"dis" --- Python bytecode 的反組譯器
************************************

**原始碼：**Lib/dis.py

======================================================================

"dis" 模組支援反組譯分析 CPython *bytecode*。CPython bytecode 作為輸入
的模組被定義於 "Include/opcode.h" 並且被編譯器和直譯器所使用。

**CPython 實作細節：** Bytecode is an implementation detail of the
CPython interpreter.  No guarantees are made that bytecode will not be
added, removed, or changed between versions of Python.  Use of this
module should not be considered to work across Python VMs or Python
releases.

在 3.6 版的變更: Use 2 bytes for each instruction. Previously the
number of bytes varied by instruction.

在 3.10 版的變更: The argument of jump, exception handling and loop
instructions is now the instruction offset rather than the byte
offset.

在 3.11 版的變更: Some instructions are accompanied by one or more
inline cache entries, which take the form of "CACHE" instructions.
These instructions are hidden by default, but can be shown by passing
"show_caches=True" to any "dis" utility. Furthermore, the interpreter
now adapts the bytecode to specialize it for different runtime
conditions. The adaptive bytecode can be shown by passing
"adaptive=True".

在 3.12 版的變更: The argument of a jump is the offset of the target
instruction relative to the instruction that appears immediately after
the jump instruction's "CACHE" entries.As a consequence, the presence
of the "CACHE" instructions is transparent for forward jumps but needs
to be taken into account when reasoning about backward jumps.

在 3.13 版的變更: The output shows logical labels rather than
instruction offsets for jump targets and exception handlers. The "-O"
command line option and the "show_offsets" argument were added.

在 3.14 版的變更: The "-P" command-line option and the
"show_positions" argument were added.The "-S" command-line option is
added.

Example: Given the function "myfunc()":

   def myfunc(alist):
       return len(alist)

the following command can be used to display the disassembly of
"myfunc()":

   >>> dis.dis(myfunc)
     2           RESUME                   0

     3           LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (len + NULL)
                 LOAD_FAST_BORROW         0 (alist)
                 CALL                     1
                 RETURN_VALUE

(The "2" is a line number).


命令列介面
==========

The "dis" module can be invoked as a script from the command line:

   python -m dis [-h] [-C] [-O] [-P] [-S] [infile]

可接受以下選項：

-h, --help

   Display usage and exit.

-C, --show-caches

   Show inline caches.

   在 3.13 版被加入.

-O, --show-offsets

   Show offsets of instructions.

   在 3.13 版被加入.

-P, --show-positions

   Show positions of instructions in the source code.

   在 3.14 版被加入.

-S, --specialized

   Show specialized bytecode.

   在 3.14 版被加入.

If "infile" is specified, its disassembled code will be written to
stdout. Otherwise, disassembly is performed on compiled source code
received from stdin.


Bytecode analysis
=================

在 3.4 版被加入.

The bytecode analysis API allows pieces of Python code to be wrapped
in a "Bytecode" object that provides easy access to details of the
compiled code.

class dis.Bytecode(x, *, first_line=None, current_offset=None, show_caches=False, adaptive=False, show_offsets=False, show_positions=False)

   Analyse the bytecode corresponding to a function, generator,
   asynchronous generator, coroutine, method, string of source code,
   or a code object (as returned by "compile()").

   This is a convenience wrapper around many of the functions listed
   below, most notably "get_instructions()", as iterating over a
   "Bytecode" instance yields the bytecode operations as "Instruction"
   instances.

   If *first_line* is not "None", it indicates the line number that
   should be reported for the first source line in the disassembled
   code.  Otherwise, the source line information (if any) is taken
   directly from the disassembled code object.

   If *current_offset* is not "None", it refers to an instruction
   offset in the disassembled code. Setting this means "dis()" will
   display a "current instruction" marker against the specified
   opcode.

   If *show_caches* is "True", "dis()" will display inline cache
   entries used by the interpreter to specialize the bytecode.

   If *adaptive* is "True", "dis()" will display specialized bytecode
   that may be different from the original bytecode.

   If *show_offsets* is "True", "dis()" will include instruction
   offsets in the output.

   If *show_positions* is "True", "dis()" will include instruction
   source code positions in the output.

   classmethod from_traceback(tb, *, show_caches=False)

      Construct a "Bytecode" instance from the given traceback,
      setting *current_offset* to the instruction responsible for the
      exception.

   codeobj

      The compiled code object.

   first_line

      The first source line of the code object (if available)

   dis()

      Return a formatted view of the bytecode operations (the same as
      printed by "dis.dis()", but returned as a multi-line string).

   info()

      Return a formatted multi-line string with detailed information
      about the code object, like "code_info()".

   在 3.7 版的變更: This can now handle coroutine and asynchronous
   generator objects.

   在 3.11 版的變更: 新增 *show_caches* 與 *adaptive* 參數。

   在 3.13 版的變更: 新增 *show_offsets* 參數。

   在 3.14 版的變更: 新增 *show_positions* 參數。

範例：

   >>> bytecode = dis.Bytecode(myfunc)
   >>> for instr in bytecode:
   ...     print(instr.opname)
   ...
   RESUME
   LOAD_GLOBAL
   LOAD_FAST_BORROW
   CALL
   RETURN_VALUE


分析函式
========

The "dis" module also defines the following analysis functions that
convert the input directly to the desired output. They can be useful
if only a single operation is being performed, so the intermediate
analysis object isn't useful:

dis.code_info(x)

   Return a formatted multi-line string with detailed code object
   information for the supplied function, generator, asynchronous
   generator, coroutine, method, source code string or code object.

   Note that the exact contents of code info strings are highly
   implementation dependent and they may change arbitrarily across
   Python VMs or Python releases.

   在 3.2 版被加入.

   在 3.7 版的變更: This can now handle coroutine and asynchronous
   generator objects.

dis.show_code(x, *, file=None)

   Print detailed code object information for the supplied function,
   method, source code string or code object to *file* (or
   "sys.stdout" if *file* is not specified).

   This is a convenient shorthand for "print(code_info(x),
   file=file)", intended for interactive exploration at the
   interpreter prompt.

   在 3.2 版被加入.

   在 3.4 版的變更: 新增 *file* 參數。

dis.dis(x=None, *, file=None, depth=None, show_caches=False, adaptive=False, show_offsets=False, show_positions=False)

   Disassemble the *x* object.  *x* can denote either a module, a
   class, a method, a function, a generator, an asynchronous
   generator, a coroutine, a code object, a string of source code or a
   byte sequence of raw bytecode. For a module, it disassembles all
   functions. For a class, it disassembles all methods (including
   class and static methods). For a code object or sequence of raw
   bytecode, it prints one line per bytecode instruction. It also
   recursively disassembles nested code objects. These can include
   generator expressions, nested functions, the bodies of nested
   classes, and the code objects used for annotation scopes. Strings
   are first compiled to code objects with the "compile()" built-in
   function before being disassembled.  If no object is provided, this
   function disassembles the last traceback.

   The disassembly is written as text to the supplied *file* argument
   if provided and to "sys.stdout" otherwise.

   The maximal depth of recursion is limited by *depth* unless it is
   "None". "depth=0" means no recursion.

   If *show_caches* is "True", this function will display inline cache
   entries used by the interpreter to specialize the bytecode.

   If *adaptive* is "True", this function will display specialized
   bytecode that may be different from the original bytecode.

   在 3.4 版的變更: 新增 *file* 參數。

   在 3.7 版的變更: Implemented recursive disassembling and added
   *depth* parameter.

   在 3.7 版的變更: This can now handle coroutine and asynchronous
   generator objects.

   在 3.11 版的變更: 新增 *show_caches* 與 *adaptive* 參數。

   在 3.13 版的變更: 新增 *show_offsets* 參數。

   在 3.14 版的變更: 新增 *show_positions* 參數。

dis.distb(tb=None, *, file=None, show_caches=False, adaptive=False, show_offset=False, show_positions=False)

   Disassemble the top-of-stack function of a traceback, using the
   last traceback if none was passed.  The instruction causing the
   exception is indicated.

   The disassembly is written as text to the supplied *file* argument
   if provided and to "sys.stdout" otherwise.

   在 3.4 版的變更: 新增 *file* 參數。

   在 3.11 版的變更: 新增 *show_caches* 與 *adaptive* 參數。

   在 3.13 版的變更: 新增 *show_offsets* 參數。

   在 3.14 版的變更: 新增 *show_positions* 參數。

dis.disassemble(code, lasti=-1, *, file=None, show_caches=False, adaptive=False, show_offsets=False, show_positions=False)
dis.disco(code, lasti=-1, *, file=None, show_caches=False, adaptive=False, show_offsets=False, show_positions=False)

   Disassemble a code object, indicating the last instruction if
   *lasti* was provided.  The output is divided in the following
   columns:

   1. the source code location of the instruction. Complete location
      information is shown if *show_positions* is true. Otherwise (the
      default) only the line number is displayed.

   2. the current instruction, indicated as "-->",

   3. a labelled instruction, indicated with ">>",

   4. the address of the instruction,

   5. the operation code name,

   6. operation parameters, and

   7. interpretation of the parameters in parentheses.

   The parameter interpretation recognizes local and global variable
   names, constant values, branch targets, and compare operators.

   The disassembly is written as text to the supplied *file* argument
   if provided and to "sys.stdout" otherwise.

   在 3.4 版的變更: 新增 *file* 參數。

   在 3.11 版的變更: 新增 *show_caches* 與 *adaptive* 參數。

   在 3.13 版的變更: 新增 *show_offsets* 參數。

   在 3.14 版的變更: 新增 *show_positions* 參數。

dis.get_instructions(x, *, first_line=None, show_caches=False, adaptive=False)

   Return an iterator over the instructions in the supplied function,
   method, source code string or code object.

   The iterator generates a series of "Instruction" named tuples
   giving the details of each operation in the supplied code.

   If *first_line* is not "None", it indicates the line number that
   should be reported for the first source line in the disassembled
   code.  Otherwise, the source line information (if any) is taken
   directly from the disassembled code object.

   The *adaptive* parameter works as it does in "dis()".

   在 3.4 版被加入.

   在 3.11 版的變更: 新增 *show_caches* 與 *adaptive* 參數。

   在 3.13 版的變更: The *show_caches* parameter is deprecated and has
   no effect. The iterator generates the "Instruction" instances with
   the *cache_info* field populated (regardless of the value of
   *show_caches*) and it no longer generates separate items for the
   cache entries.

dis.findlinestarts(code)

   This generator function uses the "co_lines()" method of the code
   object *code* to find the offsets which are starts of lines in the
   source code.  They are generated as "(offset, lineno)" pairs.

   在 3.6 版的變更: Line numbers can be decreasing. Before, they were
   always increasing.

   在 3.10 版的變更: The **PEP 626** "co_lines()" method is used
   instead of the "co_firstlineno" and "co_lnotab" attributes of the
   code object.

   在 3.13 版的變更: Line numbers can be "None" for bytecode that does
   not map to source lines.

dis.findlabels(code)

   Detect all offsets in the raw compiled bytecode string *code* which
   are jump targets, and return a list of these offsets.

dis.stack_effect(opcode, oparg=None, *, jump=None)

   Compute the stack effect of *opcode* with argument *oparg*.

   If the code has a jump target and *jump* is "True",
   "stack_effect()" will return the stack effect of jumping.  If
   *jump* is "False", it will return the stack effect of not jumping.
   And if *jump* is "None" (default), it will return the maximal stack
   effect of both cases.

   在 3.4 版被加入.

   在 3.8 版的變更: 新增 *jump* 參數。

   在 3.13 版的變更: If "oparg" is omitted (or "None"), the stack
   effect is now returned for "oparg=0". Previously this was an error
   for opcodes that use their arg. It is also no longer an error to
   pass an integer "oparg" when the "opcode" does not use it; the
   "oparg" in this case is ignored.


Python 位元組碼指令
===================

The "get_instructions()" function and "Bytecode" class provide details
of bytecode instructions as "Instruction" instances:

class dis.Instruction

   位元組碼操作的詳細資訊

   opcode

      numeric code for operation, corresponding to the opcode values
      listed below and the bytecode values in the Opcode collections.

   opname

      操作的可讀名稱

   baseopcode

      numeric code for the base operation if operation is specialized;
      otherwise equal to "opcode"

   baseopname

      human readable name for the base operation if operation is
      specialized; otherwise equal to "opname"

   arg

      numeric argument to operation (if any), otherwise "None"

   oparg

      "arg" 的別名。

   argval

      resolved arg value (if any), otherwise "None"

   argrepr

      human readable description of operation argument (if any),
      otherwise an empty string.

   offset

      start index of operation within bytecode sequence

   start_offset

      start index of operation within bytecode sequence, including
      prefixed "EXTENDED_ARG" operations if present; otherwise equal
      to "offset"

   cache_offset

      start index of the cache entries following the operation

   end_offset

      end index of the cache entries following the operation

   starts_line

      "True" if this opcode starts a source line, otherwise "False"

   line_number

      source line number associated with this opcode (if any),
      otherwise "None"

   is_jump_target

      "True" if other code jumps to here, otherwise "False"

   jump_target

      bytecode index of the jump target if this is a jump operation,
      otherwise "None"

   positions

      "dis.Positions" object holding the start and end locations that
      are covered by this instruction.

   cache_info

      Information about the cache entries of this instruction, as
      triplets of the form "(name, size, data)", where the "name" and
      "size" describe the cache format and data is the contents of the
      cache. "cache_info" is "None" if the instruction does not have
      caches.

   在 3.4 版被加入.

   在 3.11 版的變更: Field "positions" is added.

   在 3.13 版的變更: Changed field "starts_line".Added fields
   "start_offset", "cache_offset", "end_offset", "baseopname",
   "baseopcode", "jump_target", "oparg", "line_number" and
   "cache_info".

class dis.Positions

   In case the information is not available, some fields might be
   "None".

   lineno

   end_lineno

   col_offset

   end_col_offset

   在 3.11 版被加入.

The Python compiler currently generates the following bytecode
instructions.

**一般指令**

In the following, We will refer to the interpreter stack as "STACK"
and describe operations on it as if it was a Python list. The top of
the stack corresponds to "STACK[-1]" in this language.

NOP

   Do nothing code.  Used as a placeholder by the bytecode optimizer,
   and to generate line tracing events.

NOT_TAKEN

   Do nothing code. Used by the interpreter to record "BRANCH_LEFT"
   and "BRANCH_RIGHT" events for "sys.monitoring".

   在 3.14 版被加入.

POP_ITER

   Removes the iterator from the top of the stack.

   在 3.14 版被加入.

POP_TOP

   Removes the top-of-stack item:

      STACK.pop()

END_FOR

   Removes the top-of-stack item. Equivalent to "POP_TOP". Used to
   clean up at the end of loops, hence the name.

   在 3.12 版被加入.

END_SEND

   Implements "del STACK[-2]". Used to clean up when a generator
   exits.

   在 3.12 版被加入.

COPY(i)

   Push the i-th item to the top of the stack without removing it from
   its original location:

      assert i > 0
      STACK.append(STACK[-i])

   在 3.11 版被加入.

SWAP(i)

   Swap the top of the stack with the i-th element:

      STACK[-i], STACK[-1] = STACK[-1], STACK[-i]

   在 3.11 版被加入.

CACHE

   Rather than being an actual instruction, this opcode is used to
   mark extra space for the interpreter to cache useful data directly
   in the bytecode itself. It is automatically hidden by all "dis"
   utilities, but can be viewed with "show_caches=True".

   Logically, this space is part of the preceding instruction. Many
   opcodes expect to be followed by an exact number of caches, and
   will instruct the interpreter to skip over them at runtime.

   Populated caches can look like arbitrary instructions, so great
   care should be taken when reading or modifying raw, adaptive
   bytecode containing quickened data.

   在 3.11 版被加入.

**Unary operations**

Unary operations take the top of the stack, apply the operation, and
push the result back on the stack.

UNARY_NEGATIVE

   實作 "STACK[-1] = -STACK[-1]"。

UNARY_NOT

   實作 "STACK[-1] = not STACK[-1]"。

   在 3.13 版的變更: This instruction now requires an exact "bool"
   operand.

UNARY_INVERT

   實作 "STACK[-1] = ~STACK[-1]"。

GET_ITER

   實作 "STACK[-1] = iter(STACK[-1])"。

GET_YIELD_FROM_ITER

   If "STACK[-1]" is a *generator iterator* or *coroutine* object it
   is left as is.  Otherwise, implements "STACK[-1] =
   iter(STACK[-1])".

   在 3.5 版被加入.

TO_BOOL

   Implements "STACK[-1] = bool(STACK[-1])".

   在 3.13 版被加入.

**Binary and in-place operations**

Binary operations remove the top two items from the stack ("STACK[-1]"
and "STACK[-2]"). They perform the operation, then put the result back
on the stack.

In-place operations are like binary operations, but the operation is
done in-place when "STACK[-2]" supports it, and the resulting
"STACK[-1]" may be (but does not have to be) the original "STACK[-2]".

BINARY_OP(op)

   Implements the binary and in-place operators (depending on the
   value of *op*):

      rhs = STACK.pop()
      lhs = STACK.pop()
      STACK.append(lhs op rhs)

   在 3.11 版被加入.

   在 3.14 版的變更: With oparg :"NB_SUBSCR", implements binary
   subscript (replaces opcode "BINARY_SUBSCR")

STORE_SUBSCR

   實作了：

      key = STACK.pop()
      container = STACK.pop()
      value = STACK.pop()
      container[key] = value

DELETE_SUBSCR

   實作了：

      key = STACK.pop()
      container = STACK.pop()
      del container[key]

BINARY_SLICE

   實作了：

      end = STACK.pop()
      start = STACK.pop()
      container = STACK.pop()
      STACK.append(container[start:end])

   在 3.12 版被加入.

STORE_SLICE

   實作了：

      end = STACK.pop()
      start = STACK.pop()
      container = STACK.pop()
      values = STACK.pop()
      container[start:end] = value

   在 3.12 版被加入.

**Coroutine opcodes**

GET_AWAITABLE(where)

   Implements "STACK[-1] = get_awaitable(STACK[-1])", where
   "get_awaitable(o)" returns "o" if "o" is a coroutine object or a
   generator object with the "CO_ITERABLE_COROUTINE" flag, or resolves
   "o.__await__".

      If the "where" operand is nonzero, it indicates where the
      instruction occurs:

      * "1": After a call to "__aenter__"

      * "2": After a call to "__aexit__"

   在 3.5 版被加入.

   在 3.11 版的變更: Previously, this instruction did not have an
   oparg.

GET_AITER

   Implements "STACK[-1] = STACK[-1].__aiter__()".

   在 3.5 版被加入.

   在 3.7 版的變更: Returning awaitable objects from "__aiter__" is no
   longer supported.

GET_ANEXT

   Implement "STACK.append(get_awaitable(STACK[-1].__anext__()))" to
   the stack. See "GET_AWAITABLE" for details about "get_awaitable".

   在 3.5 版被加入.

END_ASYNC_FOR

   Terminates an "async for" loop.  Handles an exception raised when
   awaiting a next item. The stack contains the async iterable in
   "STACK[-2]" and the raised exception in "STACK[-1]". Both are
   popped. If the exception is not "StopAsyncIteration", it is re-
   raised.

   在 3.8 版被加入.

   在 3.11 版的變更: Exception representation on the stack now consist
   of one, not three, items.

CLEANUP_THROW

   Handles an exception raised during a "throw()" or "close()" call
   through the current frame.  If "STACK[-1]" is an instance of
   "StopIteration", pop three values from the stack and push its
   "value" member.  Otherwise, re-raise "STACK[-1]".

   在 3.12 版被加入.

**Miscellaneous opcodes**

SET_ADD(i)

   實作了：

      item = STACK.pop()
      set.add(STACK[-i], item)

   Used to implement set comprehensions.

LIST_APPEND(i)

   實作了：

      item = STACK.pop()
      list.append(STACK[-i], item)

   Used to implement list comprehensions.

MAP_ADD(i)

   實作了：

      value = STACK.pop()
      key = STACK.pop()
      dict.__setitem__(STACK[-i], key, value)

   Used to implement dict comprehensions.

   在 3.1 版被加入.

   在 3.8 版的變更: Map value is "STACK[-1]" and map key is
   "STACK[-2]". Before, those were reversed.

For all of the "SET_ADD", "LIST_APPEND" and "MAP_ADD" instructions,
while the added value or key/value pair is popped off, the container
object remains on the stack so that it is available for further
iterations of the loop.

RETURN_VALUE

   Returns with "STACK[-1]" to the caller of the function.

YIELD_VALUE

   Yields "STACK.pop()" from a *generator*.

   在 3.11 版的變更: oparg set to be the stack depth.

   在 3.12 版的變更: oparg set to be the exception block depth, for
   efficient closing of generators.

   在 3.13 版的變更: oparg is "1" if this instruction is part of a
   yield-from or await, and "0" otherwise.

SETUP_ANNOTATIONS

   Checks whether "__annotations__" is defined in "locals()", if not
   it is set up to an empty "dict". This opcode is only emitted if a
   class or module body contains *variable annotations* statically.

   在 3.6 版被加入.

POP_EXCEPT

   Pops a value from the stack, which is used to restore the exception
   state.

   在 3.11 版的變更: Exception representation on the stack now consist
   of one, not three, items.

RERAISE

   Re-raises the exception currently on top of the stack. If oparg is
   non-zero, pops an additional value from the stack which is used to
   set "f_lasti" of the current frame.

   在 3.9 版被加入.

   在 3.11 版的變更: Exception representation on the stack now consist
   of one, not three, items.

PUSH_EXC_INFO

   Pops a value from the stack. Pushes the current exception to the
   top of the stack. Pushes the value originally popped back to the
   stack. Used in exception handlers.

   在 3.11 版被加入.

CHECK_EXC_MATCH

   Performs exception matching for "except". Tests whether the
   "STACK[-2]" is an exception matching "STACK[-1]". Pops "STACK[-1]"
   and pushes the boolean result of the test.

   在 3.11 版被加入.

CHECK_EG_MATCH

   Performs exception matching for "except*". Applies
   "split(STACK[-1])" on the exception group representing "STACK[-2]".

   In case of a match, pops two items from the stack and pushes the
   non-matching subgroup ("None" in case of full match) followed by
   the matching subgroup. When there is no match, pops one item (the
   match type) and pushes "None".

   在 3.11 版被加入.

WITH_EXCEPT_START

   Calls the function in position 4 on the stack with arguments (type,
   val, tb) representing the exception at the top of the stack. Used
   to implement the call "context_manager.__exit__(*exc_info())" when
   an exception has occurred in a "with" statement.

   在 3.9 版被加入.

   在 3.11 版的變更: The "__exit__" function is in position 4 of the
   stack rather than 7. Exception representation on the stack now
   consist of one, not three, items.

LOAD_COMMON_CONSTANT

   Pushes a common constant onto the stack. The interpreter contains a
   hardcoded list of constants supported by this instruction.  Used by
   the "assert" statement to load "AssertionError".

   在 3.14 版被加入.

LOAD_BUILD_CLASS

   Pushes "builtins.__build_class__()" onto the stack.  It is later
   called to construct a class.

GET_LEN

   Perform "STACK.append(len(STACK[-1]))". Used in "match" statements
   where comparison with structure of pattern is needed.

   在 3.10 版被加入.

MATCH_MAPPING

   If "STACK[-1]" is an instance of "collections.abc.Mapping" (or,
   more technically: if it has the "Py_TPFLAGS_MAPPING" flag set in
   its "tp_flags"), push "True" onto the stack.  Otherwise, push
   "False".

   在 3.10 版被加入.

MATCH_SEQUENCE

   If "STACK[-1]" is an instance of "collections.abc.Sequence" and is
   *not* an instance of "str"/"bytes"/"bytearray" (or, more
   technically: if it has the "Py_TPFLAGS_SEQUENCE" flag set in its
   "tp_flags"), push "True" onto the stack.  Otherwise, push "False".

   在 3.10 版被加入.

MATCH_KEYS

   "STACK[-1]" is a tuple of mapping keys, and "STACK[-2]" is the
   match subject. If "STACK[-2]" contains all of the keys in
   "STACK[-1]", push a "tuple" containing the corresponding values.
   Otherwise, push "None".

   在 3.10 版被加入.

   在 3.11 版的變更: Previously, this instruction also pushed a
   boolean value indicating success ("True") or failure ("False").

STORE_NAME(namei)

   Implements "name = STACK.pop()". *namei* is the index of *name* in
   the attribute "co_names" of the code object. The compiler tries to
   use "STORE_FAST" or "STORE_GLOBAL" if possible.

DELETE_NAME(namei)

   Implements "del name", where *namei* is the index into "co_names"
   attribute of the code object.

UNPACK_SEQUENCE(count)

   Unpacks "STACK[-1]" into *count* individual values, which are put
   onto the stack right-to-left. Require there to be exactly *count*
   values.:

      assert(len(STACK[-1]) == count)
      STACK.extend(STACK.pop()[:-count-1:-1])

UNPACK_EX(counts)

   Implements assignment with a starred target: Unpacks an iterable in
   "STACK[-1]" into individual values, where the total number of
   values can be smaller than the number of items in the iterable: one
   of the new values will be a list of all leftover items.

   The number of values before and after the list value is limited to
   255.

   The number of values before the list value is encoded in the
   argument of the opcode. The number of values after the list if any
   is encoded using an "EXTENDED_ARG". As a consequence, the argument
   can be seen as a two bytes values where the low byte of *counts* is
   the number of values before the list value, the high byte of
   *counts* the number of values after it.

   The extracted values are put onto the stack right-to-left, i.e. "a,
   *b, c = d" will be stored after execution as "STACK.extend((a, b,
   c))".

STORE_ATTR(namei)

   實作了：

      obj = STACK.pop()
      value = STACK.pop()
      obj.name = value

   where *namei* is the index of name in "co_names" of the code
   object.

DELETE_ATTR(namei)

   實作了：

      obj = STACK.pop()
      del obj.name

   where *namei* is the index of name into "co_names" of the code
   object.

STORE_GLOBAL(namei)

   Works as "STORE_NAME", but stores the name as a global.

DELETE_GLOBAL(namei)

   Works as "DELETE_NAME", but deletes a global name.

LOAD_CONST(consti)

   Pushes "co_consts[consti]" onto the stack.

LOAD_SMALL_INT(i)

   Pushes the integer "i" onto the stack. "i" must be in "range(256)"

   在 3.14 版被加入.

LOAD_NAME(namei)

   Pushes the value associated with "co_names[namei]" onto the stack.
   The name is looked up within the locals, then the globals, then the
   builtins.

LOAD_LOCALS

   Pushes a reference to the locals dictionary onto the stack.  This
   is used to prepare namespace dictionaries for
   "LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_DEREF" and "LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_GLOBALS".

   在 3.12 版被加入.

LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_GLOBALS(i)

   Pops a mapping off the stack and looks up the value for
   "co_names[namei]". If the name is not found there, looks it up in
   the globals and then the builtins, similar to "LOAD_GLOBAL". This
   is used for loading global variables in annotation scopes within
   class bodies.

   在 3.12 版被加入.

BUILD_TEMPLATE

   Constructs a new "Template" instance from a tuple of strings and a
   tuple of interpolations and pushes the resulting object onto the
   stack:

      interpolations = STACK.pop()
      strings = STACK.pop()
      STACK.append(_build_template(strings, interpolations))

   在 3.14 版被加入.

BUILD_INTERPOLATION(format)

   Constructs a new "Interpolation" instance from a value and its
   source expression and pushes the resulting object onto the stack.

   If no conversion or format specification is present, "format" is
   set to "2".

   If the low bit of "format" is set, it indicates that the
   interpolation contains a format specification.

   If "format >> 2" is non-zero, it indicates that the interpolation
   contains a conversion. The value of "format >> 2" is the conversion
   type ("0" for no conversion, "1" for "!s", "2" for "!r", and "3"
   for "!a"):

      conversion = format >> 2
      if format & 1:
          format_spec = STACK.pop()
      else:
          format_spec = None
      expression = STACK.pop()
      value = STACK.pop()
      STACK.append(_build_interpolation(value, expression, conversion, format_spec))

   在 3.14 版被加入.

BUILD_TUPLE(count)

   Creates a tuple consuming *count* items from the stack, and pushes
   the resulting tuple onto the stack:

      if count == 0:
          value = ()
      else:
          value = tuple(STACK[-count:])
          STACK = STACK[:-count]

      STACK.append(value)

BUILD_LIST(count)

   Works as "BUILD_TUPLE", but creates a list.

BUILD_SET(count)

   Works as "BUILD_TUPLE", but creates a set.

BUILD_MAP(count)

   Pushes a new dictionary object onto the stack.  Pops "2 * count"
   items so that the dictionary holds *count* entries: "{...,
   STACK[-4]: STACK[-3], STACK[-2]: STACK[-1]}".

   在 3.5 版的變更: The dictionary is created from stack items instead
   of creating an empty dictionary pre-sized to hold *count* items.

BUILD_STRING(count)

   Concatenates *count* strings from the stack and pushes the
   resulting string onto the stack.

   在 3.6 版被加入.

LIST_EXTEND(i)

   實作了：

      seq = STACK.pop()
      list.extend(STACK[-i], seq)

   Used to build lists.

   在 3.9 版被加入.

SET_UPDATE(i)

   實作了：

      seq = STACK.pop()
      set.update(STACK[-i], seq)

   Used to build sets.

   在 3.9 版被加入.

DICT_UPDATE(i)

   實作了：

      map = STACK.pop()
      dict.update(STACK[-i], map)

   Used to build dicts.

   在 3.9 版被加入.

DICT_MERGE(i)

   Like "DICT_UPDATE" but raises an exception for duplicate keys.

   在 3.9 版被加入.

LOAD_ATTR(namei)

   If the low bit of "namei" is not set, this replaces "STACK[-1]"
   with "getattr(STACK[-1], co_names[namei>>1])".

   If the low bit of "namei" is set, this will attempt to load a
   method named "co_names[namei>>1]" from the "STACK[-1]" object.
   "STACK[-1]" is popped. This bytecode distinguishes two cases: if
   "STACK[-1]" has a method with the correct name, the bytecode pushes
   the unbound method and "STACK[-1]". "STACK[-1]" will be used as the
   first argument ("self") by "CALL" or "CALL_KW" when calling the
   unbound method. Otherwise, "NULL" and the object returned by the
   attribute lookup are pushed.

   在 3.12 版的變更: If the low bit of "namei" is set, then a "NULL"
   or "self" is pushed to the stack before the attribute or unbound
   method respectively.

LOAD_SUPER_ATTR(namei)

   This opcode implements "super()", both in its zero-argument and
   two-argument forms (e.g. "super().method()", "super().attr" and
   "super(cls, self).method()", "super(cls, self).attr").

   It pops three values from the stack (from top of stack down):

   * "self": the first argument to the current method

   * "cls": the class within which the current method was defined

   * the global "super"

   With respect to its argument, it works similarly to "LOAD_ATTR",
   except that "namei" is shifted left by 2 bits instead of 1.

   The low bit of "namei" signals to attempt a method load, as with
   "LOAD_ATTR", which results in pushing "NULL" and the loaded method.
   When it is unset a single value is pushed to the stack.

   The second-low bit of "namei", if set, means that this was a two-
   argument call to "super()" (unset means zero-argument).

   在 3.12 版被加入.

COMPARE_OP(opname)

   Performs a Boolean operation.  The operation name can be found in
   "cmp_op[opname >> 5]". If the fifth-lowest bit of "opname" is set
   ("opname & 16"), the result should be coerced to "bool".

   在 3.13 版的變更: The fifth-lowest bit of the oparg now indicates a
   forced conversion to "bool".

IS_OP(invert)

   Performs "is" comparison, or "is not" if "invert" is 1.

   在 3.9 版被加入.

CONTAINS_OP(invert)

   Performs "in" comparison, or "not in" if "invert" is 1.

   在 3.9 版被加入.

IMPORT_NAME(namei)

   Imports the module "co_names[namei]".  "STACK[-1]" and "STACK[-2]"
   are popped and provide the *fromlist* and *level* arguments of
   "__import__()". The module object is pushed onto the stack.  The
   current namespace is not affected: for a proper import statement, a
   subsequent "STORE_FAST" instruction modifies the namespace.

IMPORT_FROM(namei)

   Loads the attribute "co_names[namei]" from the module found in
   "STACK[-1]". The resulting object is pushed onto the stack, to be
   subsequently stored by a "STORE_FAST" instruction.

JUMP_FORWARD(delta)

   Increments bytecode counter by *delta*.

JUMP_BACKWARD(delta)

   Decrements bytecode counter by *delta*. Checks for interrupts.

   在 3.11 版被加入.

JUMP_BACKWARD_NO_INTERRUPT(delta)

   Decrements bytecode counter by *delta*. Does not check for
   interrupts.

   在 3.11 版被加入.

POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE(delta)

   If "STACK[-1]" is true, increments the bytecode counter by *delta*.
   "STACK[-1]" is popped.

   在 3.11 版的變更: The oparg is now a relative delta rather than an
   absolute target. This opcode is a pseudo-instruction, replaced in
   final bytecode by the directed versions (forward/backward).

   在 3.12 版的變更: This is no longer a pseudo-instruction.

   在 3.13 版的變更: This instruction now requires an exact "bool"
   operand.

POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE(delta)

   If "STACK[-1]" is false, increments the bytecode counter by
   *delta*. "STACK[-1]" is popped.

   在 3.11 版的變更: The oparg is now a relative delta rather than an
   absolute target. This opcode is a pseudo-instruction, replaced in
   final bytecode by the directed versions (forward/backward).

   在 3.12 版的變更: This is no longer a pseudo-instruction.

   在 3.13 版的變更: This instruction now requires an exact "bool"
   operand.

POP_JUMP_IF_NOT_NONE(delta)

   If "STACK[-1]" is not "None", increments the bytecode counter by
   *delta*. "STACK[-1]" is popped.

   在 3.11 版被加入.

   在 3.12 版的變更: This is no longer a pseudo-instruction.

POP_JUMP_IF_NONE(delta)

   If "STACK[-1]" is "None", increments the bytecode counter by
   *delta*. "STACK[-1]" is popped.

   在 3.11 版被加入.

   在 3.12 版的變更: This is no longer a pseudo-instruction.

FOR_ITER(delta)

   "STACK[-1]" is an *iterator*.  Call its "__next__()" method. If
   this yields a new value, push it on the stack (leaving the iterator
   below it).  If the iterator indicates it is exhausted then the byte
   code counter is incremented by *delta*.

   在 3.12 版的變更: Up until 3.11 the iterator was popped when it was
   exhausted.

LOAD_GLOBAL(namei)

   Loads the global named "co_names[namei>>1]" onto the stack.

   在 3.11 版的變更: If the low bit of "namei" is set, then a "NULL"
   is pushed to the stack before the global variable.

LOAD_FAST(var_num)

   Pushes a reference to the local "co_varnames[var_num]" onto the
   stack.

   在 3.12 版的變更: This opcode is now only used in situations where
   the local variable is guaranteed to be initialized. It cannot raise
   "UnboundLocalError".

LOAD_FAST_BORROW(var_num)

   Pushes a borrowed reference to the local "co_varnames[var_num]"
   onto the stack.

   在 3.14 版被加入.

LOAD_FAST_LOAD_FAST(var_nums)

   Pushes references to "co_varnames[var_nums >> 4]" and
   "co_varnames[var_nums & 15]" onto the stack.

   在 3.13 版被加入.

LOAD_FAST_BORROW_LOAD_FAST_BORROW(var_nums)

   Pushes borrowed references to "co_varnames[var_nums >> 4]" and
   "co_varnames[var_nums & 15]" onto the stack.

   在 3.14 版被加入.

LOAD_FAST_CHECK(var_num)

   Pushes a reference to the local "co_varnames[var_num]" onto the
   stack, raising an "UnboundLocalError" if the local variable has not
   been initialized.

   在 3.12 版被加入.

LOAD_FAST_AND_CLEAR(var_num)

   Pushes a reference to the local "co_varnames[var_num]" onto the
   stack (or pushes "NULL" onto the stack if the local variable has
   not been initialized) and sets "co_varnames[var_num]" to "NULL".

   在 3.12 版被加入.

STORE_FAST(var_num)

   Stores "STACK.pop()" into the local "co_varnames[var_num]".

STORE_FAST_STORE_FAST(var_nums)

   Stores "STACK[-1]" into "co_varnames[var_nums >> 4]" and
   "STACK[-2]" into "co_varnames[var_nums & 15]".

   在 3.13 版被加入.

STORE_FAST_LOAD_FAST(var_nums)

   Stores "STACK.pop()" into the local "co_varnames[var_nums >> 4]"
   and pushes a reference to the local "co_varnames[var_nums & 15]"
   onto the stack.

   在 3.13 版被加入.

DELETE_FAST(var_num)

   Deletes local "co_varnames[var_num]".

MAKE_CELL(i)

   Creates a new cell in slot "i".  If that slot is nonempty then that
   value is stored into the new cell.

   在 3.11 版被加入.

LOAD_DEREF(i)

   Loads the cell contained in slot "i" of the "fast locals" storage.
   Pushes a reference to the object the cell contains on the stack.

   在 3.11 版的變更: "i" is no longer offset by the length of
   "co_varnames".

LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_DEREF(i)

   Pops a mapping off the stack and looks up the name associated with
   slot "i" of the "fast locals" storage in this mapping. If the name
   is not found there, loads it from the cell contained in slot "i",
   similar to "LOAD_DEREF". This is used for loading *closure
   variables* in class bodies (which previously used
   "LOAD_CLASSDEREF") and in annotation scopes within class bodies.

   在 3.12 版被加入.

STORE_DEREF(i)

   Stores "STACK.pop()" into the cell contained in slot "i" of the
   "fast locals" storage.

   在 3.11 版的變更: "i" is no longer offset by the length of
   "co_varnames".

DELETE_DEREF(i)

   Empties the cell contained in slot "i" of the "fast locals"
   storage. Used by the "del" statement.

   在 3.2 版被加入.

   在 3.11 版的變更: "i" is no longer offset by the length of
   "co_varnames".

COPY_FREE_VARS(n)

   Copies the "n" *free (closure) variables* from the closure into the
   frame. Removes the need for special code on the caller's side when
   calling closures.

   在 3.11 版被加入.

RAISE_VARARGS(argc)

   Raises an exception using one of the 3 forms of the "raise"
   statement, depending on the value of *argc*:

   * 0: "raise" (re-raise previous exception)

   * 1: "raise STACK[-1]" (raise exception instance or type at
     "STACK[-1]")

   * 2: "raise STACK[-2] from STACK[-1]" (raise exception instance or
     type at "STACK[-2]" with "__cause__" set to "STACK[-1]")

CALL(argc)

   Calls a callable object with the number of arguments specified by
   "argc". On the stack are (in ascending order):

   * The callable

   * "self" 或 "NULL"

   * 剩餘的位置引數

   "argc" is the total of the positional arguments, excluding "self".

   "CALL" pops all arguments and the callable object off the stack,
   calls the callable object with those arguments, and pushes the
   return value returned by the callable object.

   在 3.11 版被加入.

   在 3.13 版的變更: The callable now always appears at the same
   position on the stack.

   在 3.13 版的變更: Calls with keyword arguments are now handled by
   "CALL_KW".

CALL_KW(argc)

   Calls a callable object with the number of arguments specified by
   "argc", including one or more named arguments. On the stack are (in
   ascending order):

   * The callable

   * "self" 或 "NULL"

   * 剩餘的位置引數

   * The named arguments

   * A "tuple" of keyword argument names

   "argc" is the total of the positional and named arguments,
   excluding "self". The length of the tuple of keyword argument names
   is the number of named arguments.

   "CALL_KW" pops all arguments, the keyword names, and the callable
   object off the stack, calls the callable object with those
   arguments, and pushes the return value returned by the callable
   object.

   在 3.13 版被加入.

CALL_FUNCTION_EX(flags)

   Calls a callable object with variable set of positional and keyword
   arguments.  If the lowest bit of *flags* is set, the top of the
   stack contains a mapping object containing additional keyword
   arguments. Before the callable is called, the mapping object and
   iterable object are each "unpacked" and their contents passed in as
   keyword and positional arguments respectively. "CALL_FUNCTION_EX"
   pops all arguments and the callable object off the stack, calls the
   callable object with those arguments, and pushes the return value
   returned by the callable object.

   在 3.6 版被加入.

PUSH_NULL

   Pushes a "NULL" to the stack. Used in the call sequence to match
   the "NULL" pushed by "LOAD_METHOD" for non-method calls.

   在 3.11 版被加入.

MAKE_FUNCTION

   Pushes a new function object on the stack built from the code
   object at "STACK[-1]".

   在 3.10 版的變更: Flag value "0x04" is a tuple of strings instead
   of dictionary

   在 3.11 版的變更: Qualified name at "STACK[-1]" was removed.

   在 3.13 版的變更: Extra function attributes on the stack, signaled
   by oparg flags, were removed. They now use
   "SET_FUNCTION_ATTRIBUTE".

SET_FUNCTION_ATTRIBUTE(flag)

   Sets an attribute on a function object. Expects the function at
   "STACK[-1]" and the attribute value to set at "STACK[-2]"; consumes
   both and leaves the function at "STACK[-1]". The flag determines
   which attribute to set:

   * "0x01" a tuple of default values for positional-only and
     positional-or-keyword parameters in positional order

   * "0x02" a dictionary of keyword-only parameters' default values

   * "0x04" a tuple of strings containing parameters' annotations

   * "0x08" a tuple containing cells for free variables, making a
     closure

   在 3.13 版被加入.

BUILD_SLICE(argc)

   Pushes a slice object on the stack.  *argc* must be 2 or 3.  If it
   is 2, implements:

      end = STACK.pop()
      start = STACK.pop()
      STACK.append(slice(start, end))

   if it is 3, implements:

      step = STACK.pop()
      end = STACK.pop()
      start = STACK.pop()
      STACK.append(slice(start, end, step))

   See the "slice()" built-in function for more information.

EXTENDED_ARG(ext)

   Prefixes any opcode which has an argument too big to fit into the
   default one byte. *ext* holds an additional byte which act as
   higher bits in the argument. For each opcode, at most three
   prefixal "EXTENDED_ARG" are allowed, forming an argument from two-
   byte to four-byte.

CONVERT_VALUE(oparg)

   Convert value to a string, depending on "oparg":

      value = STACK.pop()
      result = func(value)
      STACK.append(result)

   * "oparg == 1": call "str()" on *value*

   * "oparg == 2": call "repr()" on *value*

   * "oparg == 3": call "ascii()" on *value*

   Used for implementing formatted string literals (f-strings).

   在 3.13 版被加入.

FORMAT_SIMPLE

   Formats the value on top of stack:

      value = STACK.pop()
      result = value.__format__("")
      STACK.append(result)

   Used for implementing formatted string literals (f-strings).

   在 3.13 版被加入.

FORMAT_WITH_SPEC

   Formats the given value with the given format spec:

      spec = STACK.pop()
      value = STACK.pop()
      result = value.__format__(spec)
      STACK.append(result)

   Used for implementing formatted string literals (f-strings).

   在 3.13 版被加入.

MATCH_CLASS(count)

   "STACK[-1]" is a tuple of keyword attribute names, "STACK[-2]" is
   the class being matched against, and "STACK[-3]" is the match
   subject.  *count* is the number of positional sub-patterns.

   Pop "STACK[-1]", "STACK[-2]", and "STACK[-3]". If "STACK[-3]" is an
   instance of "STACK[-2]" and has the positional and keyword
   attributes required by *count* and "STACK[-1]", push a tuple of
   extracted attributes. Otherwise, push "None".

   在 3.10 版被加入.

   在 3.11 版的變更: Previously, this instruction also pushed a
   boolean value indicating success ("True") or failure ("False").

RESUME(context)

   A no-op. Performs internal tracing, debugging and optimization
   checks.

   The "context" operand consists of two parts. The lowest two bits
   indicate where the "RESUME" occurs:

   * "0" The start of a function, which is neither a generator,
     coroutine nor an async generator

   * "1" After a "yield" expression

   * "2" After a "yield from" expression

   * "3" After an "await" expression

   The next bit is "1" if the RESUME is at except-depth "1", and "0"
   otherwise.

   在 3.11 版被加入.

   在 3.13 版的變更: The oparg value changed to include information
   about except-depth

RETURN_GENERATOR

   Create a generator, coroutine, or async generator from the current
   frame. Used as first opcode of in code object for the above
   mentioned callables. Clear the current frame and return the newly
   created generator.

   在 3.11 版被加入.

SEND(delta)

   Equivalent to "STACK[-1] = STACK[-2].send(STACK[-1])". Used in
   "yield from" and "await" statements.

   If the call raises "StopIteration", pop the top value from the
   stack, push the exception's "value" attribute, and increment the
   bytecode counter by *delta*.

   在 3.11 版被加入.

HAVE_ARGUMENT

   This is not really an opcode.  It identifies the dividing line
   between opcodes in the range [0,255] which don't use their argument
   and those that do ("< HAVE_ARGUMENT" and ">= HAVE_ARGUMENT",
   respectively).

   If your application uses pseudo instructions or specialized
   instructions, use the "hasarg" collection instead.

   在 3.6 版的變更: Now every instruction has an argument, but opcodes
   "< HAVE_ARGUMENT" ignore it. Before, only opcodes ">=
   HAVE_ARGUMENT" had an argument.

   在 3.12 版的變更: Pseudo instructions were added to the "dis"
   module, and for them it is not true that comparison with
   "HAVE_ARGUMENT" indicates whether they use their arg.

   在 3.13 版之後被棄用: Use "hasarg" instead.

CALL_INTRINSIC_1

   Calls an intrinsic function with one argument. Passes "STACK[-1]"
   as the argument and sets "STACK[-1]" to the result. Used to
   implement functionality that is not performance critical.

   The operand determines which intrinsic function is called:

   +-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   | 運算元                              | 描述                                |
   |=====================================|=====================================|
   | "INTRINSIC_1_INVALID"               | Not valid                           |
   +-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   | "INTRINSIC_PRINT"                   | Prints the argument to standard     |
   |                                     | out. Used in the REPL.              |
   +-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   | "INTRINSIC_IMPORT_STAR"             | Performs "import *" for the named   |
   |                                     | module.                             |
   +-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   | "INTRINSIC_STOPITERATION_ERROR"     | Extracts the return value from a    |
   |                                     | "StopIteration" exception.          |
   +-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   | "INTRINSIC_ASYNC_GEN_WRAP"          | Wraps an async generator value      |
   +-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   | "INTRINSIC_UNARY_POSITIVE"          | Performs the unary "+" operation    |
   +-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   | "INTRINSIC_LIST_TO_TUPLE"           | Converts a list to a tuple          |
   +-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   | "INTRINSIC_TYPEVAR"                 | Creates a "typing.TypeVar"          |
   +-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   | "INTRINSIC_PARAMSPEC"               | Creates a "typing.ParamSpec"        |
   +-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   | "INTRINSIC_TYPEVARTUPLE"            | Creates a "typing.TypeVarTuple"     |
   +-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   | "INTRINSIC_SUBSCRIPT_GENERIC"       | Returns "typing.Generic"            |
   |                                     | subscripted with the argument       |
   +-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   | "INTRINSIC_TYPEALIAS"               | Creates a "typing.TypeAliasType";   |
   |                                     | used in the "type" statement. The   |
   |                                     | argument is a tuple of the type     |
   |                                     | alias's name, type parameters, and  |
   |                                     | value.                              |
   +-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+

   在 3.12 版被加入.

CALL_INTRINSIC_2

   Calls an intrinsic function with two arguments. Used to implement
   functionality that is not performance critical:

      arg2 = STACK.pop()
      arg1 = STACK.pop()
      result = intrinsic2(arg1, arg2)
      STACK.append(result)

   The operand determines which intrinsic function is called:

   +------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   | 運算元                                   | 描述                                |
   |==========================================|=====================================|
   | "INTRINSIC_2_INVALID"                    | Not valid                           |
   +------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   | "INTRINSIC_PREP_RERAISE_STAR"            | Calculates the "ExceptionGroup" to  |
   |                                          | raise from a "try-except*".         |
   +------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   | "INTRINSIC_TYPEVAR_WITH_BOUND"           | Creates a "typing.TypeVar" with a   |
   |                                          | bound.                              |
   +------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   | "INTRINSIC_TYPEVAR_WITH_CONSTRAINTS"     | Creates a "typing.TypeVar" with     |
   |                                          | constraints.                        |
   +------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   | "INTRINSIC_SET_FUNCTION_TYPE_PARAMS"     | Sets the "__type_params__"          |
   |                                          | attribute of a function.            |
   +------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+

   在 3.12 版被加入.

LOAD_SPECIAL

   Performs special method lookup on "STACK[-1]". If
   "type(STACK[-1]).__xxx__" is a method, leave
   "type(STACK[-1]).__xxx__; STACK[-1]" on the stack. If
   "type(STACK[-1]).__xxx__" is not a method, leave
   "STACK[-1].__xxx__; NULL" on the stack.

   在 3.14 版被加入.

**Pseudo-instructions**

These opcodes do not appear in Python bytecode. They are used by the
compiler but are replaced by real opcodes or removed before bytecode
is generated.

SETUP_FINALLY(target)

   Set up an exception handler for the following code block. If an
   exception occurs, the value stack level is restored to its current
   state and control is transferred to the exception handler at
   "target".

SETUP_CLEANUP(target)

   Like "SETUP_FINALLY", but in case of an exception also pushes the
   last instruction ("lasti") to the stack so that "RERAISE" can
   restore it. If an exception occurs, the value stack level and the
   last instruction on the frame are restored to their current state,
   and control is transferred to the exception handler at "target".

SETUP_WITH(target)

   Like "SETUP_CLEANUP", but in case of an exception one more item is
   popped from the stack before control is transferred to the
   exception handler at "target".

   This variant is used in "with" and "async with" constructs, which
   push the return value of the context manager's "__enter__()" or
   "__aenter__()" to the stack.

POP_BLOCK

   Marks the end of the code block associated with the last
   "SETUP_FINALLY", "SETUP_CLEANUP" or "SETUP_WITH".

LOAD_CONST_IMMORTAL(consti)

   Works as "LOAD_CONST", but is more efficient for immortal objects.

JUMP
JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT

   Undirected relative jump instructions which are replaced by their
   directed (forward/backward) counterparts by the assembler.

JUMP_IF_TRUE
JUMP_IF_FALSE

   Conditional jumps which do not impact the stack. Replaced by the
   sequence "COPY 1", "TO_BOOL", "POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE/FALSE".

LOAD_CLOSURE(i)

   Pushes a reference to the cell contained in slot "i" of the "fast
   locals" storage.

   Note that "LOAD_CLOSURE" is replaced with "LOAD_FAST" in the
   assembler.

   在 3.13 版的變更: This opcode is now a pseudo-instruction.


Opcode collections
==================

These collections are provided for automatic introspection of bytecode
instructions:

在 3.12 版的變更: The collections now contain pseudo instructions and
instrumented instructions as well. These are opcodes with values ">=
MIN_PSEUDO_OPCODE" and ">= MIN_INSTRUMENTED_OPCODE".

dis.opname

   Sequence of operation names, indexable using the bytecode.

dis.opmap

   Dictionary mapping operation names to bytecodes.

dis.cmp_op

   Sequence of all compare operation names.

dis.hasarg

   Sequence of bytecodes that use their argument.

   在 3.12 版被加入.

dis.hasconst

   Sequence of bytecodes that access a constant.

dis.hasfree

   Sequence of bytecodes that access a *free (closure) variable*.
   'free' in this context refers to names in the current scope that
   are referenced by inner scopes or names in outer scopes that are
   referenced from this scope.  It does *not* include references to
   global or builtin scopes.

dis.hasname

   Sequence of bytecodes that access an attribute by name.

dis.hasjump

   Sequence of bytecodes that have a jump target. All jumps are
   relative.

   在 3.13 版被加入.

dis.haslocal

   Sequence of bytecodes that access a local variable.

dis.hascompare

   Sequence of bytecodes of Boolean operations.

dis.hasexc

   Sequence of bytecodes that set an exception handler.

   在 3.12 版被加入.

dis.hasjrel

   Sequence of bytecodes that have a relative jump target.

   在 3.13 版之後被棄用: All jumps are now relative. Use "hasjump".

dis.hasjabs

   Sequence of bytecodes that have an absolute jump target.

   在 3.13 版之後被棄用: All jumps are now relative. This list is
   empty.
