# `gettext` --- 多语种国际化服务

源代码： Lib/gettext.py

`gettext` 模块为 Python 模块和应用程序提供国际化 (Internationalization, I18N) 和本地化 (Localization, L10N) 服务。它同时支持 GNU gettext 消息编目 API 和更高级的、基于类的 API，后者可能更适合于 Python 文件。下方描述的接口允许用户使用一种自然语言编写模块和应用程序消息，并提供翻译后的消息编目，以便在不同的自然语言下运行。

同时还给出一些本地化 Python 模块及应用程序的小技巧。

## GNU gettext API

模块 `gettext` 定义了下列 API，这与 gettext API 类似。如果你使用该 API，将会对整个应用程序产生全局的影响。如果你的应用程序支持多语种，而语言选择取决于用户的区域设置，这通常正是你所想要的。而如果你正在本地化某个 Python 模块，或者你的应用程序需要在运行时切换语言，相反你或许想用基于类的API。

`gettext.``bindtextdomain`(domain, localedir=None)

  将 domain 绑定到本地目录 localedir。 更具体地来说，模块 `gettext` 将使用路径 (在 Unix 系统中): `localedir/language/LC_MESSAGES/domain.mo` 查找二进制 `.mo` 文件，此处对应地查找 language 的位置是环境变量 `LANGUAGE`, `LC_ALL`, `LC_MESSAGES` 和 `LANG` 中。

  如果遗漏了 localedir 或者设置为 `None`，那么将返回当前 domain 所绑定的值 1

`gettext.``bind_textdomain_codeset`(domain, codeset=None)

  将 domain 绑定到 codeset，修改 `lgettext()`, `ldgettext()`, `lngettext()` 和 `ldngettext()` 函数返回的字节串的字符编码。如果省略了 codeset，则返回当前绑定的编码集。

  Deprecated since version 3.8, will be removed in version 3.10.

`gettext.``textdomain`(domain=None)

  修改或查询当前的全局域。如果 domain 为 `None`，则返回当前的全局域，不为 `None` 则将全局域设置为 domain，并返回它。

`gettext.``gettext`(message)

  返回 message 的本地化翻译，依据包括当前的全局域、语言和区域目录。本函数在本地命名空间中通常有别名 `_()` （参考下面的示例）。

`gettext.``dgettext`(domain, message)

  与 `gettext()` 类似，但在指定的 domain 中查找 message。

`gettext.``ngettext`(singular, plural, n)

  与 `gettext()` 类似，但考虑了复数形式。如果找到了翻译，则将 n 代入复数公式，然后返回得出的消息（某些语言具有两种以上的复数形式）。如果未找到翻译，则 n 为 1 时返回 singular，为其他数时返回 plural。

  复数公式取自编目头文件。它是 C 或 Python 表达式，有一个自变量 n，该表达式计算的是所需复数形式在编目中的索引号。关于在 `.po` 文件中使用的确切语法和各种语言的公式，请参阅 GNU gettext 文档 。

`gettext.``dngettext`(domain, singular, plural, n)

  与 `ngettext()` 类似，但在指定的 domain 中查找 message。

`gettext.``pgettext`(context, message)

`gettext.``dpgettext`(domain, context, message)

`gettext.``npgettext`(context, singular, plural, n)

`gettext.``dnpgettext`(domain, context, singular, plural, n)

  与前缀中没有 `p` 的相应函数类似（即 `gettext()`, `dgettext()`, `ngettext()`, `dngettext()` ），但是仅翻译给定的 message context。

  3.8 版新加入.

`gettext.``lgettext`(message)

`gettext.``ldgettext`(domain, message)

`gettext.``lngettext`(singular, plural, n)

`gettext.``ldngettext`(domain, singular, plural, n)

  与前缀中没有 `l` 的相应函数等效（ `gettext()`, `dgettext()`, `ngettext()` 和 `dngettext()` ），但是如果没有用 `bind_textdomain_codeset()` 显式设置其他编码，则返回的翻译将以首选系统编码来编码字节串。

  警告

  在 Python 3 中应避免使用这些函数，因为它们返回的是编码后的字节串。最好使用返回 Unicode 字符串的其他方法，因为大多数 Python 应用程序都希望将人类可读的文本作为字符串而不是字节来处理。此外，如果翻译后的字符串存在编码问题，则可能会意外出现与 Unicode 相关的异常。

  Deprecated since version 3.8, will be removed in version 3.10.

注意，GNU gettext 还定义了 `dcgettext()` 方法，但它被认为不实用，因此目前没有实现它。

这是该 API 的典型用法示例:

    import gettext
    gettext.bindtextdomain('myapplication', '/path/to/my/language/directory')
    gettext.textdomain('myapplication')
    _ = gettext.gettext
    # ...
    print(_('This is a translatable string.'))

## 基于类的 API

与 GNU gettext API 相比，`gettext` 模块的基于类的 API 提供了更多的灵活性和更强的便利性。这是本地化 Python 应用程序和模块的推荐方法。`gettext` 定义了一个 `GNUTranslations` 类，该类实现了 GNU `.mo` 格式文件的解析，并且具有用于返回字符串的方法。本类的实例也可以将自身作为函数 `_()` 安装到内建命名空间中。

`gettext.``find`(domain, localedir=None, languages=None, all=False)

  本函数实现了标准的 `.mo` 文件搜索算法。它接受一个 domain，它与 `textdomain()` 接受的域相同。可选参数 localedir 与 `bindtextdomain()` 中的相同。可选参数 languages 是多条字符串的列表，其中每条字符串都是一种语言代码。

  If localedir is not given, then the default system locale directory is used. 2 If languages is not given, then the following environment variables are searched: `LANGUAGE`, `LC_ALL`, `LC_MESSAGES`, and `LANG`. The first one returning a non-empty value is used for the languages variable. The environment variables should contain a colon separated list of languages, which will be split on the colon to produce the expected list of language code strings.

  `find()` then expands and normalizes the languages, and then iterates through them, searching for an existing file built of these components:

  `localedir/language/LC_MESSAGES/domain.mo`

  The first such file name that exists is returned by `find()`. If no such file is found, then `None` is returned. If all is given, it returns a list of all file names, in the order in which they appear in the languages list or the environment variables.

`gettext.``translation`(domain, localedir=None, languages=None, class_=None, fallback=False, codeset=None)

  Return a `*Translations` instance based on the domain, localedir, and languages, which are first passed to `find()` to get a list of the associated `.mo` file paths. Instances with identical `.mo` file names are cached. The actual class instantiated is class_ if provided, otherwise `GNUTranslations`. The class's constructor must take a single file object argument. If provided, codeset will change the charset used to encode translated strings in the `lgettext()` and `lngettext()` methods.

  If multiple files are found, later files are used as fallbacks for earlier ones. To allow setting the fallback, `copy.copy()` is used to clone each translation object from the cache; the actual instance data is still shared with the cache.

  If no `.mo` file is found, this function raises `OSError` if fallback is false (which is the default), and returns a `NullTranslations` instance if fallback is true.

  3.3 版更變: `IOError` 代替 `OSError` 被引发。

  Deprecated since version 3.8, will be removed in version 3.10: The codeset parameter.

`gettext.``install`(domain, localedir=None, codeset=None, names=None)

  This installs the function `_()` in Python's builtins namespace, based on domain, localedir, and codeset which are passed to the function `translation()`.

  For the names parameter, please see the description of the translation object's `install()` method.

  As seen below, you usually mark the strings in your application that are candidates for translation, by wrapping them in a call to the `_()` function, like this:

      print(_('This string will be translated.'))

  For convenience, you want the `_()` function to be installed in Python's builtins namespace, so it is easily accessible in all modules of your application.

  Deprecated since version 3.8, will be removed in version 3.10: The codeset parameter.

### The `NullTranslations` class

Translation classes are what actually implement the translation of original source file message strings to translated message strings. The base class used by all translation classes is `NullTranslations`; this provides the basic interface you can use to write your own specialized translation classes. Here are the methods of `NullTranslations`:

class `gettext.``NullTranslations`(fp=None)

  Takes an optional file object fp, which is ignored by the base class. Initializes "protected" instance variables _info and _charset which are set by derived classes, as well as _fallback, which is set through `add_fallback()`. It then calls `self._parse(fp)` if fp is not `None`.

  `_parse`(fp)

    No-op in the base class, this method takes file object fp, and reads the data from the file, initializing its message catalog. If you have an unsupported message catalog file format, you should override this method to parse your format.

  `add_fallback`(fallback)

    Add fallback as the fallback object for the current translation object. A translation object should consult the fallback if it cannot provide a translation for a given message.

  `gettext`(message)

    If a fallback has been set, forward `gettext()` to the fallback. Otherwise, return message. Overridden in derived classes.

  `ngettext`(singular, plural, n)

    If a fallback has been set, forward `ngettext()` to the fallback. Otherwise, return singular if n is 1; return plural otherwise. Overridden in derived classes.

  `pgettext`(context, message)

    If a fallback has been set, forward `pgettext()` to the fallback. Otherwise, return the translated message. Overridden in derived classes.

    3.8 版新加入.

  `npgettext`(context, singular, plural, n)

    If a fallback has been set, forward `npgettext()` to the fallback. Otherwise, return the translated message. Overridden in derived classes.

    3.8 版新加入.

  `lgettext`(message)
  `lngettext`(singular, plural, n)

    Equivalent to `gettext()` and `ngettext()`, but the translation is returned as a byte string encoded in the preferred system encoding if no encoding was explicitly set with `set_output_charset()`. Overridden in derived classes.

    警告

    These methods should be avoided in Python 3. See the warning for the `lgettext()` function.

    Deprecated since version 3.8, will be removed in version 3.10.

  `info`()

    Return the "protected" `_info` variable, a dictionary containing the metadata found in the message catalog file.

  `charset`()

    Return the encoding of the message catalog file.

  `output_charset`()

    Return the encoding used to return translated messages in `lgettext()` and `lngettext()`.

    Deprecated since version 3.8, will be removed in version 3.10.

  `set_output_charset`(charset)

    Change the encoding used to return translated messages.

    Deprecated since version 3.8, will be removed in version 3.10.

  `install`(names=None)

    This method installs `gettext()` into the built-in namespace, binding it to `_`.

    If the names parameter is given, it must be a sequence containing the names of functions you want to install in the builtins namespace in addition to `_()`. Supported names are `'gettext'`, `'ngettext'`, `'pgettext'`, `'npgettext'`, `'lgettext'`, and `'lngettext'`.

    Note that this is only one way, albeit the most convenient way, to make the `_()` function available to your application. Because it affects the entire application globally, and specifically the built-in namespace, localized modules should never install `_()`. Instead, they should use this code to make `_()` available to their module:

        import gettext
        t = gettext.translation('mymodule', ...)
        _ = t.gettext

    This puts `_()` only in the module's global namespace and so only affects calls within this module.

    3.8 版更變: Added `'pgettext'` and `'npgettext'`.

### The `GNUTranslations` class

The `gettext` module provides one additional class derived from `NullTranslations`: `GNUTranslations`. This class overrides `_parse()` to enable reading GNU gettext format `.mo` files in both big-endian and little-endian format.

`GNUTranslations` parses optional metadata out of the translation catalog. It is convention with GNU gettext to include metadata as the translation for the empty string. This metadata is in RFC 822-style `key: value` pairs, and should contain the `Project-Id-Version` key. If the key `Content-Type` is found, then the `charset` property is used to initialize the "protected" `_charset` instance variable, defaulting to `None` if not found. If the charset encoding is specified, then all message ids and message strings read from the catalog are converted to Unicode using this encoding, else ASCII is assumed.

Since message ids are read as Unicode strings too, all `*gettext()` methods will assume message ids as Unicode strings, not byte strings.

The entire set of key/value pairs are placed into a dictionary and set as the "protected" `_info` instance variable.

If the `.mo` file's magic number is invalid, the major version number is unexpected, or if other problems occur while reading the file, instantiating a `GNUTranslations` class can raise `OSError`.

class `gettext.``GNUTranslations`

  The following methods are overridden from the base class implementation:

  `gettext`(message)

    Look up the message id in the catalog and return the corresponding message string, as a Unicode string. If there is no entry in the catalog for the message id, and a fallback has been set, the look up is forwarded to the fallback's `gettext()` method. Otherwise, the message id is returned.

  `ngettext`(singular, plural, n)

    Do a plural-forms lookup of a message id. singular is used as the message id for purposes of lookup in the catalog, while n is used to determine which plural form to use. The returned message string is a Unicode string.

    If the message id is not found in the catalog, and a fallback is specified, the request is forwarded to the fallback's `ngettext()` method. Otherwise, when n is 1 singular is returned, and plural is returned in all other cases.

    例如：

        n = len(os.listdir('.'))
        cat = GNUTranslations(somefile)
        message = cat.ngettext(
            'There is %(num)d file in this directory',
            'There are %(num)d files in this directory',
            n) % {'num': n}

  `pgettext`(context, message)

    Look up the context and message id in the catalog and return the corresponding message string, as a Unicode string. If there is no entry in the catalog for the message id and context, and a fallback has been set, the look up is forwarded to the fallback's `pgettext()` method. Otherwise, the message id is returned.

    3.8 版新加入.

  `npgettext`(context, singular, plural, n)

    Do a plural-forms lookup of a message id. singular is used as the message id for purposes of lookup in the catalog, while n is used to determine which plural form to use.

    If the message id for context is not found in the catalog, and a fallback is specified, the request is forwarded to the fallback's `npgettext()` method. Otherwise, when n is 1 singular is returned, and plural is returned in all other cases.

    3.8 版新加入.

  `lgettext`(message)
  `lngettext`(singular, plural, n)

    Equivalent to `gettext()` and `ngettext()`, but the translation is returned as a byte string encoded in the preferred system encoding if no encoding was explicitly set with `set_output_charset()`.

    警告

    These methods should be avoided in Python 3. See the warning for the `lgettext()` function.

    Deprecated since version 3.8, will be removed in version 3.10.

### Solaris message catalog support

The Solaris operating system defines its own binary `.mo` file format, but since no documentation can be found on this format, it is not supported at this time.

### The Catalog constructor

GNOME uses a version of the `gettext` module by James Henstridge, but this version has a slightly different API. Its documented usage was:

    import gettext
    cat = gettext.Catalog(domain, localedir)
    _ = cat.gettext
    print(_('hello world'))

For compatibility with this older module, the function `Catalog()` is an alias for the `translation()` function described above.

One difference between this module and Henstridge's: his catalog objects supported access through a mapping API, but this appears to be unused and so is not currently supported.

## Internationalizing your programs and modules

Internationalization (I18N) refers to the operation by which a program is made aware of multiple languages. Localization (L10N) refers to the adaptation of your program, once internationalized, to the local language and cultural habits. In order to provide multilingual messages for your Python programs, you need to take the following steps:

1. prepare your program or module by specially marking translatable strings

2. run a suite of tools over your marked files to generate raw messages catalogs

3. create language-specific translations of the message catalogs

4. use the `gettext` module so that message strings are properly translated

In order to prepare your code for I18N, you need to look at all the strings in your files. Any string that needs to be translated should be marked by wrapping it in `_('...')` --- that is, a call to the function `_()`. For example:

    filename = 'mylog.txt'
    message = _('writing a log message')
    with open(filename, 'w') as fp:
        fp.write(message)

In this example, the string `'writing a log message'` is marked as a candidate for translation, while the strings `'mylog.txt'` and `'w'` are not.

There are a few tools to extract the strings meant for translation. The original GNU gettext only supported C or C++ source code but its extended version xgettext scans code written in a number of languages, including Python, to find strings marked as translatable. Babel is a Python internationalization library that includes a `pybabel` script to extract and compile message catalogs. François Pinard's program called xpot does a similar job and is available as part of his po-utils package.

(Python also includes pure-Python versions of these programs, called pygettext.py and msgfmt.py; some Python distributions will install them for you. pygettext.py is similar to xgettext, but only understands Python source code and cannot handle other programming languages such as C or C++. pygettext.py supports a command-line interface similar to xgettext; for details on its use, run `pygettext.py --help`. msgfmt.py is binary compatible with GNU msgfmt. With these two programs, you may not need the GNU gettext package to internationalize your Python applications.)

xgettext, pygettext, and similar tools generate `.po` files that are message catalogs. They are structured human-readable files that contain every marked string in the source code, along with a placeholder for the translated versions of these strings.

Copies of these `.po` files are then handed over to the individual human translators who write translations for every supported natural language. They send back the completed language-specific versions as a `<language-name>.po` file that's compiled into a machine-readable `.mo` binary catalog file using the msgfmt program. The `.mo` files are used by the `gettext` module for the actual translation processing at run-time.

How you use the `gettext` module in your code depends on whether you are internationalizing a single module or your entire application. The next two sections will discuss each case.

### Localizing your module

If you are localizing your module, you must take care not to make global changes, e.g. to the built-in namespace. You should not use the GNU gettext API but instead the class-based API.

Let's say your module is called "spam" and the module's various natural language translation `.mo` files reside in `/usr/share/locale` in GNU gettext format. Here's what you would put at the top of your module:

    import gettext
    t = gettext.translation('spam', '/usr/share/locale')
    _ = t.gettext

### Localizing your application

If you are localizing your application, you can install the `_()` function globally into the built-in namespace, usually in the main driver file of your application. This will let all your application-specific files just use `_('...')` without having to explicitly install it in each file.

In the simple case then, you need only add the following bit of code to the main driver file of your application:

    import gettext
    gettext.install('myapplication')

If you need to set the locale directory, you can pass it into the `install()` function:

    import gettext
    gettext.install('myapplication', '/usr/share/locale')

### Changing languages on the fly

If your program needs to support many languages at the same time, you may want to create multiple translation instances and then switch between them explicitly, like so:

    import gettext

    lang1 = gettext.translation('myapplication', languages=['en'])
    lang2 = gettext.translation('myapplication', languages=['fr'])
    lang3 = gettext.translation('myapplication', languages=['de'])

    # start by using language1
    lang1.install()

    # ... time goes by, user selects language 2
    lang2.install()

    # ... more time goes by, user selects language 3
    lang3.install()

### Deferred translations

In most coding situations, strings are translated where they are coded. Occasionally however, you need to mark strings for translation, but defer actual translation until later. A classic example is:

    animals = ['mollusk',
               'albatross',
               'rat',
               'penguin',
               'python', ]
    # ...
    for a in animals:
        print(a)

Here, you want to mark the strings in the `animals` list as being translatable, but you don't actually want to translate them until they are printed.

Here is one way you can handle this situation:

    def _(message): return message

    animals = [_('mollusk'),
               _('albatross'),
               _('rat'),
               _('penguin'),
               _('python'), ]

    del _

    # ...
    for a in animals:
        print(_(a))

This works because the dummy definition of `_()` simply returns the string unchanged. And this dummy definition will temporarily override any definition of `_()` in the built-in namespace (until the `del` command). Take care, though if you have a previous definition of `_()` in the local namespace.

Note that the second use of `_()` will not identify "a" as being translatable to the gettext program, because the parameter is not a string literal.

Another way to handle this is with the following example:

    def N_(message): return message

    animals = [N_('mollusk'),
               N_('albatross'),
               N_('rat'),
               N_('penguin'),
               N_('python'), ]

    # ...
    for a in animals:
        print(_(a))

In this case, you are marking translatable strings with the function `N_()`, which won't conflict with any definition of `_()`. However, you will need to teach your message extraction program to look for translatable strings marked with `N_()`. xgettext, pygettext, `pybabel extract`, and xpot all support this through the use of the `-k` command-line switch. The choice of `N_()` here is totally arbitrary; it could have just as easily been `MarkThisStringForTranslation()`.

## 致谢

以下人员为创建此模块贡献了代码、反馈、设计建议、早期实现和宝贵的经验：

- Peter Funk

- James Henstridge

- Juan David Ibáñez Palomar

- Marc-André Lemburg

- Martin von Löwis

- François Pinard

- Barry Warsaw

- Gustavo Niemeyer

註解

1

  The default locale directory is system dependent; for example, on RedHat Linux it is `/usr/share/locale`, but on Solaris it is `/usr/lib/locale`. The `gettext` module does not try to support these system dependent defaults; instead its default is `sys.base_prefix/share/locale` (see `sys.base_prefix`). For this reason, it is always best to call `bindtextdomain()` with an explicit absolute path at the start of your application.

2

  See the footnote for `bindtextdomain()` above.