# `faulthandler` --- 傾印 Python 回溯

在 3.3 版被加入.

This module contains functions to dump Python tracebacks explicitly, on a fault, after a timeout, or on a user signal. Call `faulthandler.enable()` to install fault handlers for the `SIGSEGV`, `SIGFPE`, `SIGABRT`, `SIGBUS`, and `SIGILL` signals. You can also enable them at startup by setting the `PYTHONFAULTHANDLER` environment variable or by using the `-X` `faulthandler` command line option.

The fault handler is compatible with system fault handlers like Apport or the Windows fault handler. The module uses an alternative stack for signal handlers if the `sigaltstack()` function is available. This allows it to dump the traceback even on a stack overflow.

The fault handler is called on catastrophic cases and therefore can only use signal-safe functions (e.g. it cannot allocate memory on the heap). Because of this limitation traceback dumping is minimal compared to normal Python tracebacks:

- Only ASCII is supported. The `backslashreplace` error handler is used on encoding.

- Each string is limited to 500 characters.

- Only the filename, the function name and the line number are displayed. (no source code)

- It is limited to 100 frames and 100 threads.

- The order is reversed: the most recent call is shown first.

By default, the Python traceback is written to `sys.stderr`. To see tracebacks, applications must be run in the terminal. A log file can alternatively be passed to `faulthandler.enable()`.

The module is implemented in C, so tracebacks can be dumped on a crash or when Python is deadlocked.

The Python Development Mode calls `faulthandler.enable()` at Python startup.

也參考

`pdb` 模組

  Interactive source code debugger for Python programs.

`traceback` 模組

  Standard interface to extract, format and print stack traces of Python programs.

## Dumping the traceback

faulthandler.dump_traceback(file=sys.stderr, all_threads=True)

  Dump the tracebacks of all threads into file. If all_threads is `False`, dump only the current thread.

  也參考

  `traceback.print_tb()`, which can be used to print a traceback object.

  在 3.5 版的變更: Added support for passing file descriptor to this function.

## Dumping the C stack

在 3.14 版被加入.

faulthandler.dump_c_stack(file=sys.stderr)

  Dump the C stack trace of the current thread into file.

  If the Python build does not support it or the operating system does not provide a stack trace, then this prints an error in place of a dumped C stack.

### C Stack Compatibility

If the system does not support the C-level backtrace(3) or dladdr1(3), then C stack dumps will not work. An error will be printed instead of the stack.

Additionally, some compilers do not support CPython's implementation of C stack dumps. As a result, a different error may be printed instead of the stack, even if the operating system supports dumping stacks.

備註

Dumping C stacks can be arbitrarily slow, depending on the DWARF level of the binaries in the call stack.

## Fault handler state

faulthandler.enable(file=sys.stderr, all_threads=True, c_stack=True)

  Enable the fault handler: install handlers for the `SIGSEGV`, `SIGFPE`, `SIGABRT`, `SIGBUS` and `SIGILL` signals to dump the Python traceback. If all_threads is `True`, produce tracebacks for every running thread. Otherwise, dump only the current thread.

  The file must be kept open until the fault handler is disabled: see issue with file descriptors.

  If c_stack is `True`, then the C stack trace is printed after the Python traceback, unless the system does not support it. See `dump_c_stack()` for more information on compatibility.

  在 3.5 版的變更: Added support for passing file descriptor to this function.

  在 3.6 版的變更: On Windows, a handler for Windows exception is also installed.

  在 3.10 版的變更: The dump now mentions if a garbage collector collection is running if all_threads is true.

  在 3.14 版的變更: Only the current thread is dumped if the GIL is disabled to prevent the risk of data races.

  在 3.14 版的變更: The dump now displays the C stack trace if c_stack is true.

faulthandler.disable()

  Disable the fault handler: uninstall the signal handlers installed by `enable()`.

faulthandler.is_enabled()

  Check if the fault handler is enabled.

## Dumping the tracebacks after a timeout

faulthandler.dump_traceback_later(timeout, repeat=False, file=sys.stderr, exit=False)

  Dump the tracebacks of all threads, after a timeout of timeout seconds, or every timeout seconds if repeat is `True`. If exit is `True`, call `_exit()` with status=1 after dumping the tracebacks. (Note `_exit()` exits the process immediately, which means it doesn't do any cleanup like flushing file buffers.) If the function is called twice, the new call replaces previous parameters and resets the timeout. The timer has a sub-second resolution.

  The file must be kept open until the traceback is dumped or `cancel_dump_traceback_later()` is called: see issue with file descriptors.

  This function is implemented using a watchdog thread.

  在 3.5 版的變更: Added support for passing file descriptor to this function.

  在 3.7 版的變更: This function is now always available.

faulthandler.cancel_dump_traceback_later()

  Cancel the last call to `dump_traceback_later()`.

## Dumping the traceback on a user signal

faulthandler.register(signum, file=sys.stderr, all_threads=True, chain=False)

  Register a user signal: install a handler for the signum signal to dump the traceback of all threads, or of the current thread if all_threads is `False`, into file. Call the previous handler if chain is `True`.

  The file must be kept open until the signal is unregistered by `unregister()`: see issue with file descriptors.

  Not available on Windows.

  在 3.5 版的變更: Added support for passing file descriptor to this function.

faulthandler.unregister(signum)

  Unregister a user signal: uninstall the handler of the signum signal installed by `register()`. Return `True` if the signal was registered, `False` otherwise.

  Not available on Windows.

## Issue with file descriptors

`enable()`, `dump_traceback_later()` and `register()` keep the file descriptor of their file argument. If the file is closed and its file descriptor is reused by a new file, or if `os.dup2()` is used to replace the file descriptor, the traceback will be written into a different file. Call these functions again each time that the file is replaced.

## 範例

Example of a segmentation fault on Linux with and without enabling the fault handler:

    $ python -c "import ctypes; ctypes.string_at(0)"
    Segmentation fault

    $ python -q -X faulthandler
    >>> import ctypes
    >>> ctypes.string_at(0)
    Fatal Python error: Segmentation fault

    Current thread 0x00007fb899f39700 (most recent call first):
      File "/opt/python/Lib/ctypes/__init__.py", line 486 in string_at
      File "<stdin>", line 1 in <module>

    Current thread's C stack trace (most recent call first):
      Binary file "/opt/python/python", at _Py_DumpStack+0x42 [0x5b27f7d7147e]
      Binary file "/opt/python/python", at +0x32dcbd [0x5b27f7d85cbd]
      Binary file "/opt/python/python", at +0x32df8a [0x5b27f7d85f8a]
      Binary file "/usr/lib/libc.so.6", at +0x3def0 [0x77b73226bef0]
      Binary file "/usr/lib/libc.so.6", at +0x17ef9c [0x77b7323acf9c]
      Binary file "/opt/python/build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.14/_ctypes.cpython-314d-x86_64-linux-gnu.so", at +0xcdf6 [0x77b7315dddf6]
      Binary file "/usr/lib/libffi.so.8", at +0x7976 [0x77b73158f976]
      Binary file "/usr/lib/libffi.so.8", at +0x413c [0x77b73158c13c]
      Binary file "/usr/lib/libffi.so.8", at ffi_call+0x12e [0x77b73158ef0e]
      Binary file "/opt/python/build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.14/_ctypes.cpython-314d-x86_64-linux-gnu.so", at +0x15a33 [0x77b7315e6a33]
      Binary file "/opt/python/build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.14/_ctypes.cpython-314d-x86_64-linux-gnu.so", at +0x164fa [0x77b7315e74fa]
      Binary file "/opt/python/build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.14/_ctypes.cpython-314d-x86_64-linux-gnu.so", at +0xc624 [0x77b7315dd624]
      Binary file "/opt/python/python", at _PyObject_MakeTpCall+0xce [0x5b27f7b73883]
      Binary file "/opt/python/python", at +0x11bab6 [0x5b27f7b73ab6]
      Binary file "/opt/python/python", at PyObject_Vectorcall+0x23 [0x5b27f7b73b04]
      Binary file "/opt/python/python", at _PyEval_EvalFrameDefault+0x490c [0x5b27f7cbb302]
      Binary file "/opt/python/python", at +0x2818e6 [0x5b27f7cd98e6]
      Binary file "/opt/python/python", at +0x281aab [0x5b27f7cd9aab]
      Binary file "/opt/python/python", at PyEval_EvalCode+0xc5 [0x5b27f7cd9ba3]
      Binary file "/opt/python/python", at +0x255957 [0x5b27f7cad957]
      Binary file "/opt/python/python", at +0x255ab4 [0x5b27f7cadab4]
      Binary file "/opt/python/python", at _PyEval_EvalFrameDefault+0x6c3e [0x5b27f7cbd634]
      Binary file "/opt/python/python", at +0x2818e6 [0x5b27f7cd98e6]
      Binary file "/opt/python/python", at +0x281aab [0x5b27f7cd9aab]
      Binary file "/opt/python/python", at +0x11b6e1 [0x5b27f7b736e1]
      Binary file "/opt/python/python", at +0x11d348 [0x5b27f7b75348]
      Binary file "/opt/python/python", at +0x11d626 [0x5b27f7b75626]
      Binary file "/opt/python/python", at PyObject_Call+0x20 [0x5b27f7b7565e]
      Binary file "/opt/python/python", at +0x32a67a [0x5b27f7d8267a]
      Binary file "/opt/python/python", at +0x32a7f8 [0x5b27f7d827f8]
      Binary file "/opt/python/python", at +0x32ac1b [0x5b27f7d82c1b]
      Binary file "/opt/python/python", at Py_RunMain+0x31 [0x5b27f7d82ebe]
      <truncated rest of calls>
    Segmentation fault