# `inspect` --- 检查对象

源代码: Lib/inspect.py

`inspect` 模块提供了一些有用的函数帮助获取对象的信息，例如模块、类、方法、函数、回溯、帧对象以及代码对象。例如它可以帮助你检查类的内容，获取某个方法的源代码，取得并格式化某个函数的参数列表，或者获取你需要显示的回溯的详细信息。

该模块提供了4种主要的功能：类型检查、获取源代码、检查类与函数、检查解释器的调用堆栈。

## 类型和成员

`getmembers()` 函数获取对象的成员，例如类或模块。函数名以"is"开始的函数主要作为 `getmembers()` 的第2个参数使用。它们也可用于判定某对象是否有如下的特殊属性:

类型 | 属性 | 描述
--- | --- | ---
module 模块 | __doc__ | 文档字符串
| __file__ | 文件名(内置模块没有文件名)
class 类 | __doc__ | 文档字符串
| __name__ | 类定义时所使用的名称
| __qualname__ | qualified name -- 限定名称
| __module__ | 该类型被定义时所在的模块的名称
method 方法 | __doc__ | 文档字符串
| __name__ | 该方法定义时所使用的名称
| __qualname__ | qualified name -- 限定名称
| __func__ | 实现该方法的函数对象
| __self__ | 该方法被绑定的实例，若没有绑定则为 `None`
| __module__ | name of module in which this method was defined
函数 | __doc__ | 文档字符串
| __name__ | 用于定义此函数的名称
| __qualname__ | qualified name -- 限定名称
| __code__ | 包含已编译函数的代码对象 bytecode
| __defaults__ | tuple of any default values for positional or keyword parameters
| __kwdefaults__ | mapping of any default values for keyword-only parameters
| __globals__ | global namespace in which this function was defined
| __annotations__ | mapping of parameters names to annotations; `"return"` key is reserved for return annotations.
| __module__ | name of module in which this function was defined
回溯 | tb_frame | 此级别的框架对象
| tb_lasti | index of last attempted instruction in bytecode
| tb_lineno | current line number in Python source code
| tb_next | next inner traceback object (called by this level)
框架 | f_back | next outer frame object (this frame's caller)
| f_builtins | builtins namespace seen by this frame
| f_code | code object being executed in this frame
| f_globals | global namespace seen by this frame
| f_lasti | index of last attempted instruction in bytecode
| f_lineno | current line number in Python source code
| f_locals | local namespace seen by this frame
| f_trace | tracing function for this frame, or `None`
code | co_argcount | number of arguments (not including keyword only arguments, * or ** args)
| co_code | 原始编译字节码的字符串
| co_cellvars | 单元变量名称的元组(通过包含作用域引用)
| co_consts | 字节码中使用的常量元组
| co_filename | 创建此代码对象的文件的名称
| co_firstlineno | number of first line in Python source code
| co_flags | bitmap of `CO_*` flags, read more here
| co_lnotab | 编码的行号到字节码索引的映射
| co_freevars | tuple of names of free variables (referenced via a function's closure)
| co_posonlyargcount | number of positional only arguments
| co_kwonlyargcount | number of keyword only arguments (not including ** arg)
| co_name | 定义此代码对象的名称
| co_names | 局部变量名称的元组
| co_nlocals | 局部变量的数量
| co_stacksize | 需要虚拟机堆栈空间
| co_varnames | 参数名和局部变量的元组
生成器 | __name__ | 名称
| __qualname__ | qualified name -- 限定名称
| gi_frame | 框架
| gi_running | 生成器在运行吗？
| gi_code | code
| gi_yieldfrom | object being iterated by `yield from`, or `None`
协程 | __name__ | 名称
| __qualname__ | qualified name -- 限定名称
| cr_await | object being awaited on, or `None`
| cr_frame | 框架
| cr_running | is the coroutine running?
| cr_code | code
| cr_origin | where coroutine was created, or `None`. See `sys.set_coroutine_origin_tracking_depth()`
builtin | __doc__ | 文档字符串
| __name__ | 此函数或方法的原始名称
| __qualname__ | qualified name -- 限定名称
| __self__ | instance to which a method is bound, or `None`

3.5 版更變: Add `__qualname__` and `gi_yieldfrom` attributes to generators.

The `__name__` attribute of generators is now set from the function name, instead of the code name, and it can now be modified.

3.7 版更變: Add `cr_origin` attribute to coroutines.

`inspect.``getmembers`(object[, predicate])

  Return all the members of an object in a list of `(name, value)` pairs sorted by name. If the optional predicate argument—which will be called with the `value` object of each member—is supplied, only members for which the predicate returns a true value are included.

  備註

  `getmembers()` will only return class attributes defined in the metaclass when the argument is a class and those attributes have been listed in the metaclass' custom `__dir__()`.

`inspect.``getmodulename`(path)

  Return the name of the module named by the file path, without including the names of enclosing packages. The file extension is checked against all of the entries in `importlib.machinery.all_suffixes()`. If it matches, the final path component is returned with the extension removed. Otherwise, `None` is returned.

  Note that this function only returns a meaningful name for actual Python modules - paths that potentially refer to Python packages will still return `None`.

  3.3 版更變: The function is based directly on `importlib`.

`inspect.``ismodule`(object)

  Return `True` if the object is a module.

`inspect.``isclass`(object)

  Return `True` if the object is a class, whether built-in or created in Python code.

`inspect.``ismethod`(object)

  Return `True` if the object is a bound method written in Python.

`inspect.``isfunction`(object)

  Return `True` if the object is a Python function, which includes functions created by a lambda expression.

`inspect.``isgeneratorfunction`(object)

  Return `True` if the object is a Python generator function.

  3.8 版更變: Functions wrapped in `functools.partial()` now return `True` if the wrapped function is a Python generator function.

`inspect.``isgenerator`(object)

  Return `True` if the object is a generator.

`inspect.``iscoroutinefunction`(object)

  Return `True` if the object is a coroutine function (a function defined with an `async def` syntax).

  3.5 版新加入.

  3.8 版更變: Functions wrapped in `functools.partial()` now return `True` if the wrapped function is a coroutine function.

`inspect.``iscoroutine`(object)

  Return `True` if the object is a coroutine created by an `async def` function.

  3.5 版新加入.

`inspect.``isawaitable`(object)

  Return `True` if the object can be used in `await` expression.

  Can also be used to distinguish generator-based coroutines from regular generators:

      def gen():
          yield
      @types.coroutine
      def gen_coro():
          yield

      assert not isawaitable(gen())
      assert isawaitable(gen_coro())

  3.5 版新加入.

`inspect.``isasyncgenfunction`(object)

  Return `True` if the object is an asynchronous generator function, for example:

      >>> async def agen():
      ...     yield 1
      ...
      >>> inspect.isasyncgenfunction(agen)
      True

  3.6 版新加入.

  3.8 版更變: Functions wrapped in `functools.partial()` now return `True` if the wrapped function is a asynchronous generator function.

`inspect.``isasyncgen`(object)

  Return `True` if the object is an asynchronous generator iterator created by an asynchronous generator function.

  3.6 版新加入.

`inspect.``istraceback`(object)

  Return `True` if the object is a traceback.

`inspect.``isframe`(object)

  Return `True` if the object is a frame.

`inspect.``iscode`(object)

  Return `True` if the object is a code.

`inspect.``isbuiltin`(object)

  Return `True` if the object is a built-in function or a bound built-in method.

`inspect.``isroutine`(object)

  Return `True` if the object is a user-defined or built-in function or method.

`inspect.``isabstract`(object)

  Return `True` if the object is an abstract base class.

`inspect.``ismethoddescriptor`(object)

  Return `True` if the object is a method descriptor, but not if `ismethod()`, `isclass()`, `isfunction()` or `isbuiltin()` are true.

  This, for example, is true of `int.__add__`. An object passing this test has a `__get__()` method but not a `__set__()` method, but beyond that the set of attributes varies. A `__name__` attribute is usually sensible, and `__doc__` often is.

  Methods implemented via descriptors that also pass one of the other tests return `False` from the `ismethoddescriptor()` test, simply because the other tests promise more -- you can, e.g., count on having the `__func__` attribute (etc) when an object passes `ismethod()`.

`inspect.``isdatadescriptor`(object)

  Return `True` if the object is a data descriptor.

  Data descriptors have a `__set__` or a `__delete__` method. Examples are properties (defined in Python), getsets, and members. The latter two are defined in C and there are more specific tests available for those types, which is robust across Python implementations. Typically, data descriptors will also have `__name__` and `__doc__` attributes (properties, getsets, and members have both of these attributes), but this is not guaranteed.

`inspect.``isgetsetdescriptor`(object)

  Return `True` if the object is a getset descriptor.

  CPython implementation detail: getsets are attributes defined in extension modules via `PyGetSetDef` structures. For Python implementations without such types, this method will always return `False`.

`inspect.``ismemberdescriptor`(object)

  Return `True` if the object is a member descriptor.

  CPython implementation detail: Member descriptors are attributes defined in extension modules via `PyMemberDef` structures. For Python implementations without such types, this method will always return `False`.

## Retrieving source code

`inspect.``getdoc`(object)

  Get the documentation string for an object, cleaned up with `cleandoc()`. If the documentation string for an object is not provided and the object is a class, a method, a property or a descriptor, retrieve the documentation string from the inheritance hierarchy.

  3.5 版更變: Documentation strings are now inherited if not overridden.

`inspect.``getcomments`(object)

  Return in a single string any lines of comments immediately preceding the object's source code (for a class, function, or method), or at the top of the Python source file (if the object is a module). If the object's source code is unavailable, return `None`. This could happen if the object has been defined in C or the interactive shell.

`inspect.``getfile`(object)

  Return the name of the (text or binary) file in which an object was defined. This will fail with a `TypeError` if the object is a built-in module, class, or function.

`inspect.``getmodule`(object)

  Try to guess which module an object was defined in.

`inspect.``getsourcefile`(object)

  Return the name of the Python source file in which an object was defined. This will fail with a `TypeError` if the object is a built-in module, class, or function.

`inspect.``getsourcelines`(object)

  Return a list of source lines and starting line number for an object. The argument may be a module, class, method, function, traceback, frame, or code object. The source code is returned as a list of the lines corresponding to the object and the line number indicates where in the original source file the first line of code was found. An `OSError` is raised if the source code cannot be retrieved.

  3.3 版更變: `OSError` is raised instead of `IOError`, now an alias of the former.

`inspect.``getsource`(object)

  Return the text of the source code for an object. The argument may be a module, class, method, function, traceback, frame, or code object. The source code is returned as a single string. An `OSError` is raised if the source code cannot be retrieved.

  3.3 版更變: `OSError` is raised instead of `IOError`, now an alias of the former.

`inspect.``cleandoc`(doc)

  Clean up indentation from docstrings that are indented to line up with blocks of code.

  All leading whitespace is removed from the first line. Any leading whitespace that can be uniformly removed from the second line onwards is removed. Empty lines at the beginning and end are subsequently removed. Also, all tabs are expanded to spaces.

## Introspecting callables with the Signature object

3.3 版新加入.

The Signature object represents the call signature of a callable object and its return annotation. To retrieve a Signature object, use the `signature()` function.

`inspect.``signature`(callable, *, follow_wrapped=True)

  Return a `Signature` object for the given `callable`:

      >>> from inspect import signature
      >>> def foo(a, *, b:int, **kwargs):
      ...     pass

      >>> sig = signature(foo)

      >>> str(sig)
      '(a, *, b:int, **kwargs)'

      >>> str(sig.parameters['b'])
      'b:int'

      >>> sig.parameters['b'].annotation
      <class 'int'>

  Accepts a wide range of Python callables, from plain functions and classes to `functools.partial()` objects.

  Raises `ValueError` if no signature can be provided, and `TypeError` if that type of object is not supported.

  A slash(/) in the signature of a function denotes that the parameters prior to it are positional-only. For more info, see the FAQ entry on positional-only parameters.

  3.5 版新加入: `follow_wrapped` parameter. Pass `False` to get a signature of `callable` specifically (`callable.__wrapped__` will not be used to unwrap decorated callables.)

  備註

  Some callables may not be introspectable in certain implementations of Python. For example, in CPython, some built-in functions defined in C provide no metadata about their arguments.

class `inspect.``Signature`(parameters=None, *, return_annotation=Signature.empty)

  A Signature object represents the call signature of a function and its return annotation. For each parameter accepted by the function it stores a `Parameter` object in its `parameters` collection.

  The optional parameters argument is a sequence of `Parameter` objects, which is validated to check that there are no parameters with duplicate names, and that the parameters are in the right order, i.e. positional-only first, then positional-or-keyword, and that parameters with defaults follow parameters without defaults.

  The optional return_annotation argument, can be an arbitrary Python object, is the "return" annotation of the callable.

  Signature objects are immutable. Use `Signature.replace()` to make a modified copy.

  3.5 版更變: Signature objects are picklable and hashable.

  `empty`

    A special class-level marker to specify absence of a return annotation.

  `parameters`

    An ordered mapping of parameters' names to the corresponding `Parameter` objects. Parameters appear in strict definition order, including keyword-only parameters.

    3.7 版更變: Python only explicitly guaranteed that it preserved the declaration order of keyword-only parameters as of version 3.7, although in practice this order had always been preserved in Python 3.

  `return_annotation`

    The "return" annotation for the callable. If the callable has no "return" annotation, this attribute is set to `Signature.empty`.

  `bind`(*args, **kwargs)

    Create a mapping from positional and keyword arguments to parameters. Returns `BoundArguments` if `*args` and `**kwargs` match the signature, or raises a `TypeError`.

  `bind_partial`(*args, **kwargs)

    Works the same way as `Signature.bind()`, but allows the omission of some required arguments (mimics `functools.partial()` behavior.) Returns `BoundArguments`, or raises a `TypeError` if the passed arguments do not match the signature.

  `replace`(*[, parameters][, return_annotation])

    Create a new Signature instance based on the instance replace was invoked on. It is possible to pass different `parameters` and/or `return_annotation` to override the corresponding properties of the base signature. To remove return_annotation from the copied Signature, pass in `Signature.empty`.

        >>> def test(a, b):
        ...     pass
        >>> sig = signature(test)
        >>> new_sig = sig.replace(return_annotation="new return anno")
        >>> str(new_sig)
        "(a, b) -> 'new return anno'"

  classmethod `from_callable`(obj, *, follow_wrapped=True)

    Return a `Signature` (or its subclass) object for a given callable `obj`. Pass `follow_wrapped=False` to get a signature of `obj` without unwrapping its `__wrapped__` chain.

    This method simplifies subclassing of `Signature`:

        class MySignature(Signature):
            pass
        sig = MySignature.from_callable(min)
        assert isinstance(sig, MySignature)

    3.5 版新加入.

class `inspect.``Parameter`(name, kind, *, default=Parameter.empty, annotation=Parameter.empty)

  Parameter objects are immutable. Instead of modifying a Parameter object, you can use `Parameter.replace()` to create a modified copy.

  3.5 版更變: Parameter objects are picklable and hashable.

  `empty`

    A special class-level marker to specify absence of default values and annotations.

  `name`

    The name of the parameter as a string. The name must be a valid Python identifier.

    CPython implementation detail: CPython generates implicit parameter names of the form `.0` on the code objects used to implement comprehensions and generator expressions.

    3.6 版更變: These parameter names are exposed by this module as names like `implicit0`.

  `default`

    The default value for the parameter. If the parameter has no default value, this attribute is set to `Parameter.empty`.

  `annotation`

    The annotation for the parameter. If the parameter has no annotation, this attribute is set to `Parameter.empty`.

  `kind`

    Describes how argument values are bound to the parameter. Possible values (accessible via `Parameter`, like `Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY`):

    名称 | 意义
    --- | ---
    POSITIONAL_ONLY | Value must be supplied as a positional argument. Positional only parameters are those which appear before a `/` entry (if present) in a Python function definition.
    POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD | Value may be supplied as either a keyword or positional argument (this is the standard binding behaviour for functions implemented in Python.)
    VAR_POSITIONAL | A tuple of positional arguments that aren't bound to any other parameter. This corresponds to a `*args` parameter in a Python function definition.
    KEYWORD_ONLY | Value must be supplied as a keyword argument. Keyword only parameters are those which appear after a `*` or `*args` entry in a Python function definition.
    VAR_KEYWORD | A dict of keyword arguments that aren't bound to any other parameter. This corresponds to a `**kwargs` parameter in a Python function definition.

    Example: print all keyword-only arguments without default values:

        >>> def foo(a, b, *, c, d=10):
        ...     pass

        >>> sig = signature(foo)
        >>> for param in sig.parameters.values():
        ...     if (param.kind == param.KEYWORD_ONLY and
        ...                        param.default is param.empty):
        ...         print('Parameter:', param)
        Parameter: c

  `kind.``description`

    Describes a enum value of Parameter.kind.

    3.8 版新加入.

    Example: print all descriptions of arguments:

        >>> def foo(a, b, *, c, d=10):
        ...     pass

        >>> sig = signature(foo)
        >>> for param in sig.parameters.values():
        ...     print(param.kind.description)
        positional or keyword
        positional or keyword
        keyword-only
        keyword-only

  `replace`(*[, name][, kind][, default][, annotation])

    > Create a new Parameter instance based on the instance replaced was invoked on. To override a `Parameter` attribute, pass the corresponding argument. To remove a default value or/and an annotation from a Parameter, pass `Parameter.empty`.

    >     >>> from inspect import Parameter
    >     >>> param = Parameter('foo', Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY, default=42)
    >     >>> str(param)
    >     'foo=42'

    >     >>> str(param.replace()) # Will create a shallow copy of 'param'
    >     'foo=42'

    >     >>> str(param.replace(default=Parameter.empty, annotation='spam'))
    >     "foo:'spam'"

    3.4 版更變: In Python 3.3 Parameter objects were allowed to have `name` set to `None` if their `kind` was set to `POSITIONAL_ONLY`. This is no longer permitted.

class `inspect.``BoundArguments`

  Result of a `Signature.bind()` or `Signature.bind_partial()` call. Holds the mapping of arguments to the function's parameters.

  `arguments`

    A mutable mapping of parameters' names to arguments' values. Contains only explicitly bound arguments. Changes in `arguments` will reflect in `args` and `kwargs`.

    Should be used in conjunction with `Signature.parameters` for any argument processing purposes.

    備註

    Arguments for which `Signature.bind()` or `Signature.bind_partial()` relied on a default value are skipped. However, if needed, use `BoundArguments.apply_defaults()` to add them.

    3.9 版更變: `arguments` is now of type `dict`. Formerly, it was of type `collections.OrderedDict`.

  `args`

    A tuple of positional arguments values. Dynamically computed from the `arguments` attribute.

  `kwargs`

    A dict of keyword arguments values. Dynamically computed from the `arguments` attribute.

  `signature`

    A reference to the parent `Signature` object.

  `apply_defaults`()

    Set default values for missing arguments.

    For variable-positional arguments (`*args`) the default is an empty tuple.

    For variable-keyword arguments (`**kwargs`) the default is an empty dict.

        >>> def foo(a, b='ham', *args): pass
        >>> ba = inspect.signature(foo).bind('spam')
        >>> ba.apply_defaults()
        >>> ba.arguments
        {'a': 'spam', 'b': 'ham', 'args': ()}

    3.5 版新加入.

  The `args` and `kwargs` properties can be used to invoke functions:

      def test(a, *, b):
          ...

      sig = signature(test)
      ba = sig.bind(10, b=20)
      test(*ba.args, **ba.kwargs)

也參考

PEP 362 - Function Signature Object.

  The detailed specification, implementation details and examples.

## 类与函数

`inspect.``getclasstree`(classes, unique=False)

  Arrange the given list of classes into a hierarchy of nested lists. Where a nested list appears, it contains classes derived from the class whose entry immediately precedes the list. Each entry is a 2-tuple containing a class and a tuple of its base classes. If the unique argument is true, exactly one entry appears in the returned structure for each class in the given list. Otherwise, classes using multiple inheritance and their descendants will appear multiple times.

`inspect.``getargspec`(func)

  Get the names and default values of a Python function's parameters. A named tuple `ArgSpec(args, varargs, keywords, defaults)` is returned. args is a list of the parameter names. varargs and keywords are the names of the `*` and `**` parameters or `None`. defaults is a tuple of default argument values or `None` if there are no default arguments; if this tuple has n elements, they correspond to the last n elements listed in args.

  3.0 版後已棄用: Use `getfullargspec()` for an updated API that is usually a drop-in replacement, but also correctly handles function annotations and keyword-only parameters.

  Alternatively, use `signature()` and Signature Object, which provide a more structured introspection API for callables.

`inspect.``getfullargspec`(func)

  Get the names and default values of a Python function's parameters. A named tuple is returned:

  `FullArgSpec(args, varargs, varkw, defaults, kwonlyargs, kwonlydefaults, annotations)`

  args is a list of the positional parameter names. varargs is the name of the `*` parameter or `None` if arbitrary positional arguments are not accepted. varkw is the name of the `**` parameter or `None` if arbitrary keyword arguments are not accepted. defaults is an n-tuple of default argument values corresponding to the last n positional parameters, or `None` if there are no such defaults defined. kwonlyargs is a list of keyword-only parameter names in declaration order. kwonlydefaults is a dictionary mapping parameter names from kwonlyargs to the default values used if no argument is supplied. annotations is a dictionary mapping parameter names to annotations. The special key `"return"` is used to report the function return value annotation (if any).

  Note that `signature()` and Signature Object provide the recommended API for callable introspection, and support additional behaviours (like positional-only arguments) that are sometimes encountered in extension module APIs. This function is retained primarily for use in code that needs to maintain compatibility with the Python 2 `inspect` module API.

  3.4 版更變: This function is now based on `signature()`, but still ignores `__wrapped__` attributes and includes the already bound first parameter in the signature output for bound methods.

  3.6 版更變: This method was previously documented as deprecated in favour of `signature()` in Python 3.5, but that decision has been reversed in order to restore a clearly supported standard interface for single-source Python 2/3 code migrating away from the legacy `getargspec()` API.

  3.7 版更變: Python only explicitly guaranteed that it preserved the declaration order of keyword-only parameters as of version 3.7, although in practice this order had always been preserved in Python 3.

`inspect.``getargvalues`(frame)

  Get information about arguments passed into a particular frame. A named tuple `ArgInfo(args, varargs, keywords, locals)` is returned. args is a list of the argument names. varargs and keywords are the names of the `*` and `**` arguments or `None`. locals is the locals dictionary of the given frame.

  備註

  This function was inadvertently marked as deprecated in Python 3.5.

`inspect.``formatargspec`(args[, varargs, varkw, defaults, kwonlyargs, kwonlydefaults, annotations[, formatarg, formatvarargs, formatvarkw, formatvalue, formatreturns, formatannotations]])

  Format a pretty argument spec from the values returned by `getfullargspec()`.

  The first seven arguments are (`args`, `varargs`, `varkw`, `defaults`, `kwonlyargs`, `kwonlydefaults`, `annotations`).

  The other six arguments are functions that are called to turn argument names, `*` argument name, `**` argument name, default values, return annotation and individual annotations into strings, respectively.

  例如:

      >>> from inspect import formatargspec, getfullargspec
      >>> def f(a: int, b: float):
      ...     pass
      ...
      >>> formatargspec(*getfullargspec(f))
      '(a: int, b: float)'

  3.5 版後已棄用: Use `signature()` and Signature Object, which provide a better introspecting API for callables.

`inspect.``formatargvalues`(args[, varargs, varkw, locals, formatarg, formatvarargs, formatvarkw, formatvalue])

  Format a pretty argument spec from the four values returned by `getargvalues()`. The format* arguments are the corresponding optional formatting functions that are called to turn names and values into strings.

  備註

  This function was inadvertently marked as deprecated in Python 3.5.

`inspect.``getmro`(cls)

  Return a tuple of class cls's base classes, including cls, in method resolution order. No class appears more than once in this tuple. Note that the method resolution order depends on cls's type. Unless a very peculiar user-defined metatype is in use, cls will be the first element of the tuple.

`inspect.``getcallargs`(func, /, *args, **kwds)

  Bind the args and kwds to the argument names of the Python function or method func, as if it was called with them. For bound methods, bind also the first argument (typically named `self`) to the associated instance. A dict is returned, mapping the argument names (including the names of the `*` and `**` arguments, if any) to their values from args and kwds. In case of invoking func incorrectly, i.e. whenever `func(*args, **kwds)` would raise an exception because of incompatible signature, an exception of the same type and the same or similar message is raised. For example:

      >>> from inspect import getcallargs
      >>> def f(a, b=1, *pos, **named):
      ...     pass
      >>> getcallargs(f, 1, 2, 3) == {'a': 1, 'named': {}, 'b': 2, 'pos': (3,)}
      True
      >>> getcallargs(f, a=2, x=4) == {'a': 2, 'named': {'x': 4}, 'b': 1, 'pos': ()}
      True
      >>> getcallargs(f)
      Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
      TypeError: f() missing 1 required positional argument: 'a'

  3.2 版新加入.

  3.5 版後已棄用: Use `Signature.bind()` and `Signature.bind_partial()` instead.

`inspect.``getclosurevars`(func)

  Get the mapping of external name references in a Python function or method func to their current values. A named tuple `ClosureVars(nonlocals, globals, builtins, unbound)` is returned. nonlocals maps referenced names to lexical closure variables, globals to the function's module globals and builtins to the builtins visible from the function body. unbound is the set of names referenced in the function that could not be resolved at all given the current module globals and builtins.

  `TypeError` is raised if func is not a Python function or method.

  3.3 版新加入.

`inspect.``unwrap`(func, *, stop=None)

  Get the object wrapped by func. It follows the chain of `__wrapped__` attributes returning the last object in the chain.

  stop is an optional callback accepting an object in the wrapper chain as its sole argument that allows the unwrapping to be terminated early if the callback returns a true value. If the callback never returns a true value, the last object in the chain is returned as usual. For example, `signature()` uses this to stop unwrapping if any object in the chain has a `__signature__` attribute defined.

  `ValueError` is raised if a cycle is encountered.

  3.4 版新加入.

## The interpreter stack

When the following functions return "frame records," each record is a named tuple `FrameInfo(frame, filename, lineno, function, code_context, index)`. The tuple contains the frame object, the filename, the line number of the current line, the function name, a list of lines of context from the source code, and the index of the current line within that list.

3.5 版更變: Return a named tuple instead of a tuple.

備註

Keeping references to frame objects, as found in the first element of the frame records these functions return, can cause your program to create reference cycles. Once a reference cycle has been created, the lifespan of all objects which can be accessed from the objects which form the cycle can become much longer even if Python's optional cycle detector is enabled. If such cycles must be created, it is important to ensure they are explicitly broken to avoid the delayed destruction of objects and increased memory consumption which occurs.

Though the cycle detector will catch these, destruction of the frames (and local variables) can be made deterministic by removing the cycle in a `finally` clause. This is also important if the cycle detector was disabled when Python was compiled or using `gc.disable()`. For example:

    def handle_stackframe_without_leak():
        frame = inspect.currentframe()
        try:
            # do something with the frame
        finally:
            del frame

If you want to keep the frame around (for example to print a traceback later), you can also break reference cycles by using the `frame.clear()` method.

The optional context argument supported by most of these functions specifies the number of lines of context to return, which are centered around the current line.

`inspect.``getframeinfo`(frame, context=1)

  Get information about a frame or traceback object. A named tuple `Traceback(filename, lineno, function, code_context, index)` is returned.

`inspect.``getouterframes`(frame, context=1)

  Get a list of frame records for a frame and all outer frames. These frames represent the calls that lead to the creation of frame. The first entry in the returned list represents frame; the last entry represents the outermost call on frame's stack.

  3.5 版更變: A list of named tuples `FrameInfo(frame, filename, lineno, function, code_context, index)` is returned.

`inspect.``getinnerframes`(traceback, context=1)

  Get a list of frame records for a traceback's frame and all inner frames. These frames represent calls made as a consequence of frame. The first entry in the list represents traceback; the last entry represents where the exception was raised.

  3.5 版更變: A list of named tuples `FrameInfo(frame, filename, lineno, function, code_context, index)` is returned.

`inspect.``currentframe`()

  Return the frame object for the caller's stack frame.

  CPython implementation detail: This function relies on Python stack frame support in the interpreter, which isn't guaranteed to exist in all implementations of Python. If running in an implementation without Python stack frame support this function returns `None`.

`inspect.``stack`(context=1)

  Return a list of frame records for the caller's stack. The first entry in the returned list represents the caller; the last entry represents the outermost call on the stack.

  3.5 版更變: A list of named tuples `FrameInfo(frame, filename, lineno, function, code_context, index)` is returned.

`inspect.``trace`(context=1)

  Return a list of frame records for the stack between the current frame and the frame in which an exception currently being handled was raised in. The first entry in the list represents the caller; the last entry represents where the exception was raised.

  3.5 版更變: A list of named tuples `FrameInfo(frame, filename, lineno, function, code_context, index)` is returned.

## Fetching attributes statically

Both `getattr()` and `hasattr()` can trigger code execution when fetching or checking for the existence of attributes. Descriptors, like properties, will be invoked and `__getattr__()` and `__getattribute__()` may be called.

For cases where you want passive introspection, like documentation tools, this can be inconvenient. `getattr_static()` has the same signature as `getattr()` but avoids executing code when it fetches attributes.

`inspect.``getattr_static`(obj, attr, default=None)

  Retrieve attributes without triggering dynamic lookup via the descriptor protocol, `__getattr__()` or `__getattribute__()`.

  Note: this function may not be able to retrieve all attributes that getattr can fetch (like dynamically created attributes) and may find attributes that getattr can't (like descriptors that raise AttributeError). It can also return descriptors objects instead of instance members.

  If the instance `__dict__` is shadowed by another member (for example a property) then this function will be unable to find instance members.

  3.2 版新加入.

`getattr_static()` does not resolve descriptors, for example slot descriptors or getset descriptors on objects implemented in C. The descriptor object is returned instead of the underlying attribute.

You can handle these with code like the following. Note that for arbitrary getset descriptors invoking these may trigger code execution:

    # example code for resolving the builtin descriptor types
    class _foo:
        __slots__ = ['foo']

    slot_descriptor = type(_foo.foo)
    getset_descriptor = type(type(open(__file__)).name)
    wrapper_descriptor = type(str.__dict__['__add__'])
    descriptor_types = (slot_descriptor, getset_descriptor, wrapper_descriptor)

    result = getattr_static(some_object, 'foo')
    if type(result) in descriptor_types:
        try:
            result = result.__get__()
        except AttributeError:
            # descriptors can raise AttributeError to
            # indicate there is no underlying value
            # in which case the descriptor itself will
            # have to do
            pass

## Current State of Generators and Coroutines

When implementing coroutine schedulers and for other advanced uses of generators, it is useful to determine whether a generator is currently executing, is waiting to start or resume or execution, or has already terminated. `getgeneratorstate()` allows the current state of a generator to be determined easily.

`inspect.``getgeneratorstate`(generator)

  Get current state of a generator-iterator.

  Possible states are:

    - GEN_CREATED: Waiting to start execution.

    - GEN_RUNNING: Currently being executed by the interpreter.

    - GEN_SUSPENDED: Currently suspended at a yield expression.

    - GEN_CLOSED: Execution has completed.

  3.2 版新加入.

`inspect.``getcoroutinestate`(coroutine)

  Get current state of a coroutine object. The function is intended to be used with coroutine objects created by `async def` functions, but will accept any coroutine-like object that has `cr_running` and `cr_frame` attributes.

  Possible states are:

    - CORO_CREATED: Waiting to start execution.

    - CORO_RUNNING: Currently being executed by the interpreter.

    - CORO_SUSPENDED: Currently suspended at an await expression.

    - CORO_CLOSED: Execution has completed.

  3.5 版新加入.

The current internal state of the generator can also be queried. This is mostly useful for testing purposes, to ensure that internal state is being updated as expected:

`inspect.``getgeneratorlocals`(generator)

  Get the mapping of live local variables in generator to their current values. A dictionary is returned that maps from variable names to values. This is the equivalent of calling `locals()` in the body of the generator, and all the same caveats apply.

  If generator is a generator with no currently associated frame, then an empty dictionary is returned. `TypeError` is raised if generator is not a Python generator object.

  CPython implementation detail: This function relies on the generator exposing a Python stack frame for introspection, which isn't guaranteed to be the case in all implementations of Python. In such cases, this function will always return an empty dictionary.

  3.3 版新加入.

`inspect.``getcoroutinelocals`(coroutine)

  This function is analogous to `getgeneratorlocals()`, but works for coroutine objects created by `async def` functions.

  3.5 版新加入.

## Code Objects Bit Flags

Python code objects have a `co_flags` attribute, which is a bitmap of the following flags:

`inspect.``CO_OPTIMIZED`

  The code object is optimized, using fast locals.

`inspect.``CO_NEWLOCALS`

  If set, a new dict will be created for the frame's `f_locals` when the code object is executed.

`inspect.``CO_VARARGS`

  The code object has a variable positional parameter (`*args`-like).

`inspect.``CO_VARKEYWORDS`

  The code object has a variable keyword parameter (`**kwargs`-like).

`inspect.``CO_NESTED`

  The flag is set when the code object is a nested function.

`inspect.``CO_GENERATOR`

  The flag is set when the code object is a generator function, i.e. a generator object is returned when the code object is executed.

`inspect.``CO_NOFREE`

  The flag is set if there are no free or cell variables.

`inspect.``CO_COROUTINE`

  The flag is set when the code object is a coroutine function. When the code object is executed it returns a coroutine object. See PEP 492 for more details.

  3.5 版新加入.

`inspect.``CO_ITERABLE_COROUTINE`

  The flag is used to transform generators into generator-based coroutines. Generator objects with this flag can be used in `await` expression, and can `yield from` coroutine objects. See PEP 492 for more details.

  3.5 版新加入.

`inspect.``CO_ASYNC_GENERATOR`

  The flag is set when the code object is an asynchronous generator function. When the code object is executed it returns an asynchronous generator object. See PEP 525 for more details.

  3.6 版新加入.

備註

The flags are specific to CPython, and may not be defined in other Python implementations. Furthermore, the flags are an implementation detail, and can be removed or deprecated in future Python releases. It's recommended to use public APIs from the `inspect` module for any introspection needs.

## 命令行界面

The `inspect` module also provides a basic introspection capability from the command line.

By default, accepts the name of a module and prints the source of that module. A class or function within the module can be printed instead by appended a colon and the qualified name of the target object.

`--details```

  Print information about the specified object rather than the source code