Streams
*******

Streams are high-level async/await-ready primitives to work with
network connections.  Streams allow sending and receiving data without
using callbacks or low-level protocols and transports.

Here is an example of a TCP echo client written using asyncio streams:

   import asyncio

   async def tcp_echo_client(message):
       async with asyncio.connect('127.0.0.1', 8888) as stream:
           print(f'Send: {message!r}')
           await stream.write(message.encode())

           data = await stream.read(100)
           print(f'Received: {data.decode()!r}')

   asyncio.run(tcp_echo_client('Hello World!'))

See also the Examples section below.

-[ Stream Functions ]-

The following top-level asyncio functions can be used to create and
work with streams:

coroutine asyncio.connect(host=None, port=None, *, limit=2**16, ssl=None, family=0, proto=0, flags=0, sock=None, local_addr=None, server_hostname=None, ssl_handshake_timeout=None, happy_eyeballs_delay=None, interleave=None)

   Connect to TCP socket on *host* : *port* address and return a
   "Stream" object of mode "StreamMode.READWRITE".

   *limit* determines the buffer size limit used by the returned
   "Stream" instance. By default the *limit* is set to 64 KiB.

   The rest of the arguments are passed directly to
   "loop.create_connection()".

   The function can be used with "await" to get a connected stream:

      stream = await asyncio.connect('127.0.0.1', 8888)

   The function can also be used as an async context manager:

      async with asyncio.connect('127.0.0.1', 8888) as stream:
          ...

   3.8 版新加入.

coroutine asyncio.open_connection(host=None, port=None, *, loop=None, limit=None, ssl=None, family=0, proto=0, flags=0, sock=None, local_addr=None, server_hostname=None, ssl_handshake_timeout=None)

   Establish a network connection and return a pair of "(reader,
   writer)" objects.

   The returned *reader* and *writer* objects are instances of
   "StreamReader" and "StreamWriter" classes.

   The *loop* argument is optional and can always be determined
   automatically when this function is awaited from a coroutine.

   *limit* determines the buffer size limit used by the returned
   "StreamReader" instance.  By default the *limit* is set to 64 KiB.

   The rest of the arguments are passed directly to
   "loop.create_connection()".

   3.7 版新加入: The *ssl_handshake_timeout* parameter.

   Deprecated since version 3.8, will be removed in version 3.10:
   *open_connection()* is deprecated in favor of "connect()".

coroutine asyncio.start_server(client_connected_cb, host=None, port=None, *, loop=None, limit=2**16, family=socket.AF_UNSPEC, flags=socket.AI_PASSIVE, sock=None, backlog=100, ssl=None, reuse_address=None, reuse_port=None, ssl_handshake_timeout=None, start_serving=True)

   Start a socket server.

   The *client_connected_cb* callback is called whenever a new client
   connection is established.  It receives a "(reader, writer)" pair
   as two arguments, instances of the "StreamReader" and
   "StreamWriter" classes.

   *client_connected_cb* can be a plain callable or a coroutine
   function; if it is a coroutine function, it will be automatically
   scheduled as a "Task".

   The *loop* argument is optional and can always be determined
   automatically when this method is awaited from a coroutine.

   *limit* determines the buffer size limit used by the returned
   "StreamReader" instance.  By default the *limit* is set to 64 KiB.

   The rest of the arguments are passed directly to
   "loop.create_server()".

   3.7 版新加入: The *ssl_handshake_timeout* and *start_serving*
   parameters.

   Deprecated since version 3.8, will be removed in version 3.10:
   *start_server()* is deprecated if favor of "StreamServer"

coroutine asyncio.connect_read_pipe(pipe, *, limit=2**16)

   Takes a *file-like object* *pipe* to return a "Stream" object of
   the mode "StreamMode.READ" that has similar API of "StreamReader".
   It can also be used as an async context manager.

   *limit* determines the buffer size limit used by the returned
   "Stream" instance. By default the limit is set to 64 KiB.

   3.8 版新加入.

coroutine asyncio.connect_write_pipe(pipe, *, limit=2**16)

   Takes a *file-like object* *pipe* to return a "Stream" object of
   the mode "StreamMode.WRITE" that has similar API of "StreamWriter".
   It can also be used as an async context manager.

   *limit* determines the buffer size limit used by the returned
   "Stream" instance. By default the limit is set to 64 KiB.

   3.8 版新加入.

-[ Unix Sockets ]-

asyncio.connect_unix(path=None, *, limit=2**16, ssl=None, sock=None, server_hostname=None, ssl_handshake_timeout=None)

   Establish a Unix socket connection to socket with *path* address
   and return an awaitable "Stream" object of the mode
   "StreamMode.READWRITE" that can be used as a reader and a writer.

   *limit* determines the buffer size limit used by the returned
   "Stream" instance. By default the *limit* is set to 64 KiB.

   The rest of the arguments are passed directly to
   "loop.create_unix_connection()".

   The function can be used with "await" to get a connected stream:

      stream = await asyncio.connect_unix('/tmp/example.sock')

   The function can also be used as an async context manager:

      async with asyncio.connect_unix('/tmp/example.sock') as stream:
          ...

   Availability: Unix.

   3.8 版新加入.

coroutine asyncio.open_unix_connection(path=None, *, loop=None, limit=None, ssl=None, sock=None, server_hostname=None, ssl_handshake_timeout=None)

   Establish a Unix socket connection and return a pair of "(reader,
   writer)".

   Similar to "open_connection()" but operates on Unix sockets.

   See also the documentation of "loop.create_unix_connection()".

   Availability: Unix.

   3.7 版新加入: The *ssl_handshake_timeout* parameter.

   3.7 版更變: The *path* parameter can now be a *path-like object*

   Deprecated since version 3.8, will be removed in version 3.10:
   "open_unix_connection()" is deprecated if favor of
   "connect_unix()".

coroutine asyncio.start_unix_server(client_connected_cb, path=None, *, loop=None, limit=None, sock=None, backlog=100, ssl=None, ssl_handshake_timeout=None, start_serving=True)

   Start a Unix socket server.

   Similar to "start_server()" but works with Unix sockets.

   See also the documentation of "loop.create_unix_server()".

   Availability: Unix.

   3.7 版新加入: The *ssl_handshake_timeout* and *start_serving*
   parameters.

   3.7 版更變: The *path* parameter can now be a *path-like object*.

   Deprecated since version 3.8, will be removed in version 3.10:
   "start_unix_server()" is deprecated in favor of "UnixStreamServer".

======================================================================


StreamServer
============

class asyncio.StreamServer(client_connected_cb, /, host=None, port=None, *, limit=2**16, family=socket.AF_UNSPEC, flags=socket.AI_PASSIVE, sock=None, backlog=100, ssl=None, reuse_address=None, reuse_port=None, ssl_handshake_timeout=None, shutdown_timeout=60)

   The *client_connected_cb* callback is called whenever a new client
   connection is established.  It receives a "Stream" object of the
   mode "StreamMode.READWRITE".

   *client_connected_cb* can be a plain callable or a coroutine
   function; if it is a coroutine function, it will be automatically
   scheduled as a "Task".

   *limit* determines the buffer size limit used by the returned
   "Stream" instance.  By default the *limit* is set to 64 KiB.

   The rest of the arguments are passed directly to
   "loop.create_server()".

   coroutine start_serving()

      Binds to the given host and port to start the server.

   coroutine serve_forever()

      Start accepting connections until the coroutine is cancelled.
      Cancellation of "serve_forever" task causes the server to be
      closed.

      This method can be called if the server is already accepting
      connections.  Only one "serve_forever" task can exist per one
      *Server* object.

   is_serving()

      Returns "True" if the server is bound and currently serving.

   bind()

      Bind the server to the given *host* and *port*. This method is
      automatically called during "__aenter__" when "StreamServer" is
      used as an async context manager.

   is_bound()

      Return "True" if the server is bound.

   coroutine abort()

      Closes the connection and cancels all pending tasks.

   coroutine close()

      Closes the connection. This method is automatically called
      during "__aexit__" when "StreamServer" is used as an async
      context manager.

   sockets

      Returns a tuple of socket objects the server is bound to.

   3.8 版新加入.


UnixStreamServer
================

class asyncio.UnixStreamServer(client_connected_cb, /, path=None, *, limit=2**16, sock=None, backlog=100, ssl=None, ssl_handshake_timeout=None, shutdown_timeout=60)

   The *client_connected_cb* callback is called whenever a new client
   connection is established.  It receives a "Stream" object of the
   mode "StreamMode.READWRITE".

   *client_connected_cb* can be a plain callable or a coroutine
   function; if it is a coroutine function, it will be automatically
   scheduled as a "Task".

   *limit* determines the buffer size limit used by the returned
   "Stream" instance.  By default the *limit* is set to 64 KiB.

   The rest of the arguments are passed directly to
   "loop.create_unix_server()".

   coroutine start_serving()

      Binds to the given host and port to start the server.

   is_serving()

      Returns "True" if the server is bound and currently serving.

   bind()

      Bind the server to the given *host* and *port*. This method is
      automatically called during "__aenter__" when "UnixStreamServer"
      is used as an async context manager.

   is_bound()

      Return "True" if the server is bound.

   coroutine abort()

      Closes the connection and cancels all pending tasks.

   coroutine close()

      Closes the connection. This method is automatically called
      during "__aexit__" when "UnixStreamServer" is used as an async
      context manager.

   sockets

      Returns a tuple of socket objects the server is bound to.

   Availability: Unix.

   3.8 版新加入.


Stream
======

class asyncio.Stream

   Represents a Stream object that provides APIs to read and write
   data to the IO stream . It includes the API provided by
   "StreamReader" and "StreamWriter".

   Do not instantiate *Stream* objects directly; use API like
   "connect()" and "StreamServer" instead.

   3.8 版新加入.


StreamMode
==========

class asyncio.StreamMode

      A subclass of "enum.Flag" that defines a set of values that can
      be used to determine the "mode" of "Stream" objects.

      READ

      The stream object is readable and provides the API of
      "StreamReader".

      WRITE

      The stream object is writeable and provides the API of
      "StreamWriter".

      READWRITE

      The stream object is readable and writeable and provides the API
      of both "StreamReader" and "StreamWriter".

   3.8 版新加入.


StreamReader
============

class asyncio.StreamReader

   Represents a reader object that provides APIs to read data from the
   IO stream.

   It is not recommended to instantiate *StreamReader* objects
   directly; use "open_connection()" and "start_server()" instead.

   coroutine read(n=-1)

      Read up to *n* bytes.  If *n* is not provided, or set to "-1",
      read until EOF and return all read bytes.

      If EOF was received and the internal buffer is empty, return an
      empty "bytes" object.

   coroutine readline()

      Read one line, where "line" is a sequence of bytes ending with
      "\n".

      If EOF is received and "\n" was not found, the method returns
      partially read data.

      If EOF is received and the internal buffer is empty, return an
      empty "bytes" object.

   coroutine readexactly(n)

      Read exactly *n* bytes.

      Raise an "IncompleteReadError" if EOF is reached before *n* can
      be read.  Use the "IncompleteReadError.partial" attribute to get
      the partially read data.

   coroutine readuntil(separator=b'\n')

      Read data from the stream until *separator* is found.

      On success, the data and separator will be removed from the
      internal buffer (consumed). Returned data will include the
      separator at the end.

      If the amount of data read exceeds the configured stream limit,
      a "LimitOverrunError" exception is raised, and the data is left
      in the internal buffer and can be read again.

      If EOF is reached before the complete separator is found, an
      "IncompleteReadError" exception is raised, and the internal
      buffer is reset.  The "IncompleteReadError.partial" attribute
      may contain a portion of the separator.

      3.5.2 版新加入.

   at_eof()

      Return "True" if the buffer is empty and "feed_eof()" was
      called.


StreamWriter
============

class asyncio.StreamWriter

   Represents a writer object that provides APIs to write data to the
   IO stream.

   It is not recommended to instantiate *StreamWriter* objects
   directly; use "open_connection()" and "start_server()" instead.

   write(data)

      The method attempts to write the *data* to the underlying socket
      immediately. If that fails, the data is queued in an internal
      write buffer until it can be sent.

      Starting with Python 3.8, it is possible to directly await on
      the *write()* method:

         await stream.write(data)

      The "await" pauses the current coroutine until the data is
      written to the socket.

      Below is an equivalent code that works with Python <= 3.7:

         stream.write(data)
         await stream.drain()

      3.8 版更變: Support "await stream.write(...)" syntax.

   writelines(data)

      The method writes a list (or any iterable) of bytes to the
      underlying socket immediately. If that fails, the data is queued
      in an internal write buffer until it can be sent.

      Starting with Python 3.8, it is possible to directly await on
      the *write()* method:

         await stream.writelines(lines)

      The "await" pauses the current coroutine until the data is
      written to the socket.

      Below is an equivalent code that works with Python <= 3.7:

         stream.writelines(lines)
         await stream.drain()

      3.8 版更變: Support "await stream.writelines()" syntax.

   close()

      The method closes the stream and the underlying socket.

      Starting with Python 3.8, it is possible to directly await on
      the *close()* method:

         await stream.close()

      The "await" pauses the current coroutine until the stream and
      the underlying socket are closed (and SSL shutdown is performed
      for a secure connection).

      Below is an equivalent code that works with Python <= 3.7:

         stream.close()
         await stream.wait_closed()

      3.8 版更變: Support "await stream.close()" syntax.

   can_write_eof()

      Return *True* if the underlying transport supports the
      "write_eof()" method, *False* otherwise.

   write_eof()

      Close the write end of the stream after the buffered write data
      is flushed.

   transport

      Return the underlying asyncio transport.

   get_extra_info(name, default=None)

      Access optional transport information; see
      "BaseTransport.get_extra_info()" for details.

   coroutine drain()

      Wait until it is appropriate to resume writing to the stream.
      Example:

         writer.write(data)
         await writer.drain()

      This is a flow control method that interacts with the underlying
      IO write buffer.  When the size of the buffer reaches the high
      watermark, *drain()* blocks until the size of the buffer is
      drained down to the low watermark and writing can be resumed.
      When there is nothing to wait for, the "drain()" returns
      immediately.

   is_closing()

      Return "True" if the stream is closed or in the process of being
      closed.

      3.7 版新加入.

   coroutine wait_closed()

      Wait until the stream is closed.

      Should be called after "close()" to wait until the underlying
      connection is closed.

      3.7 版新加入.


Examples
========


TCP echo client using streams
-----------------------------

TCP echo client using the "asyncio.connect()" function:

   import asyncio

   async def tcp_echo_client(message):
       async with asyncio.connect('127.0.0.1', 8888) as stream:
           print(f'Send: {message!r}')
           await stream.write(message.encode())

           data = await stream.read(100)
           print(f'Received: {data.decode()!r}')

   asyncio.run(tcp_echo_client('Hello World!'))

也參考: The TCP echo client protocol example uses the low-level
  "loop.create_connection()" method.


TCP echo server using streams
-----------------------------

TCP echo server using the "asyncio.StreamServer" class:

   import asyncio

   async def handle_echo(stream):
       data = await stream.read(100)
       message = data.decode()
       addr = stream.get_extra_info('peername')

       print(f"Received {message!r} from {addr!r}")

       print(f"Send: {message!r}")
       await stream.write(data)

       print("Close the connection")
       await stream.close()

   async def main():
       async with asyncio.StreamServer(
               handle_echo, '127.0.0.1', 8888) as server:
           addr = server.sockets[0].getsockname()
           print(f'Serving on {addr}')
           await server.serve_forever()

   asyncio.run(main())

也參考: The TCP echo server protocol example uses the
  "loop.create_server()" method.


Get HTTP headers
----------------

Simple example querying HTTP headers of the URL passed on the command
line:

   import asyncio
   import urllib.parse
   import sys

   async def print_http_headers(url):
       url = urllib.parse.urlsplit(url)
       if url.scheme == 'https':
           stream = await asyncio.connect(url.hostname, 443, ssl=True)
       else:
           stream = await asyncio.connect(url.hostname, 80)

       query = (
           f"HEAD {url.path or '/'} HTTP/1.0\r\n"
           f"Host: {url.hostname}\r\n"
           f"\r\n"
       )

       stream.write(query.encode('latin-1'))
       while (line := await stream.readline()):
           line = line.decode('latin1').rstrip()
           if line:
               print(f'HTTP header> {line}')

       # Ignore the body, close the socket
       await stream.close()

   url = sys.argv[1]
   asyncio.run(print_http_headers(url))

Usage:

   python example.py http://example.com/path/page.html

or with HTTPS:

   python example.py https://example.com/path/page.html


Register an open socket to wait for data using streams
------------------------------------------------------

Coroutine waiting until a socket receives data using the
"asyncio.connect()" function:

   import asyncio
   import socket

   async def wait_for_data():
       # Get a reference to the current event loop because
       # we want to access low-level APIs.
       loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()

       # Create a pair of connected sockets.
       rsock, wsock = socket.socketpair()

       # Register the open socket to wait for data.
       async with asyncio.connect(sock=rsock) as stream:
           # Simulate the reception of data from the network
           loop.call_soon(wsock.send, 'abc'.encode())

           # Wait for data
           data = await stream.read(100)

           # Got data, we are done: close the socket
           print("Received:", data.decode())

       # Close the second socket
       wsock.close()

   asyncio.run(wait_for_data())

也參考: The register an open socket to wait for data using a
  protocol example uses a low-level protocol and the
  "loop.create_connection()" method.

  The watch a file descriptor for read events example uses the low-
  level "loop.add_reader()" method to watch a file descriptor.
