整數物件
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所有整数都使用以任意大小的长整数对象表示。

在出错时，大多数 "PyLong_As*" API返回 "(返回类型)-1" ，无法与一般的数
字区分开来。请使用 "PyErr_Occurred()" 来区分。

PyLongObject

   表示 Python 整数对象的 "PyObject" 子类型。

PyTypeObject PyLong_Type

   这个 "PyTypeObject" 的实例表示 Python 的整数类型。与Python层中的
   "int" 相同。

int PyLong_Check(PyObject *p)

   如果参数是 "PyLongObject" 或 "PyLongObject" 的子类型，返回 true 。

int PyLong_CheckExact(PyObject *p)

   如果参数是 "PyLongObject" 但不是 "PyLongObject" 的子类型，返回 true
   。

PyObject* PyLong_FromLong(long v)
    *Return value: New reference.*

   由 *v* 返回一个新的 "PyLongObject" 对象，失败时返回 "NULL" 。

   当前的实现维护了一个整数对象数组，包含 "-5" 和 "256" 之间的所有整数
   对象。当你在这个范围内创建一个 int 时，实际上得到的是一个对已有对象
   的引用。

PyObject* PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(unsigned long v)
    *Return value: New reference.*

   由 C "unsigned long" 类型返回一个新的 "PyLongObject" 对象，失败时返
   回 "NULL" 。

PyObject* PyLong_FromSsize_t(Py_ssize_t v)
    *Return value: New reference.*

   从 C "Py_ssize_t" 类型返回一个新的 "PyLongObject" 对象，如果失败则
   返回``NULL``。

PyObject* PyLong_FromSize_t(size_t v)
    *Return value: New reference.*

   从 C "size_t" 返回一个新的 "PyLongObject" 对象，如果失败则返回
   ``NULL``。

PyObject* PyLong_FromLongLong(long long v)
    *Return value: New reference.*

   从 C "long long" 返回一个新的 "PyLongObject" 对象，失败时返回
   ``NULL``。

PyObject* PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong(unsigned long long v)
    *Return value: New reference.*

   从 C "unsigned long long" 返回一个新的 "PyLongObject" 对象，失败时
   返回``NULL``。

PyObject* PyLong_FromDouble(double v)
    *Return value: New reference.*

   从 *v* 的整数部分返回一个新的 "PyLongObject" 对象，如果失败则返回
   ``NULL``。

PyObject* PyLong_FromString(const char *str, char **pend, int base)
    *Return value: New reference.*

   根据 *str* 字符串值返回一个新的 "PyLongObject" ，*base* 指定基数。
   如果 *pend* 不是 "NULL" ， */*pend* 将指向 *str* 中表示这个数字部分
   的后面的第一个字符。如果 *base* 是 "0" ， *str* 将使用 整型数字面值
   定义来解释；在这种情况下，一个非零的十进制数中的前导零会引发一个
   "ValueError" 。如果 *base* 不是 "0" ，它必须在 "2" 和 "36" 之间，包
   括2和36。基数说明符后以及数字之间的前导空格、单下划线将被忽略。如果
   没有数字，将引发 "ValueError"。

PyObject* PyLong_FromUnicode(Py_UNICODE *u, Py_ssize_t length, int base)
    *Return value: New reference.*

   Convert a sequence of Unicode digits to a Python integer value.

   Deprecated since version 3.3, will be removed in version 3.10: Part
   of the old-style "Py_UNICODE" API; please migrate to using
   "PyLong_FromUnicodeObject()".

PyObject* PyLong_FromUnicodeObject(PyObject *u, int base)
    *Return value: New reference.*

   Convert a sequence of Unicode digits in the string *u* to a Python
   integer value.

   3.3 版新加入.

PyObject* PyLong_FromVoidPtr(void *p)
    *Return value: New reference.*

   Create a Python integer from the pointer *p*. The pointer value can
   be retrieved from the resulting value using "PyLong_AsVoidPtr()".

long PyLong_AsLong(PyObject *obj)

   Return a C "long" representation of *obj*.  If *obj* is not an
   instance of "PyLongObject", first call its "__index__()" or
   "__int__()" method (if present) to convert it to a "PyLongObject".

   Raise "OverflowError" if the value of *obj* is out of range for a
   "long".

   Returns "-1" on error.  Use "PyErr_Occurred()" to disambiguate.

   3.8 版更變: 如果可用将使用 "__index__()"。

   3.8 版後已棄用: Using "__int__()" is deprecated.

long PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow(PyObject *obj, int *overflow)

   Return a C "long" representation of *obj*.  If *obj* is not an
   instance of "PyLongObject", first call its "__index__()" or
   "__int__()" method (if present) to convert it to a "PyLongObject".

   If the value of *obj* is greater than "LONG_MAX" or less than
   "LONG_MIN", set **overflow* to "1" or "-1", respectively, and
   return "-1"; otherwise, set **overflow* to "0".  If any other
   exception occurs set **overflow* to "0" and return "-1" as usual.

   Returns "-1" on error.  Use "PyErr_Occurred()" to disambiguate.

   3.8 版更變: 如果可用将使用 "__index__()"。

   3.8 版後已棄用: Using "__int__()" is deprecated.

long long PyLong_AsLongLong(PyObject *obj)

   Return a C "long long" representation of *obj*.  If *obj* is not an
   instance of "PyLongObject", first call its "__index__()" or
   "__int__()" method (if present) to convert it to a "PyLongObject".

   Raise "OverflowError" if the value of *obj* is out of range for a
   "long long".

   Returns "-1" on error.  Use "PyErr_Occurred()" to disambiguate.

   3.8 版更變: 如果可用将使用 "__index__()"。

   3.8 版後已棄用: Using "__int__()" is deprecated.

long long PyLong_AsLongLongAndOverflow(PyObject *obj, int *overflow)

   Return a C "long long" representation of *obj*.  If *obj* is not an
   instance of "PyLongObject", first call its "__index__()" or
   "__int__()" method (if present) to convert it to a "PyLongObject".

   If the value of *obj* is greater than "LLONG_MAX" or less than
   "LLONG_MIN", set **overflow* to "1" or "-1", respectively, and
   return "-1"; otherwise, set **overflow* to "0".  If any other
   exception occurs set **overflow* to "0" and return "-1" as usual.

   Returns "-1" on error.  Use "PyErr_Occurred()" to disambiguate.

   3.2 版新加入.

   3.8 版更變: 如果可用将使用 "__index__()"。

   3.8 版後已棄用: Using "__int__()" is deprecated.

Py_ssize_t PyLong_AsSsize_t(PyObject *pylong)

   Return a C "Py_ssize_t" representation of *pylong*.  *pylong* must
   be an instance of "PyLongObject".

   Raise "OverflowError" if the value of *pylong* is out of range for
   a "Py_ssize_t".

   Returns "-1" on error.  Use "PyErr_Occurred()" to disambiguate.

unsigned long PyLong_AsUnsignedLong(PyObject *pylong)

   Return a C "unsigned long" representation of *pylong*.  *pylong*
   must be an instance of "PyLongObject".

   Raise "OverflowError" if the value of *pylong* is out of range for
   a "unsigned long".

   Returns "(unsigned long)-1" on error. Use "PyErr_Occurred()" to
   disambiguate.

size_t PyLong_AsSize_t(PyObject *pylong)

   Return a C "size_t" representation of *pylong*.  *pylong* must be
   an instance of "PyLongObject".

   Raise "OverflowError" if the value of *pylong* is out of range for
   a "size_t".

   Returns "(size_t)-1" on error. Use "PyErr_Occurred()" to
   disambiguate.

unsigned long long PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(PyObject *pylong)

   Return a C "unsigned long long" representation of *pylong*.
   *pylong* must be an instance of "PyLongObject".

   Raise "OverflowError" if the value of *pylong* is out of range for
   an "unsigned long long".

   Returns "(unsigned long long)-1" on error. Use "PyErr_Occurred()"
   to disambiguate.

   3.1 版更變: A negative *pylong* now raises "OverflowError", not
   "TypeError".

unsigned long PyLong_AsUnsignedLongMask(PyObject *obj)

   Return a C "unsigned long" representation of *obj*.  If *obj* is
   not an instance of "PyLongObject", first call its "__index__()" or
   "__int__()" method (if present) to convert it to a "PyLongObject".

   If the value of *obj* is out of range for an "unsigned long",
   return the reduction of that value modulo "ULONG_MAX + 1".

   Returns "(unsigned long)-1" on error.  Use "PyErr_Occurred()" to
   disambiguate.

   3.8 版更變: 如果可用将使用 "__index__()"。

   3.8 版後已棄用: Using "__int__()" is deprecated.

unsigned long long PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLongMask(PyObject *obj)

   Return a C "unsigned long long" representation of *obj*.  If *obj*
   is not an instance of "PyLongObject", first call its "__index__()"
   or "__int__()" method (if present) to convert it to a
   "PyLongObject".

   If the value of *obj* is out of range for an "unsigned long long",
   return the reduction of that value modulo "ULLONG_MAX + 1".

   Returns "(unsigned long long)-1" on error.  Use "PyErr_Occurred()"
   to disambiguate.

   3.8 版更變: 如果可用将使用 "__index__()"。

   3.8 版後已棄用: Using "__int__()" is deprecated.

double PyLong_AsDouble(PyObject *pylong)

   Return a C "double" representation of *pylong*.  *pylong* must be
   an instance of "PyLongObject".

   Raise "OverflowError" if the value of *pylong* is out of range for
   a "double".

   Returns "-1.0" on error.  Use "PyErr_Occurred()" to disambiguate.

void* PyLong_AsVoidPtr(PyObject *pylong)

   Convert a Python integer *pylong* to a C "void" pointer. If
   *pylong* cannot be converted, an "OverflowError" will be raised.
   This is only assured to produce a usable "void" pointer for values
   created with "PyLong_FromVoidPtr()".

   Returns "NULL" on error.  Use "PyErr_Occurred()" to disambiguate.
