作業系統工具
************

PyObject* PyOS_FSPath(PyObject *path)
    *Return value: New reference.*

   Return the file system representation for *path*. If the object is
   a "str" or "bytes" object, then its reference count is incremented.
   If the object implements the "os.PathLike" interface, then
   "__fspath__()" is returned as long as it is a "str" or "bytes"
   object. Otherwise "TypeError" is raised and "NULL" is returned.

   3.6 版新加入.

int Py_FdIsInteractive(FILE *fp, const char *filename)

   Return true (nonzero) if the standard I/O file *fp* with name
   *filename* is deemed interactive.  This is the case for files for
   which "isatty(fileno(fp))" is true.  If the global flag
   "Py_InteractiveFlag" is true, this function also returns true if
   the *filename* pointer is "NULL" or if the name is equal to one of
   the strings "'<stdin>'" or "'???'".

void PyOS_BeforeFork()

   Function to prepare some internal state before a process fork.
   This should be called before calling "fork()" or any similar
   function that clones the current process. Only available on systems
   where "fork()" is defined.

   警告:

     The C "fork()" call should only be made from the "main" thread
     (of the "main" interpreter).  The same is true for
     "PyOS_BeforeFork()".

   3.7 版新加入.

void PyOS_AfterFork_Parent()

   Function to update some internal state after a process fork.  This
   should be called from the parent process after calling "fork()" or
   any similar function that clones the current process, regardless of
   whether process cloning was successful. Only available on systems
   where "fork()" is defined.

   警告:

     The C "fork()" call should only be made from the "main" thread
     (of the "main" interpreter).  The same is true for
     "PyOS_AfterFork_Parent()".

   3.7 版新加入.

void PyOS_AfterFork_Child()

   Function to update internal interpreter state after a process fork.
   This must be called from the child process after calling "fork()",
   or any similar function that clones the current process, if there
   is any chance the process will call back into the Python
   interpreter. Only available on systems where "fork()" is defined.

   警告:

     The C "fork()" call should only be made from the "main" thread
     (of the "main" interpreter).  The same is true for
     "PyOS_AfterFork_Child()".

   3.7 版新加入.

   也參考:

     "os.register_at_fork()" allows registering custom Python
     functions to be called by "PyOS_BeforeFork()",
     "PyOS_AfterFork_Parent()" and  "PyOS_AfterFork_Child()".

void PyOS_AfterFork()

   Function to update some internal state after a process fork; this
   should be called in the new process if the Python interpreter will
   continue to be used. If a new executable is loaded into the new
   process, this function does not need to be called.

   3.7 版後已棄用: This function is superseded by
   "PyOS_AfterFork_Child()".

int PyOS_CheckStack()

   Return true when the interpreter runs out of stack space.  This is
   a reliable check, but is only available when "USE_STACKCHECK" is
   defined (currently on Windows using the Microsoft Visual C++
   compiler).  "USE_STACKCHECK" will be defined automatically; you
   should never change the definition in your own code.

PyOS_sighandler_t PyOS_getsig(int i)

   Return the current signal handler for signal *i*.  This is a thin
   wrapper around either "sigaction()" or "signal()".  Do not call
   those functions directly! "PyOS_sighandler_t" is a typedef alias
   for "void (*)(int)".

PyOS_sighandler_t PyOS_setsig(int i, PyOS_sighandler_t h)

   Set the signal handler for signal *i* to be *h*; return the old
   signal handler. This is a thin wrapper around either "sigaction()"
   or "signal()".  Do not call those functions directly!
   "PyOS_sighandler_t" is a typedef alias for "void (*)(int)".

wchar_t* Py_DecodeLocale(const char* arg, size_t *size)

   Decode a byte string from the locale encoding with the
   surrogateescape error handler: undecodable bytes are decoded as
   characters in range U+DC80..U+DCFF. If a byte sequence can be
   decoded as a surrogate character, escape the bytes using the
   surrogateescape error handler instead of decoding them.

   Encoding, highest priority to lowest priority:

   * "UTF-8" on macOS, Android, and VxWorks;

   * "UTF-8" on Windows if "Py_LegacyWindowsFSEncodingFlag" is zero;

   * "UTF-8" if the Python UTF-8 mode is enabled;

   * "ASCII" if the "LC_CTYPE" locale is ""C"", "nl_langinfo(CODESET)"
     returns the "ASCII" encoding (or an alias), and "mbstowcs()" and
     "wcstombs()" functions uses the "ISO-8859-1" encoding.

   * the current locale encoding.

   Return a pointer to a newly allocated wide character string, use
   "PyMem_RawFree()" to free the memory. If size is not "NULL", write
   the number of wide characters excluding the null character into
   "*size"

   Return "NULL" on decoding error or memory allocation error. If
   *size* is not "NULL", "*size" is set to "(size_t)-1" on memory
   error or set to "(size_t)-2" on decoding error.

   Decoding errors should never happen, unless there is a bug in the C
   library.

   Use the "Py_EncodeLocale()" function to encode the character string
   back to a byte string.

   也參考:

     The "PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefaultAndSize()" and
     "PyUnicode_DecodeLocaleAndSize()" functions.

   3.5 版新加入.

   3.7 版更變: The function now uses the UTF-8 encoding in the UTF-8
   mode.

   3.8 版更變: The function now uses the UTF-8 encoding on Windows if
   "Py_LegacyWindowsFSEncodingFlag" is zero;

char* Py_EncodeLocale(const wchar_t *text, size_t *error_pos)

   Encode a wide character string to the locale encoding with the
   surrogateescape error handler: surrogate characters in the range
   U+DC80..U+DCFF are converted to bytes 0x80..0xFF.

   Encoding, highest priority to lowest priority:

   * "UTF-8" on macOS, Android, and VxWorks;

   * "UTF-8" on Windows if "Py_LegacyWindowsFSEncodingFlag" is zero;

   * "UTF-8" if the Python UTF-8 mode is enabled;

   * "ASCII" if the "LC_CTYPE" locale is ""C"", "nl_langinfo(CODESET)"
     returns the "ASCII" encoding (or an alias), and "mbstowcs()" and
     "wcstombs()" functions uses the "ISO-8859-1" encoding.

   * the current locale encoding.

   The function uses the UTF-8 encoding in the Python UTF-8 mode.

   Return a pointer to a newly allocated byte string, use
   "PyMem_Free()" to free the memory. Return "NULL" on encoding error
   or memory allocation error

   If error_pos is not "NULL", "*error_pos" is set to "(size_t)-1" on
   success,  or set to the index of the invalid character on encoding
   error.

   Use the "Py_DecodeLocale()" function to decode the bytes string
   back to a wide character string.

   也參考:

     The "PyUnicode_EncodeFSDefault()" and "PyUnicode_EncodeLocale()"
     functions.

   3.5 版新加入.

   3.7 版更變: The function now uses the UTF-8 encoding in the UTF-8
   mode.

   3.8 版更變: The function now uses the UTF-8 encoding on Windows if
   "Py_LegacyWindowsFSEncodingFlag" is zero;


系統函式
********

These are utility functions that make functionality from the "sys"
module accessible to C code.  They all work with the current
interpreter thread's "sys" module's dict, which is contained in the
internal thread state structure.

PyObject *PySys_GetObject(const char *name)
    *Return value: Borrowed reference.*

   Return the object *name* from the "sys" module or "NULL" if it does
   not exist, without setting an exception.

int PySys_SetObject(const char *name, PyObject *v)

   Set *name* in the "sys" module to *v* unless *v* is "NULL", in
   which case *name* is deleted from the sys module. Returns "0" on
   success, "-1" on error.

void PySys_ResetWarnOptions()

   Reset "sys.warnoptions" to an empty list. This function may be
   called prior to "Py_Initialize()".

void PySys_AddWarnOption(const wchar_t *s)

   Append *s* to "sys.warnoptions". This function must be called prior
   to "Py_Initialize()" in order to affect the warnings filter list.

void PySys_AddWarnOptionUnicode(PyObject *unicode)

   Append *unicode* to "sys.warnoptions".

   Note: this function is not currently usable from outside the
   CPython implementation, as it must be called prior to the implicit
   import of "warnings" in "Py_Initialize()" to be effective, but
   can't be called until enough of the runtime has been initialized to
   permit the creation of Unicode objects.

void PySys_SetPath(const wchar_t *path)

   Set "sys.path" to a list object of paths found in *path* which
   should be a list of paths separated with the platform's search path
   delimiter (":" on Unix, ";" on Windows).

void PySys_WriteStdout(const char *format, ...)

   Write the output string described by *format* to "sys.stdout".  No
   exceptions are raised, even if truncation occurs (see below).

   *format* should limit the total size of the formatted output string
   to 1000 bytes or less -- after 1000 bytes, the output string is
   truncated. In particular, this means that no unrestricted "%s"
   formats should occur; these should be limited using "%.<N>s" where
   <N> is a decimal number calculated so that <N> plus the maximum
   size of other formatted text does not exceed 1000 bytes.  Also
   watch out for "%f", which can print hundreds of digits for very
   large numbers.

   If a problem occurs, or "sys.stdout" is unset, the formatted
   message is written to the real (C level) *stdout*.

void PySys_WriteStderr(const char *format, ...)

   As "PySys_WriteStdout()", but write to "sys.stderr" or *stderr*
   instead.

void PySys_FormatStdout(const char *format, ...)

   Function similar to PySys_WriteStdout() but format the message
   using "PyUnicode_FromFormatV()" and don't truncate the message to
   an arbitrary length.

   3.2 版新加入.

void PySys_FormatStderr(const char *format, ...)

   As "PySys_FormatStdout()", but write to "sys.stderr" or *stderr*
   instead.

   3.2 版新加入.

void PySys_AddXOption(const wchar_t *s)

   Parse *s* as a set of "-X" options and add them to the current
   options mapping as returned by "PySys_GetXOptions()". This function
   may be called prior to "Py_Initialize()".

   3.2 版新加入.

PyObject *PySys_GetXOptions()
    *Return value: Borrowed reference.*

   Return the current dictionary of "-X" options, similarly to
   "sys._xoptions".  On error, "NULL" is returned and an exception is
   set.

   3.2 版新加入.

int PySys_Audit(const char *event, const char *format, ...)

   Raise an auditing event with any active hooks. Return zero for
   success and non-zero with an exception set on failure.

   If any hooks have been added, *format* and other arguments will be
   used to construct a tuple to pass. Apart from "N", the same format
   characters as used in "Py_BuildValue()" are available. If the built
   value is not a tuple, it will be added into a single-element tuple.
   (The "N" format option consumes a reference, but since there is no
   way to know whether arguments to this function will be consumed,
   using it may cause reference leaks.)

   Note that "#" format characters should always be treated as
   "Py_ssize_t", regardless of whether "PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN" was defined.

   "sys.audit()" performs the same function from Python code.

   3.8 版新加入.

   3.8.2 版更變: Require "Py_ssize_t" for "#" format characters.
   Previously, an unavoidable deprecation warning was raised.

int PySys_AddAuditHook(Py_AuditHookFunction hook, void *userData)

   Append the callable *hook* to the list of active auditing hooks.
   Return zero for success and non-zero on failure. If the runtime has
   been initialized, also set an error on failure. Hooks added through
   this API are called for all interpreters created by the runtime.

   *userData* 指针会被传入钩子函数。 因于钩子函数可能由不同的运行时调
   用，该指针不应直接指向 Python 状态。

   This function is safe to call before "Py_Initialize()". When called
   after runtime initialization, existing audit hooks are notified and
   may silently abort the operation by raising an error subclassed
   from "Exception" (other errors will not be silenced).

   The hook function is of type "int (*)(const char *event, PyObject
   *args, void *userData)", where *args* is guaranteed to be a
   "PyTupleObject". The hook function is always called with the GIL
   held by the Python interpreter that raised the event.

   See **PEP 578** for a detailed description of auditing.  Functions
   in the runtime and standard library that raise events are listed in
   the audit events table. Details are in each function's
   documentation.

   引发一个 审计事件 "sys.addaudithook"，没有附带参数。

   3.8 版新加入.


行程（Process）控制
*******************

void Py_FatalError(const char *message)

   Print a fatal error message and kill the process.  No cleanup is
   performed. This function should only be invoked when a condition is
   detected that would make it dangerous to continue using the Python
   interpreter; e.g., when the object administration appears to be
   corrupted.  On Unix, the standard C library function "abort()" is
   called which will attempt to produce a "core" file.

void Py_Exit(int status)

   Exit the current process.  This calls "Py_FinalizeEx()" and then
   calls the standard C library function "exit(status)".  If
   "Py_FinalizeEx()" indicates an error, the exit status is set to
   120.

   3.6 版更變: Errors from finalization no longer ignored.

int Py_AtExit(void (*func)())

   Register a cleanup function to be called by "Py_FinalizeEx()".  The
   cleanup function will be called with no arguments and should return
   no value.  At most 32 cleanup functions can be registered.  When
   the registration is successful, "Py_AtExit()" returns "0"; on
   failure, it returns "-1".  The cleanup function registered last is
   called first. Each cleanup function will be called at most once.
   Since Python's internal finalization will have completed before the
   cleanup function, no Python APIs should be called by *func*.
