4. 在麥金塔系統使用Python
*************************

Author:
   Bob Savage <bobsavage@mac.com>

Python 執行在麥金塔系統的 Mac OS X 和執行在其他 Unix 平台上原理非常相
似，但有一些值得提出的是在 Mac OS X 上增加其他額外的功能例如 IDE 與 套
件管理。


4.1. 取得和安裝MacPython
========================

Apple 在 Mac OS X 10.8 預設安裝 Python 2.7。但你也可以到 Python
website （https://www.python.org ）更新至最新的 Python 3。Python 建立
在"通用二進位"上，使 Python 能以本地程序的形式運行在使用英特爾微處理器
與 PowerPC 麥金塔電腦上。

在安裝後你必須要做幾件事：

* A "Python 3.8" folder in your "Applications" folder. In here you
  find IDLE, the development environment that is a standard part of
  official Python distributions; PythonLauncher, which handles double-
  clicking Python scripts from the Finder; and the "Build Applet"
  tool, which allows you to package Python scripts as standalone
  applications on your system.

* A framework "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework", which includes
  the Python executable and libraries. The installer adds this
  location to your shell path. To uninstall MacPython, you can simply
  remove these three things. A symlink to the Python executable is
  placed in /usr/local/bin/.

The Apple-provided build of Python is installed in
"/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework" and "/usr/bin/python",
respectively. You should never modify or delete these, as they are
Apple-controlled and are used by Apple- or third-party software.
Remember that if you choose to install a newer Python version from
python.org, you will have two different but functional Python
installations on your computer, so it will be important that your
paths and usages are consistent with what you want to do.

IDLE includes a help menu that allows you to access Python
documentation. If you are completely new to Python you should start
reading the tutorial introduction in that document.

If you are familiar with Python on other Unix platforms you should
read the section on running Python scripts from the Unix shell.


4.1.1. 如何執行Python腳本
-------------------------

Your best way to get started with Python on Mac OS X is through the
IDLE integrated development environment, see section 整合化開發工具
and use the Help menu when the IDE is running.

If you want to run Python scripts from the Terminal window command
line or from the Finder you first need an editor to create your
script. Mac OS X comes with a number of standard Unix command line
editors, **vim** and **emacs** among them. If you want a more Mac-like
editor, **BBEdit** or **TextWrangler** from Bare Bones Software (see
http://www.barebones.com/products/bbedit/index.html) are good choices,
as is **TextMate** (see https://macromates.com/). Other editors
include **Gvim** (http://macvim-dev.github.io/macvim/) and
**Aquamacs** (http://aquamacs.org/).

To run your script from the Terminal window you must make sure that
"/usr/local/bin" is in your shell search path.

從Finder執行你的腳本時，你有兩個選項:

* Drag it to **PythonLauncher**

* Select **PythonLauncher** as the default application to open your
  script (or any .py script) through the finder Info window and
  double-click it. **PythonLauncher** has various preferences to
  control how your script is launched. Option-dragging allows you to
  change these for one invocation, or use its Preferences menu to
  change things globally.


4.1.2. 透過使用者圖形介面執行腳本
---------------------------------

With older versions of Python, there is one Mac OS X quirk that you
need to be aware of: programs that talk to the Aqua window manager (in
other words, anything that has a GUI) need to be run in a special way.
Use **pythonw** instead of **python** to start such scripts.

With Python 3.8, you can use either **python** or **pythonw**.


4.1.3. 設定
-----------

Python on OS X honors all standard Unix environment variables such as
"PYTHONPATH", but setting these variables for programs started from
the Finder is non-standard as the Finder does not read your ".profile"
or ".cshrc" at startup. You need to create a file
"~/.MacOSX/environment.plist". See Apple's Technical Document QA1067
for details.

For more information on installation Python packages in MacPython, see
section Installing Additional Python Packages.


4.2. 整合化開發工具
===================

MacPython ships with the standard IDLE development environment. A good
introduction to using IDLE can be found at
http://www.hashcollision.org/hkn/python/idle_intro/index.html.


4.3. Installing Additional Python Packages
==========================================

There are several methods to install additional Python packages:

* Packages can be installed via the standard Python distutils mode
  ("python setup.py install").

* Many packages can also be installed via the **setuptools**
  extension or **pip** wrapper, see https://pip.pypa.io/.


4.4. 圖形化使用者介面(GUI) 程式開發於Mac
========================================

有許多建立圖形化使用者介面(GUI)應用程式選項使用Python於Mac上

*PyObjC* 是一个 Python 到 Apple 的 Objective-C/Cocoa 框架的绑定，这是
大多数现代 Mac 开发的基础。 有关 PyObjC 的信息，请访问
https://pypi.org/project/pyobjc/。

The standard Python GUI toolkit is "tkinter", based on the cross-
platform Tk toolkit (https://www.tcl.tk). An Aqua-native version of Tk
is bundled with OS X by Apple, and the latest version can be
downloaded and installed from https://www.activestate.com; it can also
be built from source.

*wxPython* is another popular cross-platform GUI toolkit that runs
natively on Mac OS X. Packages and documentation are available from
https://www.wxpython.org.

*PyQt* is another popular cross-platform GUI toolkit that runs
natively on Mac OS X. More information can be found at
https://riverbankcomputing.com/software/pyqt/intro.


4.5. 貢獻Python應用程式於 Mac
=============================

The "Build Applet" tool that is placed in the MacPython 3.6 folder is
fine for packaging small Python scripts on your own machine to run as
a standard Mac application. This tool, however, is not robust enough
to distribute Python applications to other users.

The standard tool for deploying standalone Python applications on the
Mac is **py2app**. More information on installing and using py2app can
be found at http://undefined.org/python/#py2app.


4.6. 其他資源
=============

MacPython 郵件清單對於Python使用者和開發者於Mac 上是一個極佳的支援資源

https://www.python.org/community/sigs/current/pythonmac-sig/

其他好用的資源是MacPython wiki:

https://wiki.python.org/moin/MacPython
