流
**

**源码:** Lib/asyncio/streams.py

======================================================================

流是用于处理网络连接的高级 async/await-ready 原语。流允许发送和接收数
据，而不需要使用回调或低级协议和传输。

下面是一个使用 asyncio streams 编写的 TCP echo 客户端示例:

   import asyncio

   async def tcp_echo_client(message):
       reader, writer = await asyncio.open_connection(
           '127.0.0.1', 8888)

       print(f'Send: {message!r}')
       writer.write(message.encode())
       await writer.drain()

       data = await reader.read(100)
       print(f'Received: {data.decode()!r}')

       print('Close the connection')
       writer.close()
       await writer.wait_closed()

   asyncio.run(tcp_echo_client('Hello World!'))

参见下面的 Examples 部分。

-[ Stream 函数 ]-

下面的高级 asyncio 函数可以用来创建和处理流:

coroutine asyncio.open_connection(host=None, port=None, *, loop=None, limit=None, ssl=None, family=0, proto=0, flags=0, sock=None, local_addr=None, server_hostname=None, ssl_handshake_timeout=None)

   建立网络连接并返回一对 "(reader, writer)" 对象。

   返回的 *reader* 和 *writer* 对象是 "StreamReader" 和 "StreamWriter"
   类的实例。

   *loop* 参数是可选的，当从协程中等待该函数时，总是可以自动确定。

   *limit* 确定返回的 "StreamReader" 实例使用的缓冲区大小限制。默认情
   况下，*limit* 设置为 64 KiB 。

   其余的参数直接传递到 "loop.create_connection()" 。

   3.7 版新加入: *ssl_handshake_timeout* 形参。

coroutine asyncio.start_server(client_connected_cb, host=None, port=None, *, loop=None, limit=None, family=socket.AF_UNSPEC, flags=socket.AI_PASSIVE, sock=None, backlog=100, ssl=None, reuse_address=None, reuse_port=None, ssl_handshake_timeout=None, start_serving=True)

   启动套接字服务。

   当一个新的客户端连接被建立时，回调函数 *client_connected_cb* 会被调
   用。该函数会接收到一对参数 "(reader, writer)" ，reader是类
   "StreamReader" 的实例，而writer是类 "StreamWriter" 的实例。

   *client_connected_cb* 即可以是普通的可调用对象也可以是一个 协程函数
   ; 如果它是一个协程函数，它将自动作为 "Task" 被调度。

   *loop* 参数是可选的。当在一个协程中await该方法时，该参数始终可以自
   动确定。

   *limit* 确定返回的 "StreamReader" 实例使用的缓冲区大小限制。默认情
   况下，*limit* 设置为 64 KiB 。

   余下的参数将会直接传递给 "loop.create_server()".

   3.7 版新加入: The *ssl_handshake_timeout* and *start_serving*
   parameters.

-[ Unix 套接字 ]-

coroutine asyncio.open_unix_connection(path=None, *, loop=None, limit=None, ssl=None, sock=None, server_hostname=None, ssl_handshake_timeout=None)

   建立一个 Unix 套接字连接并返回 "(reader, writer)" 这对返回值。

   与 "open_connection()" 相似，但是操作在 Unix 套接字上

   请看文档 "loop.create_unix_connection()".

   可用性: Unix。

   3.7 版新加入: *ssl_handshake_timeout* 形参。

   3.7 版更變: *path* 现在是一个 *path-like object*

coroutine asyncio.start_unix_server(client_connected_cb, path=None, *, loop=None, limit=None, sock=None, backlog=100, ssl=None, ssl_handshake_timeout=None, start_serving=True)

   启动一个Unix socket服务。

   与 "start_server()" 相似，但是是在 Unix 套接字上的操作。

   请看文档 "loop.create_unix_server()".

   可用性: Unix。

   3.7 版新加入: The *ssl_handshake_timeout* and *start_serving*
   parameters.

   3.7 版更變: *path* 形参现在可以是 *path-like object* 对象。


StreamReader
============

class asyncio.StreamReader

   这个类表示一个提供api来从IO流中读取数据的读取器对象。

   不推荐直接实例化 *StreamReader* 对象，建议使用 "open_connection()"
   和 "start_server()" 来获取 *StreamReader* 实例。

   coroutine read(n=-1)

      读取 *n* 个byte.  如果没有设置 *n* , 则自动置为 "-1" ，读至 EOF
      并返回所有读取的byte。

      如果读到EOF，且内部缓冲区为空，则返回一个空的 "bytes" 对象。

   coroutine readline()

      读取一行，其中“行”指的是以 "\n" 结尾的字节序列。

      如果读到EOF而没有找到 "\n" ，该方法返回部分读取的数据。

      如果读到EOF，且内部缓冲区为空，则返回一个空的 "bytes" 对象。

   coroutine readexactly(n)

      精准读取 *n* 个 bytes，不能超过也不能少于。

      如果在读取完 *n* 个byte之前读取到EOF，则会抛出
      "IncompleteReadError" 异常。使用 "IncompleteReadError.partial"
      属性来获取到达流结束之前读取的 bytes 字符串。

   coroutine readuntil(separator=b'\n')

      从流中读取数据直至遇到 *分隔符*

      成功后，数据和指定的separator将从内部缓冲区中删除(或者说被消费掉
      )。返回的数据将包括在末尾的指定separator。

      如果读取的数据量超过了配置的流限制，将引发 "LimitOverrunError"
      异常，数据将留在内部缓冲区中并可以再次读取。

      如果在找到完整的separator之前到达EOF，则会引发
      "IncompleteReadError" 异常，并重置内部缓冲区。
      "IncompleteReadError.partial" 属性可能包含指定separator的一部分
      。

      3.5.2 版新加入.

   at_eof()

      如果缓冲区为空并且 "feed_eof()" 被调用，则返回 "True" 。


StreamWriter
============

class asyncio.StreamWriter

   这个类表示一个写入器对象，该对象提供api以便于写数据至IO流中。

   It is not recommended to instantiate *StreamWriter* objects
   directly; use "open_connection()" and "start_server()" instead.

   write(data)

      The method attempts to write the *data* to the underlying socket
      immediately. If that fails, the data is queued in an internal
      write buffer until it can be sent.

      The method should be used along with the "drain()" method:

         stream.write(data)
         await stream.drain()

   writelines(data)

      The method writes a list (or any iterable) of bytes to the
      underlying socket immediately. If that fails, the data is queued
      in an internal write buffer until it can be sent.

      The method should be used along with the "drain()" method:

         stream.writelines(lines)
         await stream.drain()

   close()

      The method closes the stream and the underlying socket.

      The method should be used along with the "wait_closed()" method:

         stream.close()
         await stream.wait_closed()

   can_write_eof()

      Return "True" if the underlying transport supports the
      "write_eof()" method, "False" otherwise.

   write_eof()

      Close the write end of the stream after the buffered write data
      is flushed.

   transport

      Return the underlying asyncio transport.

   get_extra_info(name, default=None)

      Access optional transport information; see
      "BaseTransport.get_extra_info()" for details.

   coroutine drain()

      Wait until it is appropriate to resume writing to the stream.
      Example:

         writer.write(data)
         await writer.drain()

      This is a flow control method that interacts with the underlying
      IO write buffer.  When the size of the buffer reaches the high
      watermark, *drain()* blocks until the size of the buffer is
      drained down to the low watermark and writing can be resumed.
      When there is nothing to wait for, the "drain()" returns
      immediately.

   is_closing()

      Return "True" if the stream is closed or in the process of being
      closed.

      3.7 版新加入.

   coroutine wait_closed()

      Wait until the stream is closed.

      Should be called after "close()" to wait until the underlying
      connection is closed.

      3.7 版新加入.


例子
====


TCP echo client using streams
-----------------------------

TCP echo client using the "asyncio.open_connection()" function:

   import asyncio

   async def tcp_echo_client(message):
       reader, writer = await asyncio.open_connection(
           '127.0.0.1', 8888)

       print(f'Send: {message!r}')
       writer.write(message.encode())

       data = await reader.read(100)
       print(f'Received: {data.decode()!r}')

       print('Close the connection')
       writer.close()

   asyncio.run(tcp_echo_client('Hello World!'))

也參考:

  The TCP echo client protocol example uses the low-level
  "loop.create_connection()" method.


TCP echo server using streams
-----------------------------

TCP echo server using the "asyncio.start_server()" function:

   import asyncio

   async def handle_echo(reader, writer):
       data = await reader.read(100)
       message = data.decode()
       addr = writer.get_extra_info('peername')

       print(f"Received {message!r} from {addr!r}")

       print(f"Send: {message!r}")
       writer.write(data)
       await writer.drain()

       print("Close the connection")
       writer.close()

   async def main():
       server = await asyncio.start_server(
           handle_echo, '127.0.0.1', 8888)

       addr = server.sockets[0].getsockname()
       print(f'Serving on {addr}')

       async with server:
           await server.serve_forever()

   asyncio.run(main())

也參考:

  The TCP echo server protocol example uses the "loop.create_server()"
  method.


Get HTTP headers
----------------

Simple example querying HTTP headers of the URL passed on the command
line:

   import asyncio
   import urllib.parse
   import sys

   async def print_http_headers(url):
       url = urllib.parse.urlsplit(url)
       if url.scheme == 'https':
           reader, writer = await asyncio.open_connection(
               url.hostname, 443, ssl=True)
       else:
           reader, writer = await asyncio.open_connection(
               url.hostname, 80)

       query = (
           f"HEAD {url.path or '/'} HTTP/1.0\r\n"
           f"Host: {url.hostname}\r\n"
           f"\r\n"
       )

       writer.write(query.encode('latin-1'))
       while True:
           line = await reader.readline()
           if not line:
               break

           line = line.decode('latin1').rstrip()
           if line:
               print(f'HTTP header> {line}')

       # Ignore the body, close the socket
       writer.close()

   url = sys.argv[1]
   asyncio.run(print_http_headers(url))

用法:

   python example.py http://example.com/path/page.html

or with HTTPS:

   python example.py https://example.com/path/page.html


Register an open socket to wait for data using streams
------------------------------------------------------

Coroutine waiting until a socket receives data using the
"open_connection()" function:

   import asyncio
   import socket

   async def wait_for_data():
       # Get a reference to the current event loop because
       # we want to access low-level APIs.
       loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()

       # Create a pair of connected sockets.
       rsock, wsock = socket.socketpair()

       # Register the open socket to wait for data.
       reader, writer = await asyncio.open_connection(sock=rsock)

       # Simulate the reception of data from the network
       loop.call_soon(wsock.send, 'abc'.encode())

       # Wait for data
       data = await reader.read(100)

       # Got data, we are done: close the socket
       print("Received:", data.decode())
       writer.close()

       # Close the second socket
       wsock.close()

   asyncio.run(wait_for_data())

也參考:

  The register an open socket to wait for data using a protocol
  example uses a low-level protocol and the "loop.create_connection()"
  method.

  The watch a file descriptor for read events example uses the low-
  level "loop.add_reader()" method to watch a file descriptor.
