4. Execution model¶
4.1. Structure of a program¶
A Python program is constructed from code blocks.
A block is a piece of Python program text that is executed as a unit.
The following are blocks: a module, a function body, and a class definition.
Each command typed interactively is a block. A script file (a file given as
standard input to the interpreter or specified as a command line argument to the
interpreter) is a code block. A script command (a command specified on the
interpreter command line with the -c
option) is a code block.
A module run as a top level script (as module __main__
) from the command
line using a -m
argument is also a code block. The string
argument passed to the built-in functions eval()
and exec()
is a
code block.
A code block is executed in an execution frame. A frame contains some administrative information (used for debugging) and determines where and how execution continues after the code block's execution has completed.
4.2. Naming and binding¶
4.2.1. Binding of names¶
Names refer to objects. Names are introduced by name binding operations.
以下构造会绑定名称:传给函数的正式形参,import
语句,类与函数定义(这会在定义的代码块中绑定类或函数名称)以及发生以标识符为目标的赋值,for
循环的开头,或 with
语句和 except
子句的 as
之后。 import
语句的 from ... import *
形式会绑定在被导入模块中定义的所有名称,那些以下划线开头的除外。 这种形式仅在模块层级上被使用。
A target occurring in a del
statement is also considered bound for
this purpose (though the actual semantics are to unbind the name).
Each assignment or import statement occurs within a block defined by a class or function definition or at the module level (the top-level code block).
If a name is bound in a block, it is a local variable of that block, unless
declared as nonlocal
or global
. If a name is bound at
the module level, it is a global variable. (The variables of the module code
block are local and global.) If a variable is used in a code block but not
defined there, it is a free variable.
Each occurrence of a name in the program text refers to the binding of that name established by the following name resolution rules.
4.2.2. Resolution of names¶
A scope defines the visibility of a name within a block. If a local variable is defined in a block, its scope includes that block. If the definition occurs in a function block, the scope extends to any blocks contained within the defining one, unless a contained block introduces a different binding for the name.
When a name is used in a code block, it is resolved using the nearest enclosing scope. The set of all such scopes visible to a code block is called the block's environment.
When a name is not found at all, a NameError
exception is raised.
If the current scope is a function scope, and the name refers to a local
variable that has not yet been bound to a value at the point where the name is
used, an UnboundLocalError
exception is raised.
UnboundLocalError
is a subclass of NameError
.
If a name binding operation occurs anywhere within a code block, all uses of the name within the block are treated as references to the current block. This can lead to errors when a name is used within a block before it is bound. This rule is subtle. Python lacks declarations and allows name binding operations to occur anywhere within a code block. The local variables of a code block can be determined by scanning the entire text of the block for name binding operations.
如果 global
语句出现在一个代码块中,则所有对该语句所指定名称的使用都是在最高层级命名空间内对该名称绑定的引用。 名称在最高层级命名内的解析是通过全局命名空间,也就是包含该代码块的模块的命名空间,以及内置命名空间即 builtins
模块的命名空间。 全局命名空间会先被搜索。 如果未在其中找到指定名称,再搜索内置命名空间。 global
语句必须位于所有对其所指定名称的使用之前。
The global
statement has the same scope as a name binding operation
in the same block. If the nearest enclosing scope for a free variable contains
a global statement, the free variable is treated as a global.
The nonlocal
statement causes corresponding names to refer
to previously bound variables in the nearest enclosing function scope.
SyntaxError
is raised at compile time if the given name does not
exist in any enclosing function scope.
The namespace for a module is automatically created the first time a module is
imported. The main module for a script is always called __main__
.
Class definition blocks and arguments to exec()
and eval()
are
special in the context of name resolution.
A class definition is an executable statement that may use and define names.
These references follow the normal rules for name resolution with an exception
that unbound local variables are looked up in the global namespace.
The namespace of the class definition becomes the attribute dictionary of
the class. The scope of names defined in a class block is limited to the
class block; it does not extend to the code blocks of methods -- this includes
comprehensions and generator expressions since they are implemented using a
function scope. This means that the following will fail:
class A:
a = 42
b = list(a + i for i in range(10))
4.2.3. Builtins and restricted execution¶
CPython implementation detail: Users should not touch __builtins__
; it is strictly an implementation
detail. Users wanting to override values in the builtins namespace should
import
the builtins
module and modify its
attributes appropriately.
The builtins namespace associated with the execution of a code block
is actually found by looking up the name __builtins__
in its
global namespace; this should be a dictionary or a module (in the
latter case the module's dictionary is used). By default, when in the
__main__
module, __builtins__
is the built-in module
builtins
; when in any other module, __builtins__
is an
alias for the dictionary of the builtins
module itself.
4.2.4. Interaction with dynamic features¶
Name resolution of free variables occurs at runtime, not at compile time. This means that the following code will print 42:
i = 10
def f():
print(i)
i = 42
f()
The eval()
and exec()
functions do not have access to the full
environment for resolving names. Names may be resolved in the local and global
namespaces of the caller. Free variables are not resolved in the nearest
enclosing namespace, but in the global namespace. 1 The exec()
and
eval()
functions have optional arguments to override the global and local
namespace. If only one namespace is specified, it is used for both.
4.3. Exceptions¶
Exceptions are a means of breaking out of the normal flow of control of a code block in order to handle errors or other exceptional conditions. An exception is raised at the point where the error is detected; it may be handled by the surrounding code block or by any code block that directly or indirectly invoked the code block where the error occurred.
The Python interpreter raises an exception when it detects a run-time error
(such as division by zero). A Python program can also explicitly raise an
exception with the raise
statement. Exception handlers are specified
with the try
... except
statement. The finally
clause of such a statement can be used to specify cleanup code which does not
handle the exception, but is executed whether an exception occurred or not in
the preceding code.
Python uses the "termination" model of error handling: an exception handler can find out what happened and continue execution at an outer level, but it cannot repair the cause of the error and retry the failing operation (except by re-entering the offending piece of code from the top).
当一个异常完全未被处理时,解释器会终止程序的执行,或者返回交互模式的主循环。 无论是哪种情况,它都会打印栈回溯信息,除非是当异常为 SystemExit
的时候。
Exceptions are identified by class instances. The except
clause is
selected depending on the class of the instance: it must reference the class of
the instance or a base class thereof. The instance can be received by the
handler and can carry additional information about the exceptional condition.
備註
Exception messages are not part of the Python API. Their contents may change from one version of Python to the next without warning and should not be relied on by code which will run under multiple versions of the interpreter.
See also the description of the try
statement in section try 语句
and raise
statement in section raise 语句.
註解
- 1
This limitation occurs because the code that is executed by these operations is not available at the time the module is compiled.