沿革與授權
**********


軟體沿革
========

Python 是由荷蘭數學和計算機科學研究學會（CWI，見 https://www.cwi.nl/）
的 Guido van Rossum 於 1990 年代早期所創造，目的是作為一種稱為 ABC 語
言的後繼者。儘管 Python 包含了許多來自其他人的貢獻，Guido 仍是其主要作
者。

1995 年，Guido 在維吉尼亞州雷斯頓的國家創新研究公司（CNRI，見
https://www.cnri.reston.va.us/）繼續他在 Python 的工作，並在那裡發佈了
該軟體的多個版本。

2000 年五月，Guido 和 Python 核心開發團隊轉移到 BeOpen.com 並成立了
BeOpen PythonLabs 團隊。同年十月，PythonLabs 團隊轉移到 Digital
Creations（現為 Zope Corporation；見 https://www.zope.org/）。2001 年
，Python 軟體基金會（PSF，見 https://www.python.org/psf/）成立，這是一
個專為擁有 Python 相關的智慧財產權而創立的非營利組織。Zope Corporation
是 PSF 的一個贊助會員。

所有的 Python 版本都是開源的（有關開源的定義，參閱
https://opensource.org/）。歷史上，大多數但非全部的 Python 版本，也是
GPL 相容的；以下表格總結各個版本的差異。

+------------------+----------------+--------------+--------------+-------------------+
| 發佈版本         | 源自           | 年份         | 擁有者       | GPL 相容性        |
|==================|================|==============|==============|===================|
| 0.9.0 至 1.2     | 不適用         | 1991-1995    | CWI          | 是                |
+------------------+----------------+--------------+--------------+-------------------+
| 1.3 至 1.5.2     | 1.2            | 1995-1999    | CNRI         | 是                |
+------------------+----------------+--------------+--------------+-------------------+
| 1.6              | 1.5.2          | 2000         | CNRI         | 否                |
+------------------+----------------+--------------+--------------+-------------------+
| 2.0              | 1.6            | 2000         | BeOpen.com   | 否                |
+------------------+----------------+--------------+--------------+-------------------+
| 1.6.1            | 1.6            | 2001         | CNRI         | 否                |
+------------------+----------------+--------------+--------------+-------------------+
| 2.1              | 2.0+1.6.1      | 2001         | PSF          | 否                |
+------------------+----------------+--------------+--------------+-------------------+
| 2.0.1            | 2.0+1.6.1      | 2001         | PSF          | 是                |
+------------------+----------------+--------------+--------------+-------------------+
| 2.1.1            | 2.1+2.0.1      | 2001         | PSF          | 是                |
+------------------+----------------+--------------+--------------+-------------------+
| 2.1.2            | 2.1.1          | 2002         | PSF          | 是                |
+------------------+----------------+--------------+--------------+-------------------+
| 2.1.3            | 2.1.2          | 2002         | PSF          | 是                |
+------------------+----------------+--------------+--------------+-------------------+
| 2.2 以上         | 2.1.1          | 2001 至今    | PSF          | 是                |
+------------------+----------------+--------------+--------------+-------------------+

備註:

  GPL 相容並不表示我們是在 GPL 下發佈 Python。不像 GPL，所有的 Python
  授權都可以讓您發佈修改後的版本，但不一定要使您的變更成為開源。GPL 相
  容的授權使得 Python 可以結合其他在 GPL 下發佈的軟體一起使用；但其它
  的授權則不行。

感謝許多的外部志工，在 Guido 指導下的付出，使得這些版本的發佈成為可能
。


關於存取或以其他方式使用 Python 的合約條款
==========================================

Python 軟體和說明文件的授權是基於 PSF 授權合約。

從 Python 3.8.6 開始，說明文件中的範例、程式庫和其他程式碼，是被雙重授
權 (dual licensed) 於 PSF 授權合約以及 Zero-Clause BSD 授權。

有些被納入 Python 中的軟體是基於不同的授權。這些授權將會與其授權之程式
碼一起被列出。關於這些授權的不完整清單，請參閱被收錄軟體的授權與致謝。


用於 PYTHON 3.9.8 的 PSF 授權合約
---------------------------------

   1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Python Software Foundation ("PSF"), and
      the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using Python
      3.9.8 software in source or binary form and its associated documentation.

   2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, PSF hereby
      grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce,
      analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works,
      distribute, and otherwise use Python 3.9.8 alone or in any derivative
      version, provided, however, that PSF's License Agreement and PSF's notice of
      copyright, i.e., "Copyright © 2001-2021 Python Software Foundation; All Rights
      Reserved" are retained in Python 3.9.8 alone or in any derivative version
      prepared by Licensee.

   3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on or
      incorporates Python 3.9.8 or any part thereof, and wants to make the
      derivative work available to others as provided herein, then Licensee hereby
      agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of the changes made to Python
      3.9.8.

   4. PSF is making Python 3.9.8 available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis.
      PSF MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED.  BY WAY OF
      EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, PSF MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR
      WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE
      USE OF PYTHON 3.9.8 WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS.

   5. PSF SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON 3.9.8
      FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF
      MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON 3.9.8, OR ANY DERIVATIVE
      THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF.

   6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of
      its terms and conditions.

   7. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship
      of agency, partnership, or joint venture between PSF and Licensee.  This License
      Agreement does not grant permission to use PSF trademarks or trade name in a
      trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any
      third party.

   8. By copying, installing or otherwise using Python 3.9.8, Licensee agrees
      to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement.


用於 PYTHON 2.0 的 BEOPEN.COM 授權合約
--------------------------------------

BEOPEN PYTHON 開源授權合約第 1 版

   1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between BeOpen.com ("BeOpen"), having an office at
      160 Saratoga Avenue, Santa Clara, CA 95051, and the Individual or Organization
      ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using this software in source or binary
      form and its associated documentation ("the Software").

   2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this BeOpen Python License Agreement,
      BeOpen hereby grants Licensee a non-exclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license
      to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative
      works, distribute, and otherwise use the Software alone or in any derivative
      version, provided, however, that the BeOpen Python License is retained in the
      Software, alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee.

   3. BeOpen is making the Software available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis.
      BEOPEN MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED.  BY WAY OF
      EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, BEOPEN MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR
      WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE
      USE OF THE SOFTWARE WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS.

   4. BEOPEN SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF THE SOFTWARE FOR
      ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF USING,
      MODIFYING OR DISTRIBUTING THE SOFTWARE, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF
      ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF.

   5. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of
      its terms and conditions.

   6. This License Agreement shall be governed by and interpreted in all respects
      by the law of the State of California, excluding conflict of law provisions.
      Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of
      agency, partnership, or joint venture between BeOpen and Licensee.  This License
      Agreement does not grant permission to use BeOpen trademarks or trade names in a
      trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any
      third party.  As an exception, the "BeOpen Python" logos available at
      http://www.pythonlabs.com/logos.html may be used according to the permissions
      granted on that web page.

   7. By copying, installing or otherwise using the software, Licensee agrees to be
      bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement.


用於 PYTHON 1.6.1 的 CNRI 授權合約
----------------------------------

   1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Corporation for National Research
      Initiatives, having an office at 1895 Preston White Drive, Reston, VA 20191
      ("CNRI"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and
      otherwise using Python 1.6.1 software in source or binary form and its
      associated documentation.

   2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, CNRI hereby
      grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce,
      analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works,
      distribute, and otherwise use Python 1.6.1 alone or in any derivative version,
      provided, however, that CNRI's License Agreement and CNRI's notice of copyright,
      i.e., "Copyright © 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives; All
      Rights Reserved" are retained in Python 1.6.1 alone or in any derivative version
      prepared by Licensee.  Alternately, in lieu of CNRI's License Agreement,
      Licensee may substitute the following text (omitting the quotes): "Python 1.6.1
      is made available subject to the terms and conditions in CNRI's License
      Agreement.  This Agreement together with Python 1.6.1 may be located on the
      Internet using the following unique, persistent identifier (known as a handle):
      1895.22/1013.  This Agreement may also be obtained from a proxy server on the
      Internet using the following URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1895.22/1013."

   3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on or
      incorporates Python 1.6.1 or any part thereof, and wants to make the derivative
      work available to others as provided herein, then Licensee hereby agrees to
      include in any such work a brief summary of the changes made to Python 1.6.1.

   4. CNRI is making Python 1.6.1 available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis.  CNRI
      MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED.  BY WAY OF EXAMPLE,
      BUT NOT LIMITATION, CNRI MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY
      OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF
      PYTHON 1.6.1 WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS.

   5. CNRI SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON 1.6.1 FOR
      ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF
      MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON 1.6.1, OR ANY DERIVATIVE
      THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF.

   6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of
      its terms and conditions.

   7. This License Agreement shall be governed by the federal intellectual property
      law of the United States, including without limitation the federal copyright
      law, and, to the extent such U.S. federal law does not apply, by the law of the
      Commonwealth of Virginia, excluding Virginia's conflict of law provisions.
      Notwithstanding the foregoing, with regard to derivative works based on Python
      1.6.1 that incorporate non-separable material that was previously distributed
      under the GNU General Public License (GPL), the law of the Commonwealth of
      Virginia shall govern this License Agreement only as to issues arising under or
      with respect to Paragraphs 4, 5, and 7 of this License Agreement.  Nothing in
      this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency,
      partnership, or joint venture between CNRI and Licensee.  This License Agreement
      does not grant permission to use CNRI trademarks or trade name in a trademark
      sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third
      party.

   8. By clicking on the "ACCEPT" button where indicated, or by copying, installing
      or otherwise using Python 1.6.1, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and
      conditions of this License Agreement.


用於 PYTHON 0.9.0 至 1.2 的 CWI 授權合約
----------------------------------------

   Copyright © 1991 - 1995, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum Amsterdam, The
   Netherlands.  All rights reserved.

   Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
   documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that
   the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright
   notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that
   the name of Stichting Mathematisch Centrum or CWI not be used in advertising or
   publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written
   prior permission.

   STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS
   SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO
   EVENT SHALL STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT
   OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE,
   DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS
   ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS
   SOFTWARE.


用於 PYTHON 3.9.8 說明文件內程式碼的 ZERO-CLAUSE BSD 授權
---------------------------------------------------------

   Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
   purpose with or without fee is hereby granted.

   THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH
   REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
   AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT,
   INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM
   LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR
   OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
   PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.


被收錄軟體的授權與致謝
======================

本節是一個不完整但持續增加的授權與致謝清單，對象是在 Python 發佈版本中
所收錄的第三方軟體。


Mersenne Twister
----------------

"_random" 模組包含了以
http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/MT2002/emt19937ar.html
的下載內容為基礎的程式碼。以下是原始程式碼的完整聲明：

   A C-program for MT19937, with initialization improved 2002/1/26.
   Coded by Takuji Nishimura and Makoto Matsumoto.

   Before using, initialize the state by using init_genrand(seed)
   or init_by_array(init_key, key_length).

   Copyright (C) 1997 - 2002, Makoto Matsumoto and Takuji Nishimura,
   All rights reserved.

   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
   are met:

    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.

    3. The names of its contributors may not be used to endorse or promote
       products derived from this software without specific prior written
       permission.

   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
   "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
   A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
   CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
   EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
   PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
   PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
   LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
   NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
   SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.


   Any feedback is very welcome.
   http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/emt.html
   email: m-mat @ math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp (remove space)


Sockets
-------

"socket" 模組使用 "getaddrinfo()" 和 "getnameinfo()" 函式，它們在 WIDE
專案（http://www.wide.ad.jp/）內，於不同的原始檔案中被編碼：

   Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1998 WIDE Project.
   All rights reserved.

   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
   are met:
   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
   3. Neither the name of the project nor the names of its contributors
      may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
      without specific prior written permission.

   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE PROJECT AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
   ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
   IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
   ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE PROJECT OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
   FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
   DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
   OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
   HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
   LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
   OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
   SUCH DAMAGE.


非同步 socket 服務
------------------

"asynchat" 和 "asyncore" 模組包含以下聲明：

   Copyright 1996 by Sam Rushing

                           All Rights Reserved

   Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and
   its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby
   granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all
   copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission
   notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Sam
   Rushing not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to
   distribution of the software without specific, written prior
   permission.

   SAM RUSHING DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE,
   INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN
   NO EVENT SHALL SAM RUSHING BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR
   CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS
   OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
   NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN
   CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.


Cookie 管理
-----------

"http.cookies" 模組包含以下聲明：

   Copyright 2000 by Timothy O'Malley <timo@alum.mit.edu>

                  All Rights Reserved

   Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software
   and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby
   granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all
   copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission
   notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of
   Timothy O'Malley  not be used in advertising or publicity
   pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written
   prior permission.

   Timothy O'Malley DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS
   SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
   AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL Timothy O'Malley BE LIABLE FOR
   ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
   WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS,
   WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS
   ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
   PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.


執行追蹤
--------

"trace" 模組包含以下聲明：

   portions copyright 2001, Autonomous Zones Industries, Inc., all rights...
   err...  reserved and offered to the public under the terms of the
   Python 2.2 license.
   Author: Zooko O'Whielacronx
   http://zooko.com/
   mailto:zooko@zooko.com

   Copyright 2000, Mojam Media, Inc., all rights reserved.
   Author: Skip Montanaro

   Copyright 1999, Bioreason, Inc., all rights reserved.
   Author: Andrew Dalke

   Copyright 1995-1997, Automatrix, Inc., all rights reserved.
   Author: Skip Montanaro

   Copyright 1991-1995, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, all rights reserved.


   Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this Python software and
   its associated documentation for any purpose without fee is hereby
   granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies,
   and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
   supporting documentation, and that the name of neither Automatrix,
   Bioreason or Mojam Media be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to
   distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission.


UUencode 與 UUdecode 函式
-------------------------

"uu" 模組包含以下聲明：

   Copyright 1994 by Lance Ellinghouse
   Cathedral City, California Republic, United States of America.
                          All Rights Reserved
   Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
   documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted,
   provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that
   both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
   supporting documentation, and that the name of Lance Ellinghouse
   not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution
   of the software without specific, written prior permission.
   LANCE ELLINGHOUSE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO
   THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND
   FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL LANCE ELLINGHOUSE CENTRUM BE LIABLE
   FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
   WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
   ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT
   OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.

   Modified by Jack Jansen, CWI, July 1995:
   - Use binascii module to do the actual line-by-line conversion
     between ascii and binary. This results in a 1000-fold speedup. The C
     version is still 5 times faster, though.
   - Arguments more compliant with Python standard


XML 遠端程序呼叫
----------------

"xmlrpc.client" 模組包含以下聲明：

       The XML-RPC client interface is

   Copyright (c) 1999-2002 by Secret Labs AB
   Copyright (c) 1999-2002 by Fredrik Lundh

   By obtaining, using, and/or copying this software and/or its
   associated documentation, you agree that you have read, understood,
   and will comply with the following terms and conditions:

   Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and
   its associated documentation for any purpose and without fee is
   hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in
   all copies, and that both that copyright notice and this permission
   notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of
   Secret Labs AB or the author not be used in advertising or publicity
   pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written
   prior permission.

   SECRET LABS AB AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD
   TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANT-
   ABILITY AND FITNESS.  IN NO EVENT SHALL SECRET LABS AB OR THE AUTHOR
   BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY
   DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS,
   WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS
   ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE
   OF THIS SOFTWARE.


test_epoll
----------

"test_epoll" 模組包含以下聲明：

   Copyright (c) 2001-2006 Twisted Matrix Laboratories.

   Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
   a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
   "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
   without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
   distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
   permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
   the following conditions:

   The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
   included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

   THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
   EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
   MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
   NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
   LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
   OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
   WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.


Select kqueue
-------------

"select" 模組對於 kqueue 介面包含以下聲明：

   Copyright (c) 2000 Doug White, 2006 James Knight, 2007 Christian Heimes
   All rights reserved.

   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
   are met:
   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.

   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
   ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
   IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
   ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
   FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
   DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
   OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
   HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
   LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
   OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
   SUCH DAMAGE.


SipHash24
---------

"Python/pyhash.c" 檔案包含 Marek Majkowski' 基於 Dan Bernstein 的
SipHash24 演算法的實作。它包含以下聲明：

   <MIT License>
   Copyright (c) 2013  Marek Majkowski <marek@popcount.org>

   Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
   of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
   in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
   to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
   copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
   furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

   The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
   all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
   </MIT License>

   Original location:
      https://github.com/majek/csiphash/

   Solution inspired by code from:
      Samuel Neves (supercop/crypto_auth/siphash24/little)
      djb (supercop/crypto_auth/siphash24/little2)
      Jean-Philippe Aumasson (https://131002.net/siphash/siphash24.c)


strtod 與 dtoa
--------------

"Python/dtoa.c" 檔案提供了 C 的 dtoa 和 strtod 函式，用於將 C 的雙精度
浮點數和字串互相轉換。該檔案是衍生自 David M. Gay 建立的同名檔案，後者
現在可以從 http://www.netlib.org/fp/ 下載。於 2009 年 3 月 16 日所檢索
的原始檔案包含以下版權與授權聲明：

   /****************************************************************
    *
    * The author of this software is David M. Gay.
    *
    * Copyright (c) 1991, 2000, 2001 by Lucent Technologies.
    *
    * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
    * purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that this entire notice
    * is included in all copies of any software which is or includes a copy
    * or modification of this software and in all copies of the supporting
    * documentation for such software.
    *
    * THIS SOFTWARE IS BEING PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
    * WARRANTY.  IN PARTICULAR, NEITHER THE AUTHOR NOR LUCENT MAKES ANY
    * REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE MERCHANTABILITY
    * OF THIS SOFTWARE OR ITS FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
    *
    ***************************************************************/


OpenSSL
-------

如果 OpenSSL 函式庫可被作業系統使用，則 "hashlib"、"posix"、"ssl"、
"crypt" 模組會使用它來提升效能。此外，因為 Windows 和 macOS 的 Python
安裝程式可能包含 OpenSSL 函式庫的副本，所以我們也在此收錄 OpenSSL 授權
的副本：

    LICENSE ISSUES
    ==============

    The OpenSSL toolkit stays under a dual license, i.e. both the conditions of
    the OpenSSL License and the original SSLeay license apply to the toolkit.
    See below for the actual license texts. Actually both licenses are BSD-style
    Open Source licenses. In case of any license issues related to OpenSSL
    please contact openssl-core@openssl.org.

    OpenSSL License
    ---------------

      /* ====================================================================
       * Copyright (c) 1998-2008 The OpenSSL Project.  All rights reserved.
       *
       * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
       * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
       * are met:
       *
       * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
       *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
       *
       * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
       *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
       *    the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
       *    distribution.
       *
       * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this
       *    software must display the following acknowledgment:
       *    "This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project
       *    for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit. (http://www.openssl.org/)"
       *
       * 4. The names "OpenSSL Toolkit" and "OpenSSL Project" must not be used to
       *    endorse or promote products derived from this software without
       *    prior written permission. For written permission, please contact
       *    openssl-core@openssl.org.
       *
       * 5. Products derived from this software may not be called "OpenSSL"
       *    nor may "OpenSSL" appear in their names without prior written
       *    permission of the OpenSSL Project.
       *
       * 6. Redistributions of any form whatsoever must retain the following
       *    acknowledgment:
       *    "This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project
       *    for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit (http://www.openssl.org/)"
       *
       * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE OpenSSL PROJECT ``AS IS'' AND ANY
       * EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
       * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
       * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE OpenSSL PROJECT OR
       * ITS CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
       * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
       * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
       * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
       * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
       * STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
       * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED
       * OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
       * ====================================================================
       *
       * This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young
       * (eay@cryptsoft.com).  This product includes software written by Tim
       * Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com).
       *
       */

   Original SSLeay License
   -----------------------

      /* Copyright (C) 1995-1998 Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com)
       * All rights reserved.
       *
       * This package is an SSL implementation written
       * by Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com).
       * The implementation was written so as to conform with Netscapes SSL.
       *
       * This library is free for commercial and non-commercial use as long as
       * the following conditions are aheared to.  The following conditions
       * apply to all code found in this distribution, be it the RC4, RSA,
       * lhash, DES, etc., code; not just the SSL code.  The SSL documentation
       * included with this distribution is covered by the same copyright terms
       * except that the holder is Tim Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com).
       *
       * Copyright remains Eric Young's, and as such any Copyright notices in
       * the code are not to be removed.
       * If this package is used in a product, Eric Young should be given attribution
       * as the author of the parts of the library used.
       * This can be in the form of a textual message at program startup or
       * in documentation (online or textual) provided with the package.
       *
       * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
       * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
       * are met:
       * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the copyright
       *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
       * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
       *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
       *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
       * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
       *    must display the following acknowledgement:
       *    "This product includes cryptographic software written by
       *     Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com)"
       *    The word 'cryptographic' can be left out if the rouines from the library
       *    being used are not cryptographic related :-).
       * 4. If you include any Windows specific code (or a derivative thereof) from
       *    the apps directory (application code) you must include an acknowledgement:
       *    "This product includes software written by Tim Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com)"
       *
       * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY ERIC YOUNG ``AS IS'' AND
       * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
       * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
       * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
       * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
       * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
       * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
       * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
       * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
       * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
       * SUCH DAMAGE.
       *
       * The licence and distribution terms for any publically available version or
       * derivative of this code cannot be changed.  i.e. this code cannot simply be
       * copied and put under another distribution licence
       * [including the GNU Public Licence.]
       */


expat
-----

除非在建置 "pyexpat" 擴充時設定為 "--with-system-expat"，否則該擴充會
用一個內含 expat 原始碼的副本來建置：

   Copyright (c) 1998, 1999, 2000 Thai Open Source Software Center Ltd
                                  and Clark Cooper

   Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
   a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
   "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
   without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
   distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
   permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
   the following conditions:

   The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
   in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

   THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
   EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
   MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
   IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
   CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
   TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
   SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.


libffi
------

除非在建置 "_ctypes" 擴充時設定為 "--with-system-libffi"，否則該擴充會
用一個內含 libffi 原始碼的副本來建置：

   Copyright (c) 1996-2008  Red Hat, Inc and others.

   Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
   a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
   ``Software''), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
   without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
   distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
   permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
   the following conditions:

   The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
   in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

   THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'', WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
   EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
   MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
   NONINFRINGEMENT.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
   HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
   WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
   OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
   DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.


zlib
----

如果在系統上找到的 zlib 版本太舊以致於無法用於建置 "zlib" 擴充，則該擴
充會用一個內含 zlib 原始碼的副本來建置：

   Copyright (C) 1995-2011 Jean-loup Gailly and Mark Adler

   This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
   warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
   arising from the use of this software.

   Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
   including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
   freely, subject to the following restrictions:

   1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
      claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
      in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
      appreciated but is not required.

   2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
      misrepresented as being the original software.

   3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.

   Jean-loup Gailly        Mark Adler
   jloup@gzip.org          madler@alumni.caltech.edu


cfuhash
-------

"tracemalloc" 使用的雜湊表 (hash table) 實作，是以 cfuhash 專案為基礎
：

   Copyright (c) 2005 Don Owens
   All rights reserved.

   This code is released under the BSD license:

   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
   are met:

     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
       copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
       disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
       with the distribution.

     * Neither the name of the author nor the names of its
       contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
       from this software without specific prior written permission.

   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
   "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
   FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
   COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
   INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
   (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
   SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
   HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
   STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
   ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED
   OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.


libmpdec
--------

除非在建置 "_decimal" 模組時設定為 "--with-system-libmpdec"，否則該模
組會用一個內含 libmpdec 函式庫的副本來建置：

   Copyright (c) 2008-2020 Stefan Krah. All rights reserved.

   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
   are met:

   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.

   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
   ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
   IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
   ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
   FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
   DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
   OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
   HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
   LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
   OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
   SUCH DAMAGE.


W3C C14N 測試套件
-----------------

"test" 程式包中的 C14N 2.0 測試套件 ("Lib/test/xmltestdata/c14n-20/")
是從 W3C 網站 https://www.w3.org/TR/xml-c14n2-testcases/ 被檢索，且是
基於 3-clause BSD 授權被發佈：

   Copyright (c) 2013 W3C(R) (MIT, ERCIM, Keio, Beihang),
   All Rights Reserved.

   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
   are met:

   * Redistributions of works must retain the original copyright notice,
     this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
   * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the original copyright
     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
     documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
   * Neither the name of the W3C nor the names of its contributors may be
     used to endorse or promote products derived from this work without
     specific prior written permission.

   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
   "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
   A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
   OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
