20.6. xml.dom — The Document Object Model API

Source code: Lib/xml/dom/__init__.py

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The Document Object Model, or 「DOM,」 is a cross-language API from the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) for accessing and modifying XML documents. A DOM implementation presents an XML document as a tree structure, or allows client code to build such a structure from scratch. It then gives access to the structure through a set of objects which provided well-known interfaces.

The DOM is extremely useful for random-access applications. SAX only allows you a view of one bit of the document at a time. If you are looking at one SAX element, you have no access to another. If you are looking at a text node, you have no access to a containing element. When you write a SAX application, you need to keep track of your program’s position in the document somewhere in your own code. SAX does not do it for you. Also, if you need to look ahead in the XML document, you are just out of luck.

Some applications are simply impossible in an event driven model with no access to a tree. Of course you could build some sort of tree yourself in SAX events, but the DOM allows you to avoid writing that code. The DOM is a standard tree representation for XML data.

The Document Object Model is being defined by the W3C in stages, or 「levels」 in their terminology. The Python mapping of the API is substantially based on the DOM Level 2 recommendation.

DOM applications typically start by parsing some XML into a DOM. How this is accomplished is not covered at all by DOM Level 1, and Level 2 provides only limited improvements: There is a DOMImplementation object class which provides access to Document creation methods, but no way to access an XML reader/parser/Document builder in an implementation-independent way. There is also no well-defined way to access these methods without an existing Document object. In Python, each DOM implementation will provide a function getDOMImplementation(). DOM Level 3 adds a Load/Store specification, which defines an interface to the reader, but this is not yet available in the Python standard library.

Once you have a DOM document object, you can access the parts of your XML document through its properties and methods. These properties are defined in the DOM specification; this portion of the reference manual describes the interpretation of the specification in Python.

The specification provided by the W3C defines the DOM API for Java, ECMAScript, and OMG IDL. The Python mapping defined here is based in large part on the IDL version of the specification, but strict compliance is not required (though implementations are free to support the strict mapping from IDL). See section 一致性 for a detailed discussion of mapping requirements.

也參考

Document Object Model (DOM) Level 2 Specification

The W3C recommendation upon which the Python DOM API is based.

Document Object Model (DOM) Level 1 Specification

The W3C recommendation for the DOM supported by xml.dom.minidom.

Python Language Mapping Specification

This specifies the mapping from OMG IDL to Python.

20.6.1. 模块内容

The xml.dom contains the following functions:

xml.dom.registerDOMImplementation(name, factory)

Register the factory function with the name name. The factory function should return an object which implements the DOMImplementation interface. The factory function can return the same object every time, or a new one for each call, as appropriate for the specific implementation (e.g. if that implementation supports some customization).

xml.dom.getDOMImplementation(name=None, features=())

Return a suitable DOM implementation. The name is either well-known, the module name of a DOM implementation, or None. If it is not None, imports the corresponding module and returns a DOMImplementation object if the import succeeds. If no name is given, and if the environment variable PYTHON_DOM is set, this variable is used to find the implementation.

If name is not given, this examines the available implementations to find one with the required feature set. If no implementation can be found, raise an ImportError. The features list must be a sequence of (feature, version) pairs which are passed to the hasFeature() method on available DOMImplementation objects.

Some convenience constants are also provided:

xml.dom.EMPTY_NAMESPACE

The value used to indicate that no namespace is associated with a node in the DOM. This is typically found as the namespaceURI of a node, or used as the namespaceURI parameter to a namespaces-specific method.

xml.dom.XML_NAMESPACE

The namespace URI associated with the reserved prefix xml, as defined by Namespaces in XML (section 4).

xml.dom.XMLNS_NAMESPACE

The namespace URI for namespace declarations, as defined by Document Object Model (DOM) Level 2 Core Specification (section 1.1.8).

xml.dom.XHTML_NAMESPACE

The URI of the XHTML namespace as defined by XHTML 1.0: The Extensible HyperText Markup Language (section 3.1.1).

In addition, xml.dom contains a base Node class and the DOM exception classes. The Node class provided by this module does not implement any of the methods or attributes defined by the DOM specification; concrete DOM implementations must provide those. The Node class provided as part of this module does provide the constants used for the nodeType attribute on concrete Node objects; they are located within the class rather than at the module level to conform with the DOM specifications.

20.6.2. Objects in the DOM

DOM的权威文档是来自W3C的DOM规范。

请注意，DOM属性也可以作为节点而不是简单的字符串进行操作。然而，必须这样做的情况相当少见，所以这种用法还没有记录下来。

接口	部件	目的
DOMImplementation	DOMImplementation Objects	底层实现的接口。
Node	节点对象	文档中大多数对象的基本接口。
NodeList	节点列表对象	节点序列的接口。
DocumentType	文档类型对象	有关处理文档所需声明的信息。
Document	文档对象	表示整个文档的对象。
Element	元素对象	文档层次结构中的元素节点。
Attr	Attr 对象	元素节点上的属性值节点。
Comment	注释对象	源文档中注释的表示形式。
Text	Text 和 CDATASection 对象	包含文档中文本内容的节点。
ProcessingInstruction	ProcessingInstruction 对象	Processing instruction representation.

另一节描述了在Python中使用DOM定义的异常。

20.6.2.1. DOMImplementation Objects

The DOMImplementation interface provides a way for applications to determine the availability of particular features in the DOM they are using. DOM Level 2 added the ability to create new Document and DocumentType objects using the DOMImplementation as well.

DOMImplementation.hasFeature(feature, version)

Return true if the feature identified by the pair of strings feature and version is implemented.

DOMImplementation.createDocument(namespaceUri, qualifiedName, doctype)

Return a new Document object (the root of the DOM), with a child Element object having the given namespaceUri and qualifiedName. The doctype must be a DocumentType object created by createDocumentType(), or None. In the Python DOM API, the first two arguments can also be None in order to indicate that no Element child is to be created.

DOMImplementation.createDocumentType(qualifiedName, publicId, systemId)

Return a new DocumentType object that encapsulates the given qualifiedName, publicId, and systemId strings, representing the information contained in an XML document type declaration.

20.6.2.2. 节点对象

All of the components of an XML document are subclasses of Node.

Node.nodeType

An integer representing the node type. Symbolic constants for the types are on the Node object: ELEMENT_NODE, ATTRIBUTE_NODE, TEXT_NODE, CDATA_SECTION_NODE, ENTITY_NODE, PROCESSING_INSTRUCTION_NODE, COMMENT_NODE, DOCUMENT_NODE, DOCUMENT_TYPE_NODE, NOTATION_NODE. This is a read-only attribute.

Node.parentNode

The parent of the current node, or None for the document node. The value is always a Node object or None. For Element nodes, this will be the parent element, except for the root element, in which case it will be the Document object. For Attr nodes, this is always None. This is a read-only attribute.

Node.attributes

A NamedNodeMap of attribute objects. Only elements have actual values for this; others provide None for this attribute. This is a read-only attribute.

Node.previousSibling

The node that immediately precedes this one with the same parent. For instance the element with an end-tag that comes just before the self element’s start-tag. Of course, XML documents are made up of more than just elements so the previous sibling could be text, a comment, or something else. If this node is the first child of the parent, this attribute will be None. This is a read-only attribute.

Node.nextSibling

The node that immediately follows this one with the same parent. See also previousSibling. If this is the last child of the parent, this attribute will be None. This is a read-only attribute.

Node.childNodes

A list of nodes contained within this node. This is a read-only attribute.

Node.firstChild

The first child of the node, if there are any, or None. This is a read-only attribute.

Node.lastChild

The last child of the node, if there are any, or None. This is a read-only attribute.

Node.localName

The part of the tagName following the colon if there is one, else the entire tagName. The value is a string.

Node.prefix

The part of the tagName preceding the colon if there is one, else the empty string. The value is a string, or None.

Node.namespaceURI

The namespace associated with the element name. This will be a string or None. This is a read-only attribute.

Node.nodeName

This has a different meaning for each node type; see the DOM specification for details. You can always get the information you would get here from another property such as the tagName property for elements or the name property for attributes. For all node types, the value of this attribute will be either a string or None. This is a read-only attribute.

Node.nodeValue

This has a different meaning for each node type; see the DOM specification for details. The situation is similar to that with nodeName. The value is a string or None.

Node.hasAttributes()

Returns true if the node has any attributes.

Node.hasChildNodes()

Returns true if the node has any child nodes.

Node.isSameNode(other)

Returns true if other refers to the same node as this node. This is especially useful for DOM implementations which use any sort of proxy architecture (because more than one object can refer to the same node).

備註

This is based on a proposed DOM Level 3 API which is still in the 「working draft」 stage, but this particular interface appears uncontroversial. Changes from the W3C will not necessarily affect this method in the Python DOM interface (though any new W3C API for this would also be supported).

Node.appendChild(newChild)

Add a new child node to this node at the end of the list of children, returning newChild. If the node was already in the tree, it is removed first.

Node.insertBefore(newChild, refChild)

Insert a new child node before an existing child. It must be the case that refChild is a child of this node; if not, ValueError is raised. newChild is returned. If refChild is None, it inserts newChild at the end of the children’s list.

Node.removeChild(oldChild)

Remove a child node. oldChild must be a child of this node; if not, ValueError is raised. oldChild is returned on success. If oldChild will not be used further, its unlink() method should be called.

Node.replaceChild(newChild, oldChild)

Replace an existing node with a new node. It must be the case that oldChild is a child of this node; if not, ValueError is raised.

Node.normalize()

Join adjacent text nodes so that all stretches of text are stored as single Text instances. This simplifies processing text from a DOM tree for many applications.

Node.cloneNode(deep)

Clone this node. Setting deep means to clone all child nodes as well. This returns the clone.

20.6.2.3. 节点列表对象

A NodeList represents a sequence of nodes. These objects are used in two ways in the DOM Core recommendation: an Element object provides one as its list of child nodes, and the getElementsByTagName() and getElementsByTagNameNS() methods of Node return objects with this interface to represent query results.

The DOM Level 2 recommendation defines one method and one attribute for these objects:

NodeList.item(i)

Return the i’th item from the sequence, if there is one, or None. The index i is not allowed to be less than zero or greater than or equal to the length of the sequence.

NodeList.length

The number of nodes in the sequence.

In addition, the Python DOM interface requires that some additional support is provided to allow NodeList objects to be used as Python sequences. All NodeList implementations must include support for __len__() and __getitem__(); this allows iteration over the NodeList in for statements and proper support for the len() built-in function.

If a DOM implementation supports modification of the document, the NodeList implementation must also support the __setitem__() and __delitem__() methods.

20.6.2.4. 文档类型对象

Information about the notations and entities declared by a document (including the external subset if the parser uses it and can provide the information) is available from a DocumentType object. The DocumentType for a document is available from the Document object’s doctype attribute; if there is no DOCTYPE declaration for the document, the document’s doctype attribute will be set to None instead of an instance of this interface.

DocumentType is a specialization of Node, and adds the following attributes:

DocumentType.publicId

The public identifier for the external subset of the document type definition. This will be a string or None.

DocumentType.systemId

The system identifier for the external subset of the document type definition. This will be a URI as a string, or None.

DocumentType.internalSubset

A string giving the complete internal subset from the document. This does not include the brackets which enclose the subset. If the document has no internal subset, this should be None.

DocumentType.name

The name of the root element as given in the DOCTYPE declaration, if present.

DocumentType.entities

This is a NamedNodeMap giving the definitions of external entities. For entity names defined more than once, only the first definition is provided (others are ignored as required by the XML recommendation). This may be None if the information is not provided by the parser, or if no entities are defined.

DocumentType.notations

This is a NamedNodeMap giving the definitions of notations. For notation names defined more than once, only the first definition is provided (others are ignored as required by the XML recommendation). This may be None if the information is not provided by the parser, or if no notations are defined.

20.6.2.5. 文档对象

A Document represents an entire XML document, including its constituent elements, attributes, processing instructions, comments etc. Remember that it inherits properties from Node.

Document.documentElement

The one and only root element of the document.

Document.createElement(tagName)

Create and return a new element node. The element is not inserted into the document when it is created. You need to explicitly insert it with one of the other methods such as insertBefore() or appendChild().

Document.createElementNS(namespaceURI, tagName)

Create and return a new element with a namespace. The tagName may have a prefix. The element is not inserted into the document when it is created. You need to explicitly insert it with one of the other methods such as insertBefore() or appendChild().

Document.createTextNode(data)

Create and return a text node containing the data passed as a parameter. As with the other creation methods, this one does not insert the node into the tree.

Document.createComment(data)

Create and return a comment node containing the data passed as a parameter. As with the other creation methods, this one does not insert the node into the tree.

Document.createProcessingInstruction(target, data)

Create and return a processing instruction node containing the target and data passed as parameters. As with the other creation methods, this one does not insert the node into the tree.

Document.createAttribute(name)

Create and return an attribute node. This method does not associate the attribute node with any particular element. You must use setAttributeNode() on the appropriate Element object to use the newly created attribute instance.

Document.createAttributeNS(namespaceURI, qualifiedName)

Create and return an attribute node with a namespace. The tagName may have a prefix. This method does not associate the attribute node with any particular element. You must use setAttributeNode() on the appropriate Element object to use the newly created attribute instance.

Document.getElementsByTagName(tagName)

Search for all descendants (direct children, children’s children, etc.) with a particular element type name.

Document.getElementsByTagNameNS(namespaceURI, localName)

Search for all descendants (direct children, children’s children, etc.) with a particular namespace URI and localname. The localname is the part of the namespace after the prefix.

20.6.2.6. 元素对象

Element is a subclass of Node, so inherits all the attributes of that class.

Element.tagName

The element type name. In a namespace-using document it may have colons in it. The value is a string.

Element.getElementsByTagName(tagName)

Same as equivalent method in the Document class.

Element.getElementsByTagNameNS(namespaceURI, localName)

Same as equivalent method in the Document class.

Element.hasAttribute(name)

Returns true if the element has an attribute named by name.

Element.hasAttributeNS(namespaceURI, localName)

Returns true if the element has an attribute named by namespaceURI and localName.

Element.getAttribute(name)

Return the value of the attribute named by name as a string. If no such attribute exists, an empty string is returned, as if the attribute had no value.

Element.getAttributeNode(attrname)

Return the Attr node for the attribute named by attrname.

Element.getAttributeNS(namespaceURI, localName)

Return the value of the attribute named by namespaceURI and localName as a string. If no such attribute exists, an empty string is returned, as if the attribute had no value.

Element.getAttributeNodeNS(namespaceURI, localName)

Return an attribute value as a node, given a namespaceURI and localName.

Element.removeAttribute(name)

Remove an attribute by name. If there is no matching attribute, a NotFoundErr is raised.

Element.removeAttributeNode(oldAttr)

Remove and return oldAttr from the attribute list, if present. If oldAttr is not present, NotFoundErr is raised.

Element.removeAttributeNS(namespaceURI, localName)

Remove an attribute by name. Note that it uses a localName, not a qname. No exception is raised if there is no matching attribute.

Element.setAttribute(name, value)

Set an attribute value from a string.

Element.setAttributeNode(newAttr)

Add a new attribute node to the element, replacing an existing attribute if necessary if the name attribute matches. If a replacement occurs, the old attribute node will be returned. If newAttr is already in use, InuseAttributeErr will be raised.

Element.setAttributeNodeNS(newAttr)

Add a new attribute node to the element, replacing an existing attribute if necessary if the namespaceURI and localName attributes match. If a replacement occurs, the old attribute node will be returned. If newAttr is already in use, InuseAttributeErr will be raised.

Element.setAttributeNS(namespaceURI, qname, value)

Set an attribute value from a string, given a namespaceURI and a qname. Note that a qname is the whole attribute name. This is different than above.

20.6.2.7. Attr 对象

Attr inherits from Node, so inherits all its attributes.

Attr.name

The attribute name. In a namespace-using document it may include a colon.

Attr.localName

The part of the name following the colon if there is one, else the entire name. This is a read-only attribute.

Attr.prefix

The part of the name preceding the colon if there is one, else the empty string.

Attr.value

The text value of the attribute. This is a synonym for the nodeValue attribute.

20.6.2.8. NamedNodeMap 对象

NamedNodeMap does not inherit from Node.

NamedNodeMap.length

The length of the attribute list.

NamedNodeMap.item(index)

Return an attribute with a particular index. The order you get the attributes in is arbitrary but will be consistent for the life of a DOM. Each item is an attribute node. Get its value with the value attribute.

There are also experimental methods that give this class more mapping behavior. You can use them or you can use the standardized getAttribute*() family of methods on the Element objects.

20.6.2.9. 注释对象

Comment represents a comment in the XML document. It is a subclass of Node, but cannot have child nodes.

Comment.data

The content of the comment as a string. The attribute contains all characters between the leading <!-- and trailing -->, but does not include them.

20.6.2.10. Text 和 CDATASection 对象

The Text interface represents text in the XML document. If the parser and DOM implementation support the DOM’s XML extension, portions of the text enclosed in CDATA marked sections are stored in CDATASection objects. These two interfaces are identical, but provide different values for the nodeType attribute.

These interfaces extend the Node interface. They cannot have child nodes.

Text.data

The content of the text node as a string.

備註

The use of a CDATASection node does not indicate that the node represents a complete CDATA marked section, only that the content of the node was part of a CDATA section. A single CDATA section may be represented by more than one node in the document tree. There is no way to determine whether two adjacent CDATASection nodes represent different CDATA marked sections.

20.6.2.11. ProcessingInstruction 对象

Represents a processing instruction in the XML document; this inherits from the Node interface and cannot have child nodes.

ProcessingInstruction.target

The content of the processing instruction up to the first whitespace character. This is a read-only attribute.

ProcessingInstruction.data

The content of the processing instruction following the first whitespace character.

20.6.2.12. 异常

The DOM Level 2 recommendation defines a single exception, DOMException, and a number of constants that allow applications to determine what sort of error occurred. DOMException instances carry a code attribute that provides the appropriate value for the specific exception.

The Python DOM interface provides the constants, but also expands the set of exceptions so that a specific exception exists for each of the exception codes defined by the DOM. The implementations must raise the appropriate specific exception, each of which carries the appropriate value for the code attribute.

exception xml.dom.DOMException

Base exception class used for all specific DOM exceptions. This exception class cannot be directly instantiated.

exception xml.dom.DomstringSizeErr

Raised when a specified range of text does not fit into a string. This is not known to be used in the Python DOM implementations, but may be received from DOM implementations not written in Python.

exception xml.dom.HierarchyRequestErr

Raised when an attempt is made to insert a node where the node type is not allowed.

exception xml.dom.IndexSizeErr

Raised when an index or size parameter to a method is negative or exceeds the allowed values.

exception xml.dom.InuseAttributeErr

Raised when an attempt is made to insert an Attr node that is already present elsewhere in the document.

exception xml.dom.InvalidAccessErr

Raised if a parameter or an operation is not supported on the underlying object.

exception xml.dom.InvalidCharacterErr

This exception is raised when a string parameter contains a character that is not permitted in the context it’s being used in by the XML 1.0 recommendation. For example, attempting to create an Element node with a space in the element type name will cause this error to be raised.

exception xml.dom.InvalidModificationErr

Raised when an attempt is made to modify the type of a node.

exception xml.dom.InvalidStateErr

Raised when an attempt is made to use an object that is not defined or is no longer usable.

exception xml.dom.NamespaceErr

If an attempt is made to change any object in a way that is not permitted with regard to the Namespaces in XML recommendation, this exception is raised.

exception xml.dom.NotFoundErr

Exception when a node does not exist in the referenced context. For example, NamedNodeMap.removeNamedItem() will raise this if the node passed in does not exist in the map.

exception xml.dom.NotSupportedErr

Raised when the implementation does not support the requested type of object or operation.

exception xml.dom.NoDataAllowedErr

This is raised if data is specified for a node which does not support data.

exception xml.dom.NoModificationAllowedErr

Raised on attempts to modify an object where modifications are not allowed (such as for read-only nodes).

exception xml.dom.SyntaxErr

Raised when an invalid or illegal string is specified.

exception xml.dom.WrongDocumentErr

Raised when a node is inserted in a different document than it currently belongs to, and the implementation does not support migrating the node from one document to the other.

The exception codes defined in the DOM recommendation map to the exceptions described above according to this table:

常数	异常
DOMSTRING_SIZE_ERR	DomstringSizeErr
HIERARCHY_REQUEST_ERR	HierarchyRequestErr
INDEX_SIZE_ERR	IndexSizeErr
INUSE_ATTRIBUTE_ERR	InuseAttributeErr
INVALID_ACCESS_ERR	InvalidAccessErr
INVALID_CHARACTER_ERR	InvalidCharacterErr
INVALID_MODIFICATION_ERR	InvalidModificationErr
INVALID_STATE_ERR	InvalidStateErr
NAMESPACE_ERR	NamespaceErr
NOT_FOUND_ERR	NotFoundErr
NOT_SUPPORTED_ERR	NotSupportedErr
NO_DATA_ALLOWED_ERR	NoDataAllowedErr
NO_MODIFICATION_ALLOWED_ERR	NoModificationAllowedErr
SYNTAX_ERR	SyntaxErr
WRONG_DOCUMENT_ERR	WrongDocumentErr

20.6.3. 一致性

This section describes the conformance requirements and relationships between the Python DOM API, the W3C DOM recommendations, and the OMG IDL mapping for Python.

20.6.3.1. 类型映射

将根据下表，将DOM规范中使用的IDL类型映射为Python类型。

IDL 类型	Python Type
boolean	bool 或 int
int	int
long int	int
unsigned int	int
DOMString	str 或 bytes
null	None

20.6.3.2. Accessor Methods

The mapping from OMG IDL to Python defines accessor functions for IDL attribute declarations in much the way the Java mapping does. Mapping the IDL declarations

readonly attribute string someValue;
         attribute string anotherValue;

yields three accessor functions: a 「get」 method for someValue (_get_someValue()), and 「get」 and 「set」 methods for anotherValue (_get_anotherValue() and _set_anotherValue()). The mapping, in particular, does not require that the IDL attributes are accessible as normal Python attributes: object.someValue is not required to work, and may raise an AttributeError.

The Python DOM API, however, does require that normal attribute access work. This means that the typical surrogates generated by Python IDL compilers are not likely to work, and wrapper objects may be needed on the client if the DOM objects are accessed via CORBA. While this does require some additional consideration for CORBA DOM clients, the implementers with experience using DOM over CORBA from Python do not consider this a problem. Attributes that are declared readonly may not restrict write access in all DOM implementations.

In the Python DOM API, accessor functions are not required. If provided, they should take the form defined by the Python IDL mapping, but these methods are considered unnecessary since the attributes are accessible directly from Python. 「Set」 accessors should never be provided for readonly attributes.

The IDL definitions do not fully embody the requirements of the W3C DOM API, such as the notion of certain objects, such as the return value of getElementsByTagName(), being 「live」. The Python DOM API does not require implementations to enforce such requirements.