# Concrete Objects Layer

The functions in this chapter are specific to certain Python object types. Passing them an object of the wrong type is not a good idea; if you receive an object from a Python program and you are not sure that it has the right type, you must perform a type check first; for example, to check that an object is a dictionary, use `PyDict_Check()`. The chapter is structured like the "family tree" of Python object types.

警告

While the functions described in this chapter carefully check the type of the objects which are passed in, many of them do not check for `NULL` being passed instead of a valid object. Allowing `NULL` to be passed in can cause memory access violations and immediate termination of the interpreter.

## Fundamental Objects

This section describes Python type objects and the singleton object `None`.

- Type Objects
  - Creating Heap-Allocated Types
- The `None` Object

## Numeric Objects

- 整數物件
- 布林物件
- 浮點數（Floating Point）物件
- Complex Number Objects
  - Complex Numbers as C Structures
  - Complex Numbers as Python Objects

## Sequence Objects

Generic operations on sequence objects were discussed in the previous chapter; this section deals with the specific kinds of sequence objects that are intrinsic to the Python language.

- Bytes Objects
- Byte Array Objects
  - Type check macros
  - Direct API functions
  - Macros
- Unicode物件與編碼
  - Unicode Objects
    - Unicode Type
    - Unicode Character Properties
    - Creating and accessing Unicode strings
    - Deprecated Py_UNICODE APIs
    - Locale Encoding
    - File System Encoding
    - wchar_t Support
  - Built-in Codecs
    - Generic Codecs
    - UTF-8 Codecs
    - UTF-32 Codecs
    - UTF-16 Codecs
    - UTF-7 Codecs
    - Unicode-Escape Codecs
    - Raw-Unicode-Escape Codecs
    - Latin-1 Codecs
    - ASCII Codecs
    - Character Map Codecs
    - MBCS codecs for Windows
    - Methods & Slots
  - Methods and Slot Functions
- 元組（Tuple）物件
- Struct Sequence Objects
- List（串列）物件

## Container Objects

- 字典物件
- Set Objects

## 函式物件

- 函式（Function）物件
- 實體方法物件
- Method Objects
- Cell 物件
- Code Objects

## Other Objects

- 檔案（File）物件
- 模組物件模組
  - Initializing C modules
    - Single-phase initialization
    - Multi-phase initialization
    - Low-level module creation functions
    - Support functions
  - Module lookup
- 迭代器（Iterator）物件
- 修飾器物件
- 切片物件
- Ellipsis Object
- MemoryView objects
- 弱參照物件
- Capsules
- 產生器物件
- Coroutine Objects
- Context Variables Objects
- DateTime 物件