數值與數學模組

The modules described in this chapter provide numeric and math-related functions and data types. The numbers module defines an abstract hierarchy of numeric types. The math and cmath modules contain various mathematical functions for floating-point and complex numbers. The decimal module supports exact representations of decimal numbers, using arbitrary precision arithmetic.

The following modules are documented in this chapter:

• numbers --- Numeric abstract base classes
  • The numeric tower
  • Notes for type implementors
    • Adding More Numeric ABCs
    • Implementing the arithmetic operations
• math --- Mathematical functions
  • Number-theoretic and representation functions
  • Power and logarithmic functions
  • Trigonometric functions
  • Angular conversion
  • Hyperbolic functions
  • Special functions
  • Constants
• cmath --- Mathematical functions for complex numbers
  • Conversions to and from polar coordinates
  • Power and logarithmic functions
  • Trigonometric functions
  • Hyperbolic functions
  • Classification functions
  • Constants
• decimal --- Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic
  • Quick-start Tutorial
  • Decimal objects
    • Logical operands
  • Context objects
  • Constants
  • Rounding modes
  • Signals
  • Floating Point Notes
    • Mitigating round-off error with increased precision
    • Special values
  • Working with threads
  • Recipes
  • Decimal FAQ
• fractions --- Rational numbers
• random --- Generate pseudo-random numbers
  • Bookkeeping functions
  • Functions for integers
  • Functions for sequences
  • Real-valued distributions
  • Alternative Generator
  • Notes on Reproducibility
  • Examples and Recipes
• statistics --- 數學統計函式
  • 平均值與中央位置量數
  • 離度 (spread) 的測量
  • 函式細節
  • Exceptions