4. Creating a Source Distribution
*********************************

As shown in section A Simple Example, you use the **sdist** command to
create a source distribution.  In the simplest case,

   python setup.py sdist

(assuming you haven't specified any **sdist** options in the setup
script or config file), **sdist** creates the archive of the default
format for the current platform.  The default format is a gzip'ed tar
file (".tar.gz") on Unix, and ZIP file on Windows.

You can specify as many formats as you like using the "--formats"
option, for example:

   python setup.py sdist --formats=gztar,zip

to create a gzipped tarball and a zip file.  The available formats
are:

+-------------+---------------------------+-----------+
| Format      | 描述                      | 註解      |
|=============|===========================|===========|
| "zip"       | zip file (".zip")         | (1),(3)   |
+-------------+---------------------------+-----------+
| "gztar"     | gzip'ed tar file          | (2)       |
|             | (".tar.gz")               |           |
+-------------+---------------------------+-----------+
| "bztar"     | bzip2'ed tar file         |           |
|             | (".tar.bz2")              |           |
+-------------+---------------------------+-----------+
| "xztar"     | xz'ed tar file            |           |
|             | (".tar.xz")               |           |
+-------------+---------------------------+-----------+
| "ztar"      | compressed tar file       | (4)       |
|             | (".tar.Z")                |           |
+-------------+---------------------------+-----------+
| "tar"       | tar file (".tar")         |           |
+-------------+---------------------------+-----------+

3.5 版更變: Added support for the "xztar" format.

註解：

1. default on Windows

2. default on Unix

3. requires either external **zip** utility or "zipfile" module
   (part of the standard Python library since Python 1.6)

4. requires the **compress** program. Notice that this format is
   now pending for deprecation and will be removed in the future
   versions of Python.

When using any "tar" format ("gztar", "bztar", "xztar", "ztar" or
"tar"), under Unix you can specify the "owner" and "group" names that
will be set for each member of the archive.

For example, if you want all files of the archive to be owned by root:

   python setup.py sdist --owner=root --group=root


4.1. Specifying the files to distribute
=======================================

If you don't supply an explicit list of files (or instructions on how
to generate one), the **sdist** command puts a minimal default set
into the source distribution:

* all Python source files implied by the "py_modules" and "packages"
  options

* all C source files mentioned in the "ext_modules" or "libraries"
  options

* scripts identified by the "scripts" option See Installing Scripts.

* anything that looks like a test script: "test/test*.py"
  (currently, the Distutils don't do anything with test scripts except
  include them in source distributions, but in the future there will
  be a standard for testing Python module distributions)

* "README.txt" (or "README"), "setup.py" (or whatever  you called
  your setup script), and "setup.cfg"

* all files that matches the "package_data" metadata. See Installing
  Package Data.

* all files that matches the "data_files" metadata. See Installing
  Additional Files.

Sometimes this is enough, but usually you will want to specify
additional files to distribute.  The typical way to do this is to
write a *manifest template*, called "MANIFEST.in" by default.  The
manifest template is just a list of instructions for how to generate
your manifest file, "MANIFEST", which is the exact list of files to
include in your source distribution.  The **sdist** command processes
this template and generates a manifest based on its instructions and
what it finds in the filesystem.

If you prefer to roll your own manifest file, the format is simple:
one filename per line, regular files (or symlinks to them) only.  If
you do supply your own "MANIFEST", you must specify everything: the
default set of files described above does not apply in this case.

3.1 版更變: An existing generated "MANIFEST" will be regenerated
without **sdist** comparing its modification time to the one of
"MANIFEST.in" or "setup.py".

3.1.3 版更變: "MANIFEST" files start with a comment indicating they
are generated. Files without this comment are not overwritten or
removed.

3.2.2 版更變: **sdist** will read a "MANIFEST" file if no
"MANIFEST.in" exists, like it used to do.

The manifest template has one command per line, where each command
specifies a set of files to include or exclude from the source
distribution.  For an example, again we turn to the Distutils' own
manifest template:

   include *.txt
   recursive-include examples *.txt *.py
   prune examples/sample?/build

The meanings should be fairly clear: include all files in the
distribution root matching "*.txt", all files anywhere under the
"examples" directory matching "*.txt" or "*.py", and exclude all
directories matching "examples/sample?/build".  All of this is done
*after* the standard include set, so you can exclude files from the
standard set with explicit instructions in the manifest template.
(Or, you can use the "--no-defaults" option to disable the standard
set entirely.)  There are several other commands available in the
manifest template mini-language; see section Creating a source
distribution: the sdist command.

The order of commands in the manifest template matters: initially, we
have the list of default files as described above, and each command in
the template adds to or removes from that list of files.  Once we have
fully processed the manifest template, we remove files that should not
be included in the source distribution:

* all files in the Distutils "build" tree (default "build/")

* all files in directories named "RCS", "CVS", ".svn", ".hg",
  ".git", ".bzr" or "_darcs"

Now we have our complete list of files, which is written to the
manifest for future reference, and then used to build the source
distribution archive(s).

You can disable the default set of included files with the "--no-
defaults" option, and you can disable the standard exclude set with "
--no-prune".

Following the Distutils' own manifest template, let's trace how the
**sdist** command builds the list of files to include in the Distutils
source distribution:

1. include all Python source files in the "distutils" and
   "distutils/command" subdirectories (because packages corresponding
   to those two directories were mentioned in the "packages" option in
   the setup script---see section Writing the Setup Script)

2. include "README.txt", "setup.py", and "setup.cfg" (standard
   files)

3. include "test/test*.py" (standard files)

4. include "*.txt" in the distribution root (this will find
   "README.txt" a second time, but such redundancies are weeded out
   later)

5. include anything matching "*.txt" or "*.py" in the sub-tree
   under "examples",

6. exclude all files in the sub-trees starting at directories
   matching "examples/sample?/build"---this may exclude files included
   by the previous two steps, so it's important that the "prune"
   command in the manifest template comes after the "recursive-
   include" command

7. exclude the entire "build" tree, and any "RCS", "CVS", ".svn",
   ".hg", ".git", ".bzr" and "_darcs" directories

Just like in the setup script, file and directory names in the
manifest template should always be slash-separated; the Distutils will
take care of converting them to the standard representation on your
platform. That way, the manifest template is portable across operating
systems.


4.2. Manifest-related options
=============================

The normal course of operations for the **sdist** command is as
follows:

* if the manifest file ("MANIFEST" by default) exists and the first
  line does not have a comment indicating it is generated from
  "MANIFEST.in", then it is used as is, unaltered

* if the manifest file doesn't exist or has been previously
  automatically generated, read "MANIFEST.in" and create the manifest

* if neither "MANIFEST" nor "MANIFEST.in" exist, create a manifest
  with just the default file set

* use the list of files now in "MANIFEST" (either just generated or
  read in) to create the source distribution archive(s)

There are a couple of options that modify this behaviour.  First, use
the "--no-defaults" and "--no-prune" to disable the standard "include"
and "exclude" sets.

Second, you might just want to (re)generate the manifest, but not
create a source distribution:

   python setup.py sdist --manifest-only

"-o" is a shortcut for "--manifest-only".
