# The Python Language Reference

This reference manual describes the syntax and "core semantics" of the language. It is terse, but attempts to be exact and complete. The semantics of non-essential built-in object types and of the built-in functions and modules are described in Python 標準函式庫 (Standard Library). For an informal introduction to the language, see Python 教學. For C or C++ programmers, two additional manuals exist: Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter describes the high-level picture of how to write a Python extension module, and the Python / C API 參考手冊 describes the interfaces available to C/C++ programmers in detail.

- 1. 簡介
  - 1.1. Alternate Implementations
  - 1.2. Notation
- 2. Lexical analysis
  - 2.1. Line structure
  - 2.2. Other tokens
  - 2.3. Identifiers and keywords
  - 2.4. Literals
  - 2.5. Operators
  - 2.6. Delimiters
- 3. Data model
  - 3.1. Objects, values and types
  - 3.2. The standard type hierarchy
  - 3.3. Special method names
  - 3.4. Coroutines
- 4. Execution model
  - 4.1. Structure of a program
  - 4.2. Naming and binding
  - 4.3. Exceptions
- 5. The import system
  - 5.1. `importlib`
  - 5.2. Packages
  - 5.3. Searching
  - 5.4. Loading
  - 5.5. The Path Based Finder
  - 5.6. Replacing the standard import system
  - 5.7. 包相对导入
  - 5.8. Special considerations for __main__
  - 5.9. Open issues
  - 5.10. References
- 6. Expressions
  - 6.1. Arithmetic conversions
  - 6.2. Atoms
  - 6.3. Primaries
  - 6.4. Await expression
  - 6.5. The power operator
  - 6.6. Unary arithmetic and bitwise operations
  - 6.7. Binary arithmetic operations
  - 6.8. Shifting operations
  - 6.9. Binary bitwise operations
  - 6.10. Comparisons
  - 6.11. Boolean operations
  - 6.12. Conditional expressions
  - 6.13. Lambdas
  - 6.14. Expression lists
  - 6.15. Evaluation order
  - 6.16. Operator precedence
- 7. Simple statements
  - 7.1. Expression statements
  - 7.2. Assignment statements
  - 7.3. `assert` 语句
  - 7.4. `pass` 语句
  - 7.5. `del` 语句
  - 7.6. `return` 语句
  - 7.7. `yield` 语句
  - 7.8. `raise` 语句
  - 7.9. `break` 语句
  - 7.10. `continue` 语句
  - 7.11. `import` 语句
  - 7.12. `global` 语句
  - 7.13. `nonlocal` 语句
- 8. Compound statements
  - 8.1. `if` 语句
  - 8.2. `while` 语句
  - 8.3. `for` 语句
  - 8.4. `try` 语句
  - 8.5. `with` 语句
  - 8.6. Function definitions
  - 8.7. Class definitions
  - 8.8. Coroutines
- 9. Top-level components
  - 9.1. Complete Python programs
  - 9.2. File input
  - 9.3. Interactive input
  - 9.4. Expression input
- 10. 完整的語法規格書