# 25.2. `tkinter.ttk` — Tk主题小部件

源代码: Lib/tkinter/ttk.py

The `tkinter.ttk` module provides access to the Tk themed widget set, introduced in Tk 8.5. If Python has not been compiled against Tk 8.5, this module can still be accessed if Tile has been installed. The former method using Tk 8.5 provides additional benefits including anti-aliased font rendering under X11 and window transparency (requiring a composition window manager on X11).

The basic idea for `tkinter.ttk` is to separate, to the extent possible, the code implementing a widget’s behavior from the code implementing its appearance.

也參考

Tk Widget Styling Support

  一份文档介绍Tk支持的主题

## 25.2.1. 使用 Ttk

开始使用 Ttk, 导入模块:

    from tkinter import ttk

重写基础Tk部件,导入应跟随Tk导入:

    from tkinter import *
    from tkinter.ttk import *

That code causes several `tkinter.ttk` widgets (`Button`, `Checkbutton`, `Entry`, `Frame`, `Label`, `LabelFrame`, `Menubutton`, `PanedWindow`, `Radiobutton`, `Scale` and `Scrollbar`) to automatically replace the Tk widgets.

This has the direct benefit of using the new widgets which gives a better look and feel across platforms; however, the replacement widgets are not completely compatible. The main difference is that widget options such as 「fg」, 「bg」 and others related to widget styling are no longer present in Ttk widgets. Instead, use the `ttk.Style` class for improved styling effects.

也參考

Converting existing applications to use Tile widgets

  A monograph (using Tcl terminology) about differences typically encountered when moving applications to use the new widgets.

## 25.2.2. Ttk 部件

Ttk comes with 17 widgets, eleven of which already existed in tkinter: `Button`, `Checkbutton`, `Entry`, `Frame`, `Label`, `LabelFrame`, `Menubutton`, `PanedWindow`, `Radiobutton`, `Scale` and `Scrollbar`. The other six are new: `Combobox`, `Notebook`, `Progressbar`, `Separator`, `Sizegrip` and `Treeview`. And all them are subclasses of `Widget`.

Using the Ttk widgets gives the application an improved look and feel. As discussed above, there are differences in how the styling is coded.

Tk 代码:

    l1 = tkinter.Label(text="Test", fg="black", bg="white")
    l2 = tkinter.Label(text="Test", fg="black", bg="white")

Ttk 代码:

    style = ttk.Style()
    style.configure("BW.TLabel", foreground="black", background="white")

    l1 = ttk.Label(text="Test", style="BW.TLabel")
    l2 = ttk.Label(text="Test", style="BW.TLabel")

有关 TtkStyling 的更多信息，请参阅 `Style` 类文档。

## 25.2.3. 控件

`ttk.Widget` 定义了 Tk 主题小部件支持的标准选项和方法，不应该直接实例化。

### 25.2.3.1. 标准选项

所有 `ttk` 小部件接受以下选项：

> 选项 | 描述
> --- | ---
> class – 类 | 指定窗口类。在查询选项数据库中窗口的其他选项时，使用该类，确定窗口的默认绑定标签，以及选择窗口小部件的默认布局和样式。此选项仅为只读，并且只能在创建窗口时指定。
> cursor | 指定要用于窗口小部件的鼠标光标。如果设置为空字符串（默认值），则为父窗口小部件继承光标.
> takefocus | 确定窗口是否在键盘遍历期间接受焦点。返回0或1，返回空字符串。如果返回0，则表示在键盘遍历期间应该跳过该窗口。如果为1，则表示只要可以查看窗口就应该接收输入焦点。并且空字符串意味着遍历脚本决定是否关注窗口。
> style | 可用于指定自定义窗口小部件样式。

### 25.2.3.2. 可滚动控件选项

控件支持以下选项使用滚动条控制.

> 选项 | 描述
> --- | ---
> xscroll命令 | 用于与垂直滚动条通讯. 当视图在部件窗口改变,部件将会基于scroll命令生成Tcl命令. Usually this option consists of the method `Scrollbar.set()` of some scrollbar. This will cause the scrollbar to be updated whenever the view in the window changes.
> yscroll命令 | 用于与垂直滚动条通讯.更多信息请参考上面的信息.

### 25.2.3.3. 标签选项

以下选项支持标签,按钮已经其他类按钮的控件.

> 选项 | 描述
> --- | ---
> 文本 | Specifies a text string to be displayed inside the widget.
> 文本变量 | Specifies a name whose value will be used in place of the text option resource.
> 下划线 | If set, specifies the index (0-based) of a character to underline in the text string. The underline character is used for mnemonic activation.
> 图片 | Specifies an image to display. This is a list of 1 or more elements. The first element is the default image name. The rest of the list if a sequence of statespec/value pairs as defined by `Style.map()`, specifying different images to use when the widget is in a particular state or a combination of states. All images in the list should have the same size.

> compound

> Specifies how to display the image relative to the text, in the case both text and images options are present. Valid values are:

> - text: 只显示文本

> - image: 只显示图片

> - top, bottom, left, right: 分别显示图片的上,下,左,右的文本.

> - none: 默认. 如果设置显示图片, 否则文本.

> 宽度 | If greater than zero, specifies how much space, in character widths, to allocate for the text label, if less than zero, specifies a minimum width. If zero or unspecified, the natural width of the text label is used.

### 25.2.3.4. 兼容性选项

> 选项 | 描述
> --- | ---
> 状况 | May be set to 「normal」 or 「disabled」 to control the 「disabled」 state bit. This is a write-only option: setting it changes the widget state, but the `Widget.state()` method does not affect this option.

### 25.2.3.5. 控件状态

控件状态是无关状态标志的位图.

> 标志 | 描述
> --- | ---
> 活动 | The mouse cursor is over the widget and pressing a mouse button will cause some action to occur
> 禁用 | 在程序控制下控件是禁用的
> 焦点 | 控件有键盘焦点
> 按压 | Widget is being pressed
> 选择 | 「On」, 「true」, or 「current」 for things like Checkbuttons and radiobuttons
> 背景 | Windows and Mac have a notion of an 「active」 or foreground window. The background state is set for widgets in a background window, and cleared for those in the foreground window
> 只读 | Widget should not allow user modification
> alternate | A widget-specific alternate display format
> 无效的 | 控件的值是无效的

A state specification is a sequence of state names, optionally prefixed with an exclamation point indicating that the bit is off.

### 25.2.3.6. ttk.Widget

Besides the methods described below, the `ttk.Widget` supports the methods `tkinter.Widget.cget()` and `tkinter.Widget.configure()`.

class `tkinter.ttk.``Widget`
  `identify`(x, y)

    Returns the name of the element at position x y, or the empty string if the point does not lie within any element.

    x and y are pixel coordinates relative to the widget.

  `instate`(statespec, callback=None, *args, **kw)

    Test the widget’s state. If a callback is not specified, returns `True` if the widget state matches statespec and `False` otherwise. If callback is specified then it is called with args if widget state matches statespec.

  `state`(statespec=None)

    Modify or inquire widget state. If statespec is specified, sets the widget state according to it and return a new statespec indicating which flags were changed. If statespec is not specified, returns the currently-enabled state flags.

  statespec will usually be a list or a tuple.

## 25.2.4. 组合框

The `ttk.Combobox` widget combines a text field with a pop-down list of values. This widget is a subclass of `Entry`.

Besides the methods inherited from `Widget`: `Widget.cget()`, `Widget.configure()`, `Widget.identify()`, `Widget.instate()` and `Widget.state()`, and the following inherited from `Entry`: `Entry.bbox()`, `Entry.delete()`, `Entry.icursor()`, `Entry.index()`, `Entry.insert()`, `Entry.selection()`, `Entry.xview()`, it has some other methods, described at `ttk.Combobox`.

### 25.2.4.1. 选项

This widget accepts the following specific options:

> 选项 | 描述
> --- | ---
> exportselection | Boolean value. If set, the widget selection is linked to the Window Manager selection (which can be returned by invoking Misc.selection_get, for example).
> justify | Specifies how the text is aligned within the widget. One of 「left」, 「center」, or 「right」.
> height | Specifies the height of the pop-down listbox, in rows.
> postcommand | A script (possibly registered with Misc.register) that is called immediately before displaying the values. It may specify which values to display.
> 状况 | One of 「normal」, 「readonly」, or 「disabled」. In the 「readonly」 state, the value may not be edited directly, and the user can only selection of the values from the dropdown list. In the 「normal」 state, the text field is directly editable. In the 「disabled」 state, no interaction is possible.
> 文本变量 | Specifies a name whose value is linked to the widget value. Whenever the value associated with that name changes, the widget value is updated, and vice versa. See `tkinter.StringVar`.
> 值 | Specifies the list of values to display in the drop-down listbox.
> 宽度 | Specifies an integer value indicating the desired width of the entry window, in average-size characters of the widget’s font.

### 25.2.4.2. 虚拟事件

The combobox widgets generates a <<ComboboxSelected>> virtual event when the user selects an element from the list of values.

### 25.2.4.3. ttk.Combobox

class `tkinter.ttk.``Combobox`
  `current`(newindex=None)

    If newindex is specified, sets the combobox value to the element position newindex. Otherwise, returns the index of the current value or -1 if the current value is not in the values list.

  `get`()

    Returns the current value of the combobox.

  `set`(value)

    Sets the value of the combobox to value.

## 25.2.5. 笔记本

Ttk Notebook widget manages a collection of windows and displays a single one at a time. Each child window is associated with a tab, which the user may select to change the currently-displayed window.

### 25.2.5.1. 选项

This widget accepts the following specific options:

> 选项 | 描述
> --- | ---
> height | If present and greater than zero, specifies the desired height of the pane area (not including internal padding or tabs). Otherwise, the maximum height of all panes is used.
> padding | Specifies the amount of extra space to add around the outside of the notebook. The padding is a list up to four length specifications left top right bottom. If fewer than four elements are specified, bottom defaults to top, right defaults to left, and top defaults to left.
> 宽度 | If present and greater than zero, specified the desired width of the pane area (not including internal padding). Otherwise, the maximum width of all panes is used.

### 25.2.5.2. Tab 选项

There are also specific options for tabs:

> 选项 | 描述
> --- | ---
> 状况 | Either 「normal」, 「disabled」 or 「hidden」. If 「disabled」, then the tab is not selectable. If 「hidden」, then the tab is not shown.
> sticky | Specifies how the child window is positioned within the pane area. Value is a string containing zero or more of the characters 「n」, 「s」, 「e」 or 「w」. Each letter refers to a side (north, south, east or west) that the child window will stick to, as per the `grid()` geometry manager.
> padding | Specifies the amount of extra space to add between the notebook and this pane. Syntax is the same as for the option padding used by this widget.
> 文本 | Specifies a text to be displayed in the tab.
> 图片 | Specifies an image to display in the tab. See the option image described in `Widget`.
> compound | Specifies how to display the image relative to the text, in the case both options text and image are present. See Label Options for legal values.
> 下划线 | Specifies the index (0-based) of a character to underline in the text string. The underlined character is used for mnemonic activation if `Notebook.enable_traversal()` is called.

### 25.2.5.3. Tab Identifiers

The tab_id present in several methods of `ttk.Notebook` may take any of the following forms:

- An integer between zero and the number of tabs

- The name of a child window

- A positional specification of the form 「@x,y」, which identifies the tab

- The literal string 「current」, which identifies the currently-selected tab

- The literal string 「end」, which returns the number of tabs (only valid for `Notebook.index()`)

### 25.2.5.4. Virtual Events

This widget generates a <<NotebookTabChanged>> virtual event after a new tab is selected.

### 25.2.5.5. ttk.Notebook

class `tkinter.ttk.``Notebook`
  `add`(child, **kw)

    Adds a new tab to the notebook.

    If window is currently managed by the notebook but hidden, it is restored to its previous position.

    See Tab Options for the list of available options.

  `forget`(tab_id)

    Removes the tab specified by tab_id, unmaps and unmanages the associated window.

  `hide`(tab_id)

    Hides the tab specified by tab_id.

    The tab will not be displayed, but the associated window remains managed by the notebook and its configuration remembered. Hidden tabs may be restored with the `add()` command.

  `identify`(x, y)

    Returns the name of the tab element at position x, y, or the empty string if none.

  `index`(tab_id)

    Returns the numeric index of the tab specified by tab_id, or the total number of tabs if tab_id is the string 「end」.

  `insert`(pos, child, **kw)

    Inserts a pane at the specified position.

    pos is either the string 「end」, an integer index, or the name of a managed child. If child is already managed by the notebook, moves it to the specified position.

    See Tab Options for the list of available options.

  `select`(tab_id=None)

    Selects the specified tab_id.

    The associated child window will be displayed, and the previously-selected window (if different) is unmapped. If tab_id is omitted, returns the widget name of the currently selected pane.

  `tab`(tab_id, option=None, **kw)

    Query or modify the options of the specific tab_id.

    If kw is not given, returns a dictionary of the tab option values. If option is specified, returns the value of that option. Otherwise, sets the options to the corresponding values.

  `tabs`()

    Returns a list of windows managed by the notebook.

  `enable_traversal`()

    Enable keyboard traversal for a toplevel window containing this notebook.

    This will extend the bindings for the toplevel window containing the notebook as follows:

    - `Control-Tab`: selects the tab following the currently selected one.

    - `Shift-Control-Tab`: selects the tab preceding the currently selected one.

    - `Alt-K`: where K is the mnemonic (underlined) character of any tab, will select that tab.

    Multiple notebooks in a single toplevel may be enabled for traversal, including nested notebooks. However, notebook traversal only works properly if all panes have the notebook they are in as master.

## 25.2.6. Progressbar

The `ttk.Progressbar` widget shows the status of a long-running operation. It can operate in two modes: 1) the determinate mode which shows the amount completed relative to the total amount of work to be done and 2) the indeterminate mode which provides an animated display to let the user know that work is progressing.

### 25.2.6.1. 选项

This widget accepts the following specific options:

> 选项 | 描述
> --- | ---
> orient | One of 「horizontal」 or 「vertical」. Specifies the orientation of the progress bar.
> length | Specifies the length of the long axis of the progress bar (width if horizontal, height if vertical).
> 模式 | One of 「determinate」 or 「indeterminate」.
> maximum | A number specifying the maximum value. Defaults to 100.
> 值 | The current value of the progress bar. In 「determinate」 mode, this represents the amount of work completed. In 「indeterminate」 mode, it is interpreted as modulo maximum; that is, the progress bar completes one 「cycle」 when its value increases by maximum.
> variable | A name which is linked to the option value. If specified, the value of the progress bar is automatically set to the value of this name whenever the latter is modified.
> phase | Read-only option. The widget periodically increments the value of this option whenever its value is greater than 0 and, in determinate mode, less than maximum. This option may be used by the current theme to provide additional animation effects.

### 25.2.6.2. ttk.Progressbar

class `tkinter.ttk.``Progressbar`
  `start`(interval=None)

    Begin autoincrement mode: schedules a recurring timer event that calls `Progressbar.step()` every interval milliseconds. If omitted, interval defaults to 50 milliseconds.

  `step`(amount=None)

    Increments the progress bar’s value by amount.

    amount defaults to 1.0 if omitted.

  `stop`()

    Stop autoincrement mode: cancels any recurring timer event initiated by `Progressbar.start()` for this progress bar.

## 25.2.7. Separator

The `ttk.Separator` widget displays a horizontal or vertical separator bar.

It has no other methods besides the ones inherited from `ttk.Widget`.

### 25.2.7.1. 选项

This widget accepts the following specific option:

> 选项 | 描述
> --- | ---
> orient | One of 「horizontal」 or 「vertical」. Specifies the orientation of the separator.

## 25.2.8. Sizegrip

The `ttk.Sizegrip` widget (also known as a grow box) allows the user to resize the containing toplevel window by pressing and dragging the grip.

This widget has neither specific options nor specific methods, besides the ones inherited from `ttk.Widget`.

### 25.2.8.1. Platform-specific notes

- On MacOS X, toplevel windows automatically include a built-in size grip by default. Adding a `Sizegrip` is harmless, since the built-in grip will just mask the widget.

### 25.2.8.2. Bugs

- If the containing toplevel’s position was specified relative to the right or bottom of the screen (e.g. ….), the `Sizegrip` widget will not resize the window.

- This widget supports only 「southeast」 resizing.

## 25.2.9. Treeview

The `ttk.Treeview` widget displays a hierarchical collection of items. Each item has a textual label, an optional image, and an optional list of data values. The data values are displayed in successive columns after the tree label.

The order in which data values are displayed may be controlled by setting the widget option `displaycolumns`. The tree widget can also display column headings. Columns may be accessed by number or symbolic names listed in the widget option columns. See Column Identifiers.

Each item is identified by a unique name. The widget will generate item IDs if they are not supplied by the caller. There is a distinguished root item, named `{}`. The root item itself is not displayed; its children appear at the top level of the hierarchy.

Each item also has a list of tags, which can be used to associate event bindings with individual items and control the appearance of the item.

The Treeview widget supports horizontal and vertical scrolling, according to the options described in Scrollable Widget Options and the methods `Treeview.xview()` and `Treeview.yview()`.

### 25.2.9.1. 选项

This widget accepts the following specific options:

> 选项 | 描述
> --- | ---
> columns | A list of column identifiers, specifying the number of columns and their names.
> displaycolumns | A list of column identifiers (either symbolic or integer indices) specifying which data columns are displayed and the order in which they appear, or the string 「#all」.
> height | Specifies the number of rows which should be visible. Note: the requested width is determined from the sum of the column widths.
> padding | Specifies the internal padding for the widget. The padding is a list of up to four length specifications.

> selectmode

> Controls how the built-in class bindings manage the selection. One of 「extended」, 「browse」 or 「none」. If set to 「extended」 (the default), multiple items may be selected. If 「browse」, only a single item will be selected at a time. If 「none」, the selection will not be changed.

> Note that the application code and tag bindings can set the selection however they wish, regardless of the value of this option.

> show

> A list containing zero or more of the following values, specifying which elements of the tree to display.

> - tree: display tree labels in column #0.

> - headings: display the heading row.

> The default is 「tree headings」, i.e., show all elements.

> Note: Column #0 always refers to the tree column, even if show=」tree」 is not specified.

### 25.2.9.2. Item Options

The following item options may be specified for items in the insert and item widget commands.

> 选项 | 描述
> --- | ---
> 文本 | The textual label to display for the item.
> 图片 | A Tk Image, displayed to the left of the label.
> 值 | The list of values associated with the item. Each item should have the same number of values as the widget option columns. If there are fewer values than columns, the remaining values are assumed empty. If there are more values than columns, the extra values are ignored.
> open | True/False value indicating whether the item’s children should be displayed or hidden.
> tags | A list of tags associated with this item.

### 25.2.9.3. Tag Options

The following options may be specified on tags:

> 选项 | 描述
> --- | ---
> foreground | Specifies the text foreground color.
> 背景 | Specifies the cell or item background color.
> font | Specifies the font to use when drawing text.
> 图片 | Specifies the item image, in case the item’s image option is empty.

### 25.2.9.4. Column Identifiers

Column identifiers take any of the following forms:

- A symbolic name from the list of columns option.

- An integer n, specifying the nth data column.

- A string of the form #n, where n is an integer, specifying the nth display column.

註解：

- Item’s option values may be displayed in a different order than the order in which they are stored.

- Column #0 always refers to the tree column, even if show=」tree」 is not specified.

A data column number is an index into an item’s option values list; a display column number is the column number in the tree where the values are displayed. Tree labels are displayed in column #0. If option displaycolumns is not set, then data column n is displayed in column #n+1. Again, column #0 always refers to the tree column.

### 25.2.9.5. Virtual Events

The Treeview widget generates the following virtual events.

> Event | 描述
> --- | ---
> <<TreeviewSelect>> | Generated whenever the selection changes.
> <<TreeviewOpen>> | Generated just before settings the focus item to open=True.
> <<TreeviewClose>> | Generated just after setting the focus item to open=False.

The `Treeview.focus()` and `Treeview.selection()` methods can be used to determine the affected item or items.

### 25.2.9.6. ttk.Treeview

class `tkinter.ttk.``Treeview`
  `bbox`(item, column=None)

    Returns the bounding box (relative to the treeview widget’s window) of the specified item in the form (x, y, width, height).

    If column is specified, returns the bounding box of that cell. If the item is not visible (i.e., if it is a descendant of a closed item or is scrolled offscreen), returns an empty string.

  `get_children`(item=None)

    Returns the list of children belonging to item.

    If item is not specified, returns root children.

  `set_children`(item, *newchildren)

    Replaces item’s child with newchildren.

    Children present in item that are not present in newchildren are detached from the tree. No items in newchildren may be an ancestor of item. Note that not specifying newchildren results in detaching item’s children.

  `column`(column, option=None, **kw)

    Query or modify the options for the specified column.

    If kw is not given, returns a dict of the column option values. If option is specified then the value for that option is returned. Otherwise, sets the options to the corresponding values.

    The valid options/values are:

    - id

        Returns the column name. This is a read-only option.

    - anchor: One of the standard Tk anchor values.

        Specifies how the text in this column should be aligned with respect to the cell.

    - minwidth: width

        The minimum width of the column in pixels. The treeview widget will not make the column any smaller than specified by this option when the widget is resized or the user drags a column.

    - stretch: True/False

        指明列宽度是否应该在部件大小被改变时进行相应的调整。

    - width: width

        以像素表示的列宽度。

    要配置树的列，则调用此方法并附带参数 column = 「#0」

  `delete`(*items)

    Delete all specified items and all their descendants.

    The root item may not be deleted.

  `detach`(*items)

    Unlinks all of the specified items from the tree.

    The items and all of their descendants are still present, and may be reinserted at another point in the tree, but will not be displayed.

    The root item may not be detached.

  `exists`(item)

    Returns `True` if the specified item is present in the tree.

  `focus`(item=None)

    If item is specified, sets the focus item to item. Otherwise, returns the current focus item, or 『』 if there is none.

  `heading`(column, option=None, **kw)

    Query or modify the heading options for the specified column.

    If kw is not given, returns a dict of the heading option values. If option is specified then the value for that option is returned. Otherwise, sets the options to the corresponding values.

    The valid options/values are:

    - text: text

        The text to display in the column heading.

    - image: imageName

        Specifies an image to display to the right of the column heading.

    - anchor: anchor

        Specifies how the heading text should be aligned. One of the standard Tk anchor values.

    - command: callback

        A callback to be invoked when the heading label is pressed.

    To configure the tree column heading, call this with column = 「#0」.

  `identify`(component, x, y)

    Returns a description of the specified component under the point given by x and y, or the empty string if no such component is present at that position.

  `identify_row`(y)

    Returns the item ID of the item at position y.

  `identify_column`(x)

    Returns the data column identifier of the cell at position x.

    The tree column has ID #0.

  `identify_region`(x, y)

    Returns one of:

    region | meaning
    --- | ---
    heading | Tree heading area.
    separator | Space between two columns headings.
    tree | The tree area.
    cell | A data cell.

    Availability: Tk 8.6.

  `identify_element`(x, y)

    Returns the element at position x, y.

    Availability: Tk 8.6.

  `index`(item)

    Returns the integer index of item within its parent’s list of children.

  `insert`(parent, index, iid=None, **kw)

    Creates a new item and returns the item identifier of the newly created item.

    parent is the item ID of the parent item, or the empty string to create a new top-level item. index is an integer, or the value 「end」, specifying where in the list of parent’s children to insert the new item. If index is less than or equal to zero, the new node is inserted at the beginning; if index is greater than or equal to the current number of children, it is inserted at the end. If iid is specified, it is used as the item identifier; iid must not already exist in the tree. Otherwise, a new unique identifier is generated.

    See Item Options for the list of available points.

  `item`(item, option=None, **kw)

    Query or modify the options for the specified item.

    If no options are given, a dict with options/values for the item is returned. If option is specified then the value for that option is returned. Otherwise, sets the options to the corresponding values as given by kw.

  `move`(item, parent, index)

    Moves item to position index in parent’s list of children.

    It is illegal to move an item under one of its descendants. If index is less than or equal to zero, item is moved to the beginning; if greater than or equal to the number of children, it is moved to the end. If item was detached it is reattached.

  `next`(item)

    Returns the identifier of item’s next sibling, or 『』 if item is the last child of its parent.

  `parent`(item)

    Returns the ID of the parent of item, or 『』 if item is at the top level of the hierarchy.

  `prev`(item)

    Returns the identifier of item’s previous sibling, or 『』 if item is the first child of its parent.

  `reattach`(item, parent, index)

    An alias for `Treeview.move()`.

  `see`(item)

    Ensure that item is visible.

    Sets all of item’s ancestors open option to `True`, and scrolls the widget if necessary so that item is within the visible portion of the tree.

  `selection`(selop=None, items=None)

    If selop is not specified, returns selected items. Otherwise, it will act according to the following selection methods.

    Deprecated since version 3.6, will be removed in version 3.8: Using `selection()` for changing the selection state is deprecated. Use the following selection methods instead.

  `selection_set`(*items)

    items becomes the new selection.

    3.6 版更變: items can be passed as separate arguments, not just as a single tuple.

  `selection_add`(*items)

    Add items to the selection.

    3.6 版更變: items can be passed as separate arguments, not just as a single tuple.

  `selection_remove`(*items)

    Remove items from the selection.

    3.6 版更變: items can be passed as separate arguments, not just as a single tuple.

  `selection_toggle`(*items)

    Toggle the selection state of each item in items.

    3.6 版更變: items can be passed as separate arguments, not just as a single tuple.

  `set`(item, column=None, value=None)

    With one argument, returns a dictionary of column/value pairs for the specified item. With two arguments, returns the current value of the specified column. With three arguments, sets the value of given column in given item to the specified value.

  `tag_bind`(tagname, sequence=None, callback=None)

    Bind a callback for the given event sequence to the tag tagname. When an event is delivered to an item, the callbacks for each of the item’s tags option are called.

  `tag_configure`(tagname, option=None, **kw)

    Query or modify the options for the specified tagname.

    If kw is not given, returns a dict of the option settings for tagname. If option is specified, returns the value for that option for the specified tagname. Otherwise, sets the options to the corresponding values for the given tagname.

  `tag_has`(tagname, item=None)

    If item is specified, returns 1 or 0 depending on whether the specified item has the given tagname. Otherwise, returns a list of all items that have the specified tag.

    Availability: Tk 8.6

  `xview`(*args)

    Query or modify horizontal position of the treeview.

  `yview`(*args)

    Query or modify vertical position of the treeview.

## 25.2.10. Ttk Styling

Each widget in `ttk` is assigned a style, which specifies the set of elements making up the widget and how they are arranged, along with dynamic and default settings for element options. By default the style name is the same as the widget’s class name, but it may be overridden by the widget’s style option. If you don’t know the class name of a widget, use the method `Misc.winfo_class()` (somewidget.winfo_class()).

也參考

Tcl’2004 conference presentation

  This document explains how the theme engine works

class `tkinter.ttk.``Style`

  This class is used to manipulate the style database.

  `configure`(style, query_opt=None, **kw)

    Query or set the default value of the specified option(s) in style.

    Each key in kw is an option and each value is a string identifying the value for that option.

    For example, to change every default button to be a flat button with some padding and a different background color:

        from tkinter import ttk
        import tkinter

        root = tkinter.Tk()

        ttk.Style().configure("TButton", padding=6, relief="flat",
           background="#ccc")

        btn = ttk.Button(text="Sample")
        btn.pack()

        root.mainloop()

  `map`(style, query_opt=None, **kw)

    Query or sets dynamic values of the specified option(s) in style.

    Each key in kw is an option and each value should be a list or a tuple (usually) containing statespecs grouped in tuples, lists, or some other preference. A statespec is a compound of one or more states and then a value.

    An example may make it more understandable:

        import tkinter
        from tkinter import ttk

        root = tkinter.Tk()

        style = ttk.Style()
        style.map("C.TButton",
            foreground=[('pressed', 'red'), ('active', 'blue')],
            background=[('pressed', '!disabled', 'black'), ('active', 'white')]
            )

        colored_btn = ttk.Button(text="Test", style="C.TButton").pack()

        root.mainloop()

    Note that the order of the (states, value) sequences for an option does matter, if the order is changed to `[('active', 'blue'), ('pressed', 'red')]` in the foreground option, for example, the result would be a blue foreground when the widget were in active or pressed states.

  `lookup`(style, option, state=None, default=None)

    Returns the value specified for option in style.

    If state is specified, it is expected to be a sequence of one or more states. If the default argument is set, it is used as a fallback value in case no specification for option is found.

    To check what font a Button uses by default:

        from tkinter import ttk

        print(ttk.Style().lookup("TButton", "font"))

  `layout`(style, layoutspec=None)

    Define the widget layout for given style. If layoutspec is omitted, return the layout specification for given style.

    layoutspec, if specified, is expected to be a list or some other sequence type (excluding strings), where each item should be a tuple and the first item is the layout name and the second item should have the format described in Layouts.

    To understand the format, see the following example (it is not intended to do anything useful):

        from tkinter import ttk
        import tkinter

        root = tkinter.Tk()

        style = ttk.Style()
        style.layout("TMenubutton", [
           ("Menubutton.background", None),
           ("Menubutton.button", {"children":
               [("Menubutton.focus", {"children":
                   [("Menubutton.padding", {"children":
                       [("Menubutton.label", {"side": "left", "expand": 1})]
                   })]
               })]
           }),
        ])

        mbtn = ttk.Menubutton(text='Text')
        mbtn.pack()
        root.mainloop()

  `element_create`(elementname, etype, *args, **kw)

    Create a new element in the current theme, of the given etype which is expected to be either 「image」, 「from」 or 「vsapi」. The latter is only available in Tk 8.6a for Windows XP and Vista and is not described here.

    If 「image」 is used, args should contain the default image name followed by statespec/value pairs (this is the imagespec), and kw may have the following options:

    > - border=padding

    >     padding is a list of up to four integers, specifying the left, top, right, and bottom borders, respectively.

    > - height=height

    >     Specifies a minimum height for the element. If less than zero, the base image’s height is used as a default.

    > - padding=padding

    >     Specifies the element’s interior padding. Defaults to border’s value if not specified.

    > - sticky=spec

    >     Specifies how the image is placed within the final parcel. spec contains zero or more characters 「n」, 「s」, 「w」, or 「e」.

    > - width=width

    >     Specifies a minimum width for the element. If less than zero, the base image’s width is used as a default.

    If 「from」 is used as the value of etype, `element_create()` will clone an existing element. args is expected to contain a themename, from which the element will be cloned, and optionally an element to clone from. If this element to clone from is not specified, an empty element will be used. kw is discarded.

  `element_names`()

    Returns the list of elements defined in the current theme.

  `element_options`(elementname)

    Returns the list of elementname’s options.

  `theme_create`(themename, parent=None, settings=None)

    Create a new theme.

    It is an error if themename already exists. If parent is specified, the new theme will inherit styles, elements and layouts from the parent theme. If settings are present they are expected to have the same syntax used for `theme_settings()`.

  `theme_settings`(themename, settings)

    Temporarily sets the current theme to themename, apply specified settings and then restore the previous theme.

    Each key in settings is a style and each value may contain the keys 『configure』, 『map』, 『layout』 and 『element create』 and they are expected to have the same format as specified by the methods `Style.configure()`, `Style.map()`, `Style.layout()` and `Style.element_create()` respectively.

    As an example, let’s change the Combobox for the default theme a bit:

        from tkinter import ttk
        import tkinter

        root = tkinter.Tk()

        style = ttk.Style()
        style.theme_settings("default", {
           "TCombobox": {
               "configure": {"padding": 5},
               "map": {
                   "background": [("active", "green2"),
                                  ("!disabled", "green4")],
                   "fieldbackground": [("!disabled", "green3")],
                   "foreground": [("focus", "OliveDrab1"),
                                  ("!disabled", "OliveDrab2")]
               }
           }
        })

        combo = ttk.Combobox().pack()

        root.mainloop()

  `theme_names`()

    Returns a list of all known themes.

  `theme_use`(themename=None)

    If themename is not given, returns the theme in use. Otherwise, sets the current theme to themename, refreshes all widgets and emits a <<ThemeChanged>> event.

### 25.2.10.1. Layouts

A layout can be just `None`, if it takes no options, or a dict of options specifying how to arrange the element. The layout mechanism uses a simplified version of the pack geometry manager: given an initial cavity, each element is allocated a parcel. Valid options/values are:

> - side: whichside

>     Specifies which side of the cavity to place the element; one of top, right, bottom or left. If omitted, the element occupies the entire cavity.

> - sticky: nswe

>     Specifies where the element is placed inside its allocated parcel.

> - unit: 0 or 1

>     If set to 1, causes the element and all of its descendants to be treated as a single element for the purposes of `Widget.identify()` et al. It’s used for things like scrollbar thumbs with grips.

> - children: [sublayout… ]

>     Specifies a list of elements to place inside the element. Each element is a tuple (or other sequence type) where the first item is the layout name, and the other is a Layout.