18.5. "asyncio" --- Asynchronous I/O, event loop, coroutines and tasks
**********************************************************************

3.4 版新加入.

**Source code:** Lib/asyncio/

======================================================================

This module provides infrastructure for writing single-threaded
concurrent code using coroutines, multiplexing I/O access over sockets
and other resources, running network clients and servers, and other
related primitives. Here is a more detailed list of the package
contents:

* a pluggable event loop with various system-specific
  implementations;

* transport and protocol abstractions (similar to those in Twisted);

* concrete support for TCP, UDP, SSL, subprocess pipes, delayed
  calls, and others (some may be system-dependent);

* a "Future" class that mimics the one in the "concurrent.futures"
  module, but adapted for use with the event loop;

* coroutines and tasks based on "yield from" (**PEP 380**), to help
  write concurrent code in a sequential fashion;

* cancellation support for "Future"s and coroutines;

* synchronization primitives for use between coroutines in a single
  thread, mimicking those in the "threading" module;

* an interface for passing work off to a threadpool, for times when
  you absolutely, positively have to use a library that makes blocking
  I/O calls.

Asynchronous programming is more complex than classical "sequential"
programming: see the Develop with asyncio page which lists common
traps and explains how to avoid them. Enable the debug mode during
development to detect common issues.

Table of contents:

* 18.5.1. Base Event Loop

  * 18.5.1.1. Run an event loop

  * 18.5.1.2. Calls

  * 18.5.1.3. Delayed calls

  * 18.5.1.4. Futures

  * 18.5.1.5. Tasks

  * 18.5.1.6. Creating connections

  * 18.5.1.7. Creating listening connections

  * 18.5.1.8. Watch file descriptors

  * 18.5.1.9. Low-level socket operations

  * 18.5.1.10. Resolve host name

  * 18.5.1.11. Connect pipes

  * 18.5.1.12. UNIX signals

  * 18.5.1.13. Executor

  * 18.5.1.14. Error Handling API

  * 18.5.1.15. Debug mode

  * 18.5.1.16. Server

  * 18.5.1.17. Handle

  * 18.5.1.18. Event loop examples

    * 18.5.1.18.1. Hello World with call_soon()

    * 18.5.1.18.2. Display the current date with call_later()

    * 18.5.1.18.3. Watch a file descriptor for read events

    * 18.5.1.18.4. Set signal handlers for SIGINT and SIGTERM

* 18.5.2. Event loops

  * 18.5.2.1. Event loop functions

  * 18.5.2.2. Available event loops

  * 18.5.2.3. Platform support

    * 18.5.2.3.1. Windows

    * 18.5.2.3.2. Mac OS X

  * 18.5.2.4. Event loop policies and the default policy

  * 18.5.2.5. Event loop policy interface

  * 18.5.2.6. Access to the global loop policy

  * 18.5.2.7. Customizing the event loop policy

* 18.5.3. Tasks and coroutines

  * 18.5.3.1. Coroutines

    * 18.5.3.1.1. Example: Hello World coroutine

    * 18.5.3.1.2. Example: Coroutine displaying the current date

    * 18.5.3.1.3. Example: Chain coroutines

  * 18.5.3.2. InvalidStateError

  * 18.5.3.3. TimeoutError

  * 18.5.3.4. Future

    * 18.5.3.4.1. Example: Future with run_until_complete()

    * 18.5.3.4.2. Example: Future with run_forever()

  * 18.5.3.5. Task

    * 18.5.3.5.1. Example: Parallel execution of tasks

  * 18.5.3.6. Task functions

* 18.5.4. Transports and protocols (callback based API)

  * 18.5.4.1. Transports

    * 18.5.4.1.1. BaseTransport

    * 18.5.4.1.2. ReadTransport

    * 18.5.4.1.3. WriteTransport

    * 18.5.4.1.4. DatagramTransport

    * 18.5.4.1.5. BaseSubprocessTransport

  * 18.5.4.2. Protocols

    * 18.5.4.2.1. Protocol classes

    * 18.5.4.2.2. Connection callbacks

    * 18.5.4.2.3. Streaming protocols

    * 18.5.4.2.4. Datagram protocols

    * 18.5.4.2.5. Flow control callbacks

    * 18.5.4.2.6. Coroutines and protocols

  * 18.5.4.3. Protocol examples

    * 18.5.4.3.1. TCP echo client protocol

    * 18.5.4.3.2. TCP echo server protocol

    * 18.5.4.3.3. UDP echo client protocol

    * 18.5.4.3.4. UDP echo server protocol

    * 18.5.4.3.5. Register an open socket to wait for data using a
      protocol

* 18.5.5. Streams (coroutine based API)

  * 18.5.5.1. Stream functions

  * 18.5.5.2. StreamReader

  * 18.5.5.3. StreamWriter

  * 18.5.5.4. StreamReaderProtocol

  * 18.5.5.5. IncompleteReadError

  * 18.5.5.6. LimitOverrunError

  * 18.5.5.7. Stream examples

    * 18.5.5.7.1. TCP echo client using streams

    * 18.5.5.7.2. TCP echo server using streams

    * 18.5.5.7.3. Get HTTP headers

    * 18.5.5.7.4. Register an open socket to wait for data using
      streams

* 18.5.6. Subprocess

  * 18.5.6.1. Windows event loop

  * 18.5.6.2. Create a subprocess: high-level API using Process

  * 18.5.6.3. Create a subprocess: low-level API using
    subprocess.Popen

  * 18.5.6.4. Constants

  * 18.5.6.5. Process

  * 18.5.6.6. Subprocess and threads

  * 18.5.6.7. Subprocess examples

    * 18.5.6.7.1. Subprocess using transport and protocol

    * 18.5.6.7.2. Subprocess using streams

* 18.5.7. Synchronization primitives

  * 18.5.7.1. Locks

    * 18.5.7.1.1. Lock

    * 18.5.7.1.2. Event

    * 18.5.7.1.3. Condition

  * 18.5.7.2. Semaphores

    * 18.5.7.2.1. Semaphore

    * 18.5.7.2.2. BoundedSemaphore

* 18.5.8. Queues

  * 18.5.8.1. Queue

  * 18.5.8.2. PriorityQueue

  * 18.5.8.3. LifoQueue

    * 18.5.8.3.1. Exceptions

* 18.5.9. Develop with asyncio

  * 18.5.9.1. Debug mode of asyncio

  * 18.5.9.2. Cancellation

  * 18.5.9.3. Concurrency and multithreading

  * 18.5.9.4. Handle blocking functions correctly

  * 18.5.9.5. Logging

  * 18.5.9.6. Detect coroutine objects never scheduled

  * 18.5.9.7. Detect exceptions never consumed

  * 18.5.9.8. Chain coroutines correctly

  * 18.5.9.9. Pending task destroyed

  * 18.5.9.10. Close transports and event loops

也參考: The "asyncio" module was designed in **PEP 3156**. For a
  motivational primer on transports and protocols, see **PEP 3153**.
