydoc

      * dis

      * dbm

      * ctypes

      * site

      * sysconfig

      * pdb

      * configparser

      * urllib.parse

      * mailbox

      * turtledemo

    * Multi-threading

    * 最佳化

    * Unicode

    * 編解碼器

    * 文件

    * IDLE

    * Code Repository

    * Build and C API Changes

    * 移植至 Python 3.2

  * Python 3.1 有什麼新功能

    * **PEP 372**：有序字典

    * PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator

    * 其他語言更動

    * New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules

    * 最佳化

    * IDLE

    * Build and C API Changes

    * 移植至 Python 3.1

  * Python 3.0 有什麼新功能

    * Common Stumbling Blocks

      * Print Is A Function

      * Views And Iterators Instead Of Lists

      * Ordering Comparisons

      * 整數

      * Text Vs. Data Instead Of Unicode Vs. 8-bit

    * 語法變更概要

      * New Syntax

      * 語法變更

      * 已被移除的語法

    * Changes Already Present In Python 2.6

    * 函式庫變更

    * **PEP 3101**: A New Approach To String Formatting

    * Changes To Exceptions

    * Miscellaneous Other Changes

      * Operators And Special Methods

      * Builtins

    * Build and C API Changes

    * Performance

    * Porting To Python 3.0

  * Python 2.7 有什麼新功能

    * Python 2.x 的未來

    * Changes to the Handling of Deprecation Warnings

    * Python 3.1 Features

    * PEP 372: Adding an Ordered Dictionary to collections

    * PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator

    * PEP 389: The argparse Module for Parsing Command Lines

    * PEP 391: Dictionary-Based Configuration For Logging

    * PEP 3106: Dictionary Views

    * PEP 3137: The memoryview Object

    * 其他語言更動

      * Interpreter Changes

      * 最佳化

    * New and Improved Modules

      * New module: importlib

      * New module: sysconfig

      * ttk: Themed Widgets for Tk

      * Updated module: unittest

      * Updated module: ElementTree 1.3

    * Build and C API Changes

      * Capsules

      * Port-Specific Changes: Windows

      * Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X

      * Port-Specific Changes: FreeBSD

    * Other Changes and Fixes

    * Porting to Python 2.7

    * New Features Added to Python 2.7 Maintenance Releases

      * Two new environment variables for debug mode

      * PEP 434: IDLE Enhancement Exception for All Branches

      * PEP 466: Network Security Enhancements for Python 2.7

      * PEP 477: Backport ensurepip (PEP 453) to Python 2.7

        * Bootstrapping pip By Default

        * Documentation Changes

      * PEP 476: Enabling certificate verification by default for
        stdlib http clients

      * PEP 493: HTTPS verification migration tools for Python 2.7

      * New "make regen-all" build target

      * Removal of "make touch" build target

    * 致謝

  * Python 2.6 有什麼新功能

    * Python 3.0

    * Changes to the Development Process

      * New Issue Tracker: Roundup

      * New Documentation Format: reStructuredText Using Sphinx

    * PEP 343: The 'with' statement

      * Writing Context Managers

      * contextlib 模組

    * PEP 366: Explicit Relative Imports From a Main Module

    * PEP 370: Per-user "site-packages" Directory

    * PEP 371: The "multiprocessing" Package

    * PEP 3101: Advanced String Formatting

    * PEP 3105: "print" As a Function

    * PEP 3110: Exception-Handling Changes

    * PEP 3112: Byte Literals

    * PEP 3116: New I/O Library

    * PEP 3118：修訂緩衝協定

    * PEP 3119: Abstract Base Classes

    * PEP 3127: Integer Literal Support and Syntax

    * PEP 3129: Class Decorators

    * PEP 3141: A Type Hierarchy for Numbers

      * The "fractions" Module

    * 其他語言更動

      * 最佳化

      * Interpreter Changes

    * New and Improved Modules

      * "ast" 模組

      * "future_builtins" 模組

      * The "json" module: JavaScript Object Notation

      * The "plistlib" module: A Property-List Parser

      * ctypes Enhancements

      * Improved SSL Support

    * Deprecations and Removals

    * Build and C API Changes

      * Port-Specific Changes: Windows

      * Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X

      * Port-Specific Changes: IRIX

    * Porting to Python 2.6

    * 致謝

  * Python 2.5 有什麼新功能

    * PEP 308: Conditional Expressions

    * PEP 309: Partial Function Application

    * PEP 314: Metadata for Python Software Packages v1.1

    * PEP 328: Absolute and Relative Imports

    * PEP 338: Executing Modules as Scripts

    * PEP 341: Unified try/except/finally

    * PEP 342: New Generator Features

    * PEP 343：'with' 陳述式

      * Writing Context Managers

      * contextlib 模組

    * PEP 352: Exceptions as New-Style Classes

    * PEP 353: Using ssize_t as the index type

    * PEP 357: The '__index__' method

    * 其他語言更動

      * Interactive Interpreter Changes

      * 最佳化

    * New, Improved, and Removed Modules

      * ctypes 套件

      * ElementTree 套件

      * hashlib 套件

      * sqlite3 套件

      * wsgiref 套件

    * Build and C API Changes

      * Port-Specific Changes

    * Porting to Python 2.5

    * 致謝

  * Python 2.4 有什麼新功能

    * PEP 218: Built-In Set Objects

    * PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers

    * PEP 289: Generator Expressions

    * PEP 292: Simpler String Substitutions

    * PEP 318: Decorators for Functions and Methods

    * PEP 322: Reverse Iteration

    * PEP 324: New subprocess Module

    * PEP 327: Decimal Data Type

      * Why is Decimal needed?

      * "Decimal" 型別

      * "Context" 型別

    * PEP 328: Multi-line Imports

    * PEP 331: Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions

    * 其他語言更動

      * 最佳化

    * New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules

      * cookielib

      * doctest

    * Build and C API Changes

      * Port-Specific Changes

    * Porting to Python 2.4

    * 致謝

  * Python 2.3 有什麼新功能

    * PEP 218: A Standard Set Datatype

    * PEP 255: Simple Generators

    * PEP 263: Source Code Encodings

    * PEP 273: Importing Modules from ZIP Archives

    * PEP 277: Unicode file name support for Windows NT

    * PEP 278: Universal Newline Support

    * PEP 279：enumerate()

    * PEP 282: The logging Package

    * PEP 285: A Boolean Type

    * PEP 293: Codec Error Handling Callbacks

    * PEP 301: Package Index and Metadata for Distutils

    * PEP 302: New Import Hooks

    * PEP 305: Comma-separated Files

    * PEP 307: Pickle Enhancements

    * Extended Slices

    * 其他語言更動

      * String Changes

      * 最佳化

    * New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules

      * Date/Time Type

      * The optparse Module

    * Pymalloc: A Specialized Object Allocator

    * Build and C API Changes

      * Port-Specific Changes

    * Other Changes and Fixes

    * Porting to Python 2.3

    * 致謝

  * Python 2.2 有什麼新功能

    * 簡介

    * PEPs 252 and 253: Type and Class Changes

      * 舊的和新的類別

      * 描述器

      * Multiple Inheritance: The Diamond Rule

      * Attribute Access

      * 相關連結

    * PEP 234：疊代器

    * PEP 255：簡單產生器

    * PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers

    * PEP 238: Changing the Division Operator

    * Unicode 變更

    * PEP 227: Nested Scopes

    * New and Improved Modules

    * 直譯器的變更與修正

    * 其他改動與修正

    * 致謝

  * Python 2.1 有什麼新功能

    * 簡介

    * PEP 227: Nested Scopes

    * PEP 236: __future__ Directives

    * PEP 207: Rich Comparisons

    * PEP 230: Warning Framework

    * PEP 229: New Build System

    * PEP 205: Weak References

    * PEP 232: Function Attributes

    * PEP 235: Importing Modules on Case-Insensitive Platforms

    * PEP 217: Interactive Display Hook

    * PEP 208: New Coercion Model

    * PEP 241: Metadata in Python Packages

    * New and Improved Modules

    * Other Changes and Fixes

    * 致謝

  * Python 2.0 有什麼新功能

    * 簡介

    * What About Python 1.6?

    * New Development Process

    * Unicode

    * 串列綜合運算（List Comprehension）

    * Augmented Assignment

    * String Methods

    * Garbage Collection of Cycles

    * Other Core Changes

      * Minor Language Changes

      * Changes to Built-in Functions

    * Porting to 2.0

    * Extending/Embedding Changes

    * Distutils: Making Modules Easy to Install

    * XML 模組

      * SAX2 支援

      * DOM 支援

      * Relationship to PyXML

    * 模組變更

    * 新增模組

    * IDLE Improvements

    * Deleted and Deprecated Modules

    * 致謝

  * Changelog（更動日誌）

    * Python next

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    * Python 3.14.0 alpha 1

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      * Security

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    * Python 3.13.0 alpha 6

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      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * macOS

      * IDLE

      * C API

    * Python 3.9.0 beta 1

      * Security

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * macOS

      * Tools/Demos

      * C API

    * Python 3.9.0 alpha 6

      * Security

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * macOS

      * IDLE

      * Tools/Demos

      * C API

    * Python 3.9.0 alpha 5

      * Security

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * macOS

      * IDLE

      * Tools/Demos

      * C API

    * Python 3.9.0 alpha 4

      * Security

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * IDLE

      * C API

    * Python 3.9.0 alpha 3

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Build

      * IDLE

      * C API

    * Python 3.9.0 alpha 2

      * Security

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * macOS

      * IDLE

      * C API

    * Python 3.9.0 alpha 1

      * Security

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * macOS

      * IDLE

      * Tools/Demos

      * C API

    * Python 3.8.0 beta 1

      * Security

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * macOS

      * IDLE

      * Tools/Demos

      * C API

    * Python 3.8.0 alpha 4

      * Security

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * macOS

      * IDLE

      * Tools/Demos

      * C API

    * Python 3.8.0 alpha 3

      * Security

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * IDLE

      * Tools/Demos

      * C API

    * Python 3.8.0 alpha 2

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Windows

      * IDLE

    * Python 3.8.0 alpha 1

      * Security

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * macOS

      * IDLE

      * Tools/Demos

      * C API

    * Python 3.7.0 final

      * Library

      * C API

    * Python 3.7.0 release candidate 1

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Build

      * Windows

      * IDLE

    * Python 3.7.0 beta 5

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * macOS

      * IDLE

    * Python 3.7.0 beta 4

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * macOS

      * IDLE

      * Tools/Demos

    * Python 3.7.0 beta 3

      * Security

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * macOS

      * IDLE

      * Tools/Demos

      * C API

    * Python 3.7.0 beta 2

      * Security

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * macOS

      * IDLE

      * Tools/Demos

    * Python 3.7.0 beta 1

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * macOS

      * C API

    * Python 3.7.0 alpha 4

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Windows

      * Tools/Demos

      * C API

    * Python 3.7.0 alpha 3

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * macOS

      * IDLE

      * Tools/Demos

      * C API

    * Python 3.7.0 alpha 2

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Build

      * IDLE

      * C API

    * Python 3.7.0 alpha 1

      * Security

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * IDLE

      * Tools/Demos

      * C API

    * Python 3.6.6 final

    * Python 3.6.6 release candidate 1

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * macOS

      * IDLE

      * Tools/Demos

      * C API

    * Python 3.6.5 final

      * Tests

      * Build

    * Python 3.6.5 release candidate 1

      * Security

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * macOS

      * IDLE

      * Tools/Demos

      * C API

    * Python 3.6.4 final

    * Python 3.6.4 release candidate 1

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * macOS

      * IDLE

      * Tools/Demos

      * C API

    * Python 3.6.3 final

      * Library

      * Build

    * Python 3.6.3 release candidate 1

      * Security

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * IDLE

      * Tools/Demos

    * Python 3.6.2 final

    * Python 3.6.2 release candidate 2

      * Security

    * Python 3.6.2 release candidate 1

      * Security

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * IDLE

      * C API

      * Build

      * Documentation

      * Tools/Demos

      * Tests

      * Windows

    * Python 3.6.1 final

      * Core and Builtins

      * Build

    * Python 3.6.1 release candidate 1

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * IDLE

      * Windows

      * C API

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

    * Python 3.6.0 final

    * Python 3.6.0 release candidate 2

      * Core and Builtins

      * Tools/Demos

      * Windows

      * Build

    * Python 3.6.0 release candidate 1

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * C API

      * Documentation

      * Tools/Demos

    * Python 3.6.0 beta 4

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

    * Python 3.6.0 beta 3

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Windows

      * Build

      * Tests

    * Python 3.6.0 beta 2

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Windows

      * C API

      * Build

      * Tests

    * Python 3.6.0 beta 1

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * IDLE

      * C API

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Tools/Demos

      * Windows

    * Python 3.6.0 alpha 4

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * IDLE

      * Tests

      * Windows

      * Build

    * Python 3.6.0 alpha 3

      * Security

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * IDLE

      * C API

      * Build

      * Tools/Demos

      * Documentation

      * Tests

    * Python 3.6.0 alpha 2

      * Security

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * IDLE

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Windows

      * Build

      * C API

      * Tools/Demos

    * Python 3.6.0 alpha 1

      * Security

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * IDLE

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * Tools/Demos

      * C API

    * Python 3.5.5 final

    * Python 3.5.5 release candidate 1

      * Security

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

    * Python 3.5.4 final

      * Library

    * Python 3.5.4 release candidate 1

      * Security

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * C API

    * Python 3.5.3 final

    * Python 3.5.3 release candidate 1

      * Security

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * IDLE

      * C API

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Tools/Demos

      * Windows

      * Build

    * Python 3.5.2 final

      * Core and Builtins

      * Tests

      * IDLE

    * Python 3.5.2 release candidate 1

      * Security

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * IDLE

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * Tools/Demos

    * Python 3.5.1 final

      * Core and Builtins

      * Windows

    * Python 3.5.1 release candidate 1

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * IDLE

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * Tools/Demos

    * Python 3.5.0 final

      * Build

    * Python 3.5.0 release candidate 4

      * Library

      * Build

    * Python 3.5.0 release candidate 3

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

    * Python 3.5.0 release candidate 2

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

    * Python 3.5.0 release candidate 1

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * IDLE

      * Documentation

      * Tests

    * Python 3.5.0 beta 4

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Build

    * Python 3.5.0 beta 3

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Tests

      * Documentation

      * Build

    * Python 3.5.0 beta 2

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

    * Python 3.5.0 beta 1

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * IDLE

      * Tests

      * Documentation

      * Tools/Demos

    * Python 3.5.0 alpha 4

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Build

      * Tests

      * Tools/Demos

      * C API

    * Python 3.5.0 alpha 3

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Build

      * Tests

      * Tools/Demos

    * Python 3.5.0 alpha 2

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Build

      * C API

      * Windows

    * Python 3.5.0 alpha 1

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * IDLE

      * Build

      * C API

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Tools/Demos

      * Windows

* Python 教學

  * 1. 淺嘗滋味

  * 2. 使用 Python 直譯器

    * 2.1. 啟動直譯器

      * 2.1.1. 傳遞引數

      * 2.1.2. 互動模式

    * 2.2. 直譯器與它的環境

      * 2.2.1. 原始碼的字元編碼 (encoding)

  * 3. 一個非正式的 Python 簡介

    * 3.1. 把 Python 當作計算機使用

      * 3.1.1. 數字 (Number)

      * 3.1.2. 文字

      * 3.1.3. List（串列）

    * 3.2. 初探程式設計的前幾步

  * 4. 深入了解流程控制

    * 4.1. "if" 陳述式

    * 4.2. "for" 陳述式

    * 4.3. "range()" 函式

    * 4.4. "break" 和 "continue" 陳述式

    * 4.5. 迴圈的 "else" 子句

    * 4.6. "pass" 陳述式

    * 4.7. "match" 陳述式

    * 4.8. 定義函式 (function)

    * 4.9. 深入了解函式定義

      * 4.9.1. 預設引數值

      * 4.9.2. 關鍵字引數

      * 4.9.3. 特殊參數

        * 4.9.3.1. 位置或關鍵字引數 (Positional-or-Keyword Arguments)

        * 4.9.3.2. 僅限位置參數 (Positional-Only Parameters)

        * 4.9.3.3. 僅限關鍵字引數 (Keyword-Only Arguments)

        * 4.9.3.4. 函式範例

        * 4.9.3.5. 回顧

      * 4.9.4. 任意引數列表 (Arbitrary Argument Lists)

      * 4.9.5. 拆解引數列表（Unpacking Argument Lists）

      * 4.9.6. Lambda 運算式

      * 4.9.7. 說明文件字串 (Documentation Strings)

      * 4.9.8. 函式註釋 (Function Annotations)

    * 4.10. 間奏曲：程式碼風格 (Coding Style)

  * 5. 資料結構

    * 5.1. 進一步了解 List（串列）

      * 5.1.1. 將 List 作為 Stack（堆疊）使用

      * 5.1.2. 將 List 作為 Queue（佇列）使用

      * 5.1.3. List Comprehensions（串列綜合運算）

      * 5.1.4. 巢狀的 List Comprehensions

    * 5.2. "del" 陳述式

    * 5.3. Tuples 和序列 (Sequences)

    * 5.4. 集合 (Sets)

    * 5.5. 字典（Dictionary）

    * 5.6. 迴圈技巧

    * 5.7. 深入了解條件 (Condition)

    * 5.8. 序列和其他資料類型之比較

  * 6. 模組 (Module)

    * 6.1. 深入了解模組

      * 6.1.1. 把模組當作腳本執行

      * 6.1.2. 模組的搜尋路徑

      * 6.1.3. 「編譯」Python 檔案

    * 6.2. 標準模組

    * 6.3. "dir()" 函式

    * 6.4. 套件 (Package)

      * 6.4.1. 從套件中 import *

      * 6.4.2. 套件內引用

      * 6.4.3. 多目錄中的套件

  * 7. 輸入和輸出

    * 7.1. 更華麗的輸出格式

      * 7.1.1. 格式化的字串文本 (Formatted String Literals)

      * 7.1.2. 字串的 format() method

      * 7.1.3. 手動格式化字串

      * 7.1.4. 格式化字串的舊方法

    * 7.2. 讀寫檔案

      * 7.2.1. 檔案物件的 method

      * 7.2.2. 使用 "json" 儲存結構化資料

  * 8. 錯誤和例外

    * 8.1. 語法錯誤 (Syntax Error)

    * 8.2. 例外 (Exception)

    * 8.3. 處理例外

    * 8.4. 引發例外

    * 8.5. 例外鏈接 (Exception Chaining)

    * 8.6. 使用者自定的例外

    * 8.7. 定義清理動作

    * 8.8. 預定義的清理動作

    * 8.9. 引發及處理多個無關的例外

    * 8.10. 用註解使例外更詳細

  * 9. Class（類別）

    * 9.1. 關於名稱與物件的一段話

    * 9.2. Python 作用域 (Scope) 及命名空間 (Namespace)

      * 9.2.1. 作用域和命名空間的範例

    * 9.3. 初見 class

      * 9.3.1. Class definition（類別定義）語法

      * 9.3.2. Class 物件

      * 9.3.3. 實例物件

      * 9.3.4. Method 物件

      * 9.3.5. Class 及實例變數

    * 9.4. 隨意的備註

    * 9.5. 繼承 (Inheritance)

      * 9.5.1. 多重繼承

    * 9.6. 私有變數

    * 9.7. 補充說明

    * 9.8. 疊代器 (Iterator)

    * 9.9. 產生器 (Generator)

    * 9.10. 產生器運算式

  * 10. Python 標準函式庫概覽

    * 10.1. 作業系統介面

    * 10.2. 檔案之萬用字元 (File Wildcards)

    * 10.3. 命令列引數

    * 10.4. 錯誤輸出重新導向與程式終止

    * 10.5. 字串樣式比對

    * 10.6. 數學相關

    * 10.7. 網路存取

    * 10.8. 日期與時間

    * 10.9. 資料壓縮

    * 10.10. 效能量測

    * 10.11. 品質控管

    * 10.12. 標準模組庫

  * 11. Python 標準函式庫概覽——第二部份

    * 11.1. 輸出格式化 (Output Formatting)

    * 11.2. 模板化 (Templating)

    * 11.3. 二進制資料記錄編排 (Binary Data Record Layouts)

    * 11.4. 多執行緒 (Multi-threading)

    * 11.5. 日誌記錄 (Logging)

    * 11.6. 弱引用 (Weak References)

    * 11.7. 使用於 List 的工具

    * 11.8. 十進制浮點數運算 (Decimal Floating-Point Arithmetic)

  * 12. 虛擬環境與套件

    * 12.1. 簡介

    * 12.2. 建立虛擬環境

    * 12.3. 用 pip 管理套件

  * 13. 現在可以來學習些什麼？

  * 14. 互動式輸入編輯和歷史記錄替換

    * 14.1. Tab 鍵自動完成 (Tab Completion) 和歷史記錄編輯 (History
      Editing)

    * 14.2. 互動式直譯器的替代方案

  * 15. 浮點數運算：問題與限制

    * 15.1. 表示法誤差 (Representation Error)

  * 16. 附錄

    * 16.1. 互動模式

      * 16.1.1. 錯誤處理

      * 16.1.2. 可執行的 Python 腳本

      * 16.1.3. 互動式啟動檔案

      * 16.1.4. 客製化模組

* Python 的設置與使用

  * 1. 命令列與環境

    * 1.1. 命令列

      * 1.1.1. 介面選項

      * 1.1.2. Generic options

      * 1.1.3. Miscellaneous options

      * 1.1.4. Controlling color

      * 1.1.5. 你不該使用的選項

    * 1.2. 環境變數

      * 1.2.1. 除錯模式變數

  * 2. 在 Unix 平臺上使用 Python

    * 2.1. 獲得並安裝 Python 的最新版本

      * 2.1.1. 在 Linux 上

      * 2.1.2. 在 FreeBSD 和 OpenBSD 上

    * 2.2. 建置 Python

    * 2.3. 與 Python 相關的路徑和檔案

    * 2.4. 雜項

    * 2.5. 客製化 OpenSSL

  * 3. 配置 Python

    * 3.1. 建置需求

    * 3.2. 產生的檔案

      * 3.2.1. 設定腳本

    * 3.3. 設定選項

      * 3.3.1. 一般選項

      * 3.3.2. C compiler options

      * 3.3.3. Linker options

      * 3.3.4. Options for third-party dependencies

      * 3.3.5. WebAssembly 選項

      * 3.3.6. 安裝選項

      * 3.3.7. Performance options

      * 3.3.8. Python Debug Build

      * 3.3.9. Debug options

      * 3.3.10. Linker options

      * 3.3.11. 函式庫選項

      * 3.3.12. Security Options

      * 3.3.13. macOS 選項

      * 3.3.14. iOS Options

      * 3.3.15. Cross Compiling Options

    * 3.4. Python Build System

      * 3.4.1. Main files of the build system

      * 3.4.2. 主要建置步驟

      * 3.4.3. 主要 Makefile 目標

        * 3.4.3.1. make

        * 3.4.3.2. make platform

        * 3.4.3.3. make profile-opt

        * 3.4.3.4. make clean

        * 3.4.3.5. make distclean

        * 3.4.3.6. make install

        * 3.4.3.7. make test

        * 3.4.3.8. make ci

        * 3.4.3.9. make buildbottest

        * 3.4.3.10. make regen-all

      * 3.4.4. C 擴充模組

    * 3.5. Compiler and linker flags

      * 3.5.1. Preprocessor flags

      * 3.5.2. 編譯器旗標

      * 3.5.3. Linker flags

  * 4. 在 Windows 上使用 Python

    * 4.1. The full installer

      * 4.1.1. 安裝步驟

      * 4.1.2. Removing the MAX_PATH Limitation

      * 4.1.3. 安裝排除使用者介面

      * 4.1.4. 當安裝時不下載

      * 4.1.5. Modifying an install

      * 4.1.6. Installing Free-threaded Binaries

    * 4.2. The Microsoft Store package

      * 4.2.1. Known issues

        * 4.2.1.1. Redirection of local data, registry, and temporary
          paths

    * 4.3. nuget.org 套件

      * 4.3.1. Free-threaded packages

    * 4.4. The embeddable package

      * 4.4.1. Python Application

      * 4.4.2. 嵌入 Python

    * 4.5. Alternative bundles

    * 4.6. 設定 Python

      * 4.6.1. Excursus: Setting environment variables

      * 4.6.2. Finding the Python executable

    * 4.7. UTF-8 模式

    * 4.8. Python Launcher for Windows

      * 4.8.1. 開始

        * 4.8.1.1. From the command-line

        * 4.8.1.2. 虛擬環境（Virtual environment）

        * 4.8.1.3. From a script

        * 4.8.1.4. 從檔案關聯

      * 4.8.2. Shebang Lines

      * 4.8.3. Arguments in shebang lines

      * 4.8.4. Customization

        * 4.8.4.1. Customization via INI files

        * 4.8.4.2. Customizing default Python versions

      * 4.8.5. Diagnostics

      * 4.8.6. Dry Run

      * 4.8.7. 安裝隨選

      * 4.8.8. Return codes

    * 4.9. 找尋模組

    * 4.10. 額外的模組

      * 4.10.1. PyWin32

      * 4.10.2. cx_Freeze

    * 4.11. 編譯 Python 在 Windows

    * 4.12. 其他平台

  * 5. 於 macOS 使用 Python

    * 5.1. Using Python for macOS from "python.org"

      * 5.1.1. 安裝步驟

      * 5.1.2. 如何執行 Python 腳本

    * 5.2. Alternative Distributions

    * 5.3. 安裝額外的 Python 套件

    * 5.4. 開發 GUI 程式

    * 5.5. 進階主題

      * 5.5.1. Installing Free-threaded Binaries

      * 5.5.2. 使用命令列安裝

      * 5.5.3. 發行 Python 應用程式

      * 5.5.4. App Store Compliance

    * 5.6. 其他資源

  * 6. Using Python on Android

    * 6.1. Adding Python to an Android app

  * 7. 在 iOS 上使用 Python

    * 7.1. Python at runtime on iOS

      * 7.1.1. iOS version compatibility

      * 7.1.2. Platform identification

      * 7.1.3. Standard library availability

      * 7.1.4. Binary extension modules

      * 7.1.5. Compiler stub binaries

    * 7.2. Installing Python on iOS

      * 7.2.1. Tools for building iOS apps

      * 7.2.2. Adding Python to an iOS project

    * 7.3. App Store Compliance

  * 8. 編輯器與 IDE

* Python 語言參考手冊

  * 1. 簡介

    * 1.1. Alternate Implementations

    * 1.2. Notation

  * 2. 詞法分析

    * 2.1. Line structure

      * 2.1.1. Logical lines

      * 2.1.2. Physical lines

      * 2.1.3. Comments

      * 2.1.4. Encoding declarations

      * 2.1.5. Explicit line joining

      * 2.1.6. Implicit line joining

      * 2.1.7. Blank lines

      * 2.1.8. Indentation

      * 2.1.9. Whitespace between tokens

    * 2.2. Other tokens

    * 2.3. Identifiers and keywords

      * 2.3.1. 關鍵字

      * 2.3.2. 軟關鍵字

      * 2.3.3. Reserved classes of identifiers

    * 2.4. Literals

      * 2.4.1. String and Bytes literals

        * 2.4.1.1. 跳脫序列

      * 2.4.2. String literal concatenation

      * 2.4.3. f-string（f 字串）

      * 2.4.4. Numeric literals

      * 2.4.5. Integer literals

      * 2.4.6. 浮點數常數 (Floating-point literals)

      * 2.4.7. Imaginary literals

    * 2.5. Operators

    * 2.6. Delimiters

  * 3. 資料模型

    * 3.1. 物件、數值和型別

    * 3.2. 標準型別階層

      * 3.2.1. None

      * 3.2.2. NotImplemented

      * 3.2.3. Ellipsis

      * 3.2.4. "numbers.Number"

        * 3.2.4.1. "numbers.Integral"

        * 3.2.4.2. "numbers.Real" ("float")

        * 3.2.4.3. "numbers.Complex" ("complex")

      * 3.2.5. Sequences

        * 3.2.5.1. Immutable sequences

        * 3.2.5.2. 可變序列

      * 3.2.6. Set（集合）型別

      * 3.2.7. 對映

        * 3.2.7.1. 字典

      * 3.2.8. 可呼叫型別

        * 3.2.8.1. 自訂函式

          * 3.2.8.1.1. 特殊唯讀屬性

            * "__globals__"

            * "__closure__"

          * 3.2.8.1.2. 特殊可寫屬性

            * "__doc__"

            * "__name__"

            * "__qualname__"

            * "__module__"

            * "__defaults__"

            * "__code__"

            * "__dict__"

            * "__annotations__"

            * "__annotate__"

            * "__kwdefaults__"

            * "__type_params__"

        * 3.2.8.2. 實例方法

          * "__self__"

          * "__func__"

          * "__doc__"

          * "__name__"

          * "__module__"

        * 3.2.8.3. 產生器函式

        * 3.2.8.4. Coroutine（協程）函式

        * 3.2.8.5. 非同步產生器函式

        * 3.2.8.6. 內建函式

        * 3.2.8.7. 內建方法

        * 3.2.8.8. Classes

        * 3.2.8.9. 類別實例

      * 3.2.9. 模組

        * 3.2.9.1. Import-related attributes on module objects

          * "__name__"

          * "__spec__"

          * "__package__"

          * "__loader__"

          * "__path__"

          * "__file__"

          * "__cached__"

        * 3.2.9.2. 模組物件的其他可寫入屬性

          * "__doc__"

          * "__annotations__"

          * "__annotate__"

        * 3.2.9.3. 模組字典

          * "__dict__"

      * 3.2.10. Custom classes

        * 3.2.10.1. 特殊屬性

          * "__name__"

          * "__qualname__"

          * "__module__"

          * "__dict__"

          * "__bases__"

          * "__doc__"

          * "__annotations__"

          * "__annotate__()"

          * "__type_params__"

          * "__static_attributes__"

          * "__firstlineno__"

          * "__mro__"

        * 3.2.10.2. 特殊方法

          * "mro()"

          * "__subclasses__()"

      * 3.2.11. 類別實例

        * 3.2.11.1. 特殊屬性

          * "__class__"

          * "__dict__"

      * 3.2.12. I/O objects (also known as file objects)

      * 3.2.13. Internal types

        * 3.2.13.1. 程式碼物件

          * 3.2.13.1.1. 特殊唯讀屬性

            * "co_name"

            * "co_qualname"

            * "co_argcount"

            * "co_posonlyargcount"

            * "co_kwonlyargcount"

            * "co_nlocals"

            * "co_varnames"

            * "co_cellvars"

            * "co_freevars"

            * "co_code"

            * "co_consts"

            * "co_names"

            * "co_filename"

            * "co_firstlineno"

            * "co_lnotab"

            * "co_stacksize"

            * "co_flags"

          * 3.2.13.1.2. 用於程式碼物件的方法

            * "co_positions()"

            * "co_lines()"

            * "replace()"

        * 3.2.13.2. Frame objects

          * 3.2.13.2.1. 特殊唯讀屬性

            * "f_back"

            * "f_code"

            * "f_locals"

            * "f_globals"

            * "f_builtins"

            * "f_lasti"

          * 3.2.13.2.2. 特殊可寫屬性

            * "f_trace"

            * "f_trace_lines"

            * "f_trace_opcodes"

            * "f_lineno"

          * 3.2.13.2.3. Frame object methods

            * "clear()"

        * 3.2.13.3. Traceback objects

          * "tb_frame"

          * "tb_lineno"

          * "tb_lasti"

          * "tb_next"

        * 3.2.13.4. Slice objects

          * "indices()"

        * 3.2.13.5. Static method objects

        * 3.2.13.6. Class method objects

    * 3.3. Special method names

      * 3.3.1. Basic customization

        * "__new__()"

        * "__init__()"

        * "__del__()"

        * "__repr__()"

        * "__str__()"

        * "__bytes__()"

        * "__format__()"

        * "__lt__()"

        * "__le__()"

        * "__eq__()"

        * "__ne__()"

        * "__gt__()"

        * "__ge__()"

        * "__hash__()"

        * "__bool__()"

      * 3.3.2. Customizing attribute access

        * "__getattr__()"

        * "__getattribute__()"

        * "__setattr__()"

        * "__delattr__()"

        * "__dir__()"

        * 3.3.2.1. Customizing module attribute access

        * 3.3.2.2. 實作描述器

          * "__get__()"

          * "__set__()"

          * "__delete__()"

          * "__objclass__"

        * 3.3.2.3. Invoking Descriptors

        * 3.3.2.4. __slots__

          * "__slots__"

      * 3.3.3. Customizing class creation

        * "__init_subclass__()"

        * "__set_name__()"

        * 3.3.3.1. Metaclasses

        * 3.3.3.2. Resolving MRO entries

          * "__mro_entries__()"

        * 3.3.3.3. Determining the appropriate metaclass

        * 3.3.3.4. Preparing the class namespace

        * 3.3.3.5. Executing the class body

        * 3.3.3.6. Creating the class object

        * 3.3.3.7. Uses for metaclasses

      * 3.3.4. Customizing instance and subclass checks

        * "__instancecheck__()"

        * "__subclasscheck__()"

      * 3.3.5. Emulating generic types

        * "__class_getitem__()"

        * 3.3.5.1. The purpose of *__class_getitem__*

        * 3.3.5.2. *__class_getitem__* versus *__getitem__*

      * 3.3.6. Emulating callable objects

        * "__call__()"

      * 3.3.7. Emulating container types

        * "__len__()"

        * "__length_hint__()"

        * "__getitem__()"

        * "__setitem__()"

        * "__delitem__()"

        * "__missing__()"

        * "__iter__()"

        * "__reversed__()"

        * "__contains__()"

      * 3.3.8. Emulating numeric types

        * "__add__()"

        * "__sub__()"

        * "__mul__()"

        * "__matmul__()"

        * "__truediv__()"

        * "__floordiv__()"

        * "__mod__()"

        * "__divmod__()"

        * "__pow__()"

        * "__lshift__()"

        * "__rshift__()"

        * "__and__()"

        * "__xor__()"

        * "__or__()"

        * "__radd__()"

        * "__rsub__()"

        * "__rmul__()"

        * "__rmatmul__()"

        * "__rtruediv__()"

        * "__rfloordiv__()"

        * "__rmod__()"

        * "__rdivmod__()"

        * "__rpow__()"

        * "__rlshift__()"

        * "__rrshift__()"

        * "__rand__()"

        * "__rxor__()"

        * "__ror__()"

        * "__iadd__()"

        * "__isub__()"

        * "__imul__()"

        * "__imatmul__()"

        * "__itruediv__()"

        * "__ifloordiv__()"

        * "__imod__()"

        * "__ipow__()"

        * "__ilshift__()"

        * "__irshift__()"

        * "__iand__()"

        * "__ixor__()"

        * "__ior__()"

        * "__neg__()"

        * "__pos__()"

        * "__abs__()"

        * "__invert__()"

        * "__complex__()"

        * "__int__()"

        * "__float__()"

        * "__index__()"

        * "__round__()"

        * "__trunc__()"

        * "__floor__()"

        * "__ceil__()"

      * 3.3.9. With 陳述式的情境管理器

        * "__enter__()"

        * "__exit__()"

      * 3.3.10. Customizing positional arguments in class pattern
        matching

        * "__match_args__"

      * 3.3.11. Emulating buffer types

        * "__buffer__()"

        * "__release_buffer__()"

      * 3.3.12. Annotations

        * "__annotations__"

        * "__annotate__()"

      * 3.3.13. Special method lookup

    * 3.4. 協程

      * 3.4.1. Awaitable Objects

        * "__await__()"

      * 3.4.2. 協程物件

        * "send()"

        * "throw()"

        * "close()"

      * 3.4.3. Asynchronous Iterators

        * "__aiter__()"

        * "__anext__()"

      * 3.4.4. Asynchronous Context Managers

        * "__aenter__()"

        * "__aexit__()"

  * 4. 執行模型

    * 4.1. Structure of a program

    * 4.2. Naming and binding

      * 4.2.1. Binding of names

      * 4.2.2. Resolution of names

      * 4.2.3. 註釋作用域 (annotation scopes)

      * 4.2.4. Lazy evaluation

      * 4.2.5. Builtins and restricted execution

      * 4.2.6. Interaction with dynamic features

    * 4.3. 例外

  * 5. 模組引入系統

    * 5.1. "importlib"

    * 5.2. 套件

      * 5.2.1. 一般套件

      * 5.2.2. 命名空間套件

    * 5.3. 搜尋

      * 5.3.1. 模組快取

      * 5.3.2. 尋檢器 (Finder) 與載入器 (Loader)

      * 5.3.3. 引入掛鉤 (Import hooks)

      * 5.3.4. 元路徑

    * 5.4. 載入

      * 5.4.1. 載入器

      * 5.4.2. 子模組

      * 5.4.3. 模組規格

      * 5.4.4. __path__ attributes on modules

      * 5.4.5. Module reprs

      * 5.4.6. Cached bytecode invalidation

    * 5.5. The Path Based Finder

      * 5.5.1. Path entry finders

      * 5.5.2. Path entry finder protocol

    * 5.6. Replacing the standard import system

    * 5.7. Package Relative Imports

    * 5.8. Special considerations for __main__

      * 5.8.1. __main__.__spec__

    * 5.9. References

  * 6. 運算式

    * 6.1. Arithmetic conversions

    * 6.2. Atoms

      * 6.2.1. Identifiers (Names)

        * 6.2.1.1. Private name mangling

      * 6.2.2. Literals

      * 6.2.3. Parenthesized forms

      * 6.2.4. Displays for lists, sets and dictionaries

      * 6.2.5. List displays

      * 6.2.6. Set displays

      * 6.2.7. Dictionary displays

      * 6.2.8. Generator expressions

      * 6.2.9. Yield expressions

        * 6.2.9.1. Generator-iterator methods

          * "__next__()"

          * "send()"

          * "throw()"

          * "close()"

        * 6.2.9.2. 模組

        * 6.2.9.3. 非同步產生器函式

        * 6.2.9.4. Asynchronous generator-iterator methods

          * "__anext__()"

          * "asend()"

          * "athrow()"

          * "aclose()"

    * 6.3. Primaries

      * 6.3.1. Attribute references

      * 6.3.2. Subscriptions

      * 6.3.3. Slicings

      * 6.3.4. Calls

    * 6.4. Await expression

    * 6.5. The power operator

    * 6.6. Unary arithmetic and bitwise operations

    * 6.7. Binary arithmetic operations

    * 6.8. Shifting operations

    * 6.9. Binary bitwise operations

    * 6.10. Comparisons

      * 6.10.1. Value comparisons

      * 6.10.2. Membership test operations

      * 6.10.3. Identity comparisons

    * 6.11. Boolean operations

    * 6.12. Assignment expressions

    * 6.13. Conditional expressions

    * 6.14. Lambdas

    * 6.15. Expression lists

    * 6.16. Evaluation order

    * 6.17. Operator precedence

  * 7. 簡單陳述式

    * 7.1. Expression statements

    * 7.2. Assignment statements

      * 7.2.1. Augmented assignment statements

      * 7.2.2. Annotated assignment statements

    * 7.3. "assert" 陳述式

    * 7.4. "pass" 陳述式

    * 7.5. "del" 陳述式

    * 7.6. "return" 陳述式

    * 7.7. "yield" 陳述式

    * 7.8. "raise" 陳述式

    * 7.9. "break" 陳述式

    * 7.10. "continue" 陳述式

    * 7.11. "import" 陳述式

      * 7.11.1. Future statements

    * 7.12. "global" 陳述式

    * 7.13. "nonlocal" 陳述式

    * 7.14. "type" 陳述式

  * 8. 複合陳述式

    * 8.1. The "if" statement

    * 8.2. The "while" statement

    * 8.3. The "for" statement

    * 8.4. The "try" statement

      * 8.4.1. "except" clause

      * 8.4.2. "except*" 子句

      * 8.4.3. "else" clause

      * 8.4.4. "finally" clause

    * 8.5. The "with" statement

    * 8.6. The "match" statement

      * 8.6.1. Overview

      * 8.6.2. Guards

      * 8.6.3. Irrefutable Case Blocks

      * 8.6.4. Patterns

        * 8.6.4.1. OR Patterns

        * 8.6.4.2. AS Patterns

        * 8.6.4.3. Literal Patterns

        * 8.6.4.4. Capture Patterns

        * 8.6.4.5. Wildcard Patterns

        * 8.6.4.6. Value Patterns

        * 8.6.4.7. Group Patterns

        * 8.6.4.8. Sequence Patterns

        * 8.6.4.9. Mapping Patterns

        * 8.6.4.10. Class Patterns

    * 8.7. 函式定義

    * 8.8. 類別定義

    * 8.9. 協程

      * 8.9.1. 協程函式定義

      * 8.9.2. "async for" 陳述式

      * 8.9.3. "async with" 陳述式

    * 8.10. Type parameter lists

      * 8.10.1. Generic functions

      * 8.10.2. Generic classes

      * 8.10.3. Generic type aliases

    * 8.11. Annotations

  * 9. 最高層級元件

    * 9.1. 完整的 Python 程式

    * 9.2. 檔案輸入

    * 9.3. 互動式輸入

    * 9.4. 運算式輸入

  * 10. 完整的語法規格書

* Python 標準函式庫 (Standard Library)

  * 簡介

    * 可用性之標註

      * WebAssembly 平台

      * 行動平台

  * 內建函式

    * "abs()"

    * "aiter()"

    * "all()"

    * "anext()"

    * "any()"

    * "ascii()"

    * "bin()"

    * "bool"

    * "breakpoint()"

    * "callable()"

    * "chr()"

    * "classmethod()"

    * "compile()"

    * "complex"

    * "delattr()"

    * "dir()"

    * "divmod()"

    * "enumerate()"

    * "eval()"

    * "exec()"

    * "filter()"

    * "float"

    * "format()"

    * "getattr()"

    * "globals()"

    * "hasattr()"

    * "hash()"

    * "help()"

    * "hex()"

    * "id()"

    * "input()"

    * "int"

    * "isinstance()"

    * "issubclass()"

    * "iter()"

    * "len()"

    * "locals()"

    * "map()"

    * "max()"

    * "min()"

    * "next()"

    * "object"

    * "oct()"

    * "open()"

    * "ord()"

    * "pow()"

    * "print()"

    * "property"

      * "getter()"

      * "setter()"

      * "deleter()"

      * "__name__"

    * "repr()"

    * "reversed()"

    * "round()"

    * "setattr()"

    * "slice"

      * "start"

      * "stop"

      * "step"

    * "sorted()"

    * "staticmethod()"

    * "sum()"

    * "super"

    * "type"

    * "vars()"

    * "zip()"

    * "__import__()"

  * 內建常數

    * "False"

    * "True"

    * "None"

    * "NotImplemented"

    * "Ellipsis"

    * "__debug__"

    * 由 "site" module（模組）所添增的常數

      * "quit"

      * "exit"

      * "copyright"

      * "credits"

      * "license"

  * 內建型別

    * 真值檢測

    * Boolean（布林）運算 --- "and", "or", "not"

    * 比較運算

    * 數值型別 --- "int"、"float"、"complex"

      * 整數型別的位元運算

      * 整數型別的附加 methods

        * "bit_length()"

        * "bit_count()"

        * "to_bytes()"

        * "from_bytes()"

        * "as_integer_ratio()"

        * "is_integer()"

      * 浮點數的附加 methods

        * "from_number()"

        * "as_integer_ratio()"

        * "is_integer()"

        * "hex()"

        * "fromhex()"

      * Additional Methods on Complex

        * "from_number()"

      * 數值型別的雜湊

    * Boolean 型別 - "bool"

    * 疊代器型別

      * "__iter__()"

      * "__iter__()"

      * "__next__()"

      * Generator Types

    * Sequence Types --- "list", "tuple", "range"

      * Common Sequence Operations

      * Immutable Sequence Types

      * Mutable Sequence Types

      * List（串列）

        * "list"

          * "sort()"

      * Tuples

        * "tuple"

      * Ranges

        * "range"

          * "start"

          * "stop"

          * "step"

    * Text Sequence Type --- "str"

      * "str"

      * String Methods

        * "capitalize()"

        * "casefold()"

        * "center()"

        * "count()"

        * "encode()"

        * "endswith()"

        * "expandtabs()"

        * "find()"

        * "format()"

        * "format_map()"

        * "index()"

        * "isalnum()"

        * "isalpha()"

        * "isascii()"

        * "isdecimal()"

        * "isdigit()"

        * "isidentifier()"

        * "islower()"

        * "isnumeric()"

        * "isprintable()"

        * "isspace()"

        * "istitle()"

        * "isupper()"

        * "join()"

        * "ljust()"

        * "lower()"

        * "lstrip()"

        * "maketrans()"

        * "partition()"

        * "removeprefix()"

        * "removesuffix()"

        * "replace()"

        * "rfind()"

        * "rindex()"

        * "rjust()"

        * "rpartition()"

        * "rsplit()"

        * "rstrip()"

        * "split()"

        * "splitlines()"

        * "startswith()"

        * "strip()"

        * "swapcase()"

        * "title()"

        * "translate()"

        * "upper()"

        * "zfill()"

      * "printf"-style String Formatting

    * Binary Sequence Types --- "bytes", "bytearray", "memoryview"

      * Bytes Objects

        * "bytes"

          * "fromhex()"

          * "hex()"

      * Bytearray Objects

        * "bytearray"

          * "fromhex()"

          * "hex()"

      * Bytes and Bytearray Operations

        * "count()"

        * "count()"

        * "removeprefix()"

        * "removeprefix()"

        * "removesuffix()"

        * "removesuffix()"

        * "decode()"

        * "decode()"

        * "endswith()"

        * "endswith()"

        * "find()"

        * "find()"

        * "index()"

        * "index()"

        * "join()"

        * "join()"

        * "maketrans()"

        * "maketrans()"

        * "partition()"

        * "partition()"

        * "replace()"

        * "replace()"

        * "rfind()"

        * "rfind()"

        * "rindex()"

        * "rindex()"

        * "rpartition()"

        * "rpartition()"

        * "startswith()"

        * "startswith()"

        * "translate()"

        * "translate()"

        * "center()"

        * "center()"

        * "ljust()"

        * "ljust()"

        * "lstrip()"

        * "lstrip()"

        * "rjust()"

        * "rjust()"

        * "rsplit()"

        * "rsplit()"

        * "rstrip()"

        * "rstrip()"

        * "split()"

        * "split()"

        * "strip()"

        * "strip()"

        * "capitalize()"

        * "capitalize()"

        * "expandtabs()"

        * "expandtabs()"

        * "isalnum()"

        * "isalnum()"

        * "isalpha()"

        * "isalpha()"

        * "isascii()"

        * "isascii()"

        * "isdigit()"

        * "isdigit()"

        * "islower()"

        * "islower()"

        * "isspace()"

        * "isspace()"

        * "istitle()"

        * "istitle()"

        * "isupper()"

        * "isupper()"

        * "lower()"

        * "lower()"

        * "splitlines()"

        * "splitlines()"

        * "swapcase()"

        * "swapcase()"

        * "title()"

        * "title()"

        * "upper()"

        * "upper()"

        * "zfill()"

        * "zfill()"

      * "printf"-style Bytes Formatting

      * Memory Views

        * "memoryview"

          * "__eq__()"

          * "tobytes()"

          * "hex()"

          * "tolist()"

          * "toreadonly()"

          * "release()"

          * "cast()"

          * "obj"

          * "nbytes"

          * "readonly"

          * "format"

          * "itemsize"

          * "ndim"

          * "shape"

          * "strides"

          * "suboffsets"

          * "c_contiguous"

          * "f_contiguous"

          * "contiguous"

    * Set Types --- "set", "frozenset"

      * "set"

      * "frozenset"

        * "isdisjoint()"

        * "issubset()"

        * "issuperset()"

        * "union()"

        * "intersection()"

        * "difference()"

        * "symmetric_difference()"

        * "copy()"

        * "update()"

        * "intersection_update()"

        * "difference_update()"

        * "symmetric_difference_update()"

        * "add()"

        * "remove()"

        * "discard()"

        * "pop()"

        * "clear()"

    * Mapping Types --- "dict"

      * "dict"

        * "clear()"

        * "copy()"

        * "fromkeys()"

        * "get()"

        * "items()"

        * "keys()"

        * "pop()"

        * "popitem()"

        * "setdefault()"

        * "update()"

        * "values()"

      * 字典視圖物件

    * 情境管理器型別

      * "__enter__()"

      * "__exit__()"

    * 型別註釋的型別 --- *泛型別名 (Generic Alias)*、*聯合 (Union)*

      * 泛型別名型別

        * 標準泛型類別

        * "GenericAlias" 物件的特殊屬性

          * "__origin__"

          * "__args__"

          * "__parameters__"

          * "__unpacked__"

      * 聯合型別 (Union Type)

    * Other Built-in Types

      * 模組

      * Classes and Class Instances

      * 函式

      * Methods

      * 程式碼物件

      * Type Objects

      * Null 物件

      * The Ellipsis Object

      * NotImplemented 物件

      * Internal Objects

    * 特殊屬性

      * "__name__"

      * "__qualname__"

      * "__module__"

      * "__doc__"

      * "__type_params__"

    * Integer string conversion length limitation

      * 受影響的 API

      * 設定限制

      * 建議的配置

  * 內建的例外

    * 例外的情境

      * "__context__"

      * "__cause__"

      * "__suppress_context__"

    * 繼承自內建的例外

    * 基底類別 (base classes)

      * "BaseException"

        * "args"

        * "with_traceback()"

        * "__traceback__"

        * "add_note()"

        * "__notes__"

      * "Exception"

      * "ArithmeticError"

      * "BufferError"

      * "LookupError"

    * 實體例外

      * "AssertionError"

      * "AttributeError"

      * "EOFError"

      * "FloatingPointError"

      * "GeneratorExit"

      * "ImportError"

        * "name"

        * "path"

      * "ModuleNotFoundError"

      * "IndexError"

      * "KeyError"

      * "KeyboardInterrupt"

      * "MemoryError"

      * "NameError"

      * "NotImplementedError"

      * "OSError"

        * "errno"

        * "winerror"

        * "strerror"

        * "filename"

        * "filename2"

      * "OverflowError"

      * "PythonFinalizationError"

      * "RecursionError"

      * "ReferenceError"

      * "RuntimeError"

      * "StopIteration"

        * "value"

      * "StopAsyncIteration"

      * "SyntaxError"

        * "filename"

        * "lineno"

        * "offset"

        * "text"

        * "end_lineno"

        * "end_offset"

      * "IndentationError"

      * "TabError"

      * "SystemError"

      * "SystemExit"

        * "code"

      * "TypeError"

      * "UnboundLocalError"

      * "UnicodeError"

        * "encoding"

        * "reason"

        * "object"

        * "start"

        * "end"

      * "UnicodeEncodeError"

      * "UnicodeDecodeError"

      * "UnicodeTranslateError"

      * "ValueError"

      * "ZeroDivisionError"

      * "EnvironmentError"

      * "IOError"

      * "WindowsError"

      * 作業系統例外

        * "BlockingIOError"

          * "characters_written"

        * "ChildProcessError"

        * "ConnectionError"

        * "BrokenPipeError"

        * "ConnectionAbortedError"

        * "ConnectionRefusedError"

        * "ConnectionResetError"

        * "FileExistsError"

        * "FileNotFoundError"

        * "InterruptedError"

        * "IsADirectoryError"

        * "NotADirectoryError"

        * "PermissionError"

        * "ProcessLookupError"

        * "TimeoutError"

    * 警告

      * "Warning"

      * "UserWarning"

      * "DeprecationWarning"

      * "PendingDeprecationWarning"

      * "SyntaxWarning"

      * "RuntimeWarning"

      * "FutureWarning"

      * "ImportWarning"

      * "UnicodeWarning"

      * "EncodingWarning"

      * "BytesWarning"

      * "ResourceWarning"

    * 例外群組

      * "ExceptionGroup"

      * "BaseExceptionGroup"

        * "message"

        * "exceptions"

        * "subgroup()"

        * "split()"

        * "derive()"

    * 例外階層

  * 文本處理 (Text Processing) 服務

    * "string" --- 常見的字串操作

      * 字串常數

        * "ascii_letters"

        * "ascii_lowercase"

        * "ascii_uppercase"

        * "digits"

        * "hexdigits"

        * "octdigits"

        * "punctuation"

        * "printable"

        * "whitespace"

      * 自訂字串格式

        * "Formatter"

          * "format()"

          * "vformat()"

          * "parse()"

          * "get_field()"

          * "get_value()"

          * "check_unused_args()"

          * "format_field()"

          * "convert_field()"

      * 格式化文字語法

        * 格式規格 (Format Specification) 迷你語言

        * 格式範例

      * 模板字串

        * "Template"

          * "substitute()"

          * "safe_substitute()"

          * "is_valid()"

          * "get_identifiers()"

          * "template"

      * 輔助函式

        * "capwords()"

    * "re" --- 正規表示式 (regular expression) 操作

      * 正規表示式語法

      * 模組內容

        * 旗標

          * "RegexFlag"

          * "A"

          * "ASCII"

          * "DEBUG"

          * "I"

          * "IGNORECASE"

          * "L"

          * "LOCALE"

          * "M"

          * "MULTILINE"

          * "NOFLAG"

          * "S"

          * "DOTALL"

          * "U"

          * "UNICODE"

          * "X"

          * "VERBOSE"

        * Functions

          * "compile()"

          * "search()"

          * "match()"

          * "fullmatch()"

          * "split()"

          * "findall()"

          * "finditer()"

          * "sub()"

          * "subn()"

          * "escape()"

          * "purge()"

        * 例外

          * "PatternError"

            * "msg"

            * "pattern"

            * "pos"

            * "lineno"

            * "colno"

      * Regular Expression Objects

        * "Pattern"

        * "search()"

        * "match()"

        * "fullmatch()"

        * "split()"

        * "findall()"

        * "finditer()"

        * "sub()"

        * "subn()"

        * "flags"

        * "groups"

        * "groupindex"

        * "pattern"

      * Match Objects

        * "Match"

        * "expand()"

        * "group()"

        * "__getitem__()"

        * "groups()"

        * "groupdict()"

        * "start()"

        * "end()"

        * "span()"

        * "pos"

        * "endpos"

        * "lastindex"

        * "lastgroup"

        * "re"

        * "string"

      * Regular Expression Examples

        * Checking for a Pair

        * 模擬 scanf()

        * search() vs. match()

        * Making a Phonebook

        * Text Munging

        * Finding all Adverbs

        * Finding all Adverbs and their Positions

        * Raw String Notation

        * Writing a Tokenizer

    * "difflib" --- 計算差異的輔助工具

      * "Differ"

      * "HtmlDiff"

        * "__init__()"

        * "make_file()"

        * "make_table()"

      * "context_diff()"

      * "get_close_matches()"

      * "ndiff()"

      * "restore()"

      * "unified_diff()"

      * "diff_bytes()"

      * "IS_LINE_JUNK()"

      * "IS_CHARACTER_JUNK()"

      * SequenceMatcher 物件

        * "SequenceMatcher"

          * "set_seqs()"

          * "set_seq1()"

          * "set_seq2()"

          * "find_longest_match()"

          * "get_matching_blocks()"

          * "get_opcodes()"

          * "get_grouped_opcodes()"

          * "ratio()"

          * "quick_ratio()"

          * "real_quick_ratio()"

      * SequenceMatcher 範例

      * Differ Objects

        * "compare()"

      * Differ Example

      * A command-line interface to difflib

      * ndiff 範例：

    * "textwrap" --- 文字包裝與填充

      * "wrap()"

      * "fill()"

      * "shorten()"

      * "dedent()"

      * "indent()"

      * "TextWrapper"

        * "width"

        * "expand_tabs"

        * "tabsize"

        * "replace_whitespace"

        * "drop_whitespace"

        * "initial_indent"

        * "subsequent_indent"

        * "fix_sentence_endings"

        * "break_long_words"

        * "break_on_hyphens"

        * "max_lines"

        * "placeholder"

        * "wrap()"

        * "fill()"

    * "unicodedata" --- Unicode 資料庫

      * "lookup()"

      * "name()"

      * "decimal()"

      * "digit()"

      * "numeric()"

      * "category()"

      * "bidirectional()"

      * "combining()"

      * "east_asian_width()"

      * "mirrored()"

      * "decomposition()"

      * "normalize()"

      * "is_normalized()"

      * "unidata_version"

      * "ucd_3_2_0"

    * "stringprep" --- 網際網路字串準備

      * "in_table_a1()"

      * "in_table_b1()"

      * "map_table_b2()"

      * "map_table_b3()"

      * "in_table_c11()"

      * "in_table_c12()"

      * "in_table_c11_c12()"

      * "in_table_c21()"

      * "in_table_c22()"

      * "in_table_c21_c22()"

      * "in_table_c3()"

      * "in_table_c4()"

      * "in_table_c5()"

      * "in_table_c6()"

      * "in_table_c7()"

      * "in_table_c8()"

      * "in_table_c9()"

      * "in_table_d1()"

      * "in_table_d2()"

    * "readline" --- GNU readline 介面

      * "backend"

      * Init file

        * "parse_and_bind()"

        * "read_init_file()"

      * Line buffer

        * "get_line_buffer()"

        * "insert_text()"

        * "redisplay()"

      * History file

        * "read_history_file()"

        * "write_history_file()"

        * "append_history_file()"

        * "get_history_length()"

        * "set_history_length()"

      * History list

        * "clear_history()"

        * "get_current_history_length()"

        * "get_history_item()"

        * "remove_history_item()"

        * "replace_history_item()"

        * "add_history()"

        * "set_auto_history()"

      * Startup hooks

        * "set_startup_hook()"

        * "set_pre_input_hook()"

      * Completion

        * "set_completer()"

        * "get_completer()"

        * "get_completion_type()"

        * "get_begidx()"

        * "get_endidx()"

        * "set_completer_delims()"

        * "get_completer_delims()"

        * "set_completion_display_matches_hook()"

      * 範例

    * "rlcompleter" --- GNU readline 的補全函式

      * "Completer"

        * "complete()"

  * 二進位資料服務

    * "struct" --- 將位元組直譯為打包起來的二進位資料

      * 函式與例外

        * "error"

        * "pack()"

        * "pack_into()"

        * "unpack()"

        * "unpack_from()"

        * "iter_unpack()"

        * "calcsize()"

      * Format Strings

        * Byte Order, Size, and Alignment

        * Format Characters

        * 範例

      * Applications

        * Native Formats

        * Standard Formats

      * Classes

        * "Struct"

          * "pack()"

          * "pack_into()"

          * "unpack()"

          * "unpack_from()"

          * "iter_unpack()"

          * "format"

          * "size"

    * "codecs" --- 編解碼器註冊表和基底類別

      * "encode()"

      * "decode()"

      * "lookup()"

      * "CodecInfo"

        * "name"

        * "encode"

        * "decode"

        * "incrementalencoder"

        * "incrementaldecoder"

        * "streamwriter"

        * "streamreader"

      * "getencoder()"

      * "getdecoder()"

      * "getincrementalencoder()"

      * "getincrementaldecoder()"

      * "getreader()"

      * "getwriter()"

      * "register()"

      * "unregister()"

      * "open()"

      * "EncodedFile()"

      * "iterencode()"

      * "iterdecode()"

      * "BOM"

      * "BOM_BE"

      * "BOM_LE"

      * "BOM_UTF8"

      * "BOM_UTF16"

      * "BOM_UTF16_BE"

      * "BOM_UTF16_LE"

      * "BOM_UTF32"

      * "BOM_UTF32_BE"

      * "BOM_UTF32_LE"

      * Codec Base Classes

        * Error Handlers

          * "register_error()"

          * "lookup_error()"

          * "strict_errors()"

          * "ignore_errors()"

          * "replace_errors()"

          * "backslashreplace_errors()"

          * "xmlcharrefreplace_errors()"

          * "namereplace_errors()"

        * Stateless Encoding and Decoding

          * "Codec"

            * "encode()"

            * "decode()"

        * Incremental Encoding and Decoding

          * IncrementalEncoder 物件

            * "IncrementalEncoder"

              * "encode()"

              * "reset()"

              * "getstate()"

              * "setstate()"

          * IncrementalDecoder 物件

            * "IncrementalDecoder"

              * "decode()"

              * "reset()"

              * "getstate()"

              * "setstate()"

        * Stream Encoding and Decoding

          * StreamWriter 物件

            * "StreamWriter"

              * "write()"

              * "writelines()"

              * "reset()"

          * StreamReader 物件

            * "StreamReader"

              * "read()"

              * "readline()"

              * "readlines()"

              * "reset()"

          * StreamReaderWriter 物件

            * "StreamReaderWriter"

          * StreamRecoder 物件

            * "StreamRecoder"

      * Encodings and Unicode

      * Standard Encodings

      * Python Specific Encodings

        * Text Encodings

        * Binary Transforms

        * Text Transforms

      * "encodings.idna" --- Internationalized Domain Names in
        Applications

        * "nameprep()"

        * "ToASCII()"

        * "ToUnicode()"

      * "encodings.mbcs" --- Windows ANSI codepage

      * "encodings.utf_8_sig" --- UTF-8 codec with BOM signature

  * 資料型別

    * "datetime" --- 日期與時間的基本型別

      * Aware and Naive Objects

      * 常數

        * "MINYEAR"

        * "MAXYEAR"

        * "UTC"

      * Available Types

        * 常見屬性

        * Determining if an Object is Aware or Naive

      * "timedelta" 物件

        * "timedelta"

        * "min"

        * "max"

        * "resolution"

        * "days"

        * "seconds"

        * "microseconds"

        * "total_seconds()"

        * 用法範例："timedelta"

      * "date" 物件

        * "date"

        * "today()"

        * "fromtimestamp()"

        * "fromordinal()"

        * "fromisoformat()"

        * "fromisocalendar()"

        * "strptime()"

        * "min"

        * "max"

        * "resolution"

        * "year"

        * "month"

        * "day"

        * "replace()"

        * "timetuple()"

        * "toordinal()"

        * "weekday()"

        * "isoweekday()"

        * "isocalendar()"

        * "isoformat()"

        * "__str__()"

        * "ctime()"

        * "strftime()"

        * "__format__()"

        * 用法範例："date"

      * "datetime" 物件

        * "datetime"

        * "today()"

        * "now()"

        * "utcnow()"

        * "fromtimestamp()"

        * "utcfromtimestamp()"

        * "fromordinal()"

        * "combine()"

        * "fromisoformat()"

        * "fromisocalendar()"

        * "strptime()"

        * "min"

        * "max"

        * "resolution"

        * "year"

        * "month"

        * "day"

        * "hour"

        * "minute"

        * "second"

        * "microsecond"

        * "tzinfo"

        * "fold"

        * "date()"

        * "time()"

        * "timetz()"

        * "replace()"

        * "astimezone()"

        * "utcoffset()"

        * "dst()"

        * "tzname()"

        * "timetuple()"

        * "utctimetuple()"

        * "toordinal()"

        * "timestamp()"

        * "weekday()"

        * "isoweekday()"

        * "isocalendar()"

        * "isoformat()"

        * "__str__()"

        * "ctime()"

        * "strftime()"

        * "__format__()"

        * 用法範例："datetime"

      * "time" 物件

        * "time"

        * "min"

        * "max"

        * "resolution"

        * "hour"

        * "minute"

        * "second"

        * "microsecond"

        * "tzinfo"

        * "fold"

        * "fromisoformat()"

        * "strptime()"

        * "replace()"

        * "isoformat()"

        * "__str__()"

        * "strftime()"

        * "__format__()"

        * "utcoffset()"

        * "dst()"

        * "tzname()"

        * 用法範例："time"

      * "tzinfo" 物件

        * "tzinfo"

        * "utcoffset()"

        * "dst()"

        * "tzname()"

        * "fromutc()"

      * "timezone" 物件

        * "timezone"

        * "utcoffset()"

        * "tzname()"

        * "dst()"

        * "fromutc()"

        * "utc"

      * "strftime()" 與 "strptime()" 的行為

        * "strftime()" 與 "strptime()" 格式碼

        * 技術細節

    * "zoneinfo" --- IANA 時區支援

      * Using "ZoneInfo"

      * Data sources

        * Configuring the data sources

          * Compile-time configuration

          * Environment configuration

          * Runtime configuration

      * The "ZoneInfo" class

        * "ZoneInfo"

        * "from_file()"

        * "no_cache()"

        * "clear_cache()"

        * "key"

        * String representations

        * Pickle serialization

      * 函式

        * "available_timezones()"

        * "reset_tzpath()"

      * Globals

        * "TZPATH"

      * Exceptions and warnings

        * "ZoneInfoNotFoundError"

        * "InvalidTZPathWarning"

    * "calendar" --- 日曆相關函式

      * "Calendar"

        * "iterweekdays()"

        * "itermonthdates()"

        * "itermonthdays()"

        * "itermonthdays2()"

        * "itermonthdays3()"

        * "itermonthdays4()"

        * "monthdatescalendar()"

        * "monthdays2calendar()"

        * "monthdayscalendar()"

        * "yeardatescalendar()"

        * "yeardays2calendar()"

        * "yeardayscalendar()"

      * "TextCalendar"

        * "formatmonth()"

        * "prmonth()"

        * "formatyear()"

        * "pryear()"

      * "HTMLCalendar"

        * "formatmonth()"

        * "formatyear()"

        * "formatyearpage()"

        * "formatmonthname()"

        * "cssclasses"

        * "cssclass_noday"

        * "cssclasses_weekday_head"

        * "cssclass_month_head"

        * "cssclass_month"

        * "cssclass_year"

        * "cssclass_year_head"

      * "LocaleTextCalendar"

      * "LocaleHTMLCalendar"

      * "setfirstweekday()"

      * "firstweekday()"

      * "isleap()"

      * "leapdays()"

      * "weekday()"

      * "weekheader()"

      * "monthrange()"

      * "monthcalendar()"

      * "prmonth()"

      * "month()"

      * "prcal()"

      * "calendar()"

      * "timegm()"

      * "day_name"

      * "day_abbr"

      * "MONDAY"

      * "TUESDAY"

      * "WEDNESDAY"

      * "THURSDAY"

      * "FRIDAY"

      * "SATURDAY"

      * "SUNDAY"

      * "Day"

      * "month_name"

      * "month_abbr"

      * "JANUARY"

      * "FEBRUARY"

      * "MARCH"

      * "APRIL"

      * "MAY"

      * "JUNE"

      * "JULY"

      * "AUGUST"

      * "SEPTEMBER"

      * "OCTOBER"

      * "NOVEMBER"

      * "DECEMBER"

      * "Month"

      * "IllegalMonthError"

        * "month"

      * "IllegalWeekdayError"

        * "weekday"

      * 命令列用法

    * "collections" --- 容器資料型態

      * "ChainMap" 物件

        * "ChainMap"

          * "maps"

          * "new_child()"

          * "parents"

        * "ChainMap" 範例和用法

      * "Counter" 物件

        * "Counter"

          * "elements()"

          * "most_common()"

          * "subtract()"

          * "total()"

          * "fromkeys()"

          * "update()"

      * "deque" 物件

        * "deque"

          * "append()"

          * "appendleft()"

          * "clear()"

          * "copy()"

          * "count()"

          * "extend()"

          * "extendleft()"

          * "index()"

          * "insert()"

          * "pop()"

          * "popleft()"

          * "remove()"

          * "reverse()"

          * "rotate()"

          * "maxlen"

        * "deque" 用法

      * "defaultdict" 物件

        * "defaultdict"

          * "__missing__()"

          * "default_factory"

        * "defaultdict" 範例

      * "namedtuple()" 擁有具名欄位之 tuple 的工廠函式

        * "namedtuple()"

        * "_make()"

        * "_asdict()"

        * "_replace()"

        * "_fields"

        * "_field_defaults"

      * "OrderedDict" 物件

        * "OrderedDict"

          * "popitem()"

          * "move_to_end()"

        * "OrderedDict" 範例與用法

      * "UserDict" 物件

        * "UserDict"

          * "data"

      * "UserList" 物件

        * "UserList"

          * "data"

      * "UserString" 物件

        * "UserString"

          * "data"

    * "collections.abc" --- 容器的抽象基底類別

      * Collections Abstract Base Classes

      * Collections Abstract Base Classes -- Detailed Descriptions

        * "Container"

        * "Hashable"

        * "Sized"

        * "Callable"

        * "Iterable"

        * "Collection"

        * "Iterator"

        * "Reversible"

        * "Generator"

        * "Sequence"

        * "MutableSequence"

        * "Set"

        * "MutableSet"

        * "Mapping"

        * "MutableMapping"

        * "MappingView"

        * "ItemsView"

        * "KeysView"

        * "ValuesView"

        * "Awaitable"

        * "Coroutine"

        * "AsyncIterable"

        * "AsyncIterator"

        * "AsyncGenerator"

        * "Buffer"

      * Examples and Recipes

    * "heapq" --- 堆積佇列 (heap queue) 演算法

      * "heappush()"

      * "heappop()"

      * "heappushpop()"

      * "heapify()"

      * "heapreplace()"

      * "merge()"

      * "nlargest()"

      * "nsmallest()"

      * 基礎範例

      * 優先佇列實作細節

      * 原理

    * "bisect" --- 陣列二分演算法 (Array bisection algorithm)

      * "bisect_left()"

      * "bisect_right()"

      * "bisect()"

      * "insort_left()"

      * "insort_right()"

      * "insort()"

      * 效能考量

      * 搜尋一個已排序的 list

      * 範例

    * "array" --- 高效率的數值型陣列

      * "typecodes"

      * "array"

        * "typecode"

        * "itemsize"

        * "append()"

        * "buffer_info()"

        * "byteswap()"

        * "count()"

        * "extend()"

        * "frombytes()"

        * "fromfile()"

        * "fromlist()"

        * "fromunicode()"

        * "index()"

        * "insert()"

        * "pop()"

        * "remove()"

        * "clear()"

        * "reverse()"

        * "tobytes()"

        * "tofile()"

        * "tolist()"

        * "tounicode()"

    * "weakref" --- 弱參照

      * "ref"

        * "__callback__"

      * "proxy()"

      * "getweakrefcount()"

      * "getweakrefs()"

      * "WeakKeyDictionary"

      * "keyrefs()"

      * "WeakValueDictionary"

      * "valuerefs()"

      * "WeakSet"

      * "WeakMethod"

      * "finalize"

        * "__call__()"

        * "detach()"

        * "peek()"

        * "alive"

        * "atexit"

      * "ReferenceType"

      * "ProxyType"

      * "CallableProxyType"

      * "ProxyTypes"

      * 弱參照物件

      * 範例

      * 最終化器物件

      * 最終化器與 "__del__()" 方法的比較

    * "types" --- 動態型別建立與內建型別名稱

      * Dynamic Type Creation

        * "new_class()"

        * "prepare_class()"

        * "resolve_bases()"

        * "get_original_bases()"

      * Standard Interpreter Types

        * "NoneType"

        * "FunctionType"

        * "LambdaType"

        * "GeneratorType"

        * "CoroutineType"

        * "AsyncGeneratorType"

        * "CodeType"

        * "CellType"

        * "MethodType"

        * "BuiltinFunctionType"

        * "BuiltinMethodType"

        * "WrapperDescriptorType"

        * "MethodWrapperType"

        * "NotImplementedType"

        * "MethodDescriptorType"

        * "ClassMethodDescriptorType"

        * "ModuleType"

        * "EllipsisType"

        * "GenericAlias"

        * "UnionType"

        * "TracebackType"

        * "FrameType"

        * "GetSetDescriptorType"

        * "MemberDescriptorType"

        * "MappingProxyType"

          * "copy()"

          * "get()"

          * "items()"

          * "keys()"

          * "values()"

        * "CapsuleType"

      * Additional Utility Classes and Functions

        * "SimpleNamespace"

        * "DynamicClassAttribute()"

      * Coroutine Utility Functions

        * "coroutine()"

    * "copy" --- 淺層 (shallow) 和深層 (deep) 複製操作

      * "copy()"

      * "deepcopy()"

      * "replace()"

      * "Error"

      * "__copy__()"

      * "__deepcopy__()"

      * "__replace__()"

    * "pprint" --- 資料美化列印器

      * 函式

        * "pp()"

        * "pprint()"

        * "pformat()"

        * "isreadable()"

        * "isrecursive()"

        * "saferepr()"

      * PrettyPrinter 物件

        * "PrettyPrinter"

        * "pformat()"

        * "pprint()"

        * "isreadable()"

        * "isrecursive()"

        * "format()"

      * 範例

    * "reprlib" --- "repr()" 的替代實作

      * "Repr"

      * "aRepr"

      * "repr()"

      * "recursive_repr()"

      * Repr 物件

        * "fillvalue"

        * "maxlevel"

        * "maxdict"

        * "maxlist"

        * "maxtuple"

        * "maxset"

        * "maxfrozenset"

        * "maxdeque"

        * "maxarray"

        * "maxlong"

        * "maxstring"

        * "maxother"

        * "indent"

        * "repr()"

        * "repr1()"

      * Subclassing Repr Objects

    * "enum" --- 對列舉的支援

      * 模組內容

      * 資料型別

        * "EnumType"

          * "__call__()"

          * "__contains__()"

          * "__dir__()"

          * "__getitem__()"

          * "__iter__()"

          * "__len__()"

          * "__members__"

          * "__reversed__()"

          * "_add_alias_()"

          * "_add_value_alias_()"

        * "Enum"

          * "name"

          * "value"

          * "_name_"

          * "_value_"

          * "_order_"

          * "_ignore_"

          * "__dir__()"

          * "_generate_next_value_()"

          * "__init__()"

          * "__init_subclass__()"

          * "_missing_()"

          * "__new__()"

          * "__repr__()"

          * "__str__()"

          * "__format__()"

        * "IntEnum"

        * "StrEnum"

        * "Flag"

          * "__contains__()"

          * "__or__()"

          * "__and__()"

          * "__xor__()"

          * "_numeric_repr_()"

        * "IntFlag"

        * "ReprEnum"

        * "EnumCheck"

          * "UNIQUE"

          * "CONTINUOUS"

          * "NAMED_FLAGS"

        * "FlagBoundary"

          * "STRICT"

          * "CONFORM"

          * "EJECT"

          * "KEEP"

        * 支援 "__dunder__" 名稱

        * 支援 "_sunder_" 名稱

      * 通用項目與裝飾器

        * "auto"

        * "property()"

        * "unique()"

        * "verify()"

        * "member()"

        * "nonmember()"

        * "global_enum()"

        * "show_flag_values()"

      * 備註

    * "graphlib" —-- 使用類圖 (graph-like) 結構進行操作的功能

      * "TopologicalSorter"

        * "add()"

        * "prepare()"

        * "is_active()"

        * "done()"

        * "get_ready()"

        * "static_order()"

      * 例外

        * "CycleError"

  * 數值與數學模組

    * "numbers" --- 數值的抽象基底類別

      * "Number"

      * 數值的階層

        * "Complex"

          * "real"

          * "imag"

          * "conjugate()"

        * "Real"

        * "Rational"

          * "numerator"

          * "denominator"

        * "Integral"

      * 給型別實作者的註記

        * 加入更多數值 ABC

        * 實作算術操作

    * "math" --- 數學函式

      * 數論與表現函式

        * "ceil()"

        * "comb()"

        * "copysign()"

        * "fabs()"

        * "factorial()"

        * "floor()"

        * "fma()"

        * "fmod()"

        * "frexp()"

        * "fsum()"

        * "gcd()"

        * "isclose()"

        * "isfinite()"

        * "isinf()"

        * "isnan()"

        * "isqrt()"

        * "lcm()"

        * "ldexp()"

        * "modf()"

        * "nextafter()"

        * "perm()"

        * "prod()"

        * "remainder()"

        * "sumprod()"

        * "trunc()"

        * "ulp()"

      * Power and logarithmic functions

        * "cbrt()"

        * "exp()"

        * "exp2()"

        * "expm1()"

        * "log()"

        * "log1p()"

        * "log2()"

        * "log10()"

        * "pow()"

        * "sqrt()"

      * Trigonometric functions

        * "acos()"

        * "asin()"

        * "atan()"

        * "atan2()"

        * "cos()"

        * "dist()"

        * "hypot()"

        * "sin()"

        * "tan()"

      * Angular conversion

        * "degrees()"

        * "radians()"

      * Hyperbolic functions

        * "acosh()"

        * "asinh()"

        * "atanh()"

        * "cosh()"

        * "sinh()"

        * "tanh()"

      * 特殊函式

        * "erf()"

        * "erfc()"

        * "gamma()"

        * "lgamma()"

      * 常數

        * "pi"

        * "e"

        * "tau"

        * "inf"

        * "nan"

    * "cmath" --- 複數的數學函式

      * 轉換到極座標和從極座標做轉換

        * "phase()"

        * "polar()"

        * "rect()"

      * 冪函數和對數函數

        * "exp()"

        * "log()"

        * "log10()"

        * "sqrt()"

      * 三角函數

        * "acos()"

        * "asin()"

        * "atan()"

        * "cos()"

        * "sin()"

        * "tan()"

      * 雙曲函數

        * "acosh()"

        * "asinh()"

        * "atanh()"

        * "cosh()"

        * "sinh()"

        * "tanh()"

      * 分類函式

        * "isfinite()"

        * "isinf()"

        * "isnan()"

        * "isclose()"

      * 常數

        * "pi"

        * "e"

        * "tau"

        * "inf"

        * "infj"

        * "nan"

        * "nanj"

    * "decimal" --- 十進位固定點和浮點運算

      * Quick-start Tutorial

      * Decimal objects

        * "Decimal"

          * "adjusted()"

          * "as_integer_ratio()"

          * "as_tuple()"

          * "canonical()"

          * "compare()"

          * "compare_signal()"

          * "compare_total()"

          * "compare_total_mag()"

          * "conjugate()"

          * "copy_abs()"

          * "copy_negate()"

          * "copy_sign()"

          * "exp()"

          * "from_float()"

          * "from_number()"

          * "fma()"

          * "is_canonical()"

          * "is_finite()"

          * "is_infinite()"

          * "is_nan()"

          * "is_normal()"

          * "is_qnan()"

          * "is_signed()"

          * "is_snan()"

          * "is_subnormal()"

          * "is_zero()"

          * "ln()"

          * "log10()"

          * "logb()"

          * "logical_and()"

          * "logical_invert()"

          * "logical_or()"

          * "logical_xor()"

          * "max()"

          * "max_mag()"

          * "min()"

          * "min_mag()"

          * "next_minus()"

          * "next_plus()"

          * "next_toward()"

          * "normalize()"

          * "number_class()"

          * "quantize()"

          * "radix()"

          * "remainder_near()"

          * "rotate()"

          * "same_quantum()"

          * "scaleb()"

          * "shift()"

          * "sqrt()"

          * "to_eng_string()"

          * "to_integral()"

          * "to_integral_exact()"

          * "to_integral_value()"

        * Logical operands

      * Context objects

        * "getcontext()"

        * "setcontext()"

        * "localcontext()"

        * "BasicContext"

        * "ExtendedContext"

        * "DefaultContext"

        * "Context"

          * "clear_flags()"

          * "clear_traps()"

          * "copy()"

          * "copy_decimal()"

          * "create_decimal()"

          * "create_decimal_from_float()"

          * "Etiny()"

          * "Etop()"

          * "abs()"

          * "add()"

          * "canonical()"

          * "compare()"

          * "compare_signal()"

          * "compare_total()"

          * "compare_total_mag()"

          * "copy_abs()"

          * "copy_negate()"

          * "copy_sign()"

          * "divide()"

          * "divide_int()"

          * "divmod()"

          * "exp()"

          * "fma()"

          * "is_canonical()"

          * "is_finite()"

          * "is_infinite()"

          * "is_nan()"

          * "is_normal()"

          * "is_qnan()"

          * "is_signed()"

          * "is_snan()"

          * "is_subnormal()"

          * "is_zero()"

          * "ln()"

          * "log10()"

          * "logb()"

          * "logical_and()"

          * "logical_invert()"

          * "logical_or()"

          * "logical_xor()"

          * "max()"

          * "max_mag()"

          * "min()"

          * "min_mag()"

          * "minus()"

          * "multiply()"

          * "next_minus()"

          * "next_plus()"

          * "next_toward()"

          * "normalize()"

          * "number_class()"

          * "plus()"

          * "power()"

          * "quantize()"

          * "radix()"

          * "remainder()"

          * "remainder_near()"

          * "rotate()"

          * "same_quantum()"

          * "scaleb()"

          * "shift()"

          * "sqrt()"

          * "subtract()"

          * "to_eng_string()"

          * "to_integral_exact()"

          * "to_sci_string()"

      * 常數

        * "MAX_PREC"

        * "MAX_EMAX"

        * "MIN_EMIN"

        * "MIN_ETINY"

        * "HAVE_THREADS"

        * "HAVE_CONTEXTVAR"

      * Rounding modes

        * "ROUND_CEILING"

        * "ROUND_DOWN"

        * "ROUND_FLOOR"

        * "ROUND_HALF_DOWN"

        * "ROUND_HALF_EVEN"

        * "ROUND_HALF_UP"

        * "ROUND_UP"

        * "ROUND_05UP"

      * Signals

        * "Clamped"

        * "DecimalException"

        * "DivisionByZero"

        * "Inexact"

        * "InvalidOperation"

        * "Overflow"

        * "Rounded"

        * "Subnormal"

        * "Underflow"

        * "FloatOperation"

      * Floating-Point Notes

        * Mitigating round-off error with increased precision

        * 特殊值

      * Working with threads

      * Recipes

      * Decimal FAQ

    * "fractions" --- 有理數

      * "Fraction"

        * "numerator"

        * "denominator"

        * "as_integer_ratio()"

        * "is_integer()"

        * "from_float()"

        * "from_decimal()"

        * "from_number()"

        * "limit_denominator()"

        * "__floor__()"

        * "__ceil__()"

        * "__round__()"

        * "__format__()"

    * "random" --- 生成偽隨機數

      * 簿記函式 (bookkeeping functions)

        * "seed()"

        * "getstate()"

        * "setstate()"

      * 回傳位元組的函式

        * "randbytes()"

      * 回傳整數的函式

        * "randrange()"

        * "randint()"

        * "getrandbits()"

      * 回傳序列的函式

        * "choice()"

        * "choices()"

        * "shuffle()"

        * "sample()"

      * 離散分布

        * "binomialvariate()"

      * 實數分布

        * "random()"

        * "uniform()"

        * "triangular()"

        * "betavariate()"

        * "expovariate()"

        * "gammavariate()"

        * "gauss()"

        * "lognormvariate()"

        * "normalvariate()"

        * "vonmisesvariate()"

        * "paretovariate()"

        * "weibullvariate()"

      * 替代產生器

        * "Random"

          * "seed()"

          * "getstate()"

          * "setstate()"

          * "random()"

          * "getrandbits()"

        * "SystemRandom"

      * 關於 Reproducibility（復現性）的注意事項

      * 範例

      * 使用方案

      * Command-line usage

      * Command-line example

    * "statistics" --- 數學統計函式

      * 平均值與中央位置量數

      * 離度 (spread) 的測量

      * 兩個輸入之間的關係統計

      * 函式細節

        * "mean()"

        * "fmean()"

        * "geometric_mean()"

        * "harmonic_mean()"

        * "kde()"

        * "kde_random()"

        * "median()"

        * "median_low()"

        * "median_high()"

        * "median_grouped()"

        * "mode()"

        * "multimode()"

        * "pstdev()"

        * "pvariance()"

        * "stdev()"

        * "variance()"

        * "quantiles()"

        * "covariance()"

        * "correlation()"

        * "linear_regression()"

      * 例外

        * "StatisticsError"

      * "NormalDist" 物件

        * "NormalDist"

          * "mean"

          * "median"

          * "mode"

          * "stdev"

          * "variance"

          * "from_samples()"

          * "samples()"

          * "pdf()"

          * "cdf()"

          * "inv_cdf()"

          * "overlap()"

          * "quantiles()"

          * "zscore()"

      * 範例與錦囊妙計

        * 經典機率問題

        * 用於模擬的蒙地卡羅 (Monte Carlo) 輸入

        * 近似二項分布

        * 單純貝氏分類器 (Naive bayesian classifier)

  * 函式編程模組

    * "itertools" --- 建立產生高效率迴圈之疊代器的函式

      * Itertool 函式

        * "accumulate()"

        * "batched()"

        * "chain()"

        * "from_iterable()"

        * "combinations()"

        * "combinations_with_replacement()"

        * "compress()"

        * "count()"

        * "cycle()"

        * "dropwhile()"

        * "filterfalse()"

        * "groupby()"

        * "islice()"

        * "pairwise()"

        * "permutations()"

        * "product()"

        * "repeat()"

        * "starmap()"

        * "takewhile()"

        * "tee()"

        * "zip_longest()"

      * Itertools 應用技巧

    * "functools" --- 可呼叫物件上的高階函式與操作

      * "cache()"

      * "cached_property()"

      * "cmp_to_key()"

      * "lru_cache()"

      * "total_ordering()"

      * "Placeholder"

      * "partial()"

      * "partialmethod"

      * "reduce()"

      * "singledispatch()"

      * "singledispatchmethod"

      * "update_wrapper()"

      * "wraps()"

      * "partial" 物件

        * "func"

        * "args"

        * "keywords"

    * "operator" --- 標準運算子替代函式

      * "lt()"

      * "le()"

      * "eq()"

      * "ne()"

      * "ge()"

      * "gt()"

      * "__lt__()"

      * "__le__()"

      * "__eq__()"

      * "__ne__()"

      * "__ge__()"

      * "__gt__()"

      * "not_()"

      * "__not__()"

      * "truth()"

      * "is_()"

      * "is_not()"

      * "is_none()"

      * "is_not_none()"

      * "abs()"

      * "__abs__()"

      * "add()"

      * "__add__()"

      * "and_()"

      * "__and__()"

      * "floordiv()"

      * "__floordiv__()"

      * "index()"

      * "__index__()"

      * "inv()"

      * "invert()"

      * "__inv__()"

      * "__invert__()"

      * "lshift()"

      * "__lshift__()"

      * "mod()"

      * "__mod__()"

      * "mul()"

      * "__mul__()"

      * "matmul()"

      * "__matmul__()"

      * "neg()"

      * "__neg__()"

      * "or_()"

      * "__or__()"

      * "pos()"

      * "__pos__()"

      * "pow()"

      * "__pow__()"

      * "rshift()"

      * "__rshift__()"

      * "sub()"

      * "__sub__()"

      * "truediv()"

      * "__truediv__()"

      * "xor()"

      * "__xor__()"

      * "concat()"

      * "__concat__()"

      * "contains()"

      * "__contains__()"

      * "countOf()"

      * "delitem()"

      * "__delitem__()"

      * "getitem()"

      * "__getitem__()"

      * "indexOf()"

      * "setitem()"

      * "__setitem__()"

      * "length_hint()"

      * "call()"

      * "__call__()"

      * "attrgetter()"

      * "itemgetter()"

      * "methodcaller()"

      * 運算子與函式間的對映

      * 原地 (in-place) 運算子

        * "iadd()"

        * "__iadd__()"

        * "iand()"

        * "__iand__()"

        * "iconcat()"

        * "__iconcat__()"

        * "ifloordiv()"

        * "__ifloordiv__()"

        * "ilshift()"

        * "__ilshift__()"

        * "imod()"

        * "__imod__()"

        * "imul()"

        * "__imul__()"

        * "imatmul()"

        * "__imatmul__()"

        * "ior()"

        * "__ior__()"

        * "ipow()"

        * "__ipow__()"

        * "irshift()"

        * "__irshift__()"

        * "isub()"

        * "__isub__()"

        * "itruediv()"

        * "__itruediv__()"

        * "ixor()"

        * "__ixor__()"

  * 檔案與目錄存取

    * "pathlib" --- 物件導向檔案系統路徑

      * 基本用法

      * 例外

        * "UnsupportedOperation"

      * 純路徑

        * "PurePath"

        * "PurePosixPath"

        * "PureWindowsPath"

        * 通用屬性

        * 運算子

        * 對個別組成的存取

          * "parts"

        * 方法與屬性

          * "parser"

          * "drive"

          * "root"

          * "anchor"

          * "parents"

          * "parent"

          * "name"

          * "suffix"

          * "suffixes"

          * "stem"

          * "as_posix()"

          * "is_absolute()"

          * "is_relative_to()"

          * "is_reserved()"

          * "joinpath()"

          * "full_match()"

          * "match()"

          * "relative_to()"

          * "with_name()"

          * "with_stem()"

          * "with_suffix()"

          * "with_segments()"

      * 實體路徑

        * "Path"

        * "PosixPath"

        * "WindowsPath"

        * Parsing and generating URIs

          * "from_uri()"

          * "as_uri()"

        * Expanding and resolving paths

          * "home()"

          * "expanduser()"

          * "cwd()"

          * "absolute()"

          * "resolve()"

          * "readlink()"

        * Querying file type and status

          * "stat()"

          * "lstat()"

          * "exists()"

          * "is_file()"

          * "is_dir()"

          * "is_symlink()"

          * "is_junction()"

          * "is_mount()"

          * "is_socket()"

          * "is_fifo()"

          * "is_block_device()"

          * "is_char_device()"

          * "samefile()"

        * Reading and writing files

          * "open()"

          * "read_text()"

          * "read_bytes()"

          * "write_text()"

          * "write_bytes()"

        * 讀取目錄

          * "iterdir()"

          * "scandir()"

          * "glob()"

          * "rglob()"

          * "walk()"

        * 建立檔案與目錄

          * "touch()"

          * "mkdir()"

          * "symlink_to()"

          * "hardlink_to()"

        * Copying, moving and deleting

          * "copy()"

          * "copy_into()"

          * "rename()"

          * "replace()"

          * "move()"

          * "move_into()"

          * "unlink()"

          * "rmdir()"

        * Permissions and ownership

          * "owner()"

          * "group()"

          * "chmod()"

          * "lchmod()"

      * Pattern language

      * 與 "glob" 模組的比較

      * 與 "os" 和 "os.path" 模組的比較

        * Corresponding tools

    * "os.path" --- 常見的路徑名操作

      * "abspath()"

      * "basename()"

      * "commonpath()"

      * "commonprefix()"

      * "dirname()"

      * "exists()"

      * "lexists()"

      * "expanduser()"

      * "expandvars()"

      * "getatime()"

      * "getmtime()"

      * "getctime()"

      * "getsize()"

      * "isabs()"

      * "isfile()"

      * "isdir()"

      * "isjunction()"

      * "islink()"

      * "ismount()"

      * "isdevdrive()"

      * "isreserved()"

      * "join()"

      * "normcase()"

      * "normpath()"

      * "realpath()"

      * "relpath()"

      * "samefile()"

      * "sameopenfile()"

      * "samestat()"

      * "split()"

      * "splitdrive()"

      * "splitroot()"

      * "splitext()"

      * "supports_unicode_filenames"

    * "fileinput" --- 逐列疊代多個輸入串流

      * "input()"

      * "filename()"

      * "fileno()"

      * "lineno()"

      * "filelineno()"

      * "isfirstline()"

      * "isstdin()"

      * "nextfile()"

      * "close()"

      * "FileInput"

      * "hook_compressed()"

      * "hook_encoded()"

    * "stat" --- 直譯 "stat()" 的結果

      * "S_ISDIR()"

      * "S_ISCHR()"

      * "S_ISBLK()"

      * "S_ISREG()"

      * "S_ISFIFO()"

      * "S_ISLNK()"

      * "S_ISSOCK()"

      * "S_ISDOOR()"

      * "S_ISPORT()"

      * "S_ISWHT()"

      * "S_IMODE()"

      * "S_IFMT()"

      * "filemode()"

      * "ST_MODE"

      * "ST_INO"

      * "ST_DEV"

      * "ST_NLINK"

      * "ST_UID"

      * "ST_GID"

      * "ST_SIZE"

      * "ST_ATIME"

      * "ST_MTIME"

      * "ST_CTIME"

      * "S_IFSOCK"

      * "S_IFLNK"

      * "S_IFREG"

      * "S_IFBLK"

      * "S_IFDIR"

      * "S_IFCHR"

      * "S_IFIFO"

      * "S_IFDOOR"

      * "S_IFPORT"

      * "S_IFWHT"

      * "S_ISUID"

      * "S_ISGID"

      * "S_ISVTX"

      * "S_IRWXU"

      * "S_IRUSR"

      * "S_IWUSR"

      * "S_IXUSR"

      * "S_IRWXG"

      * "S_IRGRP"

      * "S_IWGRP"

      * "S_IXGRP"

      * "S_IRWXO"

      * "S_IROTH"

      * "S_IWOTH"

      * "S_IXOTH"

      * "S_ENFMT"

      * "S_IREAD"

      * "S_IWRITE"

      * "S_IEXEC"

      * "UF_SETTABLE"

      * "UF_NODUMP"

      * "UF_IMMUTABLE"

      * "UF_APPEND"

      * "UF_OPAQUE"

      * "UF_NOUNLINK"

      * "UF_COMPRESSED"

      * "UF_TRACKED"

      * "UF_DATAVAULT"

      * "UF_HIDDEN"

      * "SF_SETTABLE"

      * "SF_SUPPORTED"

      * "SF_SYNTHETIC"

      * "SF_ARCHIVED"

      * "SF_IMMUTABLE"

      * "SF_APPEND"

      * "SF_RESTRICTED"

      * "SF_NOUNLINK"

      * "SF_SNAPSHOT"

      * "SF_FIRMLINK"

      * "SF_DATALESS"

      * "FILE_ATTRIBUTE_ARCHIVE"

      * "FILE_ATTRIBUTE_COMPRESSED"

      * "FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DEVICE"

      * "FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY"

      * "FILE_ATTRIBUTE_ENCRYPTED"

      * "FILE_ATTRIBUTE_HIDDEN"

      * "FILE_ATTRIBUTE_INTEGRITY_STREAM"

      * "FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL"

      * "FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NOT_CONTENT_INDEXED"

      * "FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SCRUB_DATA"

      * "FILE_ATTRIBUTE_OFFLINE"

      * "FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY"

      * "FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT"

      * "FILE_ATTRIBUTE_SPARSE_FILE"

      * "FILE_ATTRIBUTE_SYSTEM"

      * "FILE_ATTRIBUTE_TEMPORARY"

      * "FILE_ATTRIBUTE_VIRTUAL"

      * "IO_REPARSE_TAG_SYMLINK"

      * "IO_REPARSE_TAG_MOUNT_POINT"

      * "IO_REPARSE_TAG_APPEXECLINK"

    * "filecmp" --- 檔案與目錄比較

      * "cmp()"

      * "cmpfiles()"

      * "clear_cache()"

      * The "dircmp" class

        * "dircmp"

          * "report()"

          * "report_partial_closure()"

          * "report_full_closure()"

          * "left"

          * "right"

          * "left_list"

          * "right_list"

          * "common"

          * "left_only"

          * "right_only"

          * "common_dirs"

          * "common_files"

          * "common_funny"

          * "same_files"

          * "diff_files"

          * "funny_files"

          * "subdirs"

        * "DEFAULT_IGNORES"

    * "tempfile" --- 生成臨時檔案和目錄

      * "TemporaryFile()"

      * "NamedTemporaryFile()"

      * "SpooledTemporaryFile"

        * "rollover()"

      * "TemporaryDirectory"

        * "name"

        * "cleanup()"

      * "mkstemp()"

      * "mkdtemp()"

      * "gettempdir()"

      * "gettempdirb()"

      * "gettempprefix()"

      * "gettempprefixb()"

      * "tempdir"

      * 範例

      * 已棄用的函式和變數

        * "mktemp()"

    * "glob" --- Unix 風格的路徑名稱模式擴展

      * "glob()"

      * "iglob()"

      * "escape()"

      * "translate()"

      * 範例

    * "fnmatch" --- Unix 檔案名稱模式比對

      * "fnmatch()"

      * "fnmatchcase()"

      * "filter()"

      * "translate()"

    * "linecache" --- 隨機存取文字列

      * "getline()"

      * "clearcache()"

      * "checkcache()"

      * "lazycache()"

    * "shutil" — 高階檔案操作

      * Directory and files operations

        * "copyfileobj()"

        * "copyfile()"

        * "SameFileError"

        * "copymode()"

        * "copystat()"

        * "copy()"

        * "copy2()"

        * "ignore_patterns()"

        * "copytree()"

        * "rmtree()"

          * "avoids_symlink_attacks"

        * "move()"

        * "disk_usage()"

        * "chown()"

        * "which()"

        * "Error"

        * Platform-dependent efficient copy operations

        * copytree example

        * rmtree 範例

      * Archiving operations

        * "make_archive()"

        * "get_archive_formats()"

        * "register_archive_format()"

        * "unregister_archive_format()"

        * "unpack_archive()"

        * "register_unpack_format()"

        * "unregister_unpack_format()"

        * "get_unpack_formats()"

        * Archiving example

        * Archiving example with *base_dir*

      * Querying the size of the output terminal

        * "get_terminal_size()"

  * 資料持久性 (Data Persistence)

    * "pickle" --- Python 物件序列化

      * 和其他 Python 模組的關係

        * 和 "marshal" 的比較

        * 和 "json" 的比較

      * 資料串流格式

      * 模組介面

        * "HIGHEST_PROTOCOL"

        * "DEFAULT_PROTOCOL"

        * "dump()"

        * "dumps()"

        * "load()"

        * "loads()"

        * "PickleError"

        * "PicklingError"

        * "UnpicklingError"

        * "Pickler"

          * "dump()"

          * "persistent_id()"

          * "dispatch_table"

          * "reducer_override()"

          * "fast"

        * "Unpickler"

          * "load()"

          * "persistent_load()"

          * "find_class()"

        * "PickleBuffer"

          * "raw()"

          * "release()"

      * 哪些物件能或不能被封裝、拆封？

      * Pickling 類別實例

        * "__getnewargs_ex__()"

        * "__getnewargs__()"

        * "__getstate__()"

        * "__setstate__()"

        * "__reduce__()"

        * "__reduce_ex__()"

        * 外部物件持久化

        * 調度表

        * 處裡紀錄大量狀態的物件

      * 針對型別、函數或特定物件定製縮減函數

      * 帶外（Out-of-band）資料緩衝區

        * 供給者 API

        * 消費者 API

        * 範例

      * 限制全域物件

      * 效能

      * 範例

    * "copyreg" --- 註冊 "pickle" 支援函式

      * "constructor()"

      * "pickle()"

      * 範例

    * "shelve" --- Python object persistence

      * "open()"

      * "sync()"

      * "close()"

      * Restrictions

        * "Shelf"

        * "BsdDbShelf"

        * "DbfilenameShelf"

      * 範例

    * "marshal" --- 内部 Python 物件序列化

      * "dump()"

      * "load()"

      * "dumps()"

      * "loads()"

      * "version"

    * "dbm" --- Unix "databases" 的介面

      * "error"

      * "whichdb()"

      * "open()"

      * "dbm.sqlite3" --- SQLite backend for dbm

        * "open()"

      * "dbm.gnu" --- GNU 資料庫管理器

        * "error"

        * "open()"

          * "open_flags"

          * "firstkey()"

          * "nextkey()"

          * "reorganize()"

          * "sync()"

          * "close()"

          * "clear()"

      * "dbm.ndbm" --- 新資料庫管理器

        * "error"

        * "library"

        * "open()"

          * "close()"

          * "clear()"

      * "dbm.dumb" --- 可攜式 DBM 實作

        * "error"

        * "open()"

          * "sync()"

          * "close()"

    * "sqlite3" --- SQLite 資料庫的 DB-API 2.0 介面

      * 教學

      * Reference

        * Module functions

          * "connect()"

          * "complete_statement()"

          * "enable_callback_tracebacks()"

          * "register_adapter()"

          * "register_converter()"

        * Module constants

          * "LEGACY_TRANSACTION_CONTROL"

          * "PARSE_COLNAMES"

          * "PARSE_DECLTYPES"

          * "SQLITE_OK"

          * "SQLITE_DENY"

          * "SQLITE_IGNORE"

          * "apilevel"

          * "paramstyle"

          * "sqlite_version"

          * "sqlite_version_info"

          * "threadsafety"

          * "SQLITE_DBCONFIG_DEFENSIVE"

          * "SQLITE_DBCONFIG_DQS_DDL"

          * "SQLITE_DBCONFIG_DQS_DML"

          * "SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_FKEY"

          * "SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_FTS3_TOKENIZER"

          * "SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_LOAD_EXTENSION"

          * "SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_QPSG"

          * "SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_TRIGGER"

          * "SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_VIEW"

          * "SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LEGACY_ALTER_TABLE"

          * "SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LEGACY_FILE_FORMAT"

          * "SQLITE_DBCONFIG_NO_CKPT_ON_CLOSE"

          * "SQLITE_DBCONFIG_RESET_DATABASE"

          * "SQLITE_DBCONFIG_TRIGGER_EQP"

          * "SQLITE_DBCONFIG_TRUSTED_SCHEMA"

          * "SQLITE_DBCONFIG_WRITABLE_SCHEMA"

        * Connection 物件

          * "Connection"

            * "cursor()"

            * "blobopen()"

            * "commit()"

            * "rollback()"

            * "close()"

            * "execute()"

            * "executemany()"

            * "executescript()"

            * "create_function()"

            * "create_aggregate()"

            * "create_window_function()"

            * "create_collation()"

            * "interrupt()"

            * "set_authorizer()"

            * "set_progress_handler()"

            * "set_trace_callback()"

            * "enable_load_extension()"

            * "load_extension()"

            * "iterdump()"

            * "backup()"

            * "getlimit()"

            * "setlimit()"

            * "getconfig()"

            * "setconfig()"

            * "serialize()"

            * "deserialize()"

            * "autocommit"

            * "in_transaction"

            * "isolation_level"

            * "row_factory"

            * "text_factory"

            * "total_changes"

        * Cursor 物件

          * "Cursor"

            * "execute()"

            * "executemany()"

            * "executescript()"

            * "fetchone()"

            * "fetchmany()"

            * "fetchall()"

            * "close()"

            * "setinputsizes()"

            * "setoutputsize()"

            * "arraysize"

            * "connection"

            * "description"

            * "lastrowid"

            * "rowcount"

            * "row_factory"

        * Row 物件

          * "Row"

            * "keys()"

        * Blob 物件

          * "Blob"

            * "close()"

            * "read()"

            * "write()"

            * "tell()"

            * "seek()"

        * PrepareProtocol 物件

          * "PrepareProtocol"

        * 例外

          * "Warning"

          * "Error"

            * "sqlite_errorcode"

            * "sqlite_errorname"

          * "InterfaceError"

          * "DatabaseError"

          * "DataError"

          * "OperationalError"

          * "IntegrityError"

          * "InternalError"

          * "ProgrammingError"

          * "NotSupportedError"

        * SQLite and Python types

        * Default adapters and converters (deprecated)

        * 命令列介面

      * How-to guides

        * How to use placeholders to bind values in SQL queries

        * How to adapt custom Python types to SQLite values

          * How to write adaptable objects

          * How to register adapter callables

        * How to convert SQLite values to custom Python types

        * Adapter and converter recipes

        * How to use connection shortcut methods

        * How to use the connection context manager

        * How to work with SQLite URIs

        * How to create and use row factories

        * How to handle non-UTF-8 text encodings

      * 解釋

        * Transaction control

          * Transaction control via the "autocommit" attribute

          * Transaction control via the "isolation_level" attribute

  * 資料壓縮與保存

    * "zlib" --- 相容於 **gzip** 的壓縮

      * "error"

      * "adler32()"

      * "compress()"

      * "compressobj()"

      * "crc32()"

      * "decompress()"

      * "decompressobj()"

      * "compress()"

      * "flush()"

      * "copy()"

      * "unused_data"

      * "unconsumed_tail"

      * "eof"

      * "decompress()"

      * "flush()"

      * "copy()"

      * "ZLIB_VERSION"

      * "ZLIB_RUNTIME_VERSION"

    * "gzip" --- **gzip** 檔案的支援

      * "open()"

      * "BadGzipFile"

      * "GzipFile"

        * "peek()"

        * "mode"

        * "mtime"

        * "name"

      * "compress()"

      * "decompress()"

      * 用法範例

      * 命令列介面

        * 命令列選項

    * "bz2" --- **bzip2** 壓縮的支援

      * (De)compression of files

        * "open()"

        * "BZ2File"

          * "peek()"

          * "fileno()"

          * "readable()"

          * "seekable()"

          * "writable()"

          * "read1()"

          * "readinto()"

          * "mode"

          * "name"

      * Incremental (de)compression

        * "BZ2Compressor"

          * "compress()"

          * "flush()"

        * "BZ2Decompressor"

          * "decompress()"

          * "eof"

          * "unused_data"

          * "needs_input"

      * One-shot (de)compression

        * "compress()"

        * "decompress()"

      * 用法範例

    * "lzma" --- 使用 LZMA 演算法進行壓縮

      * "LZMAError"

      * Reading and writing compressed files

        * "open()"

        * "LZMAFile"

          * "peek()"

          * "mode"

          * "name"

      * Compressing and decompressing data in memory

        * "LZMACompressor"

          * "compress()"

          * "flush()"

        * "LZMADecompressor"

          * "decompress()"

          * "check"

          * "eof"

          * "unused_data"

          * "needs_input"

        * "compress()"

        * "decompress()"

      * Miscellaneous

        * "is_check_supported()"

      * Specifying custom filter chains

      * 範例

    * "zipfile" --- 處理 ZIP 封存檔案

      * "BadZipFile"

      * "BadZipfile"

      * "LargeZipFile"

      * "ZipInfo"

      * "is_zipfile()"

      * "ZIP_STORED"

      * "ZIP_DEFLATED"

      * "ZIP_BZIP2"

      * "ZIP_LZMA"

      * ZipFile 物件

        * "ZipFile"

        * "close()"

        * "getinfo()"

        * "infolist()"

        * "namelist()"

        * "open()"

        * "extract()"

        * "extractall()"

        * "printdir()"

        * "setpassword()"

        * "read()"

        * "testzip()"

        * "write()"

        * "writestr()"

        * "mkdir()"

        * "filename"

        * "debug"

        * "comment"

      * Path Objects

        * "Path"

        * "name"

        * "open()"

        * "iterdir()"

        * "is_dir()"

        * "is_file()"

        * "is_symlink()"

        * "exists()"

        * "suffix"

        * "stem"

        * "suffixes"

        * "read_text()"

        * "read_bytes()"

        * "joinpath()"

      * PyZipFile 物件

        * "PyZipFile"

          * "writepy()"

      * ZipInfo 物件

        * "from_file()"

        * "is_dir()"

        * "filename"

        * "date_time"

        * "compress_type"

        * "comment"

        * "extra"

        * "create_system"

        * "create_version"

        * "extract_version"

        * "reserved"

        * "flag_bits"

        * "volume"

        * "internal_attr"

        * "external_attr"

        * "header_offset"

        * "CRC"

        * "compress_size"

        * "file_size"

      * Command-Line Interface

        * Command-line options

      * Decompression pitfalls

        * From file itself

        * File System limitations

        * Resources limitations

        * Interruption

        * Default behaviors of extraction

    * "tarfile" --- 讀取與寫入 tar 封存檔案

      * "open()"

      * "is_tarfile()"

      * "TarError"

      * "ReadError"

      * "CompressionError"

      * "StreamError"

      * "ExtractError"

      * "HeaderError"

      * "FilterError"

        * "tarinfo"

      * "AbsolutePathError"

      * "OutsideDestinationError"

      * "SpecialFileError"

      * "AbsoluteLinkError"

      * "LinkOutsideDestinationError"

      * "ENCODING"

      * "REGTYPE"

      * "AREGTYPE"

      * "LNKTYPE"

      * "SYMTYPE"

      * "CHRTYPE"

      * "BLKTYPE"

      * "DIRTYPE"

      * "FIFOTYPE"

      * "CONTTYPE"

      * "GNUTYPE_LONGNAME"

      * "GNUTYPE_LONGLINK"

      * "GNUTYPE_SPARSE"

      * "USTAR_FORMAT"

      * "GNU_FORMAT"

      * "PAX_FORMAT"

      * "DEFAULT_FORMAT"

      * TarFile 物件

        * "TarFile"

        * "open()"

        * "getmember()"

        * "getmembers()"

        * "getnames()"

        * "list()"

        * "next()"

        * "extractall()"

        * "extract()"

        * "extractfile()"

        * "errorlevel"

        * "extraction_filter"

        * "add()"

        * "addfile()"

        * "gettarinfo()"

        * "close()"

        * "pax_headers"

      * TarInfo 物件

        * "TarInfo"

        * "frombuf()"

        * "fromtarfile()"

        * "tobuf()"

        * "name"

        * "size"

        * "mtime"

        * "mode"

        * "type"

        * "linkname"

        * "uid"

        * "gid"

        * "uname"

        * "gname"

        * "chksum"

        * "devmajor"

        * "devminor"

        * "offset"

        * "offset_data"

        * "sparse"

        * "pax_headers"

        * "replace()"

        * "isfile()"

        * "isreg()"

        * "isdir()"

        * "issym()"

        * "islnk()"

        * "ischr()"

        * "isblk()"

        * "isfifo()"

        * "isdev()"

      * Extraction filters

        * Default named filters

          * "fully_trusted_filter()"

          * "tar_filter()"

          * "data_filter()"

        * Filter errors

        * Hints for further verification

        * Supporting older Python versions

        * Stateful extraction filter example

      * Command-Line Interface

        * 命令列選項

      * 範例

      * Supported tar formats

      * Unicode issues

  * 檔案格式

    * "csv" --- CSV 檔案讀取及寫入

      * 模組內容

        * "reader()"

        * "writer()"

        * "register_dialect()"

        * "unregister_dialect()"

        * "get_dialect()"

        * "list_dialects()"

        * "field_size_limit()"

        * "DictReader"

        * "DictWriter"

        * "Dialect"

        * "excel"

        * "excel_tab"

        * "unix_dialect"

        * "Sniffer"

          * "sniff()"

          * "has_header()"

        * "QUOTE_ALL"

        * "QUOTE_MINIMAL"

        * "QUOTE_NONNUMERIC"

        * "QUOTE_NONE"

        * "QUOTE_NOTNULL"

        * "QUOTE_STRINGS"

        * "Error"

      * Dialect 與格式參數

        * "delimiter"

        * "doublequote"

        * "escapechar"

        * "lineterminator"

        * "quotechar"

        * "quoting"

        * "skipinitialspace"

        * "strict"

      * 讀取器物件

        * "__next__()"

        * "dialect"

        * "line_num"

        * "fieldnames"

      * 寫入器物件

        * "writerow()"

        * "writerows()"

        * "dialect"

        * "writeheader()"

      * 範例

    * "configparser" --- 設定檔剖析器

      * Quick Start

      * Supported Datatypes

      * Fallback Values

      * Supported INI File Structure

      * Unnamed Sections

      * Interpolation of values

        * "BasicInterpolation"

        * "ExtendedInterpolation"

      * Mapping Protocol Access

      * Customizing Parser Behaviour

        * "BOOLEAN_STATES"

        * "SECTCRE"

      * Legacy API Examples

      * ConfigParser 物件

        * "ConfigParser"

          * "defaults()"

          * "sections()"

          * "add_section()"

          * "has_section()"

          * "options()"

          * "has_option()"

          * "read()"

          * "read_file()"

          * "read_string()"

          * "read_dict()"

          * "get()"

          * "getint()"

          * "getfloat()"

          * "getboolean()"

          * "items()"

          * "set()"

          * "write()"

          * "remove_option()"

          * "remove_section()"

          * "optionxform()"

        * "UNNAMED_SECTION"

        * "MAX_INTERPOLATION_DEPTH"

      * RawConfigParser 物件

        * "RawConfigParser"

          * "add_section()"

          * "set()"

      * 例外

        * "Error"

        * "NoSectionError"

        * "DuplicateSectionError"

        * "DuplicateOptionError"

        * "NoOptionError"

        * "InterpolationError"

        * "InterpolationDepthError"

        * "InterpolationMissingOptionError"

        * "InterpolationSyntaxError"

        * "MissingSectionHeaderError"

        * "ParsingError"

        * "MultilineContinuationError"

        * "UnnamedSectionDisabledError"

    * "tomllib" --- 剖析 TOML 檔案

      * "load()"

      * "loads()"

      * "TOMLDecodeError"

      * 範例

      * 轉換表

    * "netrc" --- netrc 檔案處理

      * "netrc"

      * "NetrcParseError"

        * "msg"

        * "filename"

        * "lineno"

      * netrc 物件

        * "authenticators()"

        * "__repr__()"

        * "hosts"

        * "macros"

    * "plistlib" --- 產生和剖析 Apple ".plist" 檔案

      * "load()"

      * "loads()"

      * "dump()"

      * "dumps()"

      * "UID"

      * "FMT_XML"

      * "FMT_BINARY"

      * 範例

  * 加密服務

    * "hashlib" --- 安全雜湊與訊息摘要

      * 雜湊演算法

      * 用法

      * 建構函式

        * "new()"

        * "md5()"

        * "sha1()"

        * "sha224()"

        * "sha256()"

        * "sha384()"

        * "sha512()"

        * "sha3_224()"

        * "sha3_256()"

        * "sha3_384()"

        * "sha3_512()"

      * 屬性

        * "algorithms_guaranteed"

        * "algorithms_available"

      * 雜湊物件

        * "digest_size"

        * "block_size"

        * "name"

        * "update()"

        * "digest()"

        * "hexdigest()"

        * "copy()"

      * SHAKE 可變長度摘要

        * "shake_128()"

        * "shake_256()"

        * "digest()"

        * "hexdigest()"

      * 檔案雜湊

        * "file_digest()"

      * 密鑰的生成

        * "pbkdf2_hmac()"

        * "scrypt()"

      * BLAKE2

        * 建立雜湊物件

          * "blake2b()"

          * "blake2s()"

        * 常數

          * "SALT_SIZE"

          * "SALT_SIZE"

          * "PERSON_SIZE"

          * "PERSON_SIZE"

          * "MAX_KEY_SIZE"

          * "MAX_KEY_SIZE"

          * "MAX_DIGEST_SIZE"

          * "MAX_DIGEST_SIZE"

        * 範例

          * 簡單雜湊

          * 使用不同的摘要大小

          * 密鑰雜湊 (Keyed hashing)

          * 隨機雜湊 (Randomized hashing)

          * 個人化

          * 樹狀模式

        * 製作人員

    * "hmac" --- 基於金鑰雜湊的訊息驗證

      * "new()"

      * "digest()"

      * "update()"

      * "digest()"

      * "hexdigest()"

      * "copy()"

      * "digest_size"

      * "block_size"

      * "name"

      * "compare_digest()"

    * "secrets" --- 產生用於管理機密的安全亂數

      * 亂數

        * "SystemRandom"

        * "choice()"

        * "randbelow()"

        * "randbits()"

      * 產生權杖（token）

        * "token_bytes()"

        * "token_hex()"

        * "token_urlsafe()"

        * 權杖應當使用多少個位元組？

      * 其他函式

        * "compare_digest()"

      * 應用技巧和典範實務（best practices）

  * 通用作業系統服務

    * "os" --- 各種作業系統介面

      * "error"

      * "name"

      * File Names, Command Line Arguments, and Environment Variables

      * Python UTF-8 模式

      * 行程參數

        * "ctermid()"

        * "environ"

        * "environb"

        * "reload_environ()"

        * "fsencode()"

        * "fsdecode()"

        * "fspath()"

        * "PathLike"

          * "__fspath__()"

        * "getenv()"

        * "getenvb()"

        * "get_exec_path()"

        * "getegid()"

        * "geteuid()"

        * "getgid()"

        * "getgrouplist()"

        * "getgroups()"

        * "getlogin()"

        * "getpgid()"

        * "getpgrp()"

        * "getpid()"

        * "getppid()"

        * "getpriority()"

        * "PRIO_PROCESS"

        * "PRIO_PGRP"

        * "PRIO_USER"

        * "PRIO_DARWIN_THREAD"

        * "PRIO_DARWIN_PROCESS"

        * "PRIO_DARWIN_BG"

        * "PRIO_DARWIN_NONUI"

        * "getresuid()"

        * "getresgid()"

        * "getuid()"

        * "initgroups()"

        * "putenv()"

        * "setegid()"

        * "seteuid()"

        * "setgid()"

        * "setgroups()"

        * "setns()"

        * "setpgrp()"

        * "setpgid()"

        * "setpriority()"

        * "setregid()"

        * "setresgid()"

        * "setresuid()"

        * "setreuid()"

        * "getsid()"

        * "setsid()"

        * "setuid()"

        * "strerror()"

        * "supports_bytes_environ"

        * "umask()"

        * "uname()"

        * "unsetenv()"

        * "unshare()"

        * "CLONE_FILES"

        * "CLONE_FS"

        * "CLONE_NEWCGROUP"

        * "CLONE_NEWIPC"

        * "CLONE_NEWNET"

        * "CLONE_NEWNS"

        * "CLONE_NEWPID"

        * "CLONE_NEWTIME"

        * "CLONE_NEWUSER"

        * "CLONE_NEWUTS"

        * "CLONE_SIGHAND"

        * "CLONE_SYSVSEM"

        * "CLONE_THREAD"

        * "CLONE_VM"

      * File Object Creation

        * "fdopen()"

      * File Descriptor Operations

        * "close()"

        * "closerange()"

        * "copy_file_range()"

        * "device_encoding()"

        * "dup()"

        * "dup2()"

        * "fchmod()"

        * "fchown()"

        * "fdatasync()"

        * "fpathconf()"

        * "fstat()"

        * "fstatvfs()"

        * "fsync()"

        * "ftruncate()"

        * "get_blocking()"

        * "grantpt()"

        * "isatty()"

        * "lockf()"

        * "F_LOCK"

        * "F_TLOCK"

        * "F_ULOCK"

        * "F_TEST"

        * "login_tty()"

        * "lseek()"

        * "SEEK_SET"

        * "SEEK_CUR"

        * "SEEK_END"

        * "SEEK_HOLE"

        * "SEEK_DATA"

        * "open()"

        * "O_RDONLY"

        * "O_WRONLY"

        * "O_RDWR"

        * "O_APPEND"

        * "O_CREAT"

        * "O_EXCL"

        * "O_TRUNC"

        * "O_DSYNC"

        * "O_RSYNC"

        * "O_SYNC"

        * "O_NDELAY"

        * "O_NONBLOCK"

        * "O_NOCTTY"

        * "O_CLOEXEC"

        * "O_BINARY"

        * "O_NOINHERIT"

        * "O_SHORT_LIVED"

        * "O_TEMPORARY"

        * "O_RANDOM"

        * "O_SEQUENTIAL"

        * "O_TEXT"

        * "O_EVTONLY"

        * "O_FSYNC"

        * "O_SYMLINK"

        * "O_NOFOLLOW_ANY"

        * "O_ASYNC"

        * "O_DIRECT"

        * "O_DIRECTORY"

        * "O_NOFOLLOW"

        * "O_NOATIME"

        * "O_PATH"

        * "O_TMPFILE"

        * "O_SHLOCK"

        * "O_EXLOCK"

        * "openpty()"

        * "pipe()"

        * "pipe2()"

        * "posix_fallocate()"

        * "posix_fadvise()"

        * "POSIX_FADV_NORMAL"

        * "POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL"

        * "POSIX_FADV_RANDOM"

        * "POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE"

        * "POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED"

        * "POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED"

        * "pread()"

        * "posix_openpt()"

        * "preadv()"

        * "RWF_NOWAIT"

        * "RWF_HIPRI"

        * "ptsname()"

        * "pwrite()"

        * "pwritev()"

        * "RWF_DSYNC"

        * "RWF_SYNC"

        * "RWF_APPEND"

        * "read()"

        * "sendfile()"

        * "SF_NODISKIO"

        * "SF_MNOWAIT"

        * "SF_SYNC"

        * "SF_NOCACHE"

        * "set_blocking()"

        * "splice()"

        * "SPLICE_F_MOVE"

        * "SPLICE_F_NONBLOCK"

        * "SPLICE_F_MORE"

        * "readv()"

        * "tcgetpgrp()"

        * "tcsetpgrp()"

        * "ttyname()"

        * "unlockpt()"

        * "write()"

        * "writev()"

        * Querying the size of a terminal

          * "get_terminal_size()"

          * "terminal_size"

            * "columns"

            * "lines"

        * Inheritance of File Descriptors

          * "get_inheritable()"

          * "set_inheritable()"

          * "get_handle_inheritable()"

          * "set_handle_inheritable()"

      * Files and Directories

        * "access()"

        * "F_OK"

        * "R_OK"

        * "W_OK"

        * "X_OK"

        * "chdir()"

        * "chflags()"

        * "chmod()"

        * "chown()"

        * "chroot()"

        * "fchdir()"

        * "getcwd()"

        * "getcwdb()"

        * "lchflags()"

        * "lchmod()"

        * "lchown()"

        * "link()"

        * "listdir()"

        * "listdrives()"

        * "listmounts()"

        * "listvolumes()"

        * "lstat()"

        * "mkdir()"

        * "makedirs()"

        * "mkfifo()"

        * "mknod()"

        * "major()"

        * "minor()"

        * "makedev()"

        * "pathconf()"

        * "pathconf_names"

        * "readlink()"

        * "remove()"

        * "removedirs()"

        * "rename()"

        * "renames()"

        * "replace()"

        * "rmdir()"

        * "scandir()"

          * "close()"

        * "DirEntry"

          * "name"

          * "path"

          * "inode()"

          * "is_dir()"

          * "is_file()"

          * "is_symlink()"

          * "is_junction()"

          * "stat()"

        * "stat()"

        * "stat_result"

          * "st_mode"

          * "st_ino"

          * "st_dev"

          * "st_nlink"

          * "st_uid"

          * "st_gid"

          * "st_size"

          * "st_atime"

          * "st_mtime"

          * "st_ctime"

          * "st_atime_ns"

          * "st_mtime_ns"

          * "st_ctime_ns"

          * "st_birthtime"

          * "st_birthtime_ns"

          * "st_blocks"

          * "st_blksize"

          * "st_rdev"

          * "st_flags"

          * "st_gen"

          * "st_fstype"

          * "st_rsize"

          * "st_creator"

          * "st_type"

          * "st_file_attributes"

          * "st_reparse_tag"

        * "statvfs()"

        * "supports_dir_fd"

        * "supports_effective_ids"

        * "supports_fd"

        * "supports_follow_symlinks"

        * "symlink()"

        * "sync()"

        * "truncate()"

        * "unlink()"

        * "utime()"

        * "walk()"

        * "fwalk()"

        * "memfd_create()"

        * "MFD_CLOEXEC"

        * "MFD_ALLOW_SEALING"

        * "MFD_HUGETLB"

        * "MFD_HUGE_SHIFT"

        * "MFD_HUGE_MASK"

        * "MFD_HUGE_64KB"

        * "MFD_HUGE_512KB"

        * "MFD_HUGE_1MB"

        * "MFD_HUGE_2MB"

        * "MFD_HUGE_8MB"

        * "MFD_HUGE_16MB"

        * "MFD_HUGE_32MB"

        * "MFD_HUGE_256MB"

        * "MFD_HUGE_512MB"

        * "MFD_HUGE_1GB"

        * "MFD_HUGE_2GB"

        * "MFD_HUGE_16GB"

        * "eventfd()"

        * "eventfd_read()"

        * "eventfd_write()"

        * "EFD_CLOEXEC"

        * "EFD_NONBLOCK"

        * "EFD_SEMAPHORE"

        * Timer File Descriptors

          * "timerfd_create()"

          * "timerfd_settime()"

          * "timerfd_settime_ns()"

          * "timerfd_gettime()"

          * "timerfd_gettime_ns()"

          * "TFD_NONBLOCK"

          * "TFD_CLOEXEC"

          * "TFD_TIMER_ABSTIME"

          * "TFD_TIMER_CANCEL_ON_SET"

        * Linux extended attributes

          * "getxattr()"

          * "listxattr()"

          * "removexattr()"

          * "setxattr()"

          * "XATTR_SIZE_MAX"

          * "XATTR_CREATE"

          * "XATTR_REPLACE"

      * 行程管理

        * "abort()"

        * "add_dll_directory()"

        * "execl()"

        * "execle()"

        * "execlp()"

        * "execlpe()"

        * "execv()"

        * "execve()"

        * "execvp()"

        * "execvpe()"

        * "_exit()"

        * "EX_OK"

        * "EX_USAGE"

        * "EX_DATAERR"

        * "EX_NOINPUT"

        * "EX_NOUSER"

        * "EX_NOHOST"

        * "EX_UNAVAILABLE"

        * "EX_SOFTWARE"

        * "EX_OSERR"

        * "EX_OSFILE"

        * "EX_CANTCREAT"

        * "EX_IOERR"

        * "EX_TEMPFAIL"

        * "EX_PROTOCOL"

        * "EX_NOPERM"

        * "EX_CONFIG"

        * "EX_NOTFOUND"

        * "fork()"

        * "forkpty()"

        * "kill()"

        * "killpg()"

        * "nice()"

        * "pidfd_open()"

          * "PIDFD_NONBLOCK"

        * "plock()"

        * "popen()"

        * "posix_spawn()"

          * "POSIX_SPAWN_OPEN"

          * "POSIX_SPAWN_CLOSE"

          * "POSIX_SPAWN_DUP2"

          * "POSIX_SPAWN_CLOSEFROM"

        * "posix_spawnp()"

        * "register_at_fork()"

        * "spawnl()"

        * "spawnle()"

        * "spawnlp()"

        * "spawnlpe()"

        * "spawnv()"

        * "spawnve()"

        * "spawnvp()"

        * "spawnvpe()"

        * "P_NOWAIT"

        * "P_NOWAITO"

        * "P_WAIT"

        * "P_DETACH"

        * "P_OVERLAY"

        * "startfile()"

        * "system()"

        * "times()"

        * "wait()"

        * "waitid()"

        * "waitpid()"

        * "wait3()"

        * "wait4()"

        * "P_PID"

        * "P_PGID"

        * "P_ALL"

        * "P_PIDFD"

        * "WCONTINUED"

        * "WEXITED"

        * "WSTOPPED"

        * "WUNTRACED"

        * "WNOHANG"

        * "WNOWAIT"

        * "CLD_EXITED"

        * "CLD_KILLED"

        * "CLD_DUMPED"

        * "CLD_TRAPPED"

        * "CLD_STOPPED"

        * "CLD_CONTINUED"

        * "waitstatus_to_exitcode()"

        * "WCOREDUMP()"

        * "WIFCONTINUED()"

        * "WIFSTOPPED()"

        * "WIFSIGNALED()"

        * "WIFEXITED()"

        * "WEXITSTATUS()"

        * "WSTOPSIG()"

        * "WTERMSIG()"

      * Interface to the scheduler

        * "SCHED_OTHER"

        * "SCHED_BATCH"

        * "SCHED_IDLE"

        * "SCHED_SPORADIC"

        * "SCHED_FIFO"

        * "SCHED_RR"

        * "SCHED_RESET_ON_FORK"

        * "sched_param"

          * "sched_priority"

        * "sched_get_priority_min()"

        * "sched_get_priority_max()"

        * "sched_setscheduler()"

        * "sched_getscheduler()"

        * "sched_setparam()"

        * "sched_getparam()"

        * "sched_rr_get_interval()"

        * "sched_yield()"

        * "sched_setaffinity()"

        * "sched_getaffinity()"

      * Miscellaneous System Information

        * "confstr()"

        * "confstr_names"

        * "cpu_count()"

        * "getloadavg()"

        * "process_cpu_count()"

        * "sysconf()"

        * "sysconf_names"

        * "curdir"

        * "pardir"

        * "sep"

        * "altsep"

        * "extsep"

        * "pathsep"

        * "defpath"

        * "linesep"

        * "devnull"

        * "RTLD_LAZY"

        * "RTLD_NOW"

        * "RTLD_GLOBAL"

        * "RTLD_LOCAL"

        * "RTLD_NODELETE"

        * "RTLD_NOLOAD"

        * "RTLD_DEEPBIND"

      * Random numbers

        * "getrandom()"

        * "urandom()"

        * "GRND_NONBLOCK"

        * "GRND_RANDOM"

    * "io" — 處理資料串流的核心工具

      * 總覽

        * 文字 I/O

        * 二進位 (Binary) I/O

        * 原始 (Raw) I/O

      * 文字編碼

        * 選擇性加入的編碼警告

      * 高階模組介面

        * "DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE"

        * "open()"

        * "open_code()"

        * "text_encoding()"

        * "BlockingIOError"

        * "UnsupportedOperation"

      * 類別階層

        * I/O 基礎類別

          * "IOBase"

            * "close()"

            * "closed"

            * "fileno()"

            * "flush()"

            * "isatty()"

            * "readable()"

            * "readline()"

            * "readlines()"

            * "seek()"

            * "seekable()"

            * "tell()"

            * "truncate()"

            * "writable()"

            * "writelines()"

            * "__del__()"

          * "RawIOBase"

            * "read()"

            * "readall()"

            * "readinto()"

            * "write()"

          * "BufferedIOBase"

            * "raw"

            * "detach()"

            * "read()"

            * "read1()"

            * "readinto()"

            * "readinto1()"

            * "write()"

        * 原始檔案 I/O

          * "FileIO"

            * "mode"

            * "name"

        * Buffered Streams

          * "BytesIO"

            * "getbuffer()"

            * "getvalue()"

            * "read1()"

            * "readinto1()"

          * "BufferedReader"

            * "peek()"

            * "read()"

            * "read1()"

          * "BufferedWriter"

            * "flush()"

            * "write()"

          * "BufferedRandom"

          * "BufferedRWPair"

        * 文字 I/O

          * "TextIOBase"

            * "encoding"

            * "errors"

            * "newlines"

            * "buffer"

            * "detach()"

            * "read()"

            * "readline()"

            * "seek()"

            * "tell()"

            * "write()"

          * "TextIOWrapper"

            * "line_buffering"

            * "write_through"

            * "reconfigure()"

            * "seek()"

            * "tell()"

          * "StringIO"

            * "getvalue()"

          * "IncrementalNewlineDecoder"

      * Performance

        * 二進位 (Binary) I/O

        * 文字 I/O

        * Multi-threading

        * Reentrancy

    * "time" --- 時間存取與轉換

      * 函式

        * "asctime()"

        * "pthread_getcpuclockid()"

        * "clock_getres()"

        * "clock_gettime()"

        * "clock_gettime_ns()"

        * "clock_settime()"

        * "clock_settime_ns()"

        * "ctime()"

        * "get_clock_info()"

        * "gmtime()"

        * "localtime()"

        * "mktime()"

        * "monotonic()"

        * "monotonic_ns()"

        * "perf_counter()"

        * "perf_counter_ns()"

        * "process_time()"

        * "process_time_ns()"

        * "sleep()"

        * "strftime()"

        * "strptime()"

        * "struct_time"

          * "tm_year"

          * "tm_mon"

          * "tm_mday"

          * "tm_hour"

          * "tm_min"

          * "tm_sec"

          * "tm_wday"

          * "tm_yday"

          * "tm_isdst"

          * "tm_zone"

          * "tm_gmtoff"

        * "time()"

        * "time_ns()"

        * "thread_time()"

        * "thread_time_ns()"

        * "tzset()"

      * Clock ID Constants

        * "CLOCK_BOOTTIME"

        * "CLOCK_HIGHRES"

        * "CLOCK_MONOTONIC"

        * "CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW"

        * "CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW_APPROX"

        * "CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID"

        * "CLOCK_PROF"

        * "CLOCK_TAI"

        * "CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID"

        * "CLOCK_UPTIME"

        * "CLOCK_UPTIME_RAW"

        * "CLOCK_UPTIME_RAW_APPROX"

        * "CLOCK_REALTIME"

      * Timezone Constants

        * "altzone"

        * "daylight"

        * "timezone"

        * "tzname"

    * "argparse" --- Parser for command-line options, arguments and
      subcommands

      * ArgumentParser 物件

        * "ArgumentParser"

        * prog

        * usage

        * 描述

        * epilog

        * parents

        * formatter_class

          * "RawDescriptionHelpFormatter"

          * "RawTextHelpFormatter"

          * "ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter"

          * "MetavarTypeHelpFormatter"

        * prefix_chars

        * fromfile_prefix_chars

        * argument_default

        * allow_abbrev

        * conflict_handler

        * add_help

        * exit_on_error

        * suggest_on_error

      * The add_argument() method

        * "add_argument()"

        * name or flags

        * action

          * "BooleanOptionalAction"

        * nargs

        * const

        * default

        * type

        * choices

        * required

        * 幫助

        * metavar

        * dest

        * deprecated

        * Action classes

          * "Action"

            * "__call__()"

            * "format_usage()"

      * parse_args() 方法

        * "parse_args()"

        * Option value syntax

        * 無效引數

        * 包含 "-" 的引數

        * Argument abbreviations (prefix matching)

        * Beyond "sys.argv"

        * 命名空間物件

          * "Namespace"

      * Other utilities

        * Sub-commands

          * "add_subparsers()"

        * FileType 物件

          * "FileType"

        * Argument groups

          * "add_argument_group()"

        * Mutual exclusion

          * "add_mutually_exclusive_group()"

        * Parser defaults

          * "set_defaults()"

          * "get_default()"

        * 印出幫助訊息

          * "print_usage()"

          * "print_help()"

          * "format_usage()"

          * "format_help()"

        * Partial parsing

          * "parse_known_args()"

        * Customizing file parsing

          * "convert_arg_line_to_args()"

        * Exiting methods

          * "exit()"

          * "error()"

        * Intermixed parsing

          * "parse_intermixed_args()"

          * "parse_known_intermixed_args()"

      * 例外

        * "ArgumentError"

        * "ArgumentTypeError"

        * Argparse 教學

          * 概念

          * 基本用法

          * 位置引數的介紹

          * 可選引數的介紹

            * 短選項

          * 組合位置引數和可選引數

          * 更進階一點

            * 指定不明確的引數

            * 相互衝突的選項

          * 如何翻譯 argparse 輸出

          * Custom type converters

          * 結論

        * Upgrading optparse code

    * "logging" --- Python 的日誌記錄工具

      * Logger 物件

        * "Logger"

          * "name"

          * "level"

          * "parent"

          * "propagate"

          * "handlers"

          * "disabled"

          * "setLevel()"

          * "isEnabledFor()"

          * "getEffectiveLevel()"

          * "getChild()"

          * "getChildren()"

          * "debug()"

          * "info()"

          * "warning()"

          * "error()"

          * "critical()"

          * "log()"

          * "exception()"

          * "addFilter()"

          * "removeFilter()"

          * "filter()"

          * "addHandler()"

          * "removeHandler()"

          * "findCaller()"

          * "handle()"

          * "makeRecord()"

          * "hasHandlers()"

      * Logging Levels

        * "NOTSET"

        * "DEBUG"

        * "INFO"

        * "WARNING"

        * "ERROR"

        * "CRITICAL"

      * Handler Objects

        * "Handler"

          * "__init__()"

          * "createLock()"

          * "acquire()"

          * "release()"

          * "setLevel()"

          * "setFormatter()"

          * "addFilter()"

          * "removeFilter()"

          * "filter()"

          * "flush()"

          * "close()"

          * "handle()"

          * "handleError()"

          * "format()"

          * "emit()"

      * Formatter Objects

        * "Formatter"

          * "format()"

          * "formatTime()"

          * "formatException()"

          * "formatStack()"

        * "BufferingFormatter"

          * "formatHeader()"

          * "formatFooter()"

          * "format()"

      * Filter Objects

        * "Filter"

          * "filter()"

      * LogRecord 物件

        * "LogRecord"

          * "getMessage()"

      * LogRecord 屬性

      * LoggerAdapter 物件

        * "LoggerAdapter"

          * "process()"

          * "manager"

          * "_log"

      * 執行緒安全

      * 模組層級函式

        * "getLogger()"

        * "getLoggerClass()"

        * "getLogRecordFactory()"

        * "debug()"

        * "info()"

        * "warning()"

        * "error()"

        * "critical()"

        * "exception()"

        * "log()"

        * "disable()"

        * "addLevelName()"

        * "getLevelNamesMapping()"

        * "getLevelName()"

        * "getHandlerByName()"

        * "getHandlerNames()"

        * "makeLogRecord()"

        * "basicConfig()"

        * "shutdown()"

        * "setLoggerClass()"

        * "setLogRecordFactory()"

      * 模組層級屬性

        * "lastResort"

        * "raiseExceptions"

      * Integration with the warnings module

        * "captureWarnings()"

    * "logging.config" --- 日誌記錄配置

      * Configuration functions

        * "dictConfig()"

        * "fileConfig()"

        * "listen()"

        * "stopListening()"

      * Security considerations

      * Configuration dictionary schema

        * Dictionary Schema Details

        * Incremental Configuration

        * Object connections

        * User-defined objects

        * Handler configuration order

        * Access to external objects

        * Access to internal objects

        * Import resolution and custom importers

        * Configuring QueueHandler and QueueListener

      * Configuration file format

    * "logging.handlers" --- 日誌紀錄處理器

      * StreamHandler

        * "StreamHandler"

          * "emit()"

          * "flush()"

          * "setStream()"

          * "terminator"

      * FileHandler

        * "FileHandler"

          * "close()"

          * "emit()"

      * NullHandler

        * "NullHandler"

          * "emit()"

          * "handle()"

          * "createLock()"

      * WatchedFileHandler

        * "WatchedFileHandler"

          * "reopenIfNeeded()"

          * "emit()"

      * BaseRotatingHandler

        * "BaseRotatingHandler"

          * "namer"

          * "rotator"

          * "rotation_filename()"

          * "rotate()"

      * RotatingFileHandler

        * "RotatingFileHandler"

          * "doRollover()"

          * "emit()"

      * TimedRotatingFileHandler

        * "TimedRotatingFileHandler"

          * "doRollover()"

          * "emit()"

          * "getFilesToDelete()"

      * SocketHandler

        * "SocketHandler"

          * "close()"

          * "emit()"

          * "handleError()"

          * "makeSocket()"

          * "makePickle()"

          * "send()"

          * "createSocket()"

      * DatagramHandler

        * "DatagramHandler"

          * "emit()"

          * "makeSocket()"

          * "send()"

      * SysLogHandler

        * "SysLogHandler"

          * "close()"

          * "createSocket()"

          * "emit()"

          * "encodePriority()"

          * "mapPriority()"

      * NTEventLogHandler

        * "NTEventLogHandler"

          * "close()"

          * "emit()"

          * "getEventCategory()"

          * "getEventType()"

          * "getMessageID()"

      * SMTPHandler

        * "SMTPHandler"

          * "emit()"

          * "getSubject()"

      * MemoryHandler

        * "BufferingHandler"

          * "emit()"

          * "flush()"

          * "shouldFlush()"

        * "MemoryHandler"

          * "close()"

          * "flush()"

          * "setTarget()"

          * "shouldFlush()"

      * HTTPHandler

        * "HTTPHandler"

          * "mapLogRecord()"

          * "emit()"

      * QueueHandler

        * "QueueHandler"

          * "emit()"

          * "prepare()"

          * "enqueue()"

          * "listener"

      * QueueListener

        * "QueueListener"

          * "dequeue()"

          * "prepare()"

          * "handle()"

          * "start()"

          * "stop()"

          * "enqueue_sentinel()"

    * "getpass" --- 可攜式密碼輸入工具

      * "getpass()"

      * "GetPassWarning"

      * "getuser()"

    * "curses" --- 字元儲存格顯示的終端處理

      * 函式

        * "error"

        * "baudrate()"

        * "beep()"

        * "can_change_color()"

        * "cbreak()"

        * "color_content()"

        * "color_pair()"

        * "curs_set()"

        * "def_prog_mode()"

        * "def_shell_mode()"

        * "delay_output()"

        * "doupdate()"

        * "echo()"

        * "endwin()"

        * "erasechar()"

        * "filter()"

        * "flash()"

        * "flushinp()"

        * "getmouse()"

        * "getsyx()"

        * "getwin()"

        * "has_colors()"

        * "has_extended_color_support()"

        * "has_ic()"

        * "has_il()"

        * "has_key()"

        * "halfdelay()"

        * "init_color()"

        * "init_pair()"

        * "initscr()"

        * "is_term_resized()"

        * "isendwin()"

        * "keyname()"

        * "killchar()"

        * "longname()"

        * "meta()"

        * "mouseinterval()"

        * "mousemask()"

        * "napms()"

        * "newpad()"

        * "newwin()"

        * "nl()"

        * "nocbreak()"

        * "noecho()"

        * "nonl()"

        * "noqiflush()"

        * "noraw()"

        * "pair_content()"

        * "pair_number()"

        * "putp()"

        * "qiflush()"

        * "raw()"

        * "reset_prog_mode()"

        * "reset_shell_mode()"

        * "resetty()"

        * "resize_term()"

        * "resizeterm()"

        * "savetty()"

        * "get_escdelay()"

        * "set_escdelay()"

        * "get_tabsize()"

        * "set_tabsize()"

        * "setsyx()"

        * "setupterm()"

        * "start_color()"

        * "termattrs()"

        * "termname()"

        * "tigetflag()"

        * "tigetnum()"

        * "tigetstr()"

        * "tparm()"

        * "typeahead()"

        * "unctrl()"

        * "ungetch()"

        * "update_lines_cols()"

        * "unget_wch()"

        * "ungetmouse()"

        * "use_env()"

        * "use_default_colors()"

        * "wrapper()"

      * Window Objects

        * "addch()"

        * "addnstr()"

        * "addstr()"

        * "attroff()"

        * "attron()"

        * "attrset()"

        * "bkgd()"

        * "bkgdset()"

        * "border()"

        * "box()"

        * "chgat()"

        * "clear()"

        * "clearok()"

        * "clrtobot()"

        * "clrtoeol()"

        * "cursyncup()"

        * "delch()"

        * "deleteln()"

        * "derwin()"

        * "echochar()"

        * "enclose()"

        * "encoding"

        * "erase()"

        * "getbegyx()"

        * "getbkgd()"

        * "getch()"

        * "get_wch()"

        * "getkey()"

        * "getmaxyx()"

        * "getparyx()"

        * "getstr()"

        * "getyx()"

        * "hline()"

        * "idcok()"

        * "idlok()"

        * "immedok()"

        * "inch()"

        * "insch()"

        * "insdelln()"

        * "insertln()"

        * "insnstr()"

        * "insstr()"

        * "instr()"

        * "is_linetouched()"

        * "is_wintouched()"

        * "keypad()"

        * "leaveok()"

        * "move()"

        * "mvderwin()"

        * "mvwin()"

        * "nodelay()"

        * "notimeout()"

        * "noutrefresh()"

        * "overlay()"

        * "overwrite()"

        * "putwin()"

        * "redrawln()"

        * "redrawwin()"

        * "refresh()"

        * "resize()"

        * "scroll()"

        * "scrollok()"

        * "setscrreg()"

        * "standend()"

        * "standout()"

        * "subpad()"

        * "subwin()"

        * "syncdown()"

        * "syncok()"

        * "syncup()"

        * "timeout()"

        * "touchline()"

        * "touchwin()"

        * "untouchwin()"

        * "vline()"

      * Constants

        * "ERR"

        * "OK"

        * "version"

        * "__version__"

        * "ncurses_version"

        * "COLORS"

        * "COLOR_PAIRS"

        * "COLS"

        * "LINES"

        * "A_ALTCHARSET"

        * "A_BLINK"

        * "A_BOLD"

        * "A_DIM"

        * "A_INVIS"

        * "A_ITALIC"

        * "A_NORMAL"

        * "A_PROTECT"

        * "A_REVERSE"

        * "A_STANDOUT"

        * "A_UNDERLINE"

        * "A_HORIZONTAL"

        * "A_LEFT"

        * "A_LOW"

        * "A_RIGHT"

        * "A_TOP"

        * "A_VERTICAL"

        * "A_ATTRIBUTES"

        * "A_CHARTEXT"

        * "A_COLOR"

        * "KEY_MIN"

        * "KEY_BREAK"

        * "KEY_DOWN"

        * "KEY_UP"

        * "KEY_LEFT"

        * "KEY_RIGHT"

        * "KEY_HOME"

        * "KEY_BACKSPACE"

        * "KEY_F0"

        * "KEY_Fn"

        * "KEY_DL"

        * "KEY_IL"

        * "KEY_DC"

        * "KEY_IC"

        * "KEY_EIC"

        * "KEY_CLEAR"

        * "KEY_EOS"

        * "KEY_EOL"

        * "KEY_SF"

        * "KEY_SR"

        * "KEY_NPAGE"

        * "KEY_PPAGE"

        * "KEY_STAB"

        * "KEY_CTAB"

        * "KEY_CATAB"

        * "KEY_ENTER"

        * "KEY_SRESET"

        * "KEY_RESET"

        * "KEY_PRINT"

        * "KEY_LL"

        * "KEY_A1"

        * "KEY_A3"

        * "KEY_B2"

        * "KEY_C1"

        * "KEY_C3"

        * "KEY_BTAB"

        * "KEY_BEG"

        * "KEY_CANCEL"

        * "KEY_CLOSE"

        * "KEY_COMMAND"

        * "KEY_COPY"

        * "KEY_CREATE"

        * "KEY_END"

        * "KEY_EXIT"

        * "KEY_FIND"

        * "KEY_HELP"

        * "KEY_MARK"

        * "KEY_MESSAGE"

        * "KEY_MOVE"

        * "KEY_NEXT"

        * "KEY_OPEN"

        * "KEY_OPTIONS"

        * "KEY_PREVIOUS"

        * "KEY_REDO"

        * "KEY_REFERENCE"

        * "KEY_REFRESH"

        * "KEY_REPLACE"

        * "KEY_RESTART"

        * "KEY_RESUME"

        * "KEY_SAVE"

        * "KEY_SBEG"

        * "KEY_SCANCEL"

        * "KEY_SCOMMAND"

        * "KEY_SCOPY"

        * "KEY_SCREATE"

        * "KEY_SDC"

        * "KEY_SDL"

        * "KEY_SELECT"

        * "KEY_SEND"

        * "KEY_SEOL"

        * "KEY_SEXIT"

        * "KEY_SFIND"

        * "KEY_SHELP"

        * "KEY_SHOME"

        * "KEY_SIC"

        * "KEY_SLEFT"

        * "KEY_SMESSAGE"

        * "KEY_SMOVE"

        * "KEY_SNEXT"

        * "KEY_SOPTIONS"

        * "KEY_SPREVIOUS"

        * "KEY_SPRINT"

        * "KEY_SREDO"

        * "KEY_SREPLACE"

        * "KEY_SRIGHT"

        * "KEY_SRSUME"

        * "KEY_SSAVE"

        * "KEY_SSUSPEND"

        * "KEY_SUNDO"

        * "KEY_SUSPEND"

        * "KEY_UNDO"

        * "KEY_MOUSE"

        * "KEY_RESIZE"

        * "KEY_MAX"

        * "ACS_BBSS"

        * "ACS_BLOCK"

        * "ACS_BOARD"

        * "ACS_BSBS"

        * "ACS_BSSB"

        * "ACS_BSSS"

        * "ACS_BTEE"

        * "ACS_BULLET"

        * "ACS_CKBOARD"

        * "ACS_DARROW"

        * "ACS_DEGREE"

        * "ACS_DIAMOND"

        * "ACS_GEQUAL"

        * "ACS_HLINE"

        * "ACS_LANTERN"

        * "ACS_LARROW"

        * "ACS_LEQUAL"

        * "ACS_LLCORNER"

        * "ACS_LRCORNER"

        * "ACS_LTEE"

        * "ACS_NEQUAL"

        * "ACS_PI"

        * "ACS_PLMINUS"

        * "ACS_PLUS"

        * "ACS_RARROW"

        * "ACS_RTEE"

        * "ACS_S1"

        * "ACS_S3"

        * "ACS_S7"

        * "ACS_S9"

        * "ACS_SBBS"

        * "ACS_SBSB"

        * "ACS_SBSS"

        * "ACS_SSBB"

        * "ACS_SSBS"

        * "ACS_SSSB"

        * "ACS_SSSS"

        * "ACS_STERLING"

        * "ACS_TTEE"

        * "ACS_UARROW"

        * "ACS_ULCORNER"

        * "ACS_URCORNER"

        * "ACS_VLINE"

        * "BUTTONn_PRESSED"

        * "BUTTONn_RELEASED"

        * "BUTTONn_CLICKED"

        * "BUTTONn_DOUBLE_CLICKED"

        * "BUTTONn_TRIPLE_CLICKED"

        * "BUTTON_SHIFT"

        * "BUTTON_CTRL"

        * "BUTTON_ALT"

        * "COLOR_BLACK"

        * "COLOR_BLUE"

        * "COLOR_CYAN"

        * "COLOR_GREEN"

        * "COLOR_MAGENTA"

        * "COLOR_RED"

        * "COLOR_WHITE"

        * "COLOR_YELLOW"

    * "curses.textpad" --- Text input widget for curses programs

      * "rectangle()"

      * Textbox objects

        * "Textbox"

          * "edit()"

          * "do_command()"

          * "gather()"

          * "stripspaces"

    * "curses.ascii" --- ASCII 字元的工具程式

      * "NUL"

      * "SOH"

      * "STX"

      * "ETX"

      * "EOT"

      * "ENQ"

      * "ACK"

      * "BEL"

      * "BS"

      * "TAB"

      * "HT"

      * "LF"

      * "NL"

      * "VT"

      * "FF"

      * "CR"

      * "SO"

      * "SI"

      * "DLE"

      * "DC1"

      * "DC2"

      * "DC3"

      * "DC4"

      * "NAK"

      * "SYN"

      * "ETB"

      * "CAN"

      * "EM"

      * "SUB"

      * "ESC"

      * "FS"

      * "GS"

      * "RS"

      * "US"

      * "SP"

      * "DEL"

      * "isalnum()"

      * "isalpha()"

      * "isascii()"

      * "isblank()"

      * "iscntrl()"

      * "isdigit()"

      * "isgraph()"

      * "islower()"

      * "isprint()"

      * "ispunct()"

      * "isspace()"

      * "isupper()"

      * "isxdigit()"

      * "isctrl()"

      * "ismeta()"

      * "ascii()"

      * "ctrl()"

      * "alt()"

      * "unctrl()"

      * "controlnames"

    * "curses.panel" --- curses 的面板堆疊擴充

      * 函式

        * "bottom_panel()"

        * "new_panel()"

        * "top_panel()"

        * "update_panels()"

      * Panel Objects

        * "above()"

        * "below()"

        * "bottom()"

        * "hidden()"

        * "hide()"

        * "move()"

        * "replace()"

        * "set_userptr()"

        * "show()"

        * "top()"

        * "userptr()"

        * "window()"

    * "platform" ---  對底層平臺識別資料的存取

      * 跨平台

        * "architecture()"

        * "machine()"

        * "node()"

        * "platform()"

        * "processor()"

        * "python_build()"

        * "python_compiler()"

        * "python_branch()"

        * "python_implementation()"

        * "python_revision()"

        * "python_version()"

        * "python_version_tuple()"

        * "release()"

        * "system()"

        * "system_alias()"

        * "version()"

        * "uname()"

      * Java 平台

        * "java_ver()"

      * Windows 平台

        * "win32_ver()"

        * "win32_edition()"

        * "win32_is_iot()"

      * macOS 平台

        * "mac_ver()"

      * iOS 平台

        * "ios_ver()"

      * Unix 平台

        * "libc_ver()"

      * Linux 平台

        * "freedesktop_os_release()"

      * Android 平台

        * "android_ver()"

    * "errno" --- 標準 errno 系統符號

      * "errorcode"

      * "EPERM"

      * "ENOENT"

      * "ESRCH"

      * "EINTR"

      * "EIO"

      * "ENXIO"

      * "E2BIG"

      * "ENOEXEC"

      * "EBADF"

      * "ECHILD"

      * "EAGAIN"

      * "ENOMEM"

      * "EACCES"

      * "EFAULT"

      * "ENOTBLK"

      * "EBUSY"

      * "EEXIST"

      * "EXDEV"

      * "ENODEV"

      * "ENOTDIR"

      * "EISDIR"

      * "EINVAL"

      * "ENFILE"

      * "EMFILE"

      * "ENOTTY"

      * "ETXTBSY"

      * "EFBIG"

      * "ENOSPC"

      * "ESPIPE"

      * "EROFS"

      * "EMLINK"

      * "EPIPE"

      * "EDOM"

      * "ERANGE"

      * "EDEADLK"

      * "ENAMETOOLONG"

      * "ENOLCK"

      * "ENOSYS"

      * "ENOTEMPTY"

      * "ELOOP"

      * "EWOULDBLOCK"

      * "ENOMSG"

      * "EIDRM"

      * "ECHRNG"

      * "EL2NSYNC"

      * "EL3HLT"

      * "EL3RST"

      * "ELNRNG"

      * "EUNATCH"

      * "ENOCSI"

      * "EL2HLT"

      * "EBADE"

      * "EBADR"

      * "EXFULL"

      * "ENOANO"

      * "EBADRQC"

      * "EBADSLT"

      * "EDEADLOCK"

      * "EBFONT"

      * "ENOSTR"

      * "ENODATA"

      * "ETIME"

      * "ENOSR"

      * "ENONET"

      * "ENOPKG"

      * "EREMOTE"

      * "ENOLINK"

      * "EADV"

      * "ESRMNT"

      * "ECOMM"

      * "EPROTO"

      * "EMULTIHOP"

      * "EDOTDOT"

      * "EBADMSG"

      * "EOVERFLOW"

      * "ENOTUNIQ"

      * "EBADFD"

      * "EREMCHG"

      * "ELIBACC"

      * "ELIBBAD"

      * "ELIBSCN"

      * "ELIBMAX"

      * "ELIBEXEC"

      * "EILSEQ"

      * "ERESTART"

      * "ESTRPIPE"

      * "EUSERS"

      * "ENOTSOCK"

      * "EDESTADDRREQ"

      * "EMSGSIZE"

      * "EPROTOTYPE"

      * "ENOPROTOOPT"

      * "EPROTONOSUPPORT"

      * "ESOCKTNOSUPPORT"

      * "EOPNOTSUPP"

      * "ENOTSUP"

      * "EPFNOSUPPORT"

      * "EAFNOSUPPORT"

      * "EADDRINUSE"

      * "EADDRNOTAVAIL"

      * "ENETDOWN"

      * "ENETUNREACH"

      * "ENETRESET"

      * "ECONNABORTED"

      * "ECONNRESET"

      * "ENOBUFS"

      * "EISCONN"

      * "ENOTCONN"

      * "ESHUTDOWN"

      * "ETOOMANYREFS"

      * "ETIMEDOUT"

      * "ECONNREFUSED"

      * "EHOSTDOWN"

      * "EHOSTUNREACH"

      * "EALREADY"

      * "EINPROGRESS"

      * "ESTALE"

      * "EUCLEAN"

      * "ENOTNAM"

      * "ENAVAIL"

      * "EISNAM"

      * "EREMOTEIO"

      * "EDQUOT"

      * "EQFULL"

      * "ENOTCAPABLE"

      * "ECANCELED"

      * "EOWNERDEAD"

      * "ENOTRECOVERABLE"

    * "ctypes" --- 用於 Python 的外部函式庫

      * ctypes 教學

        * Loading dynamic link libraries

        * Accessing functions from loaded dlls

        * 呼叫函式

        * Fundamental data types

        * Calling functions, continued

        * Calling variadic functions

        * Calling functions with your own custom data types

        * Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes)

        * Return types

        * Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference)

        * Structures and unions

        * Structure/union layout, alignment and byte order

        * Bit fields in structures and unions

        * Arrays

        * Pointers

        * Type conversions

        * Incomplete Types

        * 回呼函式

        * Accessing values exported from dlls

        * Surprises

        * Variable-sized data types

      * ctypes reference

        * Finding shared libraries

        * Loading shared libraries

          * "CDLL"

          * "OleDLL"

          * "WinDLL"

          * "PyDLL"

          * "_handle"

          * "_name"

          * "LibraryLoader"

            * "LoadLibrary()"

        * Foreign functions

          * "_CFuncPtr"

            * "restype"

            * "argtypes"

            * "errcheck"

          * "ArgumentError"

        * Function prototypes

          * "CFUNCTYPE()"

          * "WINFUNCTYPE()"

          * "PYFUNCTYPE()"

        * Utility functions

          * "addressof()"

          * "alignment()"

          * "byref()"

          * "cast()"

          * "create_string_buffer()"

          * "create_unicode_buffer()"

          * "DllCanUnloadNow()"

          * "DllGetClassObject()"

          * "find_library()"

          * "find_msvcrt()"

          * "FormatError()"

          * "GetLastError()"

          * "get_errno()"

          * "get_last_error()"

          * "memmove()"

          * "memset()"

          * "POINTER()"

          * "pointer()"

          * "resize()"

          * "set_errno()"

          * "set_last_error()"

          * "sizeof()"

          * "string_at()"

          * "WinError()"

          * "wstring_at()"

        * Data types

          * "_CData"

            * "from_buffer()"

            * "from_buffer_copy()"

            * "from_address()"

            * "from_param()"

            * "in_dll()"

            * "_b_base_"

            * "_b_needsfree_"

            * "_objects"

        * Fundamental data types

          * "_SimpleCData"

            * "value"

          * "c_byte"

          * "c_char"

          * "c_char_p"

          * "c_double"

          * "c_longdouble"

          * "c_float"

          * "c_double_complex"

          * "c_float_complex"

          * "c_longdouble_complex"

          * "c_int"

          * "c_int8"

          * "c_int16"

          * "c_int32"

          * "c_int64"

          * "c_long"

          * "c_longlong"

          * "c_short"

          * "c_size_t"

          * "c_ssize_t"

          * "c_time_t"

          * "c_ubyte"

          * "c_uint"

          * "c_uint8"

          * "c_uint16"

          * "c_uint32"

          * "c_uint64"

          * "c_ulong"

          * "c_ulonglong"

          * "c_ushort"

          * "c_void_p"

          * "c_wchar"

          * "c_wchar_p"

          * "c_bool"

          * "HRESULT"

          * "py_object"

        * Structured data types

          * "Union"

          * "BigEndianUnion"

          * "LittleEndianUnion"

          * "BigEndianStructure"

          * "LittleEndianStructure"

          * "Structure"

            * "_fields_"

            * "_pack_"

            * "_align_"

            * "_layout_"

            * "_anonymous_"

        * Arrays and pointers

          * "Array"

            * "_length_"

            * "_type_"

          * "ARRAY()"

          * "_Pointer"

            * "_type_"

            * "contents"

  * 並行執行 (Concurrent Execution)

    * "threading" --- 基於執行緒的平行性

      * "active_count()"

      * "current_thread()"

      * "excepthook()"

      * "__excepthook__"

      * "get_ident()"

      * "get_native_id()"

      * "enumerate()"

      * "main_thread()"

      * "settrace()"

      * "settrace_all_threads()"

      * "gettrace()"

      * "setprofile()"

      * "setprofile_all_threads()"

      * "getprofile()"

      * "stack_size()"

      * "TIMEOUT_MAX"

      * Thread-Local Data

        * "local"

      * Thread Objects

        * "Thread"

          * "start()"

          * "run()"

          * "join()"

          * "name"

          * "getName()"

          * "setName()"

          * "ident"

          * "native_id"

          * "is_alive()"

          * "daemon"

          * "isDaemon()"

          * "setDaemon()"

      * Lock 物件

        * "Lock"

          * "acquire()"

          * "release()"

          * "locked()"

      * RLock 物件

        * "RLock"

          * "acquire()"

          * "release()"

      * Condition Objects

        * "Condition"

          * "acquire()"

          * "release()"

          * "wait()"

          * "wait_for()"

          * "notify()"

          * "notify_all()"

      * Semaphore Objects

        * "Semaphore"

          * "acquire()"

          * "release()"

        * "BoundedSemaphore"

        * "Semaphore" 範例

      * Event Objects

        * "Event"

          * "is_set()"

          * "set()"

          * "clear()"

          * "wait()"

      * Timer Objects

        * "Timer"

          * "cancel()"

      * Barrier Objects

        * "Barrier"

          * "wait()"

          * "reset()"

          * "abort()"

          * "parties"

          * "n_waiting"

          * "broken"

        * "BrokenBarrierError"

      * Using locks, conditions, and semaphores in the "with"
        statement

    * "multiprocessing" --- 以行程為基礎的平行性

      * 簡介

        * "Process" 類別

        * Contexts and start methods

        * Exchanging objects between processes

        * Synchronization between processes

        * Sharing state between processes

        * Using a pool of workers

      * Reference

        * "Process" 與例外

          * "Process"

            * "run()"

            * "start()"

            * "join()"

            * "name"

            * "is_alive()"

            * "daemon"

            * "pid"

            * "exitcode"

            * "authkey"

            * "sentinel"

            * "terminate()"

            * "kill()"

            * "close()"

          * "ProcessError"

          * "BufferTooShort"

          * "AuthenticationError"

          * "TimeoutError"

        * Pipes and Queues

          * "Pipe()"

          * "Queue"

            * "qsize()"

            * "empty()"

            * "full()"

            * "put()"

            * "put_nowait()"

            * "get()"

            * "get_nowait()"

            * "close()"

            * "join_thread()"

            * "cancel_join_thread()"

          * "SimpleQueue"

            * "close()"

            * "empty()"

            * "get()"

            * "put()"

          * "JoinableQueue"

            * "task_done()"

            * "join()"

        * Miscellaneous

          * "active_children()"

          * "cpu_count()"

          * "current_process()"

          * "parent_process()"

          * "freeze_support()"

          * "get_all_start_methods()"

          * "get_context()"

          * "get_start_method()"

          * "set_executable()"

          * "set_forkserver_preload()"

          * "set_start_method()"

        * Connection Objects

          * "Connection"

            * "send()"

            * "recv()"

            * "fileno()"

            * "close()"

            * "poll()"

            * "send_bytes()"

            * "recv_bytes()"

            * "recv_bytes_into()"

        * Synchronization primitives

          * "Barrier"

          * "BoundedSemaphore"

          * "Condition"

          * "Event"

          * "Lock"

            * "acquire()"

            * "release()"

          * "RLock"

            * "acquire()"

            * "release()"

          * "Semaphore"

        * 共享的 "ctypes" 物件

          * "Value()"

          * "Array()"

          * "multiprocessing.sharedctypes" 模組

            * "RawArray()"

            * "RawValue()"

            * "Array()"

            * "Value()"

            * "copy()"

            * "synchronized()"

        * Managers

          * "Manager()"

          * "BaseManager"

            * "start()"

            * "get_server()"

            * "connect()"

            * "shutdown()"

            * "register()"

            * "address"

          * "SyncManager"

            * "Barrier()"

            * "BoundedSemaphore()"

            * "Condition()"

            * "Event()"

            * "Lock()"

            * "Namespace()"

            * "Queue()"

            * "RLock()"

            * "Semaphore()"

            * "Array()"

            * "Value()"

            * "dict()"

            * "list()"

          * "Namespace"

          * Customized managers

          * Using a remote manager

        * Proxy Objects

          * "BaseProxy"

            * "_callmethod()"

            * "_getvalue()"

            * "__repr__()"

            * "__str__()"

          * Cleanup

        * Process Pools

          * "Pool"

            * "apply()"

            * "apply_async()"

            * "map()"

            * "map_async()"

            * "imap()"

            * "imap_unordered()"

            * "starmap()"

            * "starmap_async()"

            * "close()"

            * "terminate()"

            * "join()"

          * "AsyncResult"

            * "get()"

            * "wait()"

            * "ready()"

            * "successful()"

        * Listeners and Clients

          * "deliver_challenge()"

          * "answer_challenge()"

          * "Client()"

          * "Listener"

            * "accept()"

            * "close()"

            * "address"

            * "last_accepted"

          * "wait()"

          * Address Formats

        * Authentication keys

        * Logging

          * "get_logger()"

          * "log_to_stderr()"

        * "multiprocessing.dummy" 模組

          * "ThreadPool"

      * Programming guidelines

        * All start methods

        * The *spawn* and *forkserver* start methods

      * 範例

    * "multiprocessing.shared_memory" --- 對於共享記憶體的跨行程直接存
      取

      * "SharedMemory"

        * "close()"

        * "unlink()"

        * "buf"

        * "name"

        * "size"

      * "SharedMemoryManager"

        * "SharedMemory()"

        * "ShareableList()"

      * "ShareableList"

        * "count()"

        * "index()"

        * "format"

        * "shm"

    * "concurrent" 套件

    * "concurrent.futures" --- 啟動平行任務

      * Executor 物件

        * "Executor"

          * "submit()"

          * "map()"

          * "shutdown()"

      * ThreadPoolExecutor

        * "ThreadPoolExecutor"

        * ThreadPoolExecutor 範例

      * InterpreterPoolExecutor

        * "InterpreterPoolExecutor"

      * ProcessPoolExecutor

        * "ProcessPoolExecutor"

        * ProcessPoolExecutor 範例

      * Future 物件

        * "Future"

          * "cancel()"

          * "cancelled()"

          * "running()"

          * "done()"

          * "result()"

          * "exception()"

          * "add_done_callback()"

          * "set_running_or_notify_cancel()"

          * "set_result()"

          * "set_exception()"

      * 模組函式

        * "wait()"

          * "FIRST_COMPLETED"

          * "FIRST_EXCEPTION"

          * "ALL_COMPLETED"

        * "as_completed()"

      * 例外類別

        * "CancelledError"

        * "TimeoutError"

        * "BrokenExecutor"

        * "InvalidStateError"

        * "BrokenThreadPool"

        * "BrokenInterpreterPool"

        * "ExecutionFailed"

        * "BrokenProcessPool"

    * "subprocess" --- 子行程管理

      * Using the "subprocess" Module

        * "run()"

        * "CompletedProcess"

          * "args"

          * "returncode"

          * "stdout"

          * "stderr"

          * "check_returncode()"

        * "DEVNULL"

        * "PIPE"

        * "STDOUT"

        * "SubprocessError"

        * "TimeoutExpired"

          * "cmd"

          * "timeout"

          * "output"

          * "stdout"

          * "stderr"

        * "CalledProcessError"

          * "returncode"

          * "cmd"

          * "output"

          * "stdout"

          * "stderr"

        * Frequently Used Arguments

        * Popen Constructor

          * "Popen"

        * 例外

      * 安全性注意事項

      * Popen Objects

        * "poll()"

        * "wait()"

        * "communicate()"

        * "send_signal()"

        * "terminate()"

        * "kill()"

        * "args"

        * "stdin"

        * "stdout"

        * "stderr"

        * "pid"

        * "returncode"

      * Windows Popen Helpers

        * "STARTUPINFO"

          * "dwFlags"

          * "hStdInput"

          * "hStdOutput"

          * "hStdError"

          * "wShowWindow"

          * "lpAttributeList"

        * Windows Constants

          * "STD_INPUT_HANDLE"

          * "STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE"

          * "STD_ERROR_HANDLE"

          * "SW_HIDE"

          * "STARTF_USESTDHANDLES"

          * "STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW"

          * "STARTF_FORCEONFEEDBACK"

          * "STARTF_FORCEOFFFEEDBACK"

          * "CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE"

          * "CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP"

          * "ABOVE_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS"

          * "BELOW_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS"

          * "HIGH_PRIORITY_CLASS"

          * "IDLE_PRIORITY_CLASS"

          * "NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS"

          * "REALTIME_PRIORITY_CLASS"

          * "CREATE_NO_WINDOW"

          * "DETACHED_PROCESS"

          * "CREATE_DEFAULT_ERROR_MODE"

          * "CREATE_BREAKAWAY_FROM_JOB"

      * Older high-level API

        * "call()"

        * "check_call()"

        * "check_output()"

      * Replacing Older Functions with the "subprocess" Module

        * Replacing **/bin/sh** shell command substitution

        * Replacing shell pipeline

        * Replacing "os.system()"

        * Replacing the "os.spawn" family

        * Replacing "os.popen()"

      * Legacy Shell Invocation Functions

        * "getstatusoutput()"

        * "getoutput()"

      * 註解

        * Converting an argument sequence to a string on Windows

        * Disable use of "posix_spawn()"

    * "sched" --- 事件排程器

      * "scheduler"

      * 排程器物件

        * "enterabs()"

        * "enter()"

        * "cancel()"

        * "empty()"

        * "run()"

        * "queue"

    * "queue" --- 同步佇列 (synchronized queue) 類別

      * "Queue"

      * "LifoQueue"

      * "PriorityQueue"

      * "SimpleQueue"

      * "Empty"

      * "Full"

      * "ShutDown"

      * 佇列物件

        * "qsize()"

        * "empty()"

        * "full()"

        * "put()"

        * "put_nowait()"

        * "get()"

        * "get_nowait()"

        * "task_done()"

        * "join()"

        * Terminating queues

          * "shutdown()"

      * SimpleQueue 物件

        * "qsize()"

        * "empty()"

        * "put()"

        * "put_nowait()"

        * "get()"

        * "get_nowait()"

    * "contextvars" --- 情境變數

      * Context Variables

        * "ContextVar"

          * "name"

          * "get()"

          * "set()"

          * "reset()"

        * "Token"

          * "var"

          * "old_value"

          * "MISSING"

      * Manual Context Management

        * "copy_context()"

        * "Context"

          * "run()"

          * "copy()"

          * "get()"

          * "keys()"

          * "values()"

          * "items()"

      * 對 asyncio 的支援

    * "_thread" --- 低階執行緒 API

      * "error"

      * "LockType"

      * "start_new_thread()"

      * "interrupt_main()"

      * "exit()"

      * "allocate_lock()"

      * "get_ident()"

      * "get_native_id()"

      * "stack_size()"

      * "TIMEOUT_MAX"

      * "acquire()"

      * "release()"

      * "locked()"

  * Networking and Interprocess Communication

    * "asyncio" --- 非同步 I/O

      * Runners (執行器)

        * 運行一個 asyncio 程式

          * "run()"

        * Runner context manager

          * "Runner"

            * "run()"

            * "close()"

            * "get_loop()"

        * Handling Keyboard Interruption

      * 協程與任務

        * 協程

        * Awaitables

        * Creating Tasks

          * "create_task()"

        * Task Cancellation

        * Task Groups

          * "TaskGroup"

            * "create_task()"

          * Terminating a Task Group

        * Sleeping

          * "sleep()"

        * Running Tasks Concurrently

          * "gather()"

        * Eager Task Factory

          * "eager_task_factory()"

          * "create_eager_task_factory()"

        * Shielding From Cancellation

          * "shield()"

        * Timeouts

          * "timeout()"

            * "Timeout"

              * "when()"

              * "reschedule()"

              * "expired()"

          * "timeout_at()"

          * "wait_for()"

        * Waiting Primitives

          * "wait()"

            * "FIRST_COMPLETED"

            * "FIRST_EXCEPTION"

            * "ALL_COMPLETED"

          * "as_completed()"

        * Running in Threads

          * "to_thread()"

        * Scheduling From Other Threads

          * "run_coroutine_threadsafe()"

        * Introspection

          * "current_task()"

          * "all_tasks()"

          * "iscoroutine()"

        * Task Object

          * "Task"

            * "done()"

            * "result()"

            * "exception()"

            * "add_done_callback()"

            * "remove_done_callback()"

            * "get_stack()"

            * "print_stack()"

            * "get_coro()"

            * "get_context()"

            * "get_name()"

            * "set_name()"

            * "cancel()"

            * "cancelled()"

            * "uncancel()"

            * "cancelling()"

      * 串流

        * "open_connection()"

        * "start_server()"

        * "open_unix_connection()"

        * "start_unix_server()"

        * StreamReader

          * "StreamReader"

            * "feed_eof()"

            * "read()"

            * "readline()"

            * "readexactly()"

            * "readuntil()"

            * "at_eof()"

        * StreamWriter

          * "StreamWriter"

            * "write()"

            * "writelines()"

            * "close()"

            * "can_write_eof()"

            * "write_eof()"

            * "transport"

            * "get_extra_info()"

            * "drain()"

            * "start_tls()"

            * "is_closing()"

            * "wait_closed()"

        * 範例

          * 使用串流的 TCP echo 客戶端

          * 使用串流的 TCP echo 伺服器

          * 獲取 HTTP 標頭

          * 註冊一個使用串流來等待資料的開放 socket

      * 同步化原始物件 (Synchronization Primitives)

        * Lock

          * "Lock"

            * "acquire()"

            * "release()"

            * "locked()"

        * Event

          * "Event"

            * "wait()"

            * "set()"

            * "clear()"

            * "is_set()"

        * Condition

          * "Condition"

            * "acquire()"

            * "notify()"

            * "locked()"

            * "notify_all()"

            * "release()"

            * "wait()"

            * "wait_for()"

        * Semaphore

          * "Semaphore"

            * "acquire()"

            * "locked()"

            * "release()"

        * BoundedSemaphore

          * "BoundedSemaphore"

        * Barrier

          * "Barrier"

            * "wait()"

            * "reset()"

            * "abort()"

            * "parties"

            * "n_waiting"

            * "broken"

          * "BrokenBarrierError"

      * 子行程

        * 建立子行程

          * "create_subprocess_exec()"

          * "create_subprocess_shell()"

        * 常數

          * "PIPE"

          * "STDOUT"

          * "DEVNULL"

        * Interacting with Subprocesses

          * "Process"

            * "wait()"

            * "communicate()"

            * "send_signal()"

            * "terminate()"

            * "kill()"

            * "stdin"

            * "stdout"

            * "stderr"

            * "pid"

            * "returncode"

          * 子行程與線程

          * 範例

      * 佇列 (Queues)

        * Queue

          * "Queue"

            * "maxsize"

            * "empty()"

            * "full()"

            * "get()"

            * "get_nowait()"

            * "join()"

            * "put()"

            * "put_nowait()"

            * "qsize()"

            * "shutdown()"

            * "task_done()"

        * Priority Queue（優先佇列）

          * "PriorityQueue"

        * LIFO Queue

          * "LifoQueue"

        * 例外

          * "QueueEmpty"

          * "QueueFull"

          * "QueueShutDown"

        * 範例

      * 例外

        * "TimeoutError"

        * "CancelledError"

        * "InvalidStateError"

        * "SendfileNotAvailableError"

        * "IncompleteReadError"

          * "expected"

          * "partial"

        * "LimitOverrunError"

          * "consumed"

      * 事件迴圈

        * "get_running_loop()"

        * "get_event_loop()"

        * "set_event_loop()"

        * "new_event_loop()"

        * 事件迴圈方法

          * 啟動和停止迴圈

            * "run_until_complete()"

            * "run_forever()"

            * "stop()"

            * "is_running()"

            * "is_closed()"

            * "close()"

            * "shutdown_asyncgens()"

            * "shutdown_default_executor()"

          * 排程回呼函式

            * "call_soon()"

            * "call_soon_threadsafe()"

          * 排程延遲的回呼函式

            * "call_later()"

            * "call_at()"

            * "time()"

          * 建立 Futures 和 Tasks

            * "create_future()"

            * "create_task()"

            * "set_task_factory()"

            * "get_task_factory()"

          * 打開網路連線

            * "create_connection()"

            * "create_datagram_endpoint()"

            * "create_unix_connection()"

          * 建立網路伺服器

            * "create_server()"

            * "create_unix_server()"

            * "connect_accepted_socket()"

          * 傳輸檔案

            * "sendfile()"

          * TLS 升級

            * "start_tls()"

          * 監視檔案描述器

            * "add_reader()"

            * "remove_reader()"

            * "add_writer()"

            * "remove_writer()"

          * 直接使用 socket 物件

            * "sock_recv()"

            * "sock_recv_into()"

            * "sock_recvfrom()"

            * "sock_recvfrom_into()"

            * "sock_sendall()"

            * "sock_sendto()"

            * "sock_connect()"

            * "sock_accept()"

            * "sock_sendfile()"

          * DNS

            * "getaddrinfo()"

            * "getnameinfo()"

          * 使用管道

            * "connect_read_pipe()"

            * "connect_write_pipe()"

          * Unix 訊號

            * "add_signal_handler()"

            * "remove_signal_handler()"

          * 在執行緒池或行程池中執行程式碼

            * "run_in_executor()"

            * "set_default_executor()"

          * 錯誤處理 API

            * "set_exception_handler()"

            * "get_exception_handler()"

            * "default_exception_handler()"

            * "call_exception_handler()"

          * 啟用除錯模式

            * "get_debug()"

            * "set_debug()"

            * "slow_callback_duration"

          * 運行子行程

            * "subprocess_exec()"

            * "subprocess_shell()"

        * 回呼處理

          * "Handle"

            * "get_context()"

            * "cancel()"

            * "cancelled()"

          * "TimerHandle"

            * "when()"

        * Server 物件

          * "Server"

            * "close()"

            * "close_clients()"

            * "abort_clients()"

            * "get_loop()"

            * "start_serving()"

            * "serve_forever()"

            * "is_serving()"

            * "wait_closed()"

            * "sockets"

        * 事件迴圈實作

          * "SelectorEventLoop"

          * "ProactorEventLoop"

          * "EventLoop"

          * "AbstractEventLoop"

        * 範例

          * 使用 call_soon() 的 Hello World 範例

          * 使用 call_later() 顯示目前日期

          * 監聽檔案描述器以進行讀取事件

          * 設定 SIGINT 和 SIGTERM 的訊號處理程式

      * Futures

        * Future 函式

          * "isfuture()"

          * "ensure_future()"

          * "wrap_future()"

        * Future 物件

          * "Future"

            * "result()"

            * "set_result()"

            * "set_exception()"

            * "done()"

            * "cancelled()"

            * "add_done_callback()"

            * "remove_done_callback()"

            * "cancel()"

            * "exception()"

            * "get_loop()"

      * 傳輸與協定

        * Transports

          * Transports Hierarchy

            * "BaseTransport"

            * "WriteTransport"

            * "ReadTransport"

            * "Transport"

            * "DatagramTransport"

            * "SubprocessTransport"

          * Base Transport

            * "close()"

            * "is_closing()"

            * "get_extra_info()"

            * "set_protocol()"

            * "get_protocol()"

          * Read-only Transports

            * "is_reading()"

            * "pause_reading()"

            * "resume_reading()"

          * Write-only Transports

            * "abort()"

            * "can_write_eof()"

            * "get_write_buffer_size()"

            * "get_write_buffer_limits()"

            * "set_write_buffer_limits()"

            * "write()"

            * "writelines()"

            * "write_eof()"

          * Datagram Transports

            * "sendto()"

            * "abort()"

          * Subprocess Transports

            * "get_pid()"

            * "get_pipe_transport()"

            * "get_returncode()"

            * "kill()"

            * "send_signal()"

            * "terminate()"

            * "close()"

        * Protocols

          * Base Protocols

            * "BaseProtocol"

            * "Protocol"

            * "BufferedProtocol"

            * "DatagramProtocol"

            * "SubprocessProtocol"

          * Base Protocol

            * "connection_made()"

            * "connection_lost()"

            * "pause_writing()"

            * "resume_writing()"

          * Streaming Protocols

            * "data_received()"

            * "eof_received()"

          * Buffered Streaming Protocols

            * "get_buffer()"

            * "buffer_updated()"

            * "eof_received()"

          * Datagram Protocols

            * "datagram_received()"

            * "error_received()"

          * Subprocess Protocols

            * "pipe_data_received()"

            * "pipe_connection_lost()"

            * "process_exited()"

        * 範例

          * TCP Echo Server

          * TCP Echo Client

          * UDP Echo Server

          * UDP Echo Client

          * Connecting Existing Sockets

          * loop.subprocess_exec() and SubprocessProtocol

      * Policies

        * Getting and Setting the Policy

          * "get_event_loop_policy()"

          * "set_event_loop_policy()"

        * Policy Objects

          * "AbstractEventLoopPolicy"

            * "get_event_loop()"

            * "set_event_loop()"

            * "new_event_loop()"

          * "DefaultEventLoopPolicy"

          * "WindowsSelectorEventLoopPolicy"

          * "WindowsProactorEventLoopPolicy"

        * Custom Policies

      * 平臺支援

        * 所有平台

        * Windows

          * Windows 的子行程支援

        * macOS

      * 擴充

        * Writing a Custom Event Loop

        * Future and Task private constructors

          * "__init__()"

          * "__init__()"

        * Task lifetime support

          * "_register_task()"

          * "_unregister_task()"

          * "_enter_task()"

          * "_leave_task()"

      * 高階 API 索引

        * 任務 (Tasks)

        * 佇列 (Queues)

        * 子行程 (Subprocesses)

        * 串流 (Streams)

        * 同步化 (Synchronization)

        * 例外

      * 低階 API 索引

        * 獲取事件迴圈

        * 事件迴圈方法

        * 傳輸

        * 協定

        * 事件迴圈 Policies

      * 使用 asyncio 開發

        * 除錯模式

        * 並行性和多執行緒 (Concurrency and Multithreading)

        * 執行阻塞的程式

        * 日誌記錄

        * 偵測從未被等待的 (never-awaited) 協程

        * 偵測從未被獲取的 (never-retrieved) 例外

    * "socket" --- 低階網路介面

      * Socket 系列家族

      * 模組內容

        * 例外

          * "error"

          * "herror"

          * "gaierror"

          * "timeout"

        * 常數

          * "AF_UNIX"

          * "AF_INET"

          * "AF_INET6"

          * "AF_UNSPEC"

          * "SOCK_STREAM"

          * "SOCK_DGRAM"

          * "SOCK_RAW"

          * "SOCK_RDM"

          * "SOCK_SEQPACKET"

          * "SOCK_CLOEXEC"

          * "SOCK_NONBLOCK"

          * "SOMAXCONN"

          * "AF_CAN"

          * "PF_CAN"

          * "CAN_BCM"

          * "CAN_RAW_FD_FRAMES"

          * "CAN_RAW_JOIN_FILTERS"

          * "CAN_ISOTP"

          * "CAN_J1939"

          * "AF_DIVERT"

          * "PF_DIVERT"

          * "AF_PACKET"

          * "PF_PACKET"

          * "ETH_P_ALL"

          * "AF_RDS"

          * "PF_RDS"

          * "SOL_RDS"

          * "SIO_RCVALL"

          * "SIO_KEEPALIVE_VALS"

          * "SIO_LOOPBACK_FAST_PATH"

          * "AF_ALG"

          * "SOL_ALG"

          * "AF_VSOCK"

          * "IOCTL_VM_SOCKETS_GET_LOCAL_CID"

          * "AF_LINK"

          * "has_ipv6"

          * "BDADDR_ANY"

          * "BDADDR_LOCAL"

          * "HCI_FILTER"

          * "HCI_TIME_STAMP"

          * "HCI_DATA_DIR"

          * "AF_QIPCRTR"

          * "SCM_CREDS2"

          * "LOCAL_CREDS"

          * "LOCAL_CREDS_PERSISTENT"

          * "SO_INCOMING_CPU"

          * "AF_HYPERV"

          * "HV_PROTOCOL_RAW"

          * "HVSOCKET_CONNECT_TIMEOUT"

          * "HVSOCKET_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MAX"

          * "HVSOCKET_CONNECTED_SUSPEND"

          * "HVSOCKET_ADDRESS_FLAG_PASSTHRU"

          * "HV_GUID_ZERO"

          * "HV_GUID_WILDCARD"

          * "HV_GUID_BROADCAST"

          * "HV_GUID_CHILDREN"

          * "HV_GUID_LOOPBACK"

          * "HV_GUID_PARENT"

          * "ETHERTYPE_ARP"

          * "ETHERTYPE_IP"

          * "ETHERTYPE_IPV6"

          * "ETHERTYPE_VLAN"

          * "SHUT_RD"

          * "SHUT_WR"

          * "SHUT_RDWR"

        * 函式

          * 建立 sockets

            * "socket"

            * "socketpair()"

            * "create_connection()"

            * "create_server()"

            * "has_dualstack_ipv6()"

            * "fromfd()"

            * "fromshare()"

            * "SocketType"

          * 其他函式

            * "close()"

            * "getaddrinfo()"

            * "getfqdn()"

            * "gethostbyname()"

            * "gethostbyname_ex()"

            * "gethostname()"

            * "gethostbyaddr()"

            * "getnameinfo()"

            * "getprotobyname()"

            * "getservbyname()"

            * "getservbyport()"

            * "ntohl()"

            * "ntohs()"

            * "htonl()"

            * "htons()"

            * "inet_aton()"

            * "inet_ntoa()"

            * "inet_pton()"

            * "inet_ntop()"

            * "CMSG_LEN()"

            * "CMSG_SPACE()"

            * "getdefaulttimeout()"

            * "setdefaulttimeout()"

            * "sethostname()"

            * "if_nameindex()"

            * "if_nametoindex()"

            * "if_indextoname()"

            * "send_fds()"

            * "recv_fds()"

      * Socket 物件

        * "accept()"

        * "bind()"

        * "close()"

        * "connect()"

        * "connect_ex()"

        * "detach()"

        * "dup()"

        * "fileno()"

        * "get_inheritable()"

        * "getpeername()"

        * "getsockname()"

        * "getsockopt()"

        * "getblocking()"

        * "gettimeout()"

        * "ioctl()"

        * "listen()"

        * "makefile()"

        * "recv()"

        * "recvfrom()"

        * "recvmsg()"

        * "recvmsg_into()"

        * "recvfrom_into()"

        * "recv_into()"

        * "send()"

        * "sendall()"

        * "sendto()"

        * "sendmsg()"

        * "sendmsg_afalg()"

        * "sendfile()"

        * "set_inheritable()"

        * "setblocking()"

        * "settimeout()"

        * "setsockopt()"

        * "shutdown()"

        * "share()"

        * "family"

        * "type"

        * "proto"

      * Notes on socket timeouts

        * Timeouts and the "connect" method

        * Timeouts and the "accept" method

      * 範例

    * "ssl" --- socket 物件的 TLS/SSL 包裝器

      * 函式、常數與例外

        * Socket 建立

        * 語境建立

          * "create_default_context()"

        * 例外

          * "SSLError"

            * "library"

            * "reason"

          * "SSLZeroReturnError"

          * "SSLWantReadError"

          * "SSLWantWriteError"

          * "SSLSyscallError"

          * "SSLEOFError"

          * "SSLCertVerificationError"

            * "verify_code"

            * "verify_message"

          * "CertificateError"

        * 隨機產生

          * "RAND_bytes()"

          * "RAND_status()"

          * "RAND_add()"

        * 認證處理

          * "cert_time_to_seconds()"

          * "get_server_certificate()"

          * "DER_cert_to_PEM_cert()"

          * "PEM_cert_to_DER_cert()"

          * "get_default_verify_paths()"

          * "enum_certificates()"

          * "enum_crls()"

        * 常數

          * "CERT_NONE"

          * "CERT_OPTIONAL"

          * "CERT_REQUIRED"

          * "VerifyMode"

          * "VERIFY_DEFAULT"

          * "VERIFY_CRL_CHECK_LEAF"

          * "VERIFY_CRL_CHECK_CHAIN"

          * "VERIFY_X509_STRICT"

          * "VERIFY_ALLOW_PROXY_CERTS"

          * "VERIFY_X509_TRUSTED_FIRST"

          * "VERIFY_X509_PARTIAL_CHAIN"

          * "VerifyFlags"

          * "PROTOCOL_TLS"

          * "PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT"

          * "PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER"

          * "PROTOCOL_SSLv23"

          * "PROTOCOL_SSLv3"

          * "PROTOCOL_TLSv1"

          * "PROTOCOL_TLSv1_1"

          * "PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2"

          * "OP_ALL"

          * "OP_NO_SSLv2"

          * "OP_NO_SSLv3"

          * "OP_NO_TLSv1"

          * "OP_NO_TLSv1_1"

          * "OP_NO_TLSv1_2"

          * "OP_NO_TLSv1_3"

          * "OP_NO_RENEGOTIATION"

          * "OP_CIPHER_SERVER_PREFERENCE"

          * "OP_SINGLE_DH_USE"

          * "OP_SINGLE_ECDH_USE"

          * "OP_ENABLE_MIDDLEBOX_COMPAT"

          * "OP_NO_COMPRESSION"

          * "Options"

          * "OP_NO_TICKET"

          * "OP_IGNORE_UNEXPECTED_EOF"

          * "OP_ENABLE_KTLS"

          * "OP_LEGACY_SERVER_CONNECT"

          * "HAS_ALPN"

          * "HAS_NEVER_CHECK_COMMON_NAME"

          * "HAS_ECDH"

          * "HAS_SNI"

          * "HAS_NPN"

          * "HAS_SSLv2"

          * "HAS_SSLv3"

          * "HAS_TLSv1"

          * "HAS_TLSv1_1"

          * "HAS_TLSv1_2"

          * "HAS_TLSv1_3"

          * "HAS_PSK"

          * "CHANNEL_BINDING_TYPES"

          * "OPENSSL_VERSION"

          * "OPENSSL_VERSION_INFO"

          * "OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER"

          * "ALERT_DESCRIPTION_HANDSHAKE_FAILURE"

          * "ALERT_DESCRIPTION_INTERNAL_ERROR"

          * "AlertDescription"

          * "SERVER_AUTH"

          * "CLIENT_AUTH"

          * "SSLErrorNumber"

          * "TLSVersion"

          * "MINIMUM_SUPPORTED"

          * "MAXIMUM_SUPPORTED"

          * "SSLv3"

          * "TLSv1"

          * "TLSv1_1"

          * "TLSv1_2"

          * "TLSv1_3"

      * SSL Sockets

        * "SSLSocket"

        * "read()"

        * "write()"

        * "do_handshake()"

        * "getpeercert()"

        * "get_verified_chain()"

        * "get_unverified_chain()"

        * "cipher()"

        * "shared_ciphers()"

        * "compression()"

        * "get_channel_binding()"

        * "selected_alpn_protocol()"

        * "selected_npn_protocol()"

        * "unwrap()"

        * "verify_client_post_handshake()"

        * "version()"

        * "pending()"

        * "context"

        * "server_side"

        * "server_hostname"

        * "session"

        * "session_reused"

      * SSL Contexts

        * "SSLContext"

        * "cert_store_stats()"

        * "load_cert_chain()"

        * "load_default_certs()"

        * "load_verify_locations()"

        * "get_ca_certs()"

        * "get_ciphers()"

        * "set_default_verify_paths()"

        * "set_ciphers()"

        * "set_alpn_protocols()"

        * "set_npn_protocols()"

        * "sni_callback"

        * "set_servername_callback"

        * "load_dh_params()"

        * "set_ecdh_curve()"

        * "wrap_socket()"

        * "sslsocket_class"

        * "wrap_bio()"

        * "sslobject_class"

        * "session_stats()"

        * "check_hostname"

        * "keylog_filename"

        * "maximum_version"

        * "minimum_version"

        * "num_tickets"

        * "options"

        * "post_handshake_auth"

        * "protocol"

        * "hostname_checks_common_name"

        * "security_level"

        * "verify_flags"

        * "verify_mode"

        * "set_psk_client_callback()"

        * "set_psk_server_callback()"

      * Certificates

        * Certificate chains

        * CA certificates

        * Combined key and certificate

        * Self-signed certificates

      * 範例

        * Testing for SSL support

        * Client-side operation

        * Server-side operation

      * Notes on non-blocking sockets

      * Memory BIO Support

        * "SSLObject"

        * "MemoryBIO"

          * "pending"

          * "eof"

          * "read()"

          * "write()"

          * "write_eof()"

      * SSL session

        * "SSLSession"

          * "id"

          * "time"

          * "timeout"

          * "ticket_lifetime_hint"

          * "has_ticket"

      * Security considerations

        * Best defaults

        * 手動設定

          * 驗證憑證

          * 協定版本

          * Cipher selection

        * Multi-processing

      * TLS 1.3

    * "select" --- 等待 I/O 完成

      * "error"

      * "devpoll()"

      * "epoll()"

      * "poll()"

      * "kqueue()"

      * "kevent()"

      * "select()"

      * "PIPE_BUF"

      * "/dev/poll" Polling Objects

        * "close()"

        * "closed"

        * "fileno()"

        * "register()"

        * "modify()"

        * "unregister()"

        * "poll()"

      * Edge and Level Trigger Polling (epoll) Objects

        * "close()"

        * "closed"

        * "fileno()"

        * "fromfd()"

        * "register()"

        * "modify()"

        * "unregister()"

        * "poll()"

      * Polling Objects

        * "register()"

        * "modify()"

        * "unregister()"

        * "poll()"

      * Kqueue Objects

        * "close()"

        * "closed"

        * "fileno()"

        * "fromfd()"

        * "control()"

      * Kevent Objects

        * "ident"

        * "filter"

        * "flags"

        * "fflags"

        * "data"

        * "udata"

    * "selectors" --- 高階 I/O 多工

      * 簡介

      * Classes

        * "EVENT_READ"

        * "EVENT_WRITE"

        * "SelectorKey"

          * "fileobj"

          * "fd"

          * "events"

          * "data"

        * "BaseSelector"

          * "register()"

          * "unregister()"

          * "modify()"

          * "select()"

          * "close()"

          * "get_key()"

          * "get_map()"

        * "DefaultSelector"

        * "SelectSelector"

        * "PollSelector"

        * "EpollSelector"

          * "fileno()"

        * "DevpollSelector"

          * "fileno()"

        * "KqueueSelector"

          * "fileno()"

      * 範例

    * "signal" --- 設定非同步事件的處理函式

      * General rules

        * Execution of Python signal handlers

        * Signals and threads

      * 模組內容

        * "Signals"

        * "Handlers"

        * "Sigmasks"

        * "SIG_DFL"

        * "SIG_IGN"

        * "SIGABRT"

        * "SIGALRM"

        * "SIGBREAK"

        * "SIGBUS"

        * "SIGCHLD"

        * "SIGCLD"

        * "SIGCONT"

        * "SIGFPE"

        * "SIGHUP"

        * "SIGILL"

        * "SIGINT"

        * "SIGKILL"

        * "SIGPIPE"

        * "SIGSEGV"

        * "SIGSTKFLT"

        * "SIGTERM"

        * "SIGUSR1"

        * "SIGUSR2"

        * "SIGWINCH"

        * "CTRL_C_EVENT"

        * "CTRL_BREAK_EVENT"

        * "NSIG"

        * "ITIMER_REAL"

        * "ITIMER_VIRTUAL"

        * "ITIMER_PROF"

        * "SIG_BLOCK"

        * "SIG_UNBLOCK"

        * "SIG_SETMASK"

        * "ItimerError"

        * "alarm()"

        * "getsignal()"

        * "strsignal()"

        * "valid_signals()"

        * "pause()"

        * "raise_signal()"

        * "pidfd_send_signal()"

        * "pthread_kill()"

        * "pthread_sigmask()"

        * "setitimer()"

        * "getitimer()"

        * "set_wakeup_fd()"

        * "siginterrupt()"

        * "signal()"

        * "sigpending()"

        * "sigwait()"

        * "sigwaitinfo()"

        * "sigtimedwait()"

      * 範例

      * Note on SIGPIPE

      * Note on Signal Handlers and Exceptions

    * "mmap" --- 記憶體對映檔案的支援

      * "mmap"

      * "close()"

      * "closed"

      * "find()"

      * "flush()"

      * "madvise()"

      * "move()"

      * "read()"

      * "read_byte()"

      * "readline()"

      * "resize()"

      * "rfind()"

      * "seek()"

      * "seekable()"

      * "size()"

      * "tell()"

      * "write()"

      * "write_byte()"

      * MADV_* 常數

        * "MADV_NORMAL"

        * "MADV_RANDOM"

        * "MADV_SEQUENTIAL"

        * "MADV_WILLNEED"

        * "MADV_DONTNEED"

        * "MADV_REMOVE"

        * "MADV_DONTFORK"

        * "MADV_DOFORK"

        * "MADV_HWPOISON"

        * "MADV_MERGEABLE"

        * "MADV_UNMERGEABLE"

        * "MADV_SOFT_OFFLINE"

        * "MADV_HUGEPAGE"

        * "MADV_NOHUGEPAGE"

        * "MADV_DONTDUMP"

        * "MADV_DODUMP"

        * "MADV_FREE"

        * "MADV_NOSYNC"

        * "MADV_AUTOSYNC"

        * "MADV_NOCORE"

        * "MADV_CORE"

        * "MADV_PROTECT"

        * "MADV_FREE_REUSABLE"

        * "MADV_FREE_REUSE"

      * MAP_* 常數

        * "MAP_SHARED"

        * "MAP_PRIVATE"

        * "MAP_32BIT"

        * "MAP_ALIGNED_SUPER"

        * "MAP_ANON"

        * "MAP_ANONYMOUS"

        * "MAP_CONCEAL"

        * "MAP_DENYWRITE"

        * "MAP_EXECUTABLE"

        * "MAP_HASSEMAPHORE"

        * "MAP_JIT"

        * "MAP_NOCACHE"

        * "MAP_NOEXTEND"

        * "MAP_NORESERVE"

        * "MAP_POPULATE"

        * "MAP_RESILIENT_CODESIGN"

        * "MAP_RESILIENT_MEDIA"

        * "MAP_STACK"

        * "MAP_TPRO"

        * "MAP_TRANSLATED_ALLOW_EXECUTE"

        * "MAP_UNIX03"

  * 網際網路資料處理

    * "email" --- 郵件和 MIME 處理套件

      * "email.message"：表示電子郵件訊息

        * "EmailMessage"

          * "as_string()"

          * "__str__()"

          * "as_bytes()"

          * "__bytes__()"

          * "is_multipart()"

          * "set_unixfrom()"

          * "get_unixfrom()"

          * "__len__()"

          * "__contains__()"

          * "__getitem__()"

          * "__setitem__()"

          * "__delitem__()"

          * "keys()"

          * "values()"

          * "items()"

          * "get()"

          * "get_all()"

          * "add_header()"

          * "replace_header()"

          * "get_content_type()"

          * "get_content_maintype()"

          * "get_content_subtype()"

          * "get_default_type()"

          * "set_default_type()"

          * "set_param()"

          * "del_param()"

          * "get_filename()"

          * "get_boundary()"

          * "set_boundary()"

          * "get_content_charset()"

          * "get_charsets()"

          * "is_attachment()"

          * "get_content_disposition()"

          * "walk()"

          * "get_body()"

          * "iter_attachments()"

          * "iter_parts()"

          * "get_content()"

          * "set_content()"

          * "make_related()"

          * "make_alternative()"

          * "make_mixed()"

          * "add_related()"

          * "add_alternative()"

          * "add_attachment()"

          * "clear()"

          * "clear_content()"

          * "preamble"

          * "epilogue"

          * "defects"

        * "MIMEPart"

      * "email.parser"：剖析電子郵件訊息

        * FeedParser API

          * "BytesFeedParser"

            * "feed()"

            * "close()"

          * "FeedParser"

        * Parser API

          * "BytesParser"

            * "parse()"

            * "parsebytes()"

          * "BytesHeaderParser"

          * "Parser"

            * "parse()"

            * "parsestr()"

          * "HeaderParser"

          * "message_from_bytes()"

          * "message_from_binary_file()"

          * "message_from_string()"

          * "message_from_file()"

        * Additional notes

      * "email.generator"：產生 MIME 文件

        * "BytesGenerator"

          * "flatten()"

          * "clone()"

          * "write()"

        * "Generator"

          * "flatten()"

          * "clone()"

          * "write()"

        * "DecodedGenerator"

      * "email.policy": Policy Objects

        * "Policy"

          * "max_line_length"

          * "linesep"

          * "cte_type"

          * "raise_on_defect"

          * "mangle_from_"

          * "message_factory"

          * "verify_generated_headers"

          * "clone()"

          * "handle_defect()"

          * "register_defect()"

          * "header_max_count()"

          * "header_source_parse()"

          * "header_store_parse()"

          * "header_fetch_parse()"

          * "fold()"

          * "fold_binary()"

        * "EmailPolicy"

          * "utf8"

          * "refold_source"

          * "header_factory"

          * "content_manager"

          * "header_max_count()"

          * "header_source_parse()"

          * "header_store_parse()"

          * "header_fetch_parse()"

          * "fold()"

          * "fold_binary()"

        * "default"

        * "SMTP"

        * "SMTPUTF8"

        * "HTTP"

        * "strict"

        * "Compat32"

          * "mangle_from_"

          * "header_source_parse()"

          * "header_store_parse()"

          * "header_fetch_parse()"

          * "fold()"

          * "fold_binary()"

        * "compat32"

      * "email.errors"：例外和缺陷類別

        * "MessageError"

        * "MessageParseError"

        * "HeaderParseError"

        * "BoundaryError"

        * "MultipartConversionError"

        * "HeaderWriteError"

        * "MessageDefect"

        * "HeaderDefect"

      * "email.headerregistry"：自訂標頭物件

        * "BaseHeader"

          * "name"

          * "defects"

          * "max_count"

          * "fold()"

        * "UnstructuredHeader"

        * "DateHeader"

          * "datetime"

        * "AddressHeader"

          * "groups"

          * "addresses"

        * "SingleAddressHeader"

          * "address"

        * "MIMEVersionHeader"

          * "version"

          * "major"

          * "minor"

        * "ParameterizedMIMEHeader"

          * "params"

        * "ContentTypeHeader"

          * "content_type"

          * "maintype"

          * "subtype"

        * "ContentDispositionHeader"

          * "content_disposition"

        * "ContentTransferEncoding"

          * "cte"

        * "HeaderRegistry"

          * "map_to_type()"

          * "__getitem__()"

          * "__call__()"

        * "Address"

          * "display_name"

          * "username"

          * "domain"

          * "addr_spec"

          * "__str__()"

        * "Group"

          * "display_name"

          * "addresses"

          * "__str__()"

      * "email.contentmanager"：管理 MIME 內容

        * "ContentManager"

          * "get_content()"

          * "set_content()"

          * "add_get_handler()"

          * "add_set_handler()"

        * Content Manager Instances

          * "raw_data_manager"

            * "get_content()"

            * "set_content()"

      * "email"：範例

      * "email.message.Message": Representing an email message using
        the "compat32" API

        * "Message"

          * "as_string()"

          * "__str__()"

          * "as_bytes()"

          * "__bytes__()"

          * "is_multipart()"

          * "set_unixfrom()"

          * "get_unixfrom()"

          * "attach()"

          * "get_payload()"

          * "set_payload()"

          * "set_charset()"

          * "get_charset()"

          * "__len__()"

          * "__contains__()"

          * "__getitem__()"

          * "__setitem__()"

          * "__delitem__()"

          * "keys()"

          * "values()"

          * "items()"

          * "get()"

          * "get_all()"

          * "add_header()"

          * "replace_header()"

          * "get_content_type()"

          * "get_content_maintype()"

          * "get_content_subtype()"

          * "get_default_type()"

          * "set_default_type()"

          * "get_params()"

          * "get_param()"

          * "set_param()"

          * "del_param()"

          * "set_type()"

          * "get_filename()"

          * "get_boundary()"

          * "set_boundary()"

          * "get_content_charset()"

          * "get_charsets()"

          * "get_content_disposition()"

          * "walk()"

          * "preamble"

          * "epilogue"

          * "defects"

      * "email.mime"：從頭開始建立電子郵件和 MIME 物件

        * "MIMEBase"

        * "MIMENonMultipart"

        * "MIMEMultipart"

        * "MIMEApplication"

        * "MIMEAudio"

        * "MIMEImage"

        * "MIMEMessage"

        * "MIMEText"

      * "email.header"：國際化標頭

        * "Header"

          * "append()"

          * "encode()"

          * "__str__()"

          * "__eq__()"

          * "__ne__()"

        * "decode_header()"

        * "make_header()"

      * "email.charset"：字元集合的表示

        * "Charset"

          * "input_charset"

          * "header_encoding"

          * "body_encoding"

          * "output_charset"

          * "input_codec"

          * "output_codec"

          * "get_body_encoding()"

          * "get_output_charset()"

          * "header_encode()"

          * "header_encode_lines()"

          * "body_encode()"

          * "__str__()"

          * "__eq__()"

          * "__ne__()"

        * "add_charset()"

        * "add_alias()"

        * "add_codec()"

      * "email.encoders"：編碼器

        * "encode_quopri()"

        * "encode_base64()"

        * "encode_7or8bit()"

        * "encode_noop()"

      * "email.utils"：雜項工具

        * "localtime()"

        * "make_msgid()"

        * "quote()"

        * "unquote()"

        * "parseaddr()"

        * "formataddr()"

        * "getaddresses()"

        * "parsedate()"

        * "parsedate_tz()"

        * "parsedate_to_datetime()"

        * "mktime_tz()"

        * "formatdate()"

        * "format_datetime()"

        * "decode_rfc2231()"

        * "encode_rfc2231()"

        * "collapse_rfc2231_value()"

        * "decode_params()"

      * "email.iterators"：疊代器

        * "body_line_iterator()"

        * "typed_subpart_iterator()"

        * "_structure()"

    * "json" --- JSON 編碼器與解碼器

      * 基本用法

        * "dump()"

        * "dumps()"

        * "load()"

        * "loads()"

      * 編碼器與解碼器

        * "JSONDecoder"

          * "decode()"

          * "raw_decode()"

        * "JSONEncoder"

          * "default()"

          * "encode()"

          * "iterencode()"

      * 例外

        * "JSONDecodeError"

          * "msg"

          * "doc"

          * "pos"

          * "lineno"

          * "colno"

      * 合規性與互通性（Interoperability）

        * 字元編碼格式

        * 正負無限與非數值

        * 物件內重複的名稱

        * 位於頂層的非物件及非列表值

        * 實作限制

      * Command-line interface

        * Command-line options

    * "mailbox" --- 以各種格式操作郵件信箱

      * "Mailbox" 物件

        * "Mailbox"

          * "add()"

          * "remove()"

          * "__delitem__()"

          * "discard()"

          * "__setitem__()"

          * "iterkeys()"

          * "keys()"

          * "itervalues()"

          * "__iter__()"

          * "values()"

          * "iteritems()"

          * "items()"

          * "get()"

          * "__getitem__()"

          * "get_message()"

          * "get_bytes()"

          * "get_string()"

          * "get_file()"

          * "__contains__()"

          * "__len__()"

          * "clear()"

          * "pop()"

          * "popitem()"

          * "update()"

          * "flush()"

          * "lock()"

          * "unlock()"

          * "close()"

        * "Mailbox" 物件

          * "Maildir"

            * "colon"

            * "list_folders()"

            * "get_folder()"

            * "add_folder()"

            * "remove_folder()"

            * "clean()"

            * "get_flags()"

            * "set_flags()"

            * "add_flag()"

            * "remove_flag()"

            * "get_info()"

            * "set_info()"

            * "add()"

            * "__setitem__()"

            * "update()"

            * "flush()"

            * "lock()"

            * "unlock()"

            * "close()"

            * "get_file()"

        * "mbox" 物件

          * "mbox"

            * "get_file()"

            * "lock()"

            * "unlock()"

        * "MH" 物件

          * "MH"

            * "list_folders()"

            * "get_folder()"

            * "add_folder()"

            * "remove_folder()"

            * "get_sequences()"

            * "set_sequences()"

            * "pack()"

            * "remove()"

            * "__delitem__()"

            * "discard()"

            * "lock()"

            * "unlock()"

            * "get_file()"

            * "flush()"

            * "close()"

        * "Babyl" 物件

          * "Babyl"

            * "get_labels()"

            * "get_file()"

            * "lock()"

            * "unlock()"

        * "MMDF" 物件

          * "MMDF"

            * "get_file()"

            * "lock()"

            * "unlock()"

      * "Message" 物件

        * "Message"

        * "MaildirMessage" 物件

          * "MaildirMessage"

            * "get_subdir()"

            * "set_subdir()"

            * "get_flags()"

            * "set_flags()"

            * "add_flag()"

            * "remove_flag()"

            * "get_date()"

            * "set_date()"

            * "get_info()"

            * "set_info()"

        * "mboxMessage" 物件

          * "mboxMessage"

            * "get_from()"

            * "set_from()"

            * "get_flags()"

            * "set_flags()"

            * "add_flag()"

            * "remove_flag()"

        * "MHMessage" 物件

          * "MHMessage"

            * "get_sequences()"

            * "set_sequences()"

            * "add_sequence()"

            * "remove_sequence()"

        * "BabylMessage" 物件

          * "BabylMessage"

            * "get_labels()"

            * "set_labels()"

            * "add_label()"

            * "remove_label()"

            * "get_visible()"

            * "set_visible()"

            * "update_visible()"

        * "MMDFMessage" 物件

          * "MMDFMessage"

            * "get_from()"

            * "set_from()"

            * "get_flags()"

            * "set_flags()"

            * "add_flag()"

            * "remove_flag()"

      * 例外

        * "Error"

        * "NoSuchMailboxError"

        * "NotEmptyError"

        * "ExternalClashError"

        * "FormatError"

      * 範例

    * "mimetypes" --- 將檔案名稱對映到 MIME 類型

      * "guess_type()"

      * "guess_file_type()"

      * "guess_all_extensions()"

      * "guess_extension()"

      * "init()"

      * "read_mime_types()"

      * "add_type()"

      * "inited"

      * "knownfiles"

      * "suffix_map"

      * "encodings_map"

      * "types_map"

      * "common_types"

      * MimeTypes 物件

        * "MimeTypes"

          * "suffix_map"

          * "encodings_map"

          * "types_map"

          * "types_map_inv"

          * "guess_extension()"

          * "guess_type()"

          * "guess_file_type()"

          * "guess_all_extensions()"

          * "read()"

          * "readfp()"

          * "read_windows_registry()"

          * "add_type()"

    * "base64" --- Base16、Base32、Base64、Base85 資料編碼

      * "b64encode()"

      * "b64decode()"

      * "standard_b64encode()"

      * "standard_b64decode()"

      * "urlsafe_b64encode()"

      * "urlsafe_b64decode()"

      * "b32encode()"

      * "b32decode()"

      * "b32hexencode()"

      * "b32hexdecode()"

      * "b16encode()"

      * "b16decode()"

      * "a85encode()"

      * "a85decode()"

      * "b85encode()"

      * "b85decode()"

      * "z85encode()"

      * "z85decode()"

      * "decode()"

      * "decodebytes()"

      * "encode()"

      * "encodebytes()"

      * 安全性注意事項

    * "binascii" --- 在二進位制和 ASCII 之間轉換

      * "a2b_uu()"

      * "b2a_uu()"

      * "a2b_base64()"

      * "b2a_base64()"

      * "a2b_qp()"

      * "b2a_qp()"

      * "crc_hqx()"

      * "crc32()"

      * "b2a_hex()"

      * "hexlify()"

      * "a2b_hex()"

      * "unhexlify()"

      * "Error"

      * "Incomplete"

    * "quopri" --- 編碼和解碼 MIME 可列印字元資料

      * "decode()"

      * "encode()"

      * "decodestring()"

      * "encodestring()"

  * Structured Markup Processing Tools

    * "html" --- 超連結標記語言 (HTML) 支援

      * "escape()"

      * "unescape()"

    * "html.parser" --- 簡單的 HTML 和 XHTML 剖析器

      * "HTMLParser"

      * HTML 剖析器應用程式範例

      * "HTMLParser" 方法

        * "feed()"

        * "close()"

        * "reset()"

        * "getpos()"

        * "get_starttag_text()"

        * "handle_starttag()"

        * "handle_endtag()"

        * "handle_startendtag()"

        * "handle_data()"

        * "handle_entityref()"

        * "handle_charref()"

        * "handle_comment()"

        * "handle_decl()"

        * "handle_pi()"

        * "unknown_decl()"

      * 範例

    * "html.entities" --- HTML 一般實體的定義

      * "html5"

      * "entitydefs"

      * "name2codepoint"

      * "codepoint2name"

    * XML 處理模組

      * XML 漏洞

      * "defusedxml" 套件

    * "xml.etree.cElementTree" --- ElementTree XML API

      * 教學

        * XML tree and elements

        * 剖析 XML

        * Pull API for non-blocking parsing

        * Finding interesting elements

        * 改動 XML 檔案

        * Building XML documents

        * Parsing XML with Namespaces

      * XPath 支援

        * 範例

        * Supported XPath syntax

      * Reference

        * 函式

          * "canonicalize()"

          * "Comment()"

          * "dump()"

          * "fromstring()"

          * "fromstringlist()"

          * "indent()"

          * "iselement()"

          * "iterparse()"

          * "parse()"

          * "ProcessingInstruction()"

          * "register_namespace()"

          * "SubElement()"

          * "tostring()"

          * "tostringlist()"

          * "XML()"

          * "XMLID()"

      * XInclude support

        * 範例

      * Reference

        * 函式

          * "default_loader()"

          * "include()"

        * Element 物件

          * "Element"

            * "tag"

            * "text"

            * "tail"

            * "attrib"

            * "clear()"

            * "get()"

            * "items()"

            * "keys()"

            * "set()"

            * "append()"

            * "extend()"

            * "find()"

            * "findall()"

            * "findtext()"

            * "insert()"

            * "iter()"

            * "iterfind()"

            * "itertext()"

            * "makeelement()"

            * "remove()"

        * ElementTree 物件

          * "ElementTree"

            * "_setroot()"

            * "find()"

            * "findall()"

            * "findtext()"

            * "getroot()"

            * "iter()"

            * "iterfind()"

            * "parse()"

            * "write()"

        * QName 物件

          * "QName"

        * TreeBuilder 物件

          * "TreeBuilder"

            * "close()"

            * "data()"

            * "end()"

            * "start()"

            * "comment()"

            * "pi()"

            * "doctype()"

            * "start_ns()"

            * "end_ns()"

          * "C14NWriterTarget"

        * XMLParser 物件

          * "XMLParser"

            * "close()"

            * "feed()"

            * "flush()"

        * XMLPullParser 物件

          * "XMLPullParser"

            * "feed()"

            * "flush()"

            * "close()"

            * "read_events()"

        * 例外

          * "ParseError"

            * "code"

            * "position"

    * "xml.dom" --- Document 物件模型 API

      * 模組內容

        * "registerDOMImplementation()"

        * "getDOMImplementation()"

        * "EMPTY_NAMESPACE"

        * "XML_NAMESPACE"

        * "XMLNS_NAMESPACE"

        * "XHTML_NAMESPACE"

      * Objects in the DOM

        * DOMImplementation 物件

          * "hasFeature()"

          * "createDocument()"

          * "createDocumentType()"

        * Node Objects

          * "nodeType"

          * "parentNode"

          * "attributes"

          * "previousSibling"

          * "nextSibling"

          * "childNodes"

          * "firstChild"

          * "lastChild"

          * "localName"

          * "prefix"

          * "namespaceURI"

          * "nodeName"

          * "nodeValue"

          * "hasAttributes()"

          * "hasChildNodes()"

          * "isSameNode()"

          * "appendChild()"

          * "insertBefore()"

          * "removeChild()"

          * "replaceChild()"

          * "normalize()"

          * "cloneNode()"

        * NodeList 物件

          * "item()"

          * "length"

        * DocumentType 物件

          * "publicId"

          * "systemId"

          * "internalSubset"

          * "name"

          * "entities"

          * "notations"

        * Document Objects

          * "documentElement"

          * "createElement()"

          * "createElementNS()"

          * "createTextNode()"

          * "createComment()"

          * "createProcessingInstruction()"

          * "createAttribute()"

          * "createAttributeNS()"

          * "getElementsByTagName()"

          * "getElementsByTagNameNS()"

        * Element Objects

          * "tagName"

          * "getElementsByTagName()"

          * "getElementsByTagNameNS()"

          * "hasAttribute()"

          * "hasAttributeNS()"

          * "getAttribute()"

          * "getAttributeNode()"

          * "getAttributeNS()"

          * "getAttributeNodeNS()"

          * "removeAttribute()"

          * "removeAttributeNode()"

          * "removeAttributeNS()"

          * "setAttribute()"

          * "setAttributeNode()"

          * "setAttributeNodeNS()"

          * "setAttributeNS()"

        * Attr Objects

          * "name"

          * "localName"

          * "prefix"

          * "value"

        * NamedNodeMap 物件

          * "length"

          * "item()"

        * Comment Objects

          * "data"

        * Text and CDATASection Objects

          * "data"

        * ProcessingInstruction 物件

          * "target"

          * "data"

        * 例外

          * "DOMException"

          * "DomstringSizeErr"

          * "HierarchyRequestErr"

          * "IndexSizeErr"

          * "InuseAttributeErr"

          * "InvalidAccessErr"

          * "InvalidCharacterErr"

          * "InvalidModificationErr"

          * "InvalidStateErr"

          * "NamespaceErr"

          * "NotFoundErr"

          * "NotSupportedErr"

          * "NoDataAllowedErr"

          * "NoModificationAllowedErr"

          * "SyntaxErr"

          * "WrongDocumentErr"

      * Conformance

        * Type Mapping

        * Accessor Methods

    * "xml.dom.minidom" --- 最小的 DOM 實作

      * "parse()"

      * "parseString()"

      * DOM 物件

        * "unlink()"

        * "writexml()"

        * "toxml()"

        * "toprettyxml()"

      * DOM 範例

      * minidom and the DOM standard

    * "xml.dom.pulldom" --- 支援建置部分 DOM 樹

      * "PullDom"

      * "SAX2DOM"

      * "parse()"

      * "parseString()"

      * "default_bufsize"

      * DOMEventStream 物件

        * "DOMEventStream"

          * "getEvent()"

          * "expandNode()"

          * "reset()"

    * "xml.sax" --- SAX2 剖析器支援

      * "make_parser()"

      * "parse()"

      * "parseString()"

      * "SAXException"

      * "SAXParseException"

      * "SAXNotRecognizedException"

      * "SAXNotSupportedException"

      * SAXException 物件

        * "getMessage()"

        * "getException()"

    * "xml.sax.handler" --- SAX 處理函式的基本類別

      * "ContentHandler"

      * "DTDHandler"

      * "EntityResolver"

      * "ErrorHandler"

      * "LexicalHandler"

      * "feature_namespaces"

      * "feature_namespace_prefixes"

      * "feature_string_interning"

      * "feature_validation"

      * "feature_external_ges"

      * "feature_external_pes"

      * "all_features"

      * "property_lexical_handler"

      * "property_declaration_handler"

      * "property_dom_node"

      * "property_xml_string"

      * "all_properties"

      * ContentHandler 物件

        * "setDocumentLocator()"

        * "startDocument()"

        * "endDocument()"

        * "startPrefixMapping()"

        * "endPrefixMapping()"

        * "startElement()"

        * "endElement()"

        * "startElementNS()"

        * "endElementNS()"

        * "characters()"

        * "ignorableWhitespace()"

        * "processingInstruction()"

        * "skippedEntity()"

      * DTDHandler 物件

        * "notationDecl()"

        * "unparsedEntityDecl()"

      * EntityResolver 物件

        * "resolveEntity()"

      * ErrorHandler 物件

        * "error()"

        * "fatalError()"

        * "warning()"

      * LexicalHandler 物件

        * "comment()"

        * "startDTD()"

        * "endDTD()"

        * "startCDATA()"

        * "endCDATA()"

    * "xml.sax.saxutils" --- SAX 工具程式

      * "escape()"

      * "unescape()"

      * "quoteattr()"

      * "XMLGenerator"

      * "XMLFilterBase"

      * "prepare_input_source()"

    * "xml.sax.xmlreader" --- XML 剖析器的介面

      * "XMLReader"

      * "IncrementalParser"

      * "Locator"

      * "InputSource"

      * "AttributesImpl"

      * "AttributesNSImpl"

      * XMLReader 物件

        * "parse()"

        * "getContentHandler()"

        * "setContentHandler()"

        * "getDTDHandler()"

        * "setDTDHandler()"

        * "getEntityResolver()"

        * "setEntityResolver()"

        * "getErrorHandler()"

        * "setErrorHandler()"

        * "setLocale()"

        * "getFeature()"

        * "setFeature()"

        * "getProperty()"

        * "setProperty()"

      * IncrementalParser 物件

        * "feed()"

        * "close()"

        * "reset()"

      * Locator Objects

        * "getColumnNumber()"

        * "getLineNumber()"

        * "getPublicId()"

        * "getSystemId()"

      * InputSource 物件

        * "setPublicId()"

        * "getPublicId()"

        * "setSystemId()"

        * "getSystemId()"

        * "setEncoding()"

        * "getEncoding()"

        * "setByteStream()"

        * "getByteStream()"

        * "setCharacterStream()"

        * "getCharacterStream()"

      * The "Attributes" Interface

        * "getLength()"

        * "getNames()"

        * "getType()"

        * "getValue()"

      * The "AttributesNS" Interface

        * "getValueByQName()"

        * "getNameByQName()"

        * "getQNameByName()"

        * "getQNames()"

    * "xml.parsers.expat" --- 使用 Expat 進行快速 XML 剖析

      * "ExpatError"

      * "error"

      * "XMLParserType"

      * "ErrorString()"

      * "ParserCreate()"

      * XMLParser 物件

        * "Parse()"

        * "ParseFile()"

        * "SetBase()"

        * "GetBase()"

        * "GetInputContext()"

        * "ExternalEntityParserCreate()"

        * "SetParamEntityParsing()"

        * "UseForeignDTD()"

        * "SetReparseDeferralEnabled()"

        * "GetReparseDeferralEnabled()"

        * "buffer_size"

        * "buffer_text"

        * "buffer_used"

        * "ordered_attributes"

        * "specified_attributes"

        * "ErrorByteIndex"

        * "ErrorCode"

        * "ErrorColumnNumber"

        * "ErrorLineNumber"

        * "CurrentByteIndex"

        * "CurrentColumnNumber"

        * "CurrentLineNumber"

        * "XmlDeclHandler()"

        * "StartDoctypeDeclHandler()"

        * "EndDoctypeDeclHandler()"

        * "ElementDeclHandler()"

        * "AttlistDeclHandler()"

        * "StartElementHandler()"

        * "EndElementHandler()"

        * "ProcessingInstructionHandler()"

        * "CharacterDataHandler()"

        * "UnparsedEntityDeclHandler()"

        * "EntityDeclHandler()"

        * "NotationDeclHandler()"

        * "StartNamespaceDeclHandler()"

        * "EndNamespaceDeclHandler()"

        * "CommentHandler()"

        * "StartCdataSectionHandler()"

        * "EndCdataSectionHandler()"

        * "DefaultHandler()"

        * "DefaultHandlerExpand()"

        * "NotStandaloneHandler()"

        * "ExternalEntityRefHandler()"

      * ExpatError 例外

        * "code"

        * "lineno"

        * "offset"

      * 範例

      * Content Model Descriptions

      * Expat error constants

        * "codes"

        * "messages"

        * "XML_ERROR_ASYNC_ENTITY"

        * "XML_ERROR_ATTRIBUTE_EXTERNAL_ENTITY_REF"

        * "XML_ERROR_BAD_CHAR_REF"

        * "XML_ERROR_BINARY_ENTITY_REF"

        * "XML_ERROR_DUPLICATE_ATTRIBUTE"

        * "XML_ERROR_INCORRECT_ENCODING"

        * "XML_ERROR_INVALID_TOKEN"

        * "XML_ERROR_JUNK_AFTER_DOC_ELEMENT"

        * "XML_ERROR_MISPLACED_XML_PI"

        * "XML_ERROR_NO_ELEMENTS"

        * "XML_ERROR_NO_MEMORY"

        * "XML_ERROR_PARAM_ENTITY_REF"

        * "XML_ERROR_PARTIAL_CHAR"

        * "XML_ERROR_RECURSIVE_ENTITY_REF"

        * "XML_ERROR_SYNTAX"

        * "XML_ERROR_TAG_MISMATCH"

        * "XML_ERROR_UNCLOSED_TOKEN"

        * "XML_ERROR_UNDEFINED_ENTITY"

        * "XML_ERROR_UNKNOWN_ENCODING"

        * "XML_ERROR_UNCLOSED_CDATA_SECTION"

        * "XML_ERROR_EXTERNAL_ENTITY_HANDLING"

        * "XML_ERROR_NOT_STANDALONE"

        * "XML_ERROR_UNEXPECTED_STATE"

        * "XML_ERROR_ENTITY_DECLARED_IN_PE"

        * "XML_ERROR_FEATURE_REQUIRES_XML_DTD"

        * "XML_ERROR_CANT_CHANGE_FEATURE_ONCE_PARSING"

        * "XML_ERROR_UNBOUND_PREFIX"

        * "XML_ERROR_UNDECLARING_PREFIX"

        * "XML_ERROR_INCOMPLETE_PE"

        * "XML_ERROR_XML_DECL"

        * "XML_ERROR_TEXT_DECL"

        * "XML_ERROR_PUBLICID"

        * "XML_ERROR_SUSPENDED"

        * "XML_ERROR_NOT_SUSPENDED"

        * "XML_ERROR_ABORTED"

        * "XML_ERROR_FINISHED"

        * "XML_ERROR_SUSPEND_PE"

        * "XML_ERROR_RESERVED_PREFIX_XML"

        * "XML_ERROR_RESERVED_PREFIX_XMLNS"

        * "XML_ERROR_RESERVED_NAMESPACE_URI"

        * "XML_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT"

        * "XML_ERROR_NO_BUFFER"

        * "XML_ERROR_AMPLIFICATION_LIMIT_BREACH"

  * 網路協定 (Internet protocols) 及支援

    * "webbrowser" --- 方便的網頁瀏覽器控制器

      * "Error"

      * "open()"

      * "open_new()"

      * "open_new_tab()"

      * "get()"

      * "register()"

      * 瀏覽器控制器物件

        * "name"

        * "open()"

        * "open_new()"

        * "open_new_tab()"

    * "wsgiref" --- WSGI 工具與參考實作

      * "wsgiref.util" -- WSGI 環境工具

        * "guess_scheme()"

        * "request_uri()"

        * "application_uri()"

        * "shift_path_info()"

        * "setup_testing_defaults()"

        * "is_hop_by_hop()"

        * "FileWrapper"

      * "wsgiref.headers" -- WSGI 回應標頭工具

        * "Headers"

          * "get_all()"

          * "add_header()"

      * "wsgiref.simple_server" -- 一個簡單的 WSGI HTTP 伺服器

        * "make_server()"

        * "demo_app()"

        * "WSGIServer"

          * "set_app()"

          * "get_app()"

        * "WSGIRequestHandler"

          * "get_environ()"

          * "get_stderr()"

          * "handle()"

      * "wsgiref.validate" --- WSGI 符合性檢查

        * "validator()"

      * "wsgiref.handlers" -- 伺服器 / 閘道基本類別

        * "CGIHandler"

        * "IISCGIHandler"

        * "BaseCGIHandler"

        * "SimpleHandler"

        * "BaseHandler"

          * "run()"

          * "_write()"

          * "_flush()"

          * "get_stdin()"

          * "get_stderr()"

          * "add_cgi_vars()"

          * "wsgi_multithread"

          * "wsgi_multiprocess"

          * "wsgi_run_once"

          * "os_environ"

          * "server_software"

          * "get_scheme()"

          * "setup_environ()"

          * "log_exception()"

          * "traceback_limit"

          * "error_output()"

          * "error_status"

          * "error_headers"

          * "error_body"

          * "wsgi_file_wrapper"

          * "sendfile()"

          * "origin_server"

          * "http_version"

        * "read_environ()"

      * "wsgiref.types" -- 用於靜態型別檢查的 WSGI 型別

        * "StartResponse"

        * "WSGIEnvironment"

        * "WSGIApplication"

        * "InputStream"

        * "ErrorStream"

        * "FileWrapper"

      * 範例

    * "urllib" --- URL 處理模組

    * "urllib.request" --- 用來開啟 URLs 的可擴充函式庫

      * "urlopen()"

      * "install_opener()"

      * "build_opener()"

      * "pathname2url()"

      * "url2pathname()"

      * "getproxies()"

      * "Request"

      * "OpenerDirector"

      * "BaseHandler"

      * "HTTPDefaultErrorHandler"

      * "HTTPRedirectHandler"

      * "HTTPCookieProcessor"

      * "ProxyHandler"

      * "HTTPPasswordMgr"

      * "HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm"

      * "HTTPPasswordMgrWithPriorAuth"

      * "AbstractBasicAuthHandler"

      * "HTTPBasicAuthHandler"

      * "ProxyBasicAuthHandler"

      * "AbstractDigestAuthHandler"

      * "HTTPDigestAuthHandler"

      * "ProxyDigestAuthHandler"

      * "HTTPHandler"

      * "HTTPSHandler"

      * "FileHandler"

      * "DataHandler"

      * "FTPHandler"

      * "CacheFTPHandler"

      * "UnknownHandler"

      * "HTTPErrorProcessor"

      * Request Objects

        * "full_url"

        * "type"

        * "host"

        * "origin_req_host"

        * "selector"

        * "data"

        * "unverifiable"

        * "method"

        * "get_method()"

        * "add_header()"

        * "add_unredirected_header()"

        * "has_header()"

        * "remove_header()"

        * "get_full_url()"

        * "set_proxy()"

        * "get_header()"

        * "header_items()"

      * OpenerDirector 物件

        * "add_handler()"

        * "open()"

        * "error()"

      * BaseHandler 物件

        * "add_parent()"

        * "close()"

        * "parent"

        * "default_open()"

        * "unknown_open()"

        * "http_error_default()"

      * HTTPRedirectHandler 物件

        * "redirect_request()"

        * "http_error_301()"

        * "http_error_302()"

        * "http_error_303()"

        * "http_error_307()"

        * "http_error_308()"

      * HTTPCookieProcessor 物件

        * "cookiejar"

      * ProxyHandler 物件

      * HTTPPasswordMgr 物件

        * "add_password()"

        * "find_user_password()"

      * HTTPPasswordMgrWithPriorAuth 物件

        * "add_password()"

        * "find_user_password()"

        * "update_authenticated()"

        * "is_authenticated()"

      * AbstractBasicAuthHandler 物件

        * "http_error_auth_reqed()"

      * HTTPBasicAuthHandler 物件

        * "http_error_401()"

      * ProxyBasicAuthHandler 物件

        * "http_error_407()"

      * AbstractDigestAuthHandler 物件

        * "http_error_auth_reqed()"

      * HTTPDigestAuthHandler 物件

        * "http_error_401()"

      * ProxyDigestAuthHandler 物件

        * "http_error_407()"

      * HTTPHandler 物件

        * "http_open()"

      * HTTPSHandler 物件

        * "https_open()"

      * FileHandler 物件

        * "file_open()"

      * DataHandler 物件

        * "data_open()"

      * FTPHandler 物件

        * "ftp_open()"

      * CacheFTPHandler 物件

        * "setTimeout()"

        * "setMaxConns()"

      * UnknownHandler 物件

        * "unknown_open()"

      * HTTPErrorProcessor 物件

        * "http_response()"

        * "https_response()"

      * 範例

      * Legacy interface

        * "urlretrieve()"

        * "urlcleanup()"

        * "URLopener"

          * "open()"

          * "open_unknown()"

          * "retrieve()"

          * "version"

        * "FancyURLopener"

          * "prompt_user_passwd()"

      * "urllib.request" Restrictions

    * "urllib.response" --- Response classes used by urllib

      * "addinfourl"

        * "url"

        * "headers"

        * "status"

        * "geturl()"

        * "info()"

        * "code"

        * "getcode()"

    * "urllib.parse" --- 將 URL 剖析成元件

      * URL Parsing

        * "urlparse()"

        * "parse_qs()"

        * "parse_qsl()"

        * "urlunparse()"

        * "urlsplit()"

        * "urlunsplit()"

        * "urljoin()"

        * "urldefrag()"

        * "unwrap()"

      * URL parsing security

      * Parsing ASCII Encoded Bytes

      * Structured Parse Results

        * "geturl()"

        * "DefragResult"

        * "ParseResult"

        * "SplitResult"

        * "DefragResultBytes"

        * "ParseResultBytes"

        * "SplitResultBytes"

      * URL Quoting

        * "quote()"

        * "quote_plus()"

        * "quote_from_bytes()"

        * "unquote()"

        * "unquote_plus()"

        * "unquote_to_bytes()"

        * "urlencode()"

    * "urllib.error" --- urllib.request 引發的例外類別

      * "URLError"

        * "reason"

      * "HTTPError"

        * "url"

        * "code"

        * "reason"

        * "headers"

        * "fp"

      * "ContentTooShortError"

        * "content"

    * "urllib.robotparser" --- robots.txt 的剖析器

      * "RobotFileParser"

        * "set_url()"

        * "read()"

        * "parse()"

        * "can_fetch()"

        * "mtime()"

        * "modified()"

        * "crawl_delay()"

        * "request_rate()"

        * "site_maps()"

    * "http" --- HTTP 模組

      * "HTTPStatus"

      * HTTP 狀態碼

      * HTTP 狀態分類

        * "HTTPMethod"

      * HTTP 方法

    * "http.client" --- HTTP 協定用戶端

      * "HTTPConnection"

      * "HTTPSConnection"

      * "HTTPResponse"

      * "parse_headers()"

      * "HTTPException"

      * "NotConnected"

      * "InvalidURL"

      * "UnknownProtocol"

      * "UnknownTransferEncoding"

      * "UnimplementedFileMode"

      * "IncompleteRead"

      * "ImproperConnectionState"

      * "CannotSendRequest"

      * "CannotSendHeader"

      * "ResponseNotReady"

      * "BadStatusLine"

      * "LineTooLong"

      * "RemoteDisconnected"

      * "HTTP_PORT"

      * "HTTPS_PORT"

      * "responses"

      * HTTPConnection 物件

        * "request()"

        * "getresponse()"

        * "set_debuglevel()"

        * "set_tunnel()"

        * "get_proxy_response_headers()"

        * "connect()"

        * "close()"

        * "blocksize"

        * "putrequest()"

        * "putheader()"

        * "endheaders()"

        * "send()"

      * HTTPResponse 物件

        * "read()"

        * "readinto()"

        * "getheader()"

        * "getheaders()"

        * "fileno()"

        * "msg"

        * "version"

        * "url"

        * "headers"

        * "status"

        * "reason"

        * "debuglevel"

        * "closed"

        * "geturl()"

        * "info()"

        * "getcode()"

      * 範例

      * HTTPMessage 物件

        * "HTTPMessage"

    * "ftplib" --- FTP 協定用戶端

      * 參考

        * FTP 物件

          * "FTP"

            * "set_debuglevel()"

            * "connect()"

            * "getwelcome()"

            * "login()"

            * "abort()"

            * "sendcmd()"

            * "voidcmd()"

            * "retrbinary()"

            * "retrlines()"

            * "set_pasv()"

            * "storbinary()"

            * "storlines()"

            * "transfercmd()"

            * "ntransfercmd()"

            * "mlsd()"

            * "nlst()"

            * "dir()"

            * "rename()"

            * "delete()"

            * "cwd()"

            * "mkd()"

            * "pwd()"

            * "rmd()"

            * "size()"

            * "quit()"

            * "close()"

        * FTP_TLS 物件

          * "FTP_TLS"

            * "ssl_version"

            * "auth()"

            * "ccc()"

            * "prot_p()"

            * "prot_c()"

        * 模組變數

          * "error_reply"

          * "error_temp"

          * "error_perm"

          * "error_proto"

          * "all_errors"

    * "poplib" --- POP3 協定用戶端

      * "POP3"

      * "POP3_SSL"

      * "error_proto"

      * POP3 物件

        * "set_debuglevel()"

        * "getwelcome()"

        * "capa()"

        * "user()"

        * "pass_()"

        * "apop()"

        * "rpop()"

        * "stat()"

        * "list()"

        * "retr()"

        * "dele()"

        * "rset()"

        * "noop()"

        * "quit()"

        * "top()"

        * "uidl()"

        * "utf8()"

        * "stls()"

      * POP3 範例

    * "imaplib" --- IMAP4 協定客戶端

      * "IMAP4"

      * "error"

      * "abort"

      * "readonly"

      * "IMAP4_SSL"

      * "IMAP4_stream"

      * "Internaldate2tuple()"

      * "Int2AP()"

      * "ParseFlags()"

      * "Time2Internaldate()"

      * IMAP4 物件

        * "append()"

        * "authenticate()"

        * "check()"

        * "close()"

        * "copy()"

        * "create()"

        * "delete()"

        * "deleteacl()"

        * "enable()"

        * "expunge()"

        * "fetch()"

        * "getacl()"

        * "getannotation()"

        * "getquota()"

        * "getquotaroot()"

        * "list()"

        * "login()"

        * "login_cram_md5()"

        * "logout()"

        * "lsub()"

        * "myrights()"

        * "namespace()"

        * "noop()"

        * "open()"

        * "partial()"

        * "proxyauth()"

        * "read()"

        * "readline()"

        * "recent()"

        * "rename()"

        * "response()"

        * "search()"

        * "select()"

        * "send()"

        * "setacl()"

        * "setannotation()"

        * "setquota()"

        * "shutdown()"

        * "socket()"

        * "sort()"

        * "starttls()"

        * "status()"

        * "store()"

        * "subscribe()"

        * "thread()"

        * "uid()"

        * "unsubscribe()"

        * "unselect()"

        * "xatom()"

        * "PROTOCOL_VERSION"

        * "debug"

        * "utf8_enabled"

      * IMAP4 範例

    * "smtplib" --- SMTP 協定用戶端

      * "SMTP"

      * "SMTP_SSL"

      * "LMTP"

      * "SMTPException"

      * "SMTPServerDisconnected"

      * "SMTPResponseException"

      * "SMTPSenderRefused"

      * "SMTPRecipientsRefused"

      * "SMTPDataError"

      * "SMTPConnectError"

      * "SMTPHeloError"

      * "SMTPNotSupportedError"

      * "SMTPAuthenticationError"

      * SMTP 物件

        * "set_debuglevel()"

        * "docmd()"

        * "connect()"

        * "helo()"

        * "ehlo()"

        * "ehlo_or_helo_if_needed()"

        * "has_extn()"

        * "verify()"

        * "login()"

        * "auth()"

        * "starttls()"

        * "sendmail()"

        * "send_message()"

        * "quit()"

      * SMTP 範例

    * "uuid" --- **RFC 4122** 定義的 UUID 物件

      * "SafeUUID"

        * "safe"

        * "unsafe"

        * "unknown"

      * "UUID"

      * "bytes"

      * "bytes_le"

      * "fields"

      * "time_low"

      * "time_mid"

      * "time_hi_version"

      * "clock_seq_hi_variant"

      * "clock_seq_low"

      * "node"

      * "time"

      * "clock_seq"

      * "hex"

      * "int"

      * "urn"

      * "variant"

      * "version"

      * "is_safe"

      * "getnode()"

      * "uuid1()"

      * "uuid3()"

      * "uuid4()"

      * "uuid5()"

      * "NAMESPACE_DNS"

      * "NAMESPACE_URL"

      * "NAMESPACE_OID"

      * "NAMESPACE_X500"

      * "RESERVED_NCS"

      * "RFC_4122"

      * "RESERVED_MICROSOFT"

      * "RESERVED_FUTURE"

      * 命令列的用法

      * 範例

      * 命令列的範例

    * "socketserver" --- 用於網路伺服器的框架

      * "TCPServer"

      * "UDPServer"

      * "UnixStreamServer"

      * "UnixDatagramServer"

      * Server Creation Notes

        * "ForkingMixIn"

        * "ThreadingMixIn"

          * "block_on_close"

          * "max_children"

          * "daemon_threads"

        * "ForkingTCPServer"

        * "ForkingUDPServer"

        * "ThreadingTCPServer"

        * "ThreadingUDPServer"

        * "ForkingUnixStreamServer"

        * "ForkingUnixDatagramServer"

        * "ThreadingUnixStreamServer"

        * "ThreadingUnixDatagramServer"

      * Server Objects

        * "BaseServer"

          * "fileno()"

          * "handle_request()"

          * "serve_forever()"

          * "service_actions()"

          * "shutdown()"

          * "server_close()"

          * "address_family"

          * "RequestHandlerClass"

          * "server_address"

          * "socket"

          * "allow_reuse_address"

          * "request_queue_size"

          * "socket_type"

          * "timeout"

          * "finish_request()"

          * "get_request()"

          * "handle_error()"

          * "handle_timeout()"

          * "process_request()"

          * "server_activate()"

          * "server_bind()"

          * "verify_request()"

      * Request Handler Objects

        * "BaseRequestHandler"

          * "setup()"

          * "handle()"

          * "finish()"

          * "request"

          * "client_address"

          * "server"

        * "StreamRequestHandler"

        * "DatagramRequestHandler"

          * "rfile"

          * "wfile"

      * 範例

        * "socketserver.TCPServer" 範例

        * "socketserver.UDPServer" 範例

        * Asynchronous Mixins

    * "http.server" — HTTP 伺服器

      * "HTTPServer"

      * "ThreadingHTTPServer"

      * "BaseHTTPRequestHandler"

        * "client_address"

        * "server"

        * "close_connection"

        * "requestline"

        * "command"

        * "path"

        * "request_version"

        * "headers"

        * "rfile"

        * "wfile"

        * "server_version"

        * "sys_version"

        * "error_message_format"

        * "error_content_type"

        * "protocol_version"

        * "MessageClass"

        * "responses"

        * "handle()"

        * "handle_one_request()"

        * "handle_expect_100()"

        * "send_error()"

        * "send_response()"

        * "send_header()"

        * "send_response_only()"

        * "end_headers()"

        * "flush_headers()"

        * "log_request()"

        * "log_error()"

        * "log_message()"

        * "version_string()"

        * "date_time_string()"

        * "log_date_time_string()"

        * "address_string()"

      * "SimpleHTTPRequestHandler"

        * "server_version"

        * "extensions_map"

        * "do_HEAD()"

        * "do_GET()"

      * "CGIHTTPRequestHandler"

        * "cgi_directories"

        * "do_POST()"

      * 安全性注意事項

    * "http.cookies" --- HTTP 狀態管理

      * "CookieError"

      * "BaseCookie"

      * "SimpleCookie"

      * Cookie 物件

        * "value_decode()"

        * "value_encode()"

        * "output()"

        * "js_output()"

        * "load()"

      * Morsel 物件

        * "Morsel"

          * "expires"

          * "path"

          * "comment"

          * "domain"

          * "secure"

          * "version"

          * "httponly"

          * "samesite"

        * "value"

        * "coded_value"

        * "key"

        * "set()"

        * "isReservedKey()"

        * "output()"

        * "js_output()"

        * "OutputString()"

        * "update()"

        * "copy()"

        * "setdefault()"

      * 範例

    * "http.cookiejar" --- HTTP 客戶端的 Cookie 處理

      * "LoadError"

      * "CookieJar"

      * "FileCookieJar"

      * "CookiePolicy"

      * "DefaultCookiePolicy"

      * "Cookie"

      * CookieJar 與 FileCookieJar 物件

        * "add_cookie_header()"

        * "extract_cookies()"

        * "set_policy()"

        * "make_cookies()"

        * "set_cookie_if_ok()"

        * "set_cookie()"

        * "clear()"

        * "clear_session_cookies()"

        * "save()"

        * "load()"

        * "revert()"

        * "filename"

        * "delayload"

      * FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers

        * "MozillaCookieJar"

        * "LWPCookieJar"

      * CookiePolicy 物件

        * "set_ok()"

        * "return_ok()"

        * "domain_return_ok()"

        * "path_return_ok()"

        * "netscape"

        * "rfc2965"

        * "hide_cookie2"

      * DefaultCookiePolicy 物件

        * "blocked_domains()"

        * "set_blocked_domains()"

        * "is_blocked()"

        * "allowed_domains()"

        * "set_allowed_domains()"

        * "is_not_allowed()"

        * "rfc2109_as_netscape"

        * "strict_domain"

        * "strict_rfc2965_unverifiable"

        * "strict_ns_unverifiable"

        * "strict_ns_domain"

        * "strict_ns_set_initial_dollar"

        * "strict_ns_set_path"

        * "DomainStrictNoDots"

        * "DomainStrictNonDomain"

        * "DomainRFC2965Match"

        * "DomainLiberal"

        * "DomainStrict"

      * Cookie 物件

        * "version"

        * "name"

        * "value"

        * "port"

        * "domain"

        * "path"

        * "secure"

        * "expires"

        * "discard"

        * "comment"

        * "comment_url"

        * "rfc2109"

        * "port_specified"

        * "domain_specified"

        * "domain_initial_dot"

        * "has_nonstandard_attr()"

        * "get_nonstandard_attr()"

        * "set_nonstandard_attr()"

        * "is_expired()"

      * 範例

    * "xmlrpc" --- XMLRPC 伺服器與用戶模組

    * "xmlrpc.client" --- XML-RPC 客戶端存取

      * "ServerProxy"

      * ServerProxy 物件

        * "listMethods()"

        * "methodSignature()"

        * "methodHelp()"

      * 日期時間物件

        * "DateTime"

          * "decode()"

          * "encode()"

      * Binary Objects

        * "Binary"

          * "data"

          * "decode()"

          * "encode()"

      * Fault Objects

        * "Fault"

          * "faultCode"

          * "faultString"

      * ProtocolError 物件

        * "ProtocolError"

          * "url"

          * "errcode"

          * "errmsg"

          * "headers"

      * MultiCall 物件

        * "MultiCall"

      * 便捷的函式

        * "dumps()"

        * "loads()"

      * Example of Client Usage

      * Example of Client and Server Usage

    * "xmlrpc.server" --- 基本 XML-RPC 伺服器

      * "SimpleXMLRPCServer"

      * "CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler"

      * "SimpleXMLRPCRequestHandler"

      * SimpleXMLRPCServer 物件

        * "register_function()"

        * "register_instance()"

        * "register_introspection_functions()"

        * "register_multicall_functions()"

        * "rpc_paths"

        * SimpleXMLRPCServer 範例

      * CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler

        * "register_function()"

        * "register_instance()"

        * "register_introspection_functions()"

        * "register_multicall_functions()"

        * "handle_request()"

      * Documenting XMLRPC server

        * "DocXMLRPCServer"

        * "DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler"

        * "DocXMLRPCRequestHandler"

      * DocXMLRPCServer 物件

        * "set_server_title()"

        * "set_server_name()"

        * "set_server_documentation()"

      * DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler

        * "set_server_title()"

        * "set_server_name()"

        * "set_server_documentation()"

    * "ipaddress" --- IPv4/IPv6 操作函式庫

      * Convenience factory functions

        * "ip_address()"

        * "ip_network()"

        * "ip_interface()"

      * IP Addresses

        * Address objects

          * "IPv4Address"

            * "version"

            * "max_prefixlen"

            * "compressed"

            * "exploded"

            * "packed"

            * "reverse_pointer"

            * "is_multicast"

            * "is_private"

            * "is_global"

            * "is_unspecified"

            * "is_reserved"

            * "is_loopback"

            * "is_link_local"

            * "ipv6_mapped"

          * "__format__()"

          * "IPv6Address"

            * "compressed"

            * "exploded"

            * "packed"

            * "reverse_pointer"

            * "version"

            * "max_prefixlen"

            * "is_multicast"

            * "is_private"

            * "is_global"

            * "is_unspecified"

            * "is_reserved"

            * "is_loopback"

            * "is_link_local"

            * "is_site_local"

            * "ipv4_mapped"

            * "scope_id"

            * "sixtofour"

            * "teredo"

          * "__format__()"

        * Conversion to Strings and Integers

        * 運算子

          * 比較運算子

          * 算術運算子

      * IP Network definitions

        * Prefix, net mask and host mask

        * Network objects

          * "IPv4Network"

            * "version"

            * "max_prefixlen"

            * "is_multicast"

            * "is_private"

            * "is_unspecified"

            * "is_reserved"

            * "is_loopback"

            * "is_link_local"

            * "network_address"

            * "broadcast_address"

            * "hostmask"

            * "netmask"

            * "with_prefixlen"

            * "compressed"

            * "exploded"

            * "with_netmask"

            * "with_hostmask"

            * "num_addresses"

            * "prefixlen"

            * "hosts()"

            * "overlaps()"

            * "address_exclude()"

            * "subnets()"

            * "supernet()"

            * "subnet_of()"

            * "supernet_of()"

            * "compare_networks()"

          * "IPv6Network"

            * "version"

            * "max_prefixlen"

            * "is_multicast"

            * "is_private"

            * "is_unspecified"

            * "is_reserved"

            * "is_loopback"

            * "is_link_local"

            * "network_address"

            * "broadcast_address"

            * "hostmask"

            * "netmask"

            * "with_prefixlen"

            * "compressed"

            * "exploded"

            * "with_netmask"

            * "with_hostmask"

            * "num_addresses"

            * "prefixlen"

            * "hosts()"

            * "overlaps()"

            * "address_exclude()"

            * "subnets()"

            * "supernet()"

            * "subnet_of()"

            * "supernet_of()"

            * "compare_networks()"

            * "is_site_local"

        * 運算子

          * Logical operators

          * 疊代

          * Networks as containers of addresses

      * Interface objects

        * "IPv4Interface"

          * "ip"

          * "network"

          * "with_prefixlen"

          * "with_netmask"

          * "with_hostmask"

        * "IPv6Interface"

          * "ip"

          * "network"

          * "with_prefixlen"

          * "with_netmask"

          * "with_hostmask"

        * 運算子

          * Logical operators

      * Other Module Level Functions

        * "v4_int_to_packed()"

        * "v6_int_to_packed()"

        * "summarize_address_range()"

        * "collapse_addresses()"

        * "get_mixed_type_key()"

      * Custom Exceptions

        * "AddressValueError"

        * "NetmaskValueError"

  * 多媒體服務

    * "wave" --- 讀寫 WAV 檔案

      * "open()"

      * "Error"

      * Wave_read 物件

        * "Wave_read"

          * "close()"

          * "getnchannels()"

          * "getsampwidth()"

          * "getframerate()"

          * "getnframes()"

          * "getcomptype()"

          * "getcompname()"

          * "getparams()"

          * "readframes()"

          * "rewind()"

          * "getmarkers()"

          * "getmark()"

          * "setpos()"

          * "tell()"

      * Wave_write 物件

        * "Wave_write"

          * "close()"

          * "setnchannels()"

          * "setsampwidth()"

          * "setframerate()"

          * "setnframes()"

          * "setcomptype()"

          * "setparams()"

          * "tell()"

          * "writeframesraw()"

          * "writeframes()"

    * "colorsys" --- 顏色系統間的轉換

      * "rgb_to_yiq()"

      * "yiq_to_rgb()"

      * "rgb_to_hls()"

      * "hls_to_rgb()"

      * "rgb_to_hsv()"

      * "hsv_to_rgb()"

  * 國際化

    * "gettext" --- 多語言國際化服務

      * GNU **gettext** API

        * "bindtextdomain()"

        * "textdomain()"

        * "gettext()"

        * "dgettext()"

        * "ngettext()"

        * "dngettext()"

        * "pgettext()"

        * "dpgettext()"

        * "npgettext()"

        * "dnpgettext()"

      * Class-based API

        * "find()"

        * "translation()"

        * "install()"

        * The "NullTranslations" class

          * "NullTranslations"

            * "_parse()"

            * "add_fallback()"

            * "gettext()"

            * "ngettext()"

            * "pgettext()"

            * "npgettext()"

            * "info()"

            * "charset()"

            * "install()"

        * The "GNUTranslations" class

          * "GNUTranslations"

            * "gettext()"

            * "ngettext()"

            * "pgettext()"

            * "npgettext()"

        * Solaris message catalog support

        * The Catalog constructor

      * Internationalizing your programs and modules

        * Localizing your module

        * Localizing your application

        * Changing languages on the fly

        * Deferred translations

      * 致謝

    * "locale" --- 國際化服務

      * "Error"

      * "setlocale()"

      * "localeconv()"

      * "nl_langinfo()"

        * "CODESET"

        * "D_T_FMT"

        * "D_FMT"

        * "T_FMT"

        * "T_FMT_AMPM"

        * "DAY_1"

        * "DAY_2"

        * "DAY_3"

        * "DAY_4"

        * "DAY_5"

        * "DAY_6"

        * "DAY_7"

        * "ABDAY_1"

        * "ABDAY_2"

        * "ABDAY_3"

        * "ABDAY_4"

        * "ABDAY_5"

        * "ABDAY_6"

        * "ABDAY_7"

        * "MON_1"

        * "MON_2"

        * "MON_3"

        * "MON_4"

        * "MON_5"

        * "MON_6"

        * "MON_7"

        * "MON_8"

        * "MON_9"

        * "MON_10"

        * "MON_11"

        * "MON_12"

        * "ABMON_1"

        * "ABMON_2"

        * "ABMON_3"

        * "ABMON_4"

        * "ABMON_5"

        * "ABMON_6"

        * "ABMON_7"

        * "ABMON_8"

        * "ABMON_9"

        * "ABMON_10"

        * "ABMON_11"

        * "ABMON_12"

        * "RADIXCHAR"

        * "THOUSEP"

        * "YESEXPR"

        * "NOEXPR"

        * "CRNCYSTR"

        * "ERA"

        * "ERA_D_T_FMT"

        * "ERA_D_FMT"

        * "ERA_T_FMT"

        * "ALT_DIGITS"

      * "getdefaultlocale()"

      * "getlocale()"

      * "getpreferredencoding()"

      * "getencoding()"

      * "normalize()"

      * "strcoll()"

      * "strxfrm()"

      * "format_string()"

      * "currency()"

      * "str()"

      * "delocalize()"

      * "localize()"

      * "atof()"

      * "atoi()"

      * "LC_CTYPE"

      * "LC_COLLATE"

      * "LC_TIME"

      * "LC_MONETARY"

      * "LC_MESSAGES"

      * "LC_NUMERIC"

      * "LC_ALL"

      * "CHAR_MAX"

      * Background, details, hints, tips and caveats

      * For extension writers and programs that embed Python

      * Access to message catalogs

        * "gettext()"

        * "dgettext()"

        * "dcgettext()"

        * "textdomain()"

        * "bindtextdomain()"

        * "bind_textdomain_codeset()"

  * 程式框架

    * "turtle" --- 龜圖學 (Turtle graphics)

      * 介紹

      * Get started

      * 教學

        * 啟動一個烏龜環境

        * 基本繪圖

          * Pen control

          * The turtle's position

        * Making algorithmic patterns

      * How to...

        * Get started as quickly as possible

        * Use the "turtle" module namespace

        * Use turtle graphics in a script

        * Use object-oriented turtle graphics

      * Turtle graphics reference

        * Turtle methods

        * Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen

      * Methods of RawTurtle/Turtle and corresponding functions

        * Turtle motion

          * "forward()"

          * "fd()"

          * "back()"

          * "bk()"

          * "backward()"

          * "right()"

          * "rt()"

          * "left()"

          * "lt()"

          * "goto()"

          * "setpos()"

          * "setposition()"

          * "teleport()"

          * "setx()"

          * "sety()"

          * "setheading()"

          * "seth()"

          * "home()"

          * "circle()"

          * "dot()"

          * "stamp()"

          * "clearstamp()"

          * "clearstamps()"

          * "undo()"

          * "speed()"

        * Tell Turtle's state

          * "position()"

          * "pos()"

          * "towards()"

          * "xcor()"

          * "ycor()"

          * "heading()"

          * "distance()"

        * Settings for measurement

          * "degrees()"

          * "radians()"

        * Pen control

          * Drawing state

            * "pendown()"

            * "pd()"

            * "down()"

            * "penup()"

            * "pu()"

            * "up()"

            * "pensize()"

            * "width()"

            * "pen()"

            * "isdown()"

          * Color control

            * "pencolor()"

            * "fillcolor()"

            * "color()"

          * Filling

            * "filling()"

            * "begin_fill()"

            * "end_fill()"

          * More drawing control

            * "reset()"

            * "clear()"

            * "write()"

        * Turtle state

          * Visibility

            * "hideturtle()"

            * "ht()"

            * "showturtle()"

            * "st()"

            * "isvisible()"

          * Appearance

            * "shape()"

            * "resizemode()"

            * "shapesize()"

            * "turtlesize()"

            * "shearfactor()"

            * "tilt()"

            * "tiltangle()"

            * "shapetransform()"

            * "get_shapepoly()"

        * Using events

          * "onrelease()"

          * "ondrag()"

        * Special Turtle methods

          * "begin_poly()"

          * "end_poly()"

          * "get_poly()"

          * "clone()"

          * "getturtle()"

          * "getpen()"

          * "getscreen()"

          * "setundobuffer()"

          * "undobufferentries()"

        * Compound shapes

      * Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen and corresponding functions

        * Window control

          * "bgcolor()"

          * "bgpic()"

          * "clearscreen()"

          * "resetscreen()"

          * "screensize()"

          * "setworldcoordinates()"

        * Animation control

          * "delay()"

          * "tracer()"

          * "update()"

        * Using screen events

          * "listen()"

          * "onkey()"

          * "onkeyrelease()"

          * "onkeypress()"

          * "onclick()"

          * "onscreenclick()"

          * "ontimer()"

          * "mainloop()"

          * "done()"

        * Input methods

          * "textinput()"

          * "numinput()"

        * Settings and special methods

          * "mode()"

          * "colormode()"

          * "getcanvas()"

          * "getshapes()"

          * "register_shape()"

          * "addshape()"

          * "turtles()"

          * "window_height()"

          * "window_width()"

        * Methods specific to Screen, not inherited from TurtleScreen

          * "bye()"

          * "exitonclick()"

          * "save()"

          * "setup()"

          * "title()"

      * Public classes

        * "RawTurtle"

        * "RawPen"

        * "Turtle"

        * "TurtleScreen"

        * "Screen"

        * "ScrolledCanvas"

        * "Shape"

          * "addcomponent()"

        * "Vec2D"

      * 解釋

      * Help and configuration

        * How to use help

        * Translation of docstrings into different languages

          * "write_docstringdict()"

        * How to configure Screen and Turtles

      * "turtledemo" --- Demo scripts

      * Changes since Python 2.6

      * Changes since Python 3.0

    * "cmd" --- 以列為導向的指令直譯器支援

      * "Cmd"

      * Cmd 物件

        * "cmdloop()"

        * "do_help()"

        * "onecmd()"

        * "emptyline()"

        * "default()"

        * "completedefault()"

        * "columnize()"

        * "precmd()"

        * "postcmd()"

        * "preloop()"

        * "postloop()"

        * "prompt"

        * "identchars"

        * "lastcmd"

        * "cmdqueue"

        * "intro"

        * "doc_header"

        * "misc_header"

        * "undoc_header"

        * "ruler"

        * "use_rawinput"

      * Cmd Example

    * "shlex" --- 簡單的語法分析

      * "split()"

      * "join()"

      * "quote()"

      * "shlex"

      * shlex 物件

        * "get_token()"

        * "push_token()"

        * "read_token()"

        * "sourcehook()"

        * "push_source()"

        * "pop_source()"

        * "error_leader()"

        * "commenters"

        * "wordchars"

        * "whitespace"

        * "escape"

        * "quotes"

        * "escapedquotes"

        * "whitespace_split"

        * "infile"

        * "instream"

        * "source"

        * "debug"

        * "lineno"

        * "token"

        * "eof"

        * "punctuation_chars"

      * Parsing Rules

      * Improved Compatibility with Shells

  * 以 Tk 打造圖形使用者介面 (Graphical User Interfaces)

    * "tkinter" --- Tcl/Tk 的 Python 介面

      * Architecture

      * Tkinter Modules

        * "Tk"

          * "tk"

          * "master"

          * "children"

        * "Tcl()"

      * Tkinter Life Preserver

        * A Hello World Program

        * Important Tk Concepts

        * Understanding How Tkinter Wraps Tcl/Tk

        * How do I...? What option does...?

        * Navigating the Tcl/Tk Reference Manual

      * Threading model

      * Handy Reference

        * Setting Options

        * The Packer

        * Packer Options

        * Coupling Widget Variables

        * The Window Manager

        * Tk Option Data Types

        * Bindings and Events

        * The index Parameter

        * Images

      * File Handlers

        * "createfilehandler()"

        * "deletefilehandler()"

        * "READABLE"

        * "WRITABLE"

        * "EXCEPTION"

    * "tkinter.colorchooser" --- 顏色選擇對話框

      * "Chooser"

      * "askcolor()"

    * "tkinter.font" --- Tkinter 字型包裝器

      * "NORMAL"

      * "BOLD"

      * "ITALIC"

      * "ROMAN"

      * "Font"

        * "actual()"

        * "cget()"

        * "config()"

        * "copy()"

        * "measure()"

        * "metrics()"

      * "families()"

      * "names()"

      * "nametofont()"

    * Tkinter 對話框

      * "tkinter.simpledialog" --- 標準 Tkinter 輸入對話框

        * "askfloat()"

        * "askinteger()"

        * "askstring()"

        * "Dialog"

          * "body()"

          * "buttonbox()"

      * "tkinter.filedialog" --- File selection dialogs

        * Native Load/Save Dialogs

          * "askopenfile()"

          * "askopenfiles()"

          * "asksaveasfile()"

          * "askopenfilename()"

          * "askopenfilenames()"

          * "asksaveasfilename()"

          * "askdirectory()"

          * "Open"

          * "SaveAs"

          * "Directory"

          * "FileDialog"

            * "cancel_command()"

            * "dirs_double_event()"

            * "dirs_select_event()"

            * "files_double_event()"

            * "files_select_event()"

            * "filter_command()"

            * "get_filter()"

            * "get_selection()"

            * "go()"

            * "ok_event()"

            * "quit()"

            * "set_filter()"

            * "set_selection()"

          * "LoadFileDialog"

            * "ok_command()"

          * "SaveFileDialog"

            * "ok_command()"

      * "tkinter.commondialog" --- Dialog window templates

        * "Dialog"

          * "show()"

    * "tkinter.messagebox" --- Tkinter 訊息提示

      * "Message"

        * "show()"

      * "showinfo()"

      * "showwarning()"

      * "showerror()"

      * "askquestion()"

      * "askokcancel()"

      * "askretrycancel()"

      * "askyesno()"

      * "askyesnocancel()"

      * "ABORT"

      * "RETRY"

      * "IGNORE"

      * "OK"

      * "CANCEL"

      * "YES"

      * "NO"

      * "ABORTRETRYIGNORE"

      * "OKCANCEL"

      * "RETRYCANCEL"

      * "YESNO"

      * "YESNOCANCEL"

      * "ERROR"

      * "INFO"

      * "QUESTION"

      * "WARNING"

    * "tkinter.scrolledtext" --- 捲動文字小工具

      * "ScrolledText"

        * "frame"

        * "vbar"

    * "tkinter.dnd" --- 拖放支援

      * "DndHandler"

        * "cancel()"

        * "finish()"

        * "on_motion()"

        * "on_release()"

      * "dnd_start()"

    * "tkinter.ttk" --- Tk 主題化小工具

      * 使用 Ttk

      * Ttk Widgets

      * Widget

        * 標準選項

        * Scrollable Widget Options

        * Label Options

        * 相容性選項

        * Widget States

        * ttk.Widget

          * "Widget"

            * "identify()"

            * "instate()"

            * "state()"

      * Combobox

        * 選項

        * Virtual events

        * ttk.Combobox

          * "Combobox"

            * "current()"

            * "get()"

            * "set()"

      * Spinbox

        * 選項

        * Virtual events

        * ttk.Spinbox

          * "Spinbox"

            * "get()"

            * "set()"

      * Notebook

        * 選項

        * Tab Options

        * Tab Identifiers

        * 虛擬事件

        * ttk.Notebook

          * "Notebook"

            * "add()"

            * "forget()"

            * "hide()"

            * "identify()"

            * "index()"

            * "insert()"

            * "select()"

            * "tab()"

            * "tabs()"

            * "enable_traversal()"

      * Progressbar

        * 選項

        * ttk.Progressbar

          * "Progressbar"

            * "start()"

            * "step()"

            * "stop()"

      * Separator

        * 選項

      * Sizegrip

        * Platform-specific notes

        * Bugs

      * Treeview

        * 選項

        * Item Options

        * Tag Options

        * Column Identifiers

        * 虛擬事件

        * ttk.Treeview

          * "Treeview"

            * "bbox()"

            * "get_children()"

            * "set_children()"

            * "column()"

            * "delete()"

            * "detach()"

            * "exists()"

            * "focus()"

            * "heading()"

            * "identify()"

            * "identify_row()"

            * "identify_column()"

            * "identify_region()"

            * "identify_element()"

            * "index()"

            * "insert()"

            * "item()"

            * "move()"

            * "next()"

            * "parent()"

            * "prev()"

            * "reattach()"

            * "see()"

            * "selection()"

            * "selection_set()"

            * "selection_add()"

            * "selection_remove()"

            * "selection_toggle()"

            * "set()"

            * "tag_bind()"

            * "tag_configure()"

            * "tag_has()"

            * "xview()"

            * "yview()"

      * Ttk Styling

        * "Style"

          * "configure()"

          * "map()"

          * "lookup()"

          * "layout()"

          * "element_create()"

          * "element_names()"

          * "element_options()"

          * "theme_create()"

          * "theme_settings()"

          * "theme_names()"

          * "theme_use()"

        * Layouts

    * IDLE

      * 目錄

        * File menu (Shell and Editor)

        * Edit menu (Shell and Editor)

        * Format menu (Editor window only)

        * Run menu (Editor window only)

        * Shell menu (Shell window only)

        * Debug menu (Shell window only)

        * Options menu (Shell and Editor)

        * Window menu (Shell and Editor)

        * Help menu (Shell and Editor)

        * Context menus

      * Editing and Navigation

        * Editor windows

        * Key bindings

        * Automatic indentation

        * Search and Replace

        * Completions

        * Calltips

        * Code Context

        * Shell window

        * Text colors

      * Startup and Code Execution

        * 命令列用法

        * Startup failure

        * Running user code

        * User output in Shell

        * Developing tkinter applications

        * Running without a subprocess

      * Help and Preferences

        * Help sources

        * Setting preferences

        * IDLE on macOS

        * Extensions

      * idlelib

  * 開發工具

    * "typing" --- 支援型別提示

      * Python 型別系統的技術規範

      * 型別別名

      * NewType

      * 註釋 callable 物件

      * 泛型

      * 註釋元組 (tuple)

      * 類別物件的型別

      * Annotating generators and coroutines

      * 使用者定義泛型型別

      * "Any" 型別

      * 標稱 (nominal) 子型別 vs 結構子型別

      * 模組內容

        * 特別型別原語 (primitive)

          * 特別型別

            * "Any"

            * "AnyStr"

            * "LiteralString"

            * "Never"

            * "NoReturn"

            * "Self"

            * "TypeAlias"

          * 特別型式

            * "Union"

            * "Optional"

            * "Concatenate"

            * "Literal"

            * "ClassVar"

            * "Final"

            * "Required"

            * "NotRequired"

            * "ReadOnly"

            * "Annotated"

            * "TypeIs"

            * "TypeGuard"

            * "Unpack"

          * Building generic types and type aliases

            * "Generic"

            * "TypeVar"

              * "__name__"

              * "__covariant__"

              * "__contravariant__"

              * "__infer_variance__"

              * "__bound__"

              * "evaluate_bound()"

              * "__constraints__"

              * "evaluate_constraints()"

              * "__default__"

              * "evaluate_default()"

              * "has_default()"

            * "TypeVarTuple"

              * "__name__"

              * "__default__"

              * "evaluate_default()"

              * "has_default()"

            * "ParamSpec"

              * "args"

              * "kwargs"

              * "__name__"

              * "__default__"

              * "evaluate_default()"

              * "has_default()"

            * "ParamSpecArgs"

            * "ParamSpecKwargs"

            * "TypeAliasType"

              * "__name__"

              * "__module__"

              * "__type_params__"

              * "__value__"

              * "evaluate_value()"

          * Other special directives

            * "NamedTuple"

            * "NewType"

              * "__module__"

              * "__name__"

              * "__supertype__"

            * "Protocol"

            * "runtime_checkable()"

            * "TypedDict"

              * "__total__"

              * "__required_keys__"

              * "__optional_keys__"

              * "__readonly_keys__"

              * "__mutable_keys__"

        * 協定

          * "SupportsAbs"

          * "SupportsBytes"

          * "SupportsComplex"

          * "SupportsFloat"

          * "SupportsIndex"

          * "SupportsInt"

          * "SupportsRound"

        * ABCs for working with IO

          * "IO"

          * "TextIO"

          * "BinaryIO"

        * 函式與裝飾器

          * "cast()"

          * "assert_type()"

          * "assert_never()"

          * "reveal_type()"

          * "dataclass_transform()"

          * "overload()"

          * "get_overloads()"

          * "clear_overloads()"

          * "final()"

          * "no_type_check()"

          * "no_type_check_decorator()"

          * "override()"

          * "type_check_only()"

        * Introspection helpers

          * "get_type_hints()"

          * "get_origin()"

          * "get_args()"

          * "get_protocol_members()"

          * "is_protocol()"

          * "is_typeddict()"

          * "ForwardRef"

          * "evaluate_forward_ref()"

          * "NoDefault"

        * 常數

          * "TYPE_CHECKING"

        * 棄用的別名

          * 內建型別的別名

            * "Dict"

            * "List"

            * "Set"

            * "FrozenSet"

            * "Tuple"

            * "Type"

          * "collections" 中型別的別名

            * "DefaultDict"

            * "OrderedDict"

            * "ChainMap"

            * "Counter"

            * "Deque"

          * Aliases to other concrete types

            * "Pattern"

            * "Match"

            * "Text"

          * "collections.abc" 中容器 ABC 的別名

            * "AbstractSet"

            * "Collection"

            * "Container"

            * "ItemsView"

            * "KeysView"

            * "Mapping"

            * "MappingView"

            * "MutableMapping"

            * "MutableSequence"

            * "MutableSet"

            * "Sequence"

            * "ValuesView"

          * Aliases to asynchronous ABCs in "collections.abc"

            * "Coroutine"

            * "AsyncGenerator"

            * "AsyncIterable"

            * "AsyncIterator"

            * "Awaitable"

          * Aliases to other ABCs in "collections.abc"

            * "Iterable"

            * "Iterator"

            * "Callable"

            * "Generator"

            * "Hashable"

            * "Reversible"

            * "Sized"

          * "contextlib" ABC 的別名

            * "ContextManager"

            * "AsyncContextManager"

      * Deprecation Timeline of Major Features

    * "pydoc" --- 文件產生器與線上幫助系統

    * Python 開發模式

      * Python 開發模式的影響

      * ResourceWarning 範例

      * 檔案描述器的錯誤範例

    * "doctest" --- 測試互動式 Python 範例

      * Simple Usage: Checking Examples in Docstrings

      * Simple Usage: Checking Examples in a Text File

      * How It Works

        * Which Docstrings Are Examined?

        * How are Docstring Examples Recognized?

        * What's the Execution Context?

        * What About Exceptions?

        * 可選旗標

          * "DONT_ACCEPT_TRUE_FOR_1"

          * "DONT_ACCEPT_BLANKLINE"

          * "NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE"

          * "ELLIPSIS"

          * "IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL"

          * "SKIP"

          * "COMPARISON_FLAGS"

          * "REPORT_UDIFF"

          * "REPORT_CDIFF"

          * "REPORT_NDIFF"

          * "REPORT_ONLY_FIRST_FAILURE"

          * "FAIL_FAST"

          * "REPORTING_FLAGS"

          * "register_optionflag()"

        * Directives

        * 警告

      * 基礎 API

        * "testfile()"

        * "testmod()"

        * "run_docstring_examples()"

      * Unittest API

        * "DocFileSuite()"

        * "DocTestSuite()"

        * "failureException"

        * "set_unittest_reportflags()"

      * Advanced API

        * DocTest 物件

          * "DocTest"

            * "examples"

            * "globs"

            * "name"

            * "filename"

            * "lineno"

            * "docstring"

        * Example 物件

          * "Example"

            * "source"

            * "want"

            * "exc_msg"

            * "lineno"

            * "indent"

            * "options"

        * DocTestFinder 物件

          * "DocTestFinder"

            * "find()"

        * DocTestParser 物件

          * "DocTestParser"

            * "get_doctest()"

            * "get_examples()"

            * "parse()"

        * TestResults objects

          * "TestResults"

            * "failed"

            * "attempted"

            * "skipped"

        * DocTestRunner 物件

          * "DocTestRunner"

            * "report_start()"

            * "report_success()"

            * "report_failure()"

            * "report_unexpected_exception()"

            * "run()"

            * "summarize()"

            * "tries"

            * "failures"

            * "skips"

        * OutputChecker 物件

          * "OutputChecker"

            * "check_output()"

            * "output_difference()"

      * Debugging

        * "script_from_examples()"

        * "testsource()"

        * "debug()"

        * "debug_src()"

        * "DebugRunner"

        * "DocTestFailure"

        * "test"

        * "example"

        * "got"

        * "UnexpectedException"

        * "test"

        * "example"

        * "exc_info"

      * Soapbox

    * "unittest" --- 單元測試框架

      * 簡單範例

      * 命令執行列介面 (Command-Line Interface)

        * 命令列模式選項

      * Test Discovery（測試探索）

      * Organizing test code

      * Re-using old test code

      * Skipping tests and expected failures

        * "skip()"

        * "skipIf()"

        * "skipUnless()"

        * "expectedFailure()"

        * "SkipTest"

      * Distinguishing test iterations using subtests

      * Classes and functions

        * Test cases

          * "TestCase"

            * "setUp()"

            * "tearDown()"

            * "setUpClass()"

            * "tearDownClass()"

            * "run()"

            * "skipTest()"

            * "subTest()"

            * "debug()"

            * "assertEqual()"

            * "assertNotEqual()"

            * "assertTrue()"

            * "assertFalse()"

            * "assertIs()"

            * "assertIsNot()"

            * "assertIsNone()"

            * "assertIsNotNone()"

            * "assertIn()"

            * "assertNotIn()"

            * "assertIsInstance()"

            * "assertNotIsInstance()"

            * "assertRaises()"

            * "assertRaisesRegex()"

            * "assertWarns()"

            * "assertWarnsRegex()"

            * "assertLogs()"

              * "records"

              * "output"

            * "assertNoLogs()"

            * "assertAlmostEqual()"

            * "assertNotAlmostEqual()"

            * "assertGreater()"

            * "assertGreaterEqual()"

            * "assertLess()"

            * "assertLessEqual()"

            * "assertRegex()"

            * "assertNotRegex()"

            * "assertCountEqual()"

            * "addTypeEqualityFunc()"

            * "assertMultiLineEqual()"

            * "assertSequenceEqual()"

            * "assertListEqual()"

            * "assertTupleEqual()"

            * "assertSetEqual()"

            * "assertDictEqual()"

            * "fail()"

            * "failureException"

            * "longMessage"

            * "maxDiff"

            * "countTestCases()"

            * "defaultTestResult()"

            * "id()"

            * "shortDescription()"

            * "addCleanup()"

            * "enterContext()"

            * "doCleanups()"

            * "addClassCleanup()"

            * "enterClassContext()"

            * "doClassCleanups()"

          * "IsolatedAsyncioTestCase"

            * "loop_factory"

            * "asyncSetUp()"

            * "asyncTearDown()"

            * "addAsyncCleanup()"

            * "enterAsyncContext()"

            * "run()"

          * "FunctionTestCase"

        * Grouping tests

          * "TestSuite"

            * "addTest()"

            * "addTests()"

            * "run()"

            * "debug()"

            * "countTestCases()"

            * "__iter__()"

        * Loading and running tests

          * "TestLoader"

            * "errors"

            * "loadTestsFromTestCase()"

            * "loadTestsFromModule()"

            * "loadTestsFromName()"

            * "loadTestsFromNames()"

            * "getTestCaseNames()"

            * "discover()"

            * "testMethodPrefix"

            * "sortTestMethodsUsing"

            * "suiteClass"

            * "testNamePatterns"

          * "TestResult"

            * "errors"

            * "failures"

            * "skipped"

            * "expectedFailures"

            * "unexpectedSuccesses"

            * "collectedDurations"

            * "shouldStop"

            * "testsRun"

            * "buffer"

            * "failfast"

            * "tb_locals"

            * "wasSuccessful()"

            * "stop()"

            * "startTest()"

            * "stopTest()"

            * "startTestRun()"

            * "stopTestRun()"

            * "addError()"

            * "addFailure()"

            * "addSuccess()"

            * "addSkip()"

            * "addExpectedFailure()"

            * "addUnexpectedSuccess()"

            * "addSubTest()"

            * "addDuration()"

          * "TextTestResult"

          * "defaultTestLoader"

          * "TextTestRunner"

            * "_makeResult()"

            * "run()"

          * "main()"

          * load_tests Protocol

      * Class and Module Fixtures

        * setUpClass and tearDownClass

        * setUpModule and tearDownModule

          * "addModuleCleanup()"

          * "enterModuleContext()"

          * "doModuleCleanups()"

      * Signal Handling

        * "installHandler()"

        * "registerResult()"

        * "removeResult()"

        * "removeHandler()"

    * "unittest.mock" — mock 物件函式庫

      * 快速導引

      * Mock 類別

        * "Mock"

          * "assert_called()"

          * "assert_called_once()"

          * "assert_called_with()"

          * "assert_called_once_with()"

          * "assert_any_call()"

          * "assert_has_calls()"

          * "assert_not_called()"

          * "reset_mock()"

          * "mock_add_spec()"

          * "attach_mock()"

          * "configure_mock()"

          * "__dir__()"

          * "_get_child_mock()"

          * "called"

          * "call_count"

          * "return_value"

          * "side_effect"

          * "call_args"

          * "call_args_list"

          * "method_calls"

          * "mock_calls"

          * "__class__"

        * "NonCallableMock"

        * "PropertyMock"

        * "AsyncMock"

          * "assert_awaited()"

          * "assert_awaited_once()"

          * "assert_awaited_with()"

          * "assert_awaited_once_with()"

          * "assert_any_await()"

          * "assert_has_awaits()"

          * "assert_not_awaited()"

          * "reset_mock()"

          * "await_count"

          * "await_args"

          * "await_args_list"

        * "ThreadingMock"

          * "wait_until_called()"

          * "wait_until_any_call_with()"

          * "DEFAULT_TIMEOUT"

        * 呼叫

        * 刪除屬性

        * Mock 名稱與名稱屬性

        * 如同屬性一般附加 mock

      * Patchers

        * patch

          * "patch()"

        * patch.object

          * "object()"

        * patch.dict

          * "dict()"

        * patch.multiple

          * "multiple()"

        * patch 方法：啟動與停止

          * "stopall()"

        * patch 內建函式

        * TEST_PREFIX

        * 巢狀使用 Patch 裝飾器

        * 該 patch 何處

        * Patch 描述器與代理物件 (Proxy Objects)

      * MagicMock 以及魔術方法支援

        * Mock 魔術方法

        * Magic Mock

          * "MagicMock"

          * "NonCallableMagicMock"

      * 輔助函式

        * sentinel（哨兵）

          * "sentinel"

        * DEFAULT

          * "DEFAULT"

        * call

          * "call()"

          * "call_list()"

        * create_autospec

          * "create_autospec()"

        * ANY

          * "ANY"

        * FILTER_DIR

          * "FILTER_DIR"

        * mock_open

          * "mock_open()"

        * Autospeccing（自動規格）

        * 密封 mock

          * "seal()"

      * "side_effect"、"return_value" 和 *wraps* 的優先順序

    * "unittest.mock" --- 入門指南

      * 使用 Mock 的方式

        * 使用 Mock 來 patching 方法

        * 對物件的方法呼叫使用 mock

        * Mock 類別

        * 命名你的 mock

        * 追蹤所有呼叫

        * 設定回傳值和屬性

        * 透過 mock 引發例外

        * Side effect 函式以及可疊代物件

        * Mock 非同步可疊代物件

        * Mock 非同步情境管理器

        * 從現有物件建立 mock

        * 使用 side_effect 回傳各別檔案內容

      * Patch 裝飾器

      * 更多範例

        * Mock 鍊接呼叫

        * 部分 mocking

        * Mock 產生器方法

        * 對每個測試方法應用相同的 patch

        * Mock Unbound Methods （未繫結方法）

        * 使用 mock 檢查多個呼叫

        * 應對可變引數

        * 巢狀使用 Patch

        * 使用 MagicMock 來 mock 字典

        * Mock 子類別及其屬性

        * 使用 patch.dict 來 mock import

        * 追蹤呼叫順序與更簡潔的呼叫斷言

        * 更複雜的引數匹配

    * "test" --- Python 的回歸測試 (regression tests) 套件

      * 撰寫 "test" 套件的單元測試

      * 使用命令列介面執行測試

    * "test.support" --- Python 測試套件的工具

      * "TestFailed"

      * "ResourceDenied"

      * "verbose"

      * "is_jython"

      * "is_android"

      * "unix_shell"

      * "LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT"

      * "INTERNET_TIMEOUT"

      * "SHORT_TIMEOUT"

      * "LONG_TIMEOUT"

      * "PGO"

      * "PIPE_MAX_SIZE"

      * "Py_DEBUG"

      * "SOCK_MAX_SIZE"

      * "TEST_SUPPORT_DIR"

      * "TEST_HOME_DIR"

      * "TEST_DATA_DIR"

      * "MAX_Py_ssize_t"

      * "max_memuse"

      * "real_max_memuse"

      * "MISSING_C_DOCSTRINGS"

      * "HAVE_DOCSTRINGS"

      * "TEST_HTTP_URL"

      * "ALWAYS_EQ"

      * "NEVER_EQ"

      * "LARGEST"

      * "SMALLEST"

      * "busy_retry()"

      * "sleeping_retry()"

      * "is_resource_enabled()"

      * "python_is_optimized()"

      * "with_pymalloc()"

      * "requires()"

      * "sortdict()"

      * "findfile()"

      * "get_pagesize()"

      * "setswitchinterval()"

      * "check_impl_detail()"

      * "set_memlimit()"

      * "record_original_stdout()"

      * "get_original_stdout()"

      * "args_from_interpreter_flags()"

      * "optim_args_from_interpreter_flags()"

      * "captured_stdin()"

      * "captured_stdout()"

      * "captured_stderr()"

      * "disable_faulthandler()"

      * "gc_collect()"

      * "disable_gc()"

      * "swap_attr()"

      * "swap_item()"

      * "flush_std_streams()"

      * "print_warning()"

      * "wait_process()"

      * "calcobjsize()"

      * "calcvobjsize()"

      * "checksizeof()"

      * "anticipate_failure()"

      * "system_must_validate_cert()"

      * "run_with_locale()"

      * "run_with_tz()"

      * "requires_freebsd_version()"

      * "requires_linux_version()"

      * "requires_mac_version()"

      * "requires_gil_enabled()"

      * "requires_IEEE_754()"

      * "requires_zlib()"

      * "requires_gzip()"

      * "requires_bz2()"

      * "requires_lzma()"

      * "requires_resource()"

      * "requires_docstrings()"

      * "requires_limited_api()"

      * "cpython_only()"

      * "impl_detail()"

      * "no_tracing()"

      * "refcount_test()"

      * "bigmemtest()"

      * "bigaddrspacetest()"

      * "check_syntax_error()"

      * "open_urlresource()"

      * "reap_children()"

      * "get_attribute()"

      * "catch_unraisable_exception()"

      * "load_package_tests()"

      * "detect_api_mismatch()"

      * "patch()"

      * "run_in_subinterp()"

      * "check_free_after_iterating()"

      * "missing_compiler_executable()"

      * "check__all__()"

      * "skip_if_broken_multiprocessing_synchronize()"

      * "check_disallow_instantiation()"

      * "adjust_int_max_str_digits()"

      * "SuppressCrashReport"

      * "SaveSignals"

        * "save()"

        * "restore()"

      * "Matcher"

        * "matches()"

        * "match_value()"

    * "test.support.socket_helper" --- 用於 socket 測試的工具

      * "IPV6_ENABLED"

      * "find_unused_port()"

      * "bind_port()"

      * "bind_unix_socket()"

      * "skip_unless_bind_unix_socket()"

      * "transient_internet()"

    * "test.support.script_helper" --- 用於 Python 執行測試的工具

      * "interpreter_requires_environment()"

      * "run_python_until_end()"

      * "assert_python_ok()"

      * "assert_python_failure()"

      * "spawn_python()"

      * "kill_python()"

      * "make_script()"

      * "make_zip_script()"

      * "make_pkg()"

      * "make_zip_pkg()"

    * "test.support.bytecode_helper" --- 用於測試位元組碼能正確產生的
      支援工具

      * "BytecodeTestCase"

      * "get_disassembly_as_string()"

      * "assertInBytecode()"

      * "assertNotInBytecode()"

    * "test.support.threading_helper" --- Utilities for threading
      tests

      * "join_thread()"

      * "reap_threads()"

      * "start_threads()"

      * "threading_cleanup()"

      * "threading_setup()"

      * "wait_threads_exit()"

      * "catch_threading_exception()"

    * "test.support.os_helper" --- 用於 os 測試的工具

      * "FS_NONASCII"

      * "SAVEDCWD"

      * "TESTFN"

      * "TESTFN_NONASCII"

      * "TESTFN_UNENCODABLE"

      * "TESTFN_UNDECODABLE"

      * "TESTFN_UNICODE"

      * "EnvironmentVarGuard"

      * "FakePath"

      * "set()"

      * "unset()"

      * "can_symlink()"

      * "can_xattr()"

      * "change_cwd()"

      * "create_empty_file()"

      * "fd_count()"

      * "fs_is_case_insensitive()"

      * "make_bad_fd()"

      * "rmdir()"

      * "rmtree()"

      * "skip_unless_symlink()"

      * "skip_unless_xattr()"

      * "temp_cwd()"

      * "temp_dir()"

      * "temp_umask()"

      * "unlink()"

    * "test.support.import_helper" --- 用於 import 測試的工具

      * "forget()"

      * "import_fresh_module()"

      * "import_module()"

      * "modules_setup()"

      * "modules_cleanup()"

      * "unload()"

      * "make_legacy_pyc()"

      * "CleanImport"

      * "DirsOnSysPath"

    * "test.support.warnings_helper" --- 用於 warnings 測試的工具

      * "ignore_warnings()"

      * "check_no_resource_warning()"

      * "check_syntax_warning()"

      * "check_warnings()"

      * "WarningsRecorder"

  * 除錯與效能分析

    * 稽核事件表

    * "bdb" --- 偵錯器框架

      * "BdbQuit"

      * "Breakpoint"

        * "deleteMe()"

        * "enable()"

        * "disable()"

        * "bpformat()"

        * "bpprint()"

        * "file"

        * "line"

        * "temporary"

        * "cond"

        * "funcname"

        * "enabled"

        * "bpbynumber"

        * "bplist"

        * "ignore"

        * "hits"

      * "Bdb"

        * "canonic()"

        * "reset()"

        * "trace_dispatch()"

        * "dispatch_line()"

        * "dispatch_call()"

        * "dispatch_return()"

        * "dispatch_exception()"

        * "is_skipped_line()"

        * "stop_here()"

        * "break_here()"

        * "break_anywhere()"

        * "user_call()"

        * "user_line()"

        * "user_return()"

        * "user_exception()"

        * "do_clear()"

        * "set_step()"

        * "set_next()"

        * "set_return()"

        * "set_until()"

        * "set_trace()"

        * "set_continue()"

        * "set_quit()"

        * "set_break()"

        * "clear_break()"

        * "clear_bpbynumber()"

        * "clear_all_file_breaks()"

        * "clear_all_breaks()"

        * "get_bpbynumber()"

        * "get_break()"

        * "get_breaks()"

        * "get_file_breaks()"

        * "get_all_breaks()"

        * "get_stack()"

        * "format_stack_entry()"

        * "run()"

        * "runeval()"

        * "runctx()"

        * "runcall()"

      * "checkfuncname()"

      * "effective()"

      * "set_trace()"

    * "faulthandler" --- 傾印 Python 回溯

      * Dumping the traceback

        * "dump_traceback()"

      * Fault handler state

        * "enable()"

        * "disable()"

        * "is_enabled()"

      * Dumping the tracebacks after a timeout

        * "dump_traceback_later()"

        * "cancel_dump_traceback_later()"

      * Dumping the traceback on a user signal

        * "register()"

        * "unregister()"

      * Issue with file descriptors

      * 範例

    * "pdb" --- Python 偵錯器

      * "run()"

      * "runeval()"

      * "runcall()"

      * "set_trace()"

      * "post_mortem()"

      * "pm()"

      * "Pdb"

        * "run()"

        * "runeval()"

        * "runcall()"

        * "set_trace()"

      * 偵錯器命令

    * Python 的分析器

      * Introduction to the profilers

      * Instant User's Manual

      * "profile" and "cProfile" Module Reference

        * "run()"

        * "runctx()"

        * "Profile"

          * "enable()"

          * "disable()"

          * "create_stats()"

          * "print_stats()"

          * "dump_stats()"

          * "run()"

          * "runctx()"

          * "runcall()"

      * The "Stats" Class

        * "Stats"

          * "strip_dirs()"

          * "add()"

          * "dump_stats()"

          * "sort_stats()"

          * "reverse_order()"

          * "print_stats()"

          * "print_callers()"

          * "print_callees()"

          * "get_stats_profile()"

      * What Is Deterministic Profiling?

      * 限制

      * 校正

      * Using a custom timer

    * "timeit" --- 測量小量程式片段的執行時間

      * 基礎範例

      * Python 介面

        * "timeit()"

        * "repeat()"

        * "default_timer()"

        * "Timer"

          * "timeit()"

          * "autorange()"

          * "repeat()"

          * "print_exc()"

      * 命令列介面

      * 範例

    * "trace" --- 追蹤或追查 Python 陳述式執行

      * Command-Line Usage

        * Main options

        * Modifiers

        * Filters

      * Programmatic Interface

        * "Trace"

          * "run()"

          * "runctx()"

          * "runfunc()"

          * "results()"

        * "CoverageResults"

          * "update()"

          * "write_results()"

    * "tracemalloc" --- 追蹤記憶體配置

      * 範例

        * Display the top 10

        * Compute differences

        * Get the traceback of a memory block

        * Pretty top

          * Record the current and peak size of all traced memory
            blocks

      * API

        * 函式

          * "clear_traces()"

          * "get_object_traceback()"

          * "get_traceback_limit()"

          * "get_traced_memory()"

          * "reset_peak()"

          * "get_tracemalloc_memory()"

          * "is_tracing()"

          * "start()"

          * "stop()"

          * "take_snapshot()"

        * DomainFilter

          * "DomainFilter"

            * "inclusive"

            * "domain"

        * Filter

          * "Filter"

            * "domain"

            * "inclusive"

            * "lineno"

            * "filename_pattern"

            * "all_frames"

        * Frame

          * "Frame"

            * "filename"

            * "lineno"

        * Snapshot

          * "Snapshot"

            * "compare_to()"

            * "dump()"

            * "filter_traces()"

            * "load()"

            * "statistics()"

            * "traceback_limit"

            * "traces"

        * Statistic

          * "Statistic"

            * "count"

            * "size"

            * "traceback"

        * StatisticDiff

          * "StatisticDiff"

            * "count"

            * "count_diff"

            * "size"

            * "size_diff"

            * "traceback"

        * Trace

          * "Trace"

            * "domain"

            * "size"

            * "traceback"

        * Traceback

          * "Traceback"

            * "total_nframe"

            * "format()"

  * 軟體封裝與發布

    * "ensurepip" --- "pip" 安裝器的初始建置 (bootstrapping)

      * 命令列介面

      * 模組 API

        * "version()"

        * "bootstrap()"

    * "venv" --- 建立虛擬環境

      * 建立虛擬環境

      * 虛擬環境如何運作

      * API

        * "EnvBuilder"

          * "create()"

          * "ensure_directories()"

          * "create_configuration()"

          * "setup_python()"

          * "setup_scripts()"

          * "upgrade_dependencies()"

          * "post_setup()"

          * "install_scripts()"

          * "create_git_ignore_file()"

        * "create()"

      * 一個擴展 "EnvBuilder" 的範例

    * "zipapp" —-- 管理可執行的 Python zip 封存檔案

      * 基本範例

      * 命令執行列介面

      * Python API

        * "create_archive()"

        * "get_interpreter()"

      * 範例

      * Specifying the Interpreter

      * Creating Standalone Applications with zipapp

        * Caveats

      * The Python Zip Application Archive Format

  * Python Runtime 服務

    * "sys" --- 系統特定的參數與函式

      * "abiflags"

      * "addaudithook()"

      * "argv"

      * "audit()"

      * "base_exec_prefix"

      * "base_prefix"

      * "byteorder"

      * "builtin_module_names"

      * "call_tracing()"

      * "copyright"

      * "_clear_type_cache()"

      * "_clear_internal_caches()"

      * "_current_frames()"

      * "_current_exceptions()"

      * "breakpointhook()"

      * "_debugmallocstats()"

      * "dllhandle"

      * "displayhook()"

      * "dont_write_bytecode"

      * "_emscripten_info"

        * "emscripten_version"

        * "runtime"

        * "pthreads"

        * "shared_memory"

      * "pycache_prefix"

      * "excepthook()"

      * "__breakpointhook__"

      * "__displayhook__"

      * "__excepthook__"

      * "__unraisablehook__"

      * "exception()"

      * "exc_info()"

      * "exec_prefix"

      * "executable"

      * "exit()"

      * "flags"

        * "debug"

        * "inspect"

        * "interactive"

        * "isolated"

        * "optimize"

        * "dont_write_bytecode"

        * "no_user_site"

        * "no_site"

        * "ignore_environment"

        * "verbose"

        * "bytes_warning"

        * "quiet"

        * "hash_randomization"

        * "dev_mode"

        * "utf8_mode"

        * "safe_path"

        * "int_max_str_digits"

        * "warn_default_encoding"

      * "float_info"

        * "epsilon"

        * "dig"

        * "mant_dig"

        * "max"

        * "max_exp"

        * "max_10_exp"

        * "min"

        * "min_exp"

        * "min_10_exp"

        * "radix"

        * "rounds"

      * "float_repr_style"

      * "getallocatedblocks()"

      * "getunicodeinternedsize()"

      * "getandroidapilevel()"

      * "getdefaultencoding()"

      * "getdlopenflags()"

      * "getfilesystemencoding()"

      * "getfilesystemencodeerrors()"

      * "get_int_max_str_digits()"

      * "getrefcount()"

      * "getrecursionlimit()"

      * "getsizeof()"

      * "getswitchinterval()"

      * "_getframe()"

      * "_getframemodulename()"

      * "getobjects()"

      * "getprofile()"

      * "gettrace()"

      * "getwindowsversion()"

      * "get_asyncgen_hooks()"

      * "get_coroutine_origin_tracking_depth()"

      * "hash_info"

        * "width"

        * "modulus"

        * "inf"

        * "nan"

        * "imag"

        * "algorithm"

        * "hash_bits"

        * "seed_bits"

      * "hexversion"

      * "implementation"

      * "int_info"

        * "bits_per_digit"

        * "sizeof_digit"

        * "default_max_str_digits"

        * "str_digits_check_threshold"

      * "__interactivehook__"

      * "intern()"

      * "_is_gil_enabled()"

      * "is_finalizing()"

      * "last_exc"

      * "_is_interned()"

      * "last_type"

      * "last_value"

      * "last_traceback"

      * "maxsize"

      * "maxunicode"

      * "meta_path"

      * "modules"

      * "orig_argv"

      * "path"

      * "path_hooks"

      * "path_importer_cache"

      * "platform"

      * "platlibdir"

      * "prefix"

      * "ps1"

      * "ps2"

      * "setdlopenflags()"

      * "set_int_max_str_digits()"

      * "setprofile()"

      * "setrecursionlimit()"

      * "setswitchinterval()"

      * "settrace()"

      * "set_asyncgen_hooks()"

      * "set_coroutine_origin_tracking_depth()"

      * "activate_stack_trampoline()"

      * "deactivate_stack_trampoline()"

      * "is_stack_trampoline_active()"

      * "_enablelegacywindowsfsencoding()"

      * "stdin"

      * "stdout"

      * "stderr"

      * "__stdin__"

      * "__stdout__"

      * "__stderr__"

      * "stdlib_module_names"

      * "thread_info"

        * "name"

        * "lock"

        * "version"

      * "tracebacklimit"

      * "unraisablehook()"

      * "version"

      * "api_version"

      * "version_info"

      * "warnoptions"

      * "winver"

      * "_xoptions"

    * "sys.monitoring" --- Execution event monitoring

      * Tool identifiers

        * Registering and using tools

          * "use_tool_id()"

          * "clear_tool_id()"

          * "free_tool_id()"

          * "get_tool()"

      * 事件

        * Local events

        * 輔助事件

        * 其他事件

        * The STOP_ITERATION event

      * Turning events on and off

        * Setting events globally

          * "get_events()"

          * "set_events()"

        * Per code object events

          * "get_local_events()"

          * "set_local_events()"

        * 停用事件

          * "DISABLE"

          * "restart_events()"

      * 註冊回呼函式

        * "register_callback()"

        * 回呼函式引數

          * "MISSING"

    * "sysconfig" --- 提供 Python 設定資訊的存取

      * Configuration variables

        * "get_config_vars()"

        * "get_config_var()"

      * Installation paths

      * User scheme

        * "posix_user"

        * "nt_user"

        * "osx_framework_user"

      * Home scheme

        * "posix_home"

      * Prefix scheme

        * "posix_prefix"

        * "nt"

      * 安裝路徑函式

        * "get_scheme_names()"

        * "get_default_scheme()"

        * "get_preferred_scheme()"

        * "_get_preferred_schemes()"

        * "get_path_names()"

        * "get_path()"

        * "get_paths()"

      * 其他函式

        * "get_python_version()"

        * "get_platform()"

        * "is_python_build()"

        * "parse_config_h()"

        * "get_config_h_filename()"

        * "get_makefile_filename()"

      * 將 "sysconfig" 作為腳本使用

    * "builtins" --- 內建物件

    * "__main__" --- 頂層程式碼環境

      * "__name__ == '__main__'"

        * 什麼是「頂層程式碼環境」？

        * 慣用 (Idiomatic) 用法

        * 打包時須考慮的事情

      * Python 套件中的 "__main__.py"

        * 慣用 (Idiomatic) 用法

      * "import __main__"

    * "warnings" --- 警告控制

      * Warning Categories

      * The Warnings Filter

        * Repeated Warning Suppression Criteria

        * Describing Warning Filters

        * Default Warning Filter

        * Overriding the default filter

      * Temporarily Suppressing Warnings

      * Testing Warnings

      * Updating Code For New Versions of Dependencies

      * Available Functions

        * "warn()"

        * "warn_explicit()"

        * "showwarning()"

        * "formatwarning()"

        * "filterwarnings()"

        * "simplefilter()"

        * "resetwarnings()"

        * "deprecated()"

      * Available Context Managers

        * "catch_warnings"

    * "dataclasses" --- Data Classes

      * 模組內容

        * "dataclass()"

        * "field()"

        * "Field"

        * "fields()"

        * "asdict()"

        * "astuple()"

        * "make_dataclass()"

        * "replace()"

        * "is_dataclass()"

        * "MISSING"

        * "KW_ONLY"

        * "FrozenInstanceError"

      * Post-init processing

        * "__post_init__()"

      * 類別變數

      * Init-only variables

      * 凍結實例

      * 繼承

      * Re-ordering of keyword-only parameters in "__init__()"

      * 預設工廠函式

      * 可變預設值

      * Descriptor-typed fields

    * "contextlib" --- Utilities for "with"-statement contexts

      * Utilities

        * "AbstractContextManager"

        * "AbstractAsyncContextManager"

        * "contextmanager()"

        * "asynccontextmanager()"

        * "closing()"

        * "aclosing()"

        * "nullcontext()"

        * "suppress()"

        * "redirect_stdout()"

        * "redirect_stderr()"

        * "chdir()"

        * "ContextDecorator"

        * "AsyncContextDecorator"

        * "ExitStack"

          * "enter_context()"

          * "push()"

          * "callback()"

          * "pop_all()"

          * "close()"

        * "AsyncExitStack"

          * "enter_async_context()"

          * "push_async_exit()"

          * "push_async_callback()"

          * "aclose()"

      * Examples and Recipes

        * Supporting a variable number of context managers

        * Catching exceptions from "__enter__" methods

        * Cleaning up in an "__enter__" implementation

        * Replacing any use of "try-finally" and flag variables

        * Using a context manager as a function decorator

      * Single use, reusable and reentrant context managers

        * Reentrant context managers

        * Reusable context managers

    * "abc" --- 抽象基底類別

      * "ABC"

      * "ABCMeta"

        * "register()"

        * "__subclasshook__()"

      * "abstractmethod()"

      * "abstractclassmethod()"

      * "abstractstaticmethod()"

      * "abstractproperty()"

      * "get_cache_token()"

      * "update_abstractmethods()"

    * "atexit" --- 退出處理函式

      * "register()"

      * "unregister()"

      * "atexit" 範例

    * "traceback" --- 列印或取得堆疊回溯 (stack traceback)

      * Module-Level Functions

        * "print_tb()"

        * "print_exception()"

        * "print_exc()"

        * "print_last()"

        * "print_stack()"

        * "extract_tb()"

        * "extract_stack()"

        * "format_list()"

        * "format_exception_only()"

        * "format_exception()"

        * "format_exc()"

        * "format_tb()"

        * "format_stack()"

        * "clear_frames()"

        * "walk_stack()"

        * "walk_tb()"

      * "TracebackException" 物件

        * "TracebackException"

          * "__cause__"

          * "__context__"

          * "exceptions"

          * "__suppress_context__"

          * "__notes__"

          * "stack"

          * "exc_type"

          * "exc_type_str"

          * "filename"

          * "lineno"

          * "end_lineno"

          * "text"

          * "offset"

          * "end_offset"

          * "msg"

          * "from_exception()"

          * "print()"

          * "format()"

          * "format_exception_only()"

      * "StackSummary" 物件

        * "StackSummary"

          * "extract()"

          * "from_list()"

          * "format()"

          * "format_frame_summary()"

      * "FrameSummary" 物件

        * "FrameSummary"

          * "filename"

          * "lineno"

          * "name"

          * "line"

      * Examples of Using the Module-Level Functions

      * "TracebackException" 的使用範例

    * "__future__" --- Future 陳述式定義

      * 模組內容

        * "_Feature"

        * "getOptionalRelease()"

        * "getMandatoryRelease()"

        * "compiler_flag"

    * "gc" --- 垃圾回收器介面 (Garbage Collector interface)

      * "enable()"

      * "disable()"

      * "isenabled()"

      * "collect()"

      * "set_debug()"

      * "get_debug()"

      * "get_objects()"

      * "get_stats()"

      * "set_threshold()"

      * "get_count()"

      * "get_threshold()"

      * "get_referrers()"

      * "get_referents()"

      * "is_tracked()"

      * "is_finalized()"

      * "freeze()"

      * "unfreeze()"

      * "get_freeze_count()"

      * "garbage"

      * "callbacks"

      * "DEBUG_STATS"

      * "DEBUG_COLLECTABLE"

      * "DEBUG_UNCOLLECTABLE"

      * "DEBUG_SAVEALL"

      * "DEBUG_LEAK"

    * "inspect" --- 檢視活動物件

      * Types and members

        * "getmembers()"

        * "getmembers_static()"

        * "getmodulename()"

        * "ismodule()"

        * "isclass()"

        * "ismethod()"

        * "ispackage()"

        * "isfunction()"

        * "isgeneratorfunction()"

        * "isgenerator()"

        * "iscoroutinefunction()"

        * "markcoroutinefunction()"

        * "iscoroutine()"

        * "isawaitable()"

        * "isasyncgenfunction()"

        * "isasyncgen()"

        * "istraceback()"

        * "isframe()"

        * "iscode()"

        * "isbuiltin()"

        * "ismethodwrapper()"

        * "isroutine()"

        * "isabstract()"

        * "ismethoddescriptor()"

        * "isdatadescriptor()"

        * "isgetsetdescriptor()"

        * "ismemberdescriptor()"

      * 取得原始碼

        * "getdoc()"

        * "getcomments()"

        * "getfile()"

        * "getmodule()"

        * "getsourcefile()"

        * "getsourcelines()"

        * "getsource()"

        * "cleandoc()"

      * Introspecting callables with the Signature object

        * "signature()"

        * "Signature"

          * "empty"

          * "parameters"

          * "return_annotation"

          * "bind()"

          * "bind_partial()"

          * "replace()"

          * "format()"

          * "from_callable()"

        * "Parameter"

          * "empty"

          * "name"

          * "default"

          * "annotation"

          * "kind"

          * "description"

          * "replace()"

        * "BoundArguments"

          * "arguments"

          * "args"

          * "kwargs"

          * "signature"

          * "apply_defaults()"

      * 類別與函式

        * "getclasstree()"

        * "getfullargspec()"

        * "getargvalues()"

        * "formatargvalues()"

        * "getmro()"

        * "getcallargs()"

        * "getclosurevars()"

        * "unwrap()"

        * "get_annotations()"

      * 直譯器堆疊

        * "FrameInfo"

          * "frame"

          * "filename"

          * "lineno"

          * "function"

          * "code_context"

          * "index"

          * "positions"

        * "Traceback"

          * "filename"

          * "lineno"

          * "function"

          * "code_context"

          * "index"

          * "positions"

        * "getframeinfo()"

        * "getouterframes()"

        * "getinnerframes()"

        * "currentframe()"

        * "stack()"

        * "trace()"

      * Fetching attributes statically

        * "getattr_static()"

      * Current State of Generators, Coroutines, and Asynchronous
        Generators

        * "getgeneratorstate()"

        * "getcoroutinestate()"

        * "getasyncgenstate()"

        * "getgeneratorlocals()"

        * "getcoroutinelocals()"

        * "getasyncgenlocals()"

      * Code Objects Bit Flags

        * "CO_OPTIMIZED"

        * "CO_NEWLOCALS"

        * "CO_VARARGS"

        * "CO_VARKEYWORDS"

        * "CO_NESTED"

        * "CO_GENERATOR"

        * "CO_COROUTINE"

        * "CO_ITERABLE_COROUTINE"

        * "CO_ASYNC_GENERATOR"

        * "CO_HAS_DOCSTRING"

      * Buffer flags

        * "BufferFlags"

          * "SIMPLE"

          * "WRITABLE"

          * "FORMAT"

          * "ND"

          * "STRIDES"

          * "C_CONTIGUOUS"

          * "F_CONTIGUOUS"

          * "ANY_CONTIGUOUS"

          * "INDIRECT"

          * "CONTIG"

          * "CONTIG_RO"

          * "STRIDED"

          * "STRIDED_RO"

          * "RECORDS"

          * "RECORDS_RO"

          * "FULL"

          * "FULL_RO"

          * "READ"

          * "WRITE"

      * 命令列介面

    * "annotationlib" --- Functionality for introspecting annotations

      * Annotation semantics

      * Classes

        * "Format"

          * "VALUE"

          * "FORWARDREF"

          * "STRING"

        * "ForwardRef"

          * "__forward_arg__"

          * "evaluate()"

      * Functions

        * "annotations_to_string()"

        * "call_annotate_function()"

        * "call_evaluate_function()"

        * "get_annotate_function()"

        * "get_annotations()"

        * "value_to_string()"

    * "site" --- Site-specific configuration hook

      * "sitecustomize"

      * "usercustomize"

      * Readline configuration

      * 模組內容

        * "PREFIXES"

        * "ENABLE_USER_SITE"

        * "USER_SITE"

        * "USER_BASE"

        * "main()"

        * "addsitedir()"

        * "getsitepackages()"

        * "getuserbase()"

        * "getusersitepackages()"

      * 命令列介面

  * 自訂 Python 直譯器

    * "code" --- 直譯器基底類別

      * "InteractiveInterpreter"

      * "InteractiveConsole"

      * "interact()"

      * "compile_command()"

      * Interactive Interpreter Objects

        * "runsource()"

        * "runcode()"

        * "showsyntaxerror()"

        * "showtraceback()"

        * "write()"

      * Interactive Console Objects

        * "interact()"

        * "push()"

        * "resetbuffer()"

        * "raw_input()"

    * "codeop" --- 編譯 Python 程式碼

      * "compile_command()"

      * "Compile"

      * "CommandCompiler"

  * 引入模組

    * "zipimport" --- 從 Zip 封存檔案匯入模組

      * "ZipImportError"

      * zipimporter 物件

        * "zipimporter"

          * "create_module()"

          * "exec_module()"

          * "find_spec()"

          * "get_code()"

          * "get_data()"

          * "get_filename()"

          * "get_source()"

          * "is_package()"

          * "load_module()"

          * "invalidate_caches()"

          * "archive"

          * "prefix"

      * 範例

    * "pkgutil" --- 套件擴充工具程式

      * "ModuleInfo"

      * "extend_path()"

      * "get_importer()"

      * "iter_importers()"

      * "iter_modules()"

      * "walk_packages()"

      * "get_data()"

      * "resolve_name()"

    * "modulefinder" --- 搜尋腳本所使用的模組

      * "AddPackagePath()"

      * "ReplacePackage()"

      * "ModuleFinder"

        * "report()"

        * "run_script()"

        * "modules"

      * "ModuleFinder" 的用法範例

    * "runpy" --- 定位並執行 Python 模組

      * "run_module()"

      * "run_path()"

    * "importlib" --- "import" 的實作

      * 簡介

      * 函式

        * "__import__()"

        * "import_module()"

        * "invalidate_caches()"

        * "reload()"

      * "importlib.abc" -- Abstract base classes related to import

        * "MetaPathFinder"

          * "find_spec()"

          * "invalidate_caches()"

        * "PathEntryFinder"

          * "find_spec()"

          * "invalidate_caches()"

        * "Loader"

          * "create_module()"

          * "exec_module()"

          * "load_module()"

        * "ResourceLoader"

          * "get_data()"

        * "InspectLoader"

          * "get_code()"

          * "get_source()"

          * "is_package()"

          * "source_to_code()"

          * "exec_module()"

          * "load_module()"

        * "ExecutionLoader"

          * "get_filename()"

        * "FileLoader"

          * "name"

          * "path"

          * "load_module()"

          * "get_filename()"

          * "get_data()"

        * "SourceLoader"

          * "path_stats()"

          * "path_mtime()"

          * "set_data()"

          * "get_code()"

          * "exec_module()"

          * "load_module()"

          * "get_source()"

          * "is_package()"

        * "ResourceReader"

          * "open_resource()"

          * "resource_path()"

          * "is_resource()"

          * "contents()"

        * "Traversable"

          * "name"

          * "iterdir()"

          * "is_dir()"

          * "is_file()"

          * "joinpath()"

          * "__truediv__()"

          * "open()"

          * "read_bytes()"

          * "read_text()"

        * "TraversableResources"

          * "files()"

      * "importlib.machinery" -- Importers and path hooks

        * "SOURCE_SUFFIXES"

        * "DEBUG_BYTECODE_SUFFIXES"

        * "OPTIMIZED_BYTECODE_SUFFIXES"

        * "BYTECODE_SUFFIXES"

        * "EXTENSION_SUFFIXES"

        * "all_suffixes()"

        * "BuiltinImporter"

        * "FrozenImporter"

        * "WindowsRegistryFinder"

        * "PathFinder"

          * "find_spec()"

          * "invalidate_caches()"

        * "FileFinder"

          * "path"

          * "find_spec()"

          * "invalidate_caches()"

          * "path_hook()"

        * "SourceFileLoader"

          * "name"

          * "path"

          * "is_package()"

          * "path_stats()"

          * "set_data()"

          * "load_module()"

        * "SourcelessFileLoader"

          * "name"

          * "path"

          * "is_package()"

          * "get_code()"

          * "get_source()"

          * "load_module()"

        * "ExtensionFileLoader"

          * "name"

          * "path"

          * "create_module()"

          * "exec_module()"

          * "is_package()"

          * "get_code()"

          * "get_source()"

          * "get_filename()"

        * "NamespaceLoader"

        * "ModuleSpec"

          * "name"

          * "loader"

          * "origin"

          * "submodule_search_locations"

          * "loader_state"

          * "cached"

          * "parent"

          * "has_location"

        * "AppleFrameworkLoader"

          * "name"

          * "path"

      * "importlib.util" -- Utility code for importers

        * "MAGIC_NUMBER"

        * "cache_from_source()"

        * "source_from_cache()"

        * "decode_source()"

        * "resolve_name()"

        * "find_spec()"

        * "module_from_spec()"

        * "spec_from_loader()"

        * "spec_from_file_location()"

        * "source_hash()"

        * "_incompatible_extension_module_restrictions()"

        * "LazyLoader"

          * "factory()"

      * 範例

        * Importing programmatically

        * Checking if a module can be imported

        * Importing a source file directly

        * Implementing lazy imports

        * Setting up an importer

        * Approximating "importlib.import_module()"

    * "importlib.resources" -- Package resource reading, opening and
      access

      * "Anchor"

      * "files()"

      * "as_file()"

      * Functional API

        * "open_binary()"

        * "open_text()"

        * "read_binary()"

        * "read_text()"

        * "path()"

        * "is_resource()"

        * "contents()"

    * "importlib.resources.abc" -- 資源的抽象基底類別

      * "ResourceReader"

        * "open_resource()"

        * "resource_path()"

        * "is_resource()"

        * "contents()"

      * "Traversable"

        * "name"

        * "iterdir()"

        * "is_dir()"

        * "is_file()"

        * "joinpath()"

        * "__truediv__()"

        * "open()"

        * "read_bytes()"

        * "read_text()"

      * "TraversableResources"

        * "files()"

    * "importlib.metadata" -- 存取套件的元資料

      * Overview

        * "PackageNotFoundError"

      * Functional API

        * Entry points

          * "entry_points()"

          * "EntryPoints"

          * "EntryPoint"

        * Distribution metadata

          * "metadata()"

          * "PackageMetadata"

        * Distribution versions

          * "version()"

        * Distribution files

          * "files()"

          * "PackagePath"

        * Distribution requirements

          * "requires()"

        * Mapping import to distribution packages

          * "packages_distributions()"

      * Distributions

        * "distribution()"

        * "Distribution"

      * Distribution Discovery

      * Implementing Custom Providers

        * Example

    * The initialization of the "sys.path" module search path

      * Virtual environments

      * _pth files

      * Embedded Python

  * Python 語言服務

    * "ast" --- 抽象語法樹 (Abstract Syntax Trees)

      * 抽象文法 (Abstract Grammar)

      * 節點 (Node) 類別

        * "AST"

          * "_fields"

          * "_field_types"

          * "lineno"

          * "col_offset"

          * "end_lineno"

          * "end_col_offset"

        * 根節點

          * "Module"

          * "Expression"

          * "Interactive"

          * "FunctionType"

        * 文本 (Literals)

          * "Constant"

          * "FormattedValue"

          * "JoinedStr"

          * "List"

          * "Tuple"

          * "Set"

          * "Dict"

        * 變數

          * "Name"

          * "Load"

          * "Store"

          * "Del"

          * "Starred"

        * 運算式

          * "Expr"

          * "UnaryOp"

          * "UAdd"

          * "USub"

          * "Not"

          * "Invert"

          * "BinOp"

          * "Add"

          * "Sub"

          * "Mult"

          * "Div"

          * "FloorDiv"

          * "Mod"

          * "Pow"

          * "LShift"

          * "RShift"

          * "BitOr"

          * "BitXor"

          * "BitAnd"

          * "MatMult"

          * "BoolOp"

          * "And"

          * "Or"

          * "Compare"

          * "Eq"

          * "NotEq"

          * "Lt"

          * "LtE"

          * "Gt"

          * "GtE"

          * "Is"

          * "IsNot"

          * "In"

          * "NotIn"

          * "Call"

          * "keyword"

          * "IfExp"

          * "Attribute"

          * "NamedExpr"

          * 下標 (Subscripting)

            * "Subscript"

            * "Slice"

          * 綜合運算式 (comprehensions)

            * "ListComp"

            * "SetComp"

            * "GeneratorExp"

            * "DictComp"

            * "comprehension"

        * 陳述式

          * "Assign"

            * "type_comment"

          * "AnnAssign"

          * "AugAssign"

          * "Raise"

          * "Assert"

          * "Delete"

          * "Pass"

          * "TypeAlias"

          * 引入 (imports)

            * "Import"

            * "ImportFrom"

            * "alias"

        * 流程控制

          * "If"

          * "For"

            * "type_comment"

          * "While"

          * "Break"

          * "Continue"

          * "Try"

          * "TryStar"

          * "ExceptHandler"

          * "With"

            * "type_comment"

          * "withitem"

        * 模式匹配 (pattern matching)

          * "Match"

          * "match_case"

          * "MatchValue"

          * "MatchSingleton"

          * "MatchSequence"

          * "MatchStar"

          * "MatchMapping"

          * "MatchClass"

          * "MatchAs"

          * "MatchOr"

        * 型別參數 (type parameters)

          * "TypeVar"

          * "ParamSpec"

          * "TypeVarTuple"

        * 函式和類別定義

          * "FunctionDef"

            * "type_comment"

          * "Lambda"

          * "arguments"

          * "arg"

            * "type_comment"

          * "Return"

          * "Yield"

          * "YieldFrom"

          * "Global"

          * "Nonlocal"

          * "ClassDef"

        * async 和 await

          * "AsyncFunctionDef"

          * "Await"

          * "AsyncFor"

          * "AsyncWith"

      * "ast" 輔助程式

        * "parse()"

        * "unparse()"

        * "literal_eval()"

        * "get_docstring()"

        * "get_source_segment()"

        * "fix_missing_locations()"

        * "increment_lineno()"

        * "copy_location()"

        * "iter_fields()"

        * "iter_child_nodes()"

        * "walk()"

        * "NodeVisitor"

          * "visit()"

          * "generic_visit()"

          * "visit_Constant()"

        * "NodeTransformer"

        * "dump()"

      * 編譯器旗標

        * "PyCF_ALLOW_TOP_LEVEL_AWAIT"

        * "PyCF_ONLY_AST"

        * "PyCF_OPTIMIZED_AST"

        * "PyCF_TYPE_COMMENTS"

        * "compare()"

      * 命令列用法

    * "symtable" --- 存取編譯器的符號表

      * 產生符號表

        * "symtable()"

      * 檢查符號表

        * "SymbolTableType"

          * "MODULE"

          * "FUNCTION"

          * "CLASS"

          * "ANNOTATION"

          * "TYPE_ALIAS"

          * "TYPE_PARAMETERS"

          * "TYPE_VARIABLE"

        * "SymbolTable"

          * "get_type()"

          * "get_id()"

          * "get_name()"

          * "get_lineno()"

          * "is_optimized()"

          * "is_nested()"

          * "has_children()"

          * "get_identifiers()"

          * "lookup()"

          * "get_symbols()"

          * "get_children()"

        * "Function"

          * "get_parameters()"

          * "get_locals()"

          * "get_globals()"

          * "get_nonlocals()"

          * "get_frees()"

        * "Class"

          * "get_methods()"

        * "Symbol"

          * "get_name()"

          * "is_referenced()"

          * "is_imported()"

          * "is_parameter()"

          * "is_type_parameter()"

          * "is_global()"

          * "is_nonlocal()"

          * "is_declared_global()"

          * "is_local()"

          * "is_annotated()"

          * "is_free()"

          * "is_free_class()"

          * "is_assigned()"

          * "is_comp_iter()"

          * "is_comp_cell()"

          * "is_namespace()"

          * "get_namespaces()"

          * "get_namespace()"

      * 命令列用法

    * "token" --- 與 Python 剖析樹一起使用的常數

      * "tok_name"

      * "ISTERMINAL()"

      * "ISNONTERMINAL()"

      * "ISEOF()"

      * "ENDMARKER"

      * "NAME"

      * "NUMBER"

      * "STRING"

      * "NEWLINE"

      * "INDENT"

      * "DEDENT"

      * "LPAR"

      * "RPAR"

      * "LSQB"

      * "RSQB"

      * "COLON"

      * "COMMA"

      * "SEMI"

      * "PLUS"

      * "MINUS"

      * "STAR"

      * "SLASH"

      * "VBAR"

      * "AMPER"

      * "LESS"

      * "GREATER"

      * "EQUAL"

      * "DOT"

      * "PERCENT"

      * "LBRACE"

      * "RBRACE"

      * "EQEQUAL"

      * "NOTEQUAL"

      * "LESSEQUAL"

      * "GREATEREQUAL"

      * "TILDE"

      * "CIRCUMFLEX"

      * "LEFTSHIFT"

      * "RIGHTSHIFT"

      * "DOUBLESTAR"

      * "PLUSEQUAL"

      * "MINEQUAL"

      * "STAREQUAL"

      * "SLASHEQUAL"

      * "PERCENTEQUAL"

      * "AMPEREQUAL"

      * "VBAREQUAL"

      * "CIRCUMFLEXEQUAL"

      * "LEFTSHIFTEQUAL"

      * "RIGHTSHIFTEQUAL"

      * "DOUBLESTAREQUAL"

      * "DOUBLESLASH"

      * "DOUBLESLASHEQUAL"

      * "AT"

      * "ATEQUAL"

      * "RARROW"

      * "ELLIPSIS"

      * "COLONEQUAL"

      * "EXCLAMATION"

      * "OP"

      * "TYPE_IGNORE"

      * "TYPE_COMMENT"

      * "SOFT_KEYWORD"

      * "FSTRING_START"

      * "FSTRING_MIDDLE"

      * "FSTRING_END"

      * "COMMENT"

      * "NL"

      * "ERRORTOKEN"

      * "N_TOKENS"

      * "NT_OFFSET"

      * "ENCODING"

    * "keyword" --- 檢驗 Python 關鍵字

      * "iskeyword()"

      * "kwlist"

      * "issoftkeyword()"

      * "softkwlist"

    * "tokenize" --- Tokenizer for Python source

      * Tokenizing Input

        * "tokenize()"

        * "generate_tokens()"

        * "untokenize()"

        * "detect_encoding()"

        * "open()"

        * "TokenError"

      * Command-Line Usage

      * 範例

    * "tabnanny" --- 偵測不良縮排

      * "check()"

      * "verbose"

      * "filename_only"

      * "NannyNag"

      * "process_tokens()"

    * "pyclbr" --- Python 模組瀏覽器支援

      * "readmodule()"

      * "readmodule_ex()"

      * 函式物件

        * "Function"

          * "file"

          * "module"

          * "name"

          * "lineno"

          * "parent"

          * "children"

          * "is_async"

      * Class Objects

        * "Class"

          * "file"

          * "module"

          * "name"

          * "lineno"

          * "parent"

          * "children"

          * "super"

          * "methods"

    * "py_compile" — 編譯 Python 來源檔案

      * "PyCompileError"

      * "compile()"

      * "PycInvalidationMode"

        * "TIMESTAMP"

        * "CHECKED_HASH"

        * "UNCHECKED_HASH"

      * Command-Line Interface

    * "compileall" --- 位元組編譯 Python 函式庫

      * Command-line use

      * Public functions

        * "compile_dir()"

        * "compile_file()"

        * "compile_path()"

    * "dis" --- Python bytecode 的反組譯器

      * Command-line interface

      * Bytecode analysis

        * "Bytecode"

          * "from_traceback()"

          * "codeobj"

          * "first_line"

          * "dis()"

          * "info()"

      * Analysis functions

        * "code_info()"

        * "show_code()"

        * "dis()"

        * "distb()"

        * "disassemble()"

        * "disco()"

        * "get_instructions()"

        * "findlinestarts()"

        * "findlabels()"

        * "stack_effect()"

      * Python Bytecode Instructions

        * "Instruction"

          * "opcode"

          * "opname"

          * "baseopcode"

          * "baseopname"

          * "arg"

          * "oparg"

          * "argval"

          * "argrepr"

          * "offset"

          * "start_offset"

          * "cache_offset"

          * "end_offset"

          * "starts_line"

          * "line_number"

          * "is_jump_target"

          * "jump_target"

          * "positions"

        * "Positions"

          * "lineno"

          * "end_lineno"

          * "col_offset"

          * "end_col_offset"

      * Opcode collections

        * "opname"

        * "opmap"

        * "cmp_op"

        * "hasarg"

        * "hasconst"

        * "hasfree"

        * "hasname"

        * "hasjump"

        * "haslocal"

        * "hascompare"

        * "hasexc"

        * "hasjrel"

        * "hasjabs"

    * "pickletools" --- pickle 開發者的工具

      * 命令列用法

        * 命令列選項

      * 程式化介面

        * "dis()"

        * "genops()"

        * "optimize()"

  * MS Windows 特有服務

    * "msvcrt" --- MS VC++ runtime 提供的有用例程

      * File Operations

        * "locking()"

        * "LK_LOCK"

        * "LK_RLCK"

        * "LK_NBLCK"

        * "LK_NBRLCK"

        * "LK_UNLCK"

        * "setmode()"

        * "open_osfhandle()"

        * "get_osfhandle()"

      * Console I/O

        * "kbhit()"

        * "getch()"

        * "getwch()"

        * "getche()"

        * "getwche()"

        * "putch()"

        * "putwch()"

        * "ungetch()"

        * "ungetwch()"

      * Other Functions

        * "heapmin()"

        * "set_error_mode()"

        * "OUT_TO_DEFAULT"

        * "OUT_TO_STDERR"

        * "OUT_TO_MSGBOX"

        * "REPORT_ERRMODE"

        * "CrtSetReportMode()"

        * "CrtSetReportFile()"

        * "CRT_WARN"

        * "CRT_ERROR"

        * "CRT_ASSERT"

        * "CRTDBG_MODE_DEBUG"

        * "CRTDBG_MODE_FILE"

        * "CRTDBG_MODE_WNDW"

        * "CRTDBG_REPORT_MODE"

        * "CRT_ASSEMBLY_VERSION"

        * "VC_ASSEMBLY_PUBLICKEYTOKEN"

        * "LIBRARIES_ASSEMBLY_NAME_PREFIX"

    * "winreg" --- Windows 註冊表存取

      * 函式

        * "CloseKey()"

        * "ConnectRegistry()"

        * "CreateKey()"

        * "CreateKeyEx()"

        * "DeleteKey()"

        * "DeleteKeyEx()"

        * "DeleteValue()"

        * "EnumKey()"

        * "EnumValue()"

        * "ExpandEnvironmentStrings()"

        * "FlushKey()"

        * "LoadKey()"

        * "OpenKey()"

        * "OpenKeyEx()"

        * "QueryInfoKey()"

        * "QueryValue()"

        * "QueryValueEx()"

        * "SaveKey()"

        * "SetValue()"

        * "SetValueEx()"

        * "DisableReflectionKey()"

        * "EnableReflectionKey()"

        * "QueryReflectionKey()"

      * 常數

        * HKEY_* Constants

          * "HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT"

          * "HKEY_CURRENT_USER"

          * "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE"

          * "HKEY_USERS"

          * "HKEY_PERFORMANCE_DATA"

          * "HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG"

          * "HKEY_DYN_DATA"

        * Access Rights

          * "KEY_ALL_ACCESS"

          * "KEY_WRITE"

          * "KEY_READ"

          * "KEY_EXECUTE"

          * "KEY_QUERY_VALUE"

          * "KEY_SET_VALUE"

          * "KEY_CREATE_SUB_KEY"

          * "KEY_ENUMERATE_SUB_KEYS"

          * "KEY_NOTIFY"

          * "KEY_CREATE_LINK"

          * 64-bit Specific

            * "KEY_WOW64_64KEY"

            * "KEY_WOW64_32KEY"

        * Value Types

          * "REG_BINARY"

          * "REG_DWORD"

          * "REG_DWORD_LITTLE_ENDIAN"

          * "REG_DWORD_BIG_ENDIAN"

          * "REG_EXPAND_SZ"

          * "REG_LINK"

          * "REG_MULTI_SZ"

          * "REG_NONE"

          * "REG_QWORD"

          * "REG_QWORD_LITTLE_ENDIAN"

          * "REG_RESOURCE_LIST"

          * "REG_FULL_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTOR"

          * "REG_RESOURCE_REQUIREMENTS_LIST"

          * "REG_SZ"

      * Registry Handle Objects

        * "Close()"

        * "Detach()"

        * "__enter__()"

        * "__exit__()"

    * "winsound" --- Windows 的聲音播放介面

      * "Beep()"

      * "PlaySound()"

      * "MessageBeep()"

      * "SND_FILENAME"

      * "SND_ALIAS"

      * "SND_LOOP"

      * "SND_MEMORY"

      * "SND_PURGE"

      * "SND_ASYNC"

      * "SND_NODEFAULT"

      * "SND_NOSTOP"

      * "SND_NOWAIT"

      * "MB_ICONASTERISK"

      * "MB_ICONEXCLAMATION"

      * "MB_ICONHAND"

      * "MB_ICONQUESTION"

      * "MB_OK"

  * Unix 特有服務

    * "posix" --- 最常見的 POSIX 系統呼叫

      * 對大檔案 (Large File) 的支援

      * 值得注意的模組內容

        * "environ"

    * "pwd" --- 密碼資料庫

      * "getpwuid()"

      * "getpwnam()"

      * "getpwall()"

    * "grp" --- 群組資料庫

      * "getgrgid()"

      * "getgrnam()"

      * "getgrall()"

    * "termios" --- POSIX 風格 tty 控制

      * "tcgetattr()"

      * "tcsetattr()"

        * "TCSANOW"

        * "TCSADRAIN"

        * "TCSAFLUSH"

      * "tcsendbreak()"

      * "tcdrain()"

      * "tcflush()"

      * "tcflow()"

      * "tcgetwinsize()"

      * "tcsetwinsize()"

      * 範例

    * "tty" --- 終端機控制函式

      * "cfmakeraw()"

      * "cfmakecbreak()"

      * "setraw()"

      * "setcbreak()"

    * "pty" --- 偽終端工具

      * "fork()"

      * "openpty()"

      * "spawn()"

      * 範例

    * "fcntl" --- "fcntl" 和 "ioctl" 系統呼叫

      * "fcntl()"

      * "ioctl()"

      * "flock()"

      * "lockf()"

        * "LOCK_UN"

        * "LOCK_SH"

        * "LOCK_EX"

        * "LOCK_NB"

    * "resource" --- 資源使用資訊

      * "error"

      * Resource Limits

        * "RLIM_INFINITY"

        * "getrlimit()"

        * "setrlimit()"

        * "prlimit()"

        * "RLIMIT_CORE"

        * "RLIMIT_CPU"

        * "RLIMIT_FSIZE"

        * "RLIMIT_DATA"

        * "RLIMIT_STACK"

        * "RLIMIT_RSS"

        * "RLIMIT_NPROC"

        * "RLIMIT_NOFILE"

        * "RLIMIT_OFILE"

        * "RLIMIT_MEMLOCK"

        * "RLIMIT_VMEM"

        * "RLIMIT_AS"

        * "RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE"

        * "RLIMIT_NICE"

        * "RLIMIT_RTPRIO"

        * "RLIMIT_RTTIME"

        * "RLIMIT_SIGPENDING"

        * "RLIMIT_SBSIZE"

        * "RLIMIT_SWAP"

        * "RLIMIT_NPTS"

        * "RLIMIT_KQUEUES"

      * Resource Usage

        * "getrusage()"

        * "getpagesize()"

        * "RUSAGE_SELF"

        * "RUSAGE_CHILDREN"

        * "RUSAGE_BOTH"

        * "RUSAGE_THREAD"

    * "syslog" --- Unix syslog 函式庫例程

      * "syslog()"

      * "openlog()"

      * "closelog()"

      * "setlogmask()"

      * "LOG_EMERG"

      * "LOG_ALERT"

      * "LOG_CRIT"

      * "LOG_ERR"

      * "LOG_WARNING"

      * "LOG_NOTICE"

      * "LOG_INFO"

      * "LOG_DEBUG"

      * "LOG_AUTH"

      * "LOG_AUTHPRIV"

      * "LOG_CRON"

      * "LOG_DAEMON"

      * "LOG_FTP"

      * "LOG_INSTALL"

      * "LOG_KERN"

      * "LOG_LAUNCHD"

      * "LOG_LPR"

      * "LOG_MAIL"

      * "LOG_NETINFO"

      * "LOG_NEWS"

      * "LOG_RAS"

      * "LOG_REMOTEAUTH"

      * "LOG_SYSLOG"

      * "LOG_USER"

      * "LOG_UUCP"

      * "LOG_LOCAL0"

      * "LOG_LOCAL1"

      * "LOG_LOCAL2"

      * "LOG_LOCAL3"

      * "LOG_LOCAL4"

      * "LOG_LOCAL5"

      * "LOG_LOCAL6"

      * "LOG_LOCAL7"

      * "LOG_PID"

      * "LOG_CONS"

      * "LOG_NDELAY"

      * "LOG_ODELAY"

      * "LOG_NOWAIT"

      * "LOG_PERROR"

      * 範例

        * 簡單範例

  * 模組命令列介面

  * 已被取代的模組

    * "getopt" --- 用於命令列選項的 C 風格剖析器

      * "getopt()"

      * "gnu_getopt()"

      * "GetoptError"

      * "error"

    * "optparse" --- 命令列選項剖析器

      * 背景

        * 術語

        * What are options for?

        * What are positional arguments for?

      * 教學

        * Understanding option actions

        * The store action

        * Handling boolean (flag) options

        * Other actions

        * Default values

        * Generating help

          * Grouping Options

            * "OptionGroup"

            * "get_option_group()"

        * Printing a version string

          * "print_version()"

          * "get_version()"

        * How "optparse" handles errors

        * Putting it all together

      * Reference Guide

        * Creating the parser

          * "OptionParser"

        * Populating the parser

        * Defining options

          * "add_option()"

          * "Values"

        * Option attributes

          * "Option"

          * "action"

          * "type"

          * "dest"

          * "default"

          * "nargs"

          * "const"

          * "choices"

          * "callback"

          * "callback_args"

          * "callback_kwargs"

          * "help"

          * "metavar"

        * Standard option actions

        * Standard option types

        * 剖析引數

          * "parse_args()"

        * Querying and manipulating your option parser

          * "disable_interspersed_args()"

          * "enable_interspersed_args()"

          * "get_option()"

          * "has_option()"

          * "remove_option()"

        * Conflicts between options

        * Cleanup

        * 其他方法

          * "set_usage()"

          * "print_usage()"

          * "get_usage()"

          * "set_defaults()"

      * Option Callbacks

        * Defining a callback option

        * How callbacks are called

        * Raising errors in a callback

        * Callback example 1: trivial callback

        * Callback example 2: check option order

        * Callback example 3: check option order (generalized)

        * Callback example 4: check arbitrary condition

        * Callback example 5: fixed arguments

        * Callback example 6: variable arguments

      * Extending "optparse"

        * Adding new types

          * "TYPES"

          * "TYPE_CHECKER"

        * Adding new actions

          * "ACTIONS"

          * "STORE_ACTIONS"

          * "TYPED_ACTIONS"

          * "ALWAYS_TYPED_ACTIONS"

      * 例外

        * "OptionError"

        * "OptionConflictError"

        * "OptionValueError"

        * "BadOptionError"

        * "AmbiguousOptionError"

  * 安全性注意事項

* 擴充和嵌入 Python 直譯器

  * 推薦的第三方工具

  * 不使用第三方工具建立擴充

    * 1. 以 C 或 C++ 擴充 Python

      * 1.1. 一個簡單範例

      * 1.2. Intermezzo: Errors and Exceptions

      * 1.3. 回到範例

      * 1.4. The Module's Method Table and Initialization Function

      * 1.5. Compilation and Linkage

      * 1.6. Calling Python Functions from C

      * 1.7. Extracting Parameters in Extension Functions

      * 1.8. Keyword Parameters for Extension Functions

      * 1.9. Building Arbitrary Values

      * 1.10. Reference Counts

        * 1.10.1. Reference Counting in Python

        * 1.10.2. Ownership Rules

        * 1.10.3. Thin Ice

        * 1.10.4. NULL 指標

      * 1.11. Writing Extensions in C++

      * 1.12. Providing a C API for an Extension Module

    * 2. Defining Extension Types: Tutorial

      * 2.1. The Basics

      * 2.2. Adding data and methods to the Basic example

      * 2.3. Providing finer control over data attributes

      * 2.4. Supporting cyclic garbage collection

      * 2.5. Subclassing other types

    * 3. Defining Extension Types: Assorted Topics

      * 3.1. Finalization and De-allocation

      * 3.2. Object Presentation

      * 3.3. Attribute Management

        * 3.3.1. Generic Attribute Management

        * 3.3.2. Type-specific Attribute Management

      * 3.4. Object Comparison

      * 3.5. Abstract Protocol Support

      * 3.6. Weak Reference Support

      * 3.7. More Suggestions

    * 4. 建立 C 與 C++ 擴充套件

      * 4.1. Building C and C++ Extensions with setuptools

    * 5. 建置 Windows 上的 C 和 C++ 擴充

      * 5.1. A Cookbook Approach

      * 5.2. Differences Between Unix and Windows

      * 5.3. Using DLLs in Practice

  * 在更大的應用程式中嵌入 CPython 運行環境 (runtime)

    * 1. 在其它 App 內嵌入 Python

      * 1.1. Very High Level Embedding

      * 1.2. Beyond Very High Level Embedding: An overview

      * 1.3. Pure Embedding

      * 1.4. Extending Embedded Python

      * 1.5. Embedding Python in C++

      * 1.6. Compiling and Linking under Unix-like systems

* Python/C API 參考手冊

  * 簡介

    * 編寫標準

    * 引入檔案 (include files)

    * 有用的巨集

    * 物件、型別和參照計數

      * 參照計數

        * 參照計數詳細資訊

      * 型別

    * 例外

    * 嵌入式Python

    * 除錯建置

  * C API 穩定性

    * 不穩定的 C API

    * 穩定的應用程式二進位介面

      * 受限 C API

      * 穩定 ABI

      * 受限 API 範圍和性能

      * 受限 API 注意事項

    * 平台注意事項

    * 受限 API 的內容

  * The Very High Level Layer

  * 參照計數

  * 例外處理

    * Printing and clearing

    * Raising exceptions

    * Issuing warnings

    * Querying the error indicator

    * Signal Handling

    * 例外類別

    * 例外物件

    * Unicode Exception Objects

    * Recursion Control

    * Standard Exceptions

    * Standard Warning Categories

  * 工具

    * 作業系統工具

    * 系統函式

    * 行程控制

    * 引入模組

    * 資料 marshal 的支援

    * 剖析引數與建置數值

      * Parsing arguments

        * Strings and buffers

        * 數字

        * 其他物件

        * API 函式

      * Building values

    * 字串轉換與格式化

    * PyHash API

    * Reflection

    * 編解碼器註冊表和支援函式

      * 編解碼器查找 API

      * 用於 Unicode 編碼錯誤處理程式的註冊 API

    * PyTime C API

      * Types

      * Clock Functions

      * Raw Clock Functions

      * Conversion functions

    * 對 Perf Map 的支援

  * 抽象物件層 (Abstract Objects Layer)

    * 物件協定

    * 呼叫協定 (Call Protocol)

      * *tp_call* 協定

      * Vectorcall 協定

        * 遞迴控制

        * Vectorcall 支援 API

      * 物件呼叫 API

      * 呼叫支援 API

    * 數字協定

    * 序列協定

    * 對映協定

    * 疊代器協議

    * 緩衝協定 (Buffer Protocol)

      * Buffer structure

      * Buffer request types

        * request-independent fields

        * readonly, format

        * shape, strides, suboffsets

        * contiguity requests

        * compound requests

      * Complex arrays

        * NumPy-style: shape and strides

        * PIL-style: shape, strides and suboffsets

      * Buffer-related functions

  * 具體物件層

    * 基礎物件

      * 型別物件

        * Creating Heap-Allocated Types

      * "None" 物件

    * 數值物件

      * 整數物件

      * Boolean（布林）物件

      * 浮點數（Floating-Point）物件

        * Pack and Unpack functions

          * Pack functions

          * Unpack functions

      * 複數物件

        * 作為 C 結構的複數

        * 作為 Python 物件的複數

    * 序列物件

      * 位元組物件 (Bytes Objects)

      * 位元組陣列物件 (Byte Array Objects)

        * 型別檢查巨集

        * 直接 API 函式

        * 巨集

      * Unicode 物件與編解碼器

        * Unicode 物件

          * Unicode Type

          * Unicode Character Properties

          * Creating and accessing Unicode strings

          * Locale Encoding

          * File System Encoding

          * wchar_t 支援

        * Built-in Codecs

          * Generic Codecs

          * UTF-8 編解碼器

          * UTF-32 編解碼器

          * UTF-16 編解碼器

          * UTF-7 編解碼器

          * Unicode-Escape Codecs

          * Raw-Unicode-Escape Codecs

          * Latin-1 編解碼器

          * ASCII 編解碼器

          * Character Map Codecs

          * MBCS codecs for Windows

          * Methods & Slots

        * Methods and Slot Functions

        * PyUnicodeWriter

      * Tuple（元組）物件

      * Struct Sequence Objects

      * List（串列）物件

    * 容器物件

      * 字典物件

      * 集合物件

    * 函式物件

      * 函式物件 (Function Objects)

      * 實例方法物件 (Instance Method Objects)

      * 方法物件 (Method Objects)

      * Cell 物件

      * 程式碼物件

      * Extra information

    * 其他物件

      * 檔案物件 (File Objects)

      * 模組物件

        * 初始化 C 模組

          * Single-phase initialization

          * Multi-phase initialization

          * Low-level module creation functions

          * 支援的函式

        * 模組查找

      * 疊代器（Iterator）物件

      * Descriptor（描述器）物件

      * 切片物件

        * Ellipsis Object

      * MemoryView 物件

      * 弱參照物件

      * Capsules

      * Frame 物件

        * Internal Frames

      * 產生器 (Generator) 物件

      * Coroutine（協程）物件

      * 情境變數物件

      * DateTime 物件

      * 型別提示物件

  * Initialization, Finalization, and Threads

    * Python 初始化之前

    * Global configuration variables

    * Initializing and finalizing the interpreter

    * Process-wide parameters

    * Thread State and the Global Interpreter Lock

      * Releasing the GIL from extension code

      * Non-Python created threads

      * Cautions about fork()

      * Cautions regarding runtime finalization

      * 高階 API

      * 低階 API

    * Sub-interpreter support

      * A Per-Interpreter GIL

      * Bugs and caveats

    * Asynchronous Notifications

    * Profiling and Tracing

    * Reference tracing

    * Advanced Debugger Support

    * Thread Local Storage Support

      * Thread Specific Storage (TSS) API

        * Dynamic Allocation

        * 方法

      * 執行緒局部儲存 (Thread Local Storage, TLS) API：

    * Synchronization Primitives

      * Python Critical Section API

  * Python 初始化設定

    * PyConfig C API

      * 範例

      * PyWideStringList

      * PyStatus

      * PyPreConfig

      * Preinitialize Python with PyPreConfig

      * PyConfig

      * Initialization with PyConfig

      * Isolated Configuration

      * Python Configuration

      * Python Path Configuration

    * PyInitConfig C API

      * Create Config

      * Error Handling

      * Get Options

      * Set Options

      * Module

      * Initialize Python

      * 範例

    * Runtime Python configuration API

    * Py_GetArgcArgv()

    * Multi-Phase Initialization Private Provisional API

  * 記憶體管理

    * 總覽

    * Allocator Domains

    * Raw Memory Interface

    * 記憶體介面

    * Object allocators

    * Default Memory Allocators

    * Customize Memory Allocators

    * Debug hooks on the Python memory allocators

    * The pymalloc allocator

      * Customize pymalloc Arena Allocator

    * The mimalloc allocator

    * tracemalloc C API

    * 範例

  * Object Implementation Support

    * 在 heap 上分配物件

    * 通用物件結構

      * Base object types and macros

      * 實作函式與方法

      * Accessing attributes of extension types

        * Member flags

        * Member types

        * Defining Getters and Setters

    * 型別物件

      * Quick Reference

        * "tp slots"

        * sub-slots

        * slot typedefs

      * PyTypeObject Definition

      * PyObject Slots

      * PyVarObject Slots

      * PyTypeObject Slots

      * Static Types

      * Heap Types

      * Number Object Structures

      * Mapping Object Structures

      * Sequence Object Structures

      * Buffer Object Structures

      * Async Object Structures

      * Slot Type typedefs

      * 範例

    * 循環垃圾回收的支援

      * Controlling the Garbage Collector State

      * Querying Garbage Collector State

  * API 和 ABI 版本管理

  * Monitoring C API

  * Generating Execution Events

    * Managing the Monitoring State

* 安裝 Python 模組

  * 關鍵術語

  * 基本用法

  * 我該如何...？

    * ...在 Python 3.4 之前的 Python 版本中安裝 "pip"？

    * ...只為目前的使用者安裝套件？

    * ...安裝科學的 Python 套件？

    * ...平行安裝多個 Python 版本並使用它們？

  * 常見的安裝問題

    * 在 Linux 上安裝套件至系統 Python

    * 未安裝 pip

    * 安裝二進制擴充 (binary extension)

* Python 如何達成任務

* Python 常見問題

  * 一般的 Python 常見問答集

    * 一般資訊

    * 在真實世界中的 Python

  * 程式開發常見問答集

    * 常見問題

    * 核心語言

    * 數字和字串

    * Performance

    * Sequences (Tuples/Lists)

    * 物件

    * 模組

  * 設計和歷史常見問答集

    * 為什麼 Python 使用縮排將陳述式進行分組？

    * 為什麼我會從簡單的數學運算得到奇怪的結果？

    * 為何浮點數運算如此不精確？

    * 為什麼 Python 字串不可變動？

    * 為何「self」在方法 (method) 定義和呼叫時一定要明確使用？

    * 為何我不能在運算式 (expression) 中使用指派運算？

    * 為何 Python 對於一些功能實作使用方法（像是 list.index()），另一
      些使用函式（像是 len(list)）？

    * 為何 join() 是字串方法而非串列 (list) 或元組 (tuple) 方法？

    * 例外處理有多快？

    * 為什麼 Python 內沒有 switch 或 case 陳述式？

    * 為何不能在直譯器上模擬執行緒，而要使用作業系統的特定實作方式？

    * 為何 lambda 運算式不能包含陳述式？

    * Python 可以被編譯成機器語言、C 語言或其他種語言嗎？

    * Python 如何管理記憶體？

    * 為何 CPython 不使用更多傳統的垃圾回收機制？

    * 當 CPython 結束時，為何所有的記憶體不會被釋放？

    * 為何要把元組 (tuple) 和串列 (list) 分成兩個資料型態？

    * 串列 (list) 在 CPython 中是怎麼實作的？

    * 字典 (dictionaries) 在 CPython 中是怎麼實作的？

    * 為何字典的鍵一定是不可變的？

    * 為何 list.sort() 不是回傳排序過的串列？

    * 如何在 Python 中指定和強制使用一個介面規範 (interface spec)？

    * 為何沒有 goto 語法？

    * 為何純字串 (r-string) 不能以反斜線結尾？

    * 為何 Python 沒有屬性賦值的 with 陳述式？

    * 為何產生器 (generator) 不支援 with 陳述式？

    * 為何 if、while、def、class 陳述式裡需要冒號？

    * 為何 Python 允許在串列和元組末端加上逗號？

  * 函式庫和擴充功能的常見問題

    * 常見函式問題

    * 常見課題

    * 執行緒

    * 輸入與輸出

    * 網路 (Network)/網際網路 (Internet) 程式

    * 資料庫

    * 數學和數值

  * 擴充/嵌入常見問題集

    * 我可以在 C 中建立自己的函式嗎？

    * 我可以在 C++ 中建立自己的函式嗎？

    * 寫 C 很難；還有其他選擇嗎？

    * 如何從 C 執行任意 Python 陳述式？

    * How can I evaluate an arbitrary Python expression from C?

    * 如何從 Python 物件中提取 C 值？

    * 如何使用 Py_BuildValue() 建立任意長度的元組？

    * 如何從 C 呼叫物件的方法？

    * 我如何捕捉 PyErr_Print() 的輸出（或任何印出到 stdout/stderr 的東
      西）？

    * 如何從 C 存取用 Python 編寫的模組？

    * How do I interface to C++ objects from Python?

    * 我使用安裝檔案新增了一個模組，但 make 失敗了；為什麼？

    * 如何為擴充套件除錯？

    * 我想在我的 Linux 系統上編譯一個 Python 模組，但是缺少一些檔案。
      為什麼？

    * 如何從「無效輸入」區分出「不完整輸入」？

    * 如何找到未定義的 g++ 符號 __builtin_new 或 __pure_virtual？

    * Can I create an object class with some methods implemented in C
      and others in Python (e.g. through inheritance)?

  * 在 Windows 使用 Python 的常見問答集

    * 如何在 Windows 作業系統裡運行 Python 程式？

    * 如何使 Python 腳本可以執行？

    * 為什麼 Python 有時需要這麼長的時間才能開始？

    * 如何從 Python 腳本製作可執行檔？

    * "*.pyd" 檔是否與 DLL 相同？

    * 如何將 Python 嵌入 Windows 應用程式中？

    * 如何防止編輯器在我的 Python 原始碼中插入 tab？

    * 如何在不阻塞的情況下檢查 keypress？

    * 如何解決遺漏 api-ms-win-crt-runtime-l1-1-0.dll 的錯誤？

  * 圖形使用者介面常見問答集

    * 圖形使用者介面 (GUI) 的常見問題

    * Python 有哪些 GUI 套件？

    * Tkinter 的問答

  * 「為什麼 Python 被安裝在我的機器上？」常見問答集

    * 什麼是 Python？

    * 為什麼 Python 被安裝在我的機器上?

    * 我能夠自行刪除 Python 嗎？

* 已棄用項目

  * Pending removal in Python 3.15

  * Python 3.16 中待移除的項目

  * Pending removal in future versions

  * C API deprecations

    * Pending removal in Python 3.15

    * Pending removal in future versions

* 術語表

* 關於這些說明文件

  * Python 文件的貢獻者們

* 處理錯誤 (Bug)

  * 說明文件的錯誤

  * 使用 Python 問題追蹤系統

  * 開始讓自己貢獻 Python

* 版權宣告

* 沿革與授權

  * 軟體沿革

  * 關於存取或以其他方式使用 Python 的合約條款

    * 用於 PYTHON 3.14.0a1 的 PSF 授權合約

    * 用於 PYTHON 2.0 的 BEOPEN.COM 授權合約

    * 用於 PYTHON 1.6.1 的 CNRI 授權合約

    * 用於 PYTHON 0.9.0 至 1.2 的 CWI 授權合約

    * 用於 PYTHON 3.14.0a1 說明文件內程式碼的 ZERO-CLAUSE BSD 授權

  * 被收錄軟體的授權與致謝

    * Mersenne Twister

    * Sockets

    * 非同步 socket 服務

    * Cookie 管理

    * 執行追蹤

    * UUencode 與 UUdecode 函式

    * XML 遠端程序呼叫

    * test_epoll

    * Select kqueue

    * SipHash24

    * strtod 與 dtoa

    * OpenSSL

    * expat

    * libffi

    * zlib

    * cfuhash

    * libmpdec

    * W3C C14N 測試套件

    * mimalloc

    * asyncio

    * Global Unbounded Sequences (GUS)
