# Allocating objects on the heap

PyObject *_PyObject_New(PyTypeObject *type)
  回傳值：新的參照。

PyVarObject *_PyObject_NewVar(PyTypeObject *type, Py_ssize_t size)
  回傳值：新的參照。

PyObject *PyObject_Init(PyObject *op, PyTypeObject *type)
  回傳值：借用參照。 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.

  Initialize a newly allocated object op with its type and initial reference. Returns the initialized object. Other fields of the object are not initialized. Despite its name, this function is unrelated to the object's `__init__()` method (`tp_init` slot). Specifically, this function does not call the object's `__init__()` method.

  In general, consider this function to be a low-level routine. Use `tp_alloc` where possible. For implementing `tp_alloc` for your type, prefer `PyType_GenericAlloc()` or `PyObject_New()`.

  備註

  This function only initializes the object's memory corresponding to the initial `PyObject` structure. It does not zero the rest.

PyVarObject *PyObject_InitVar(PyVarObject *op, PyTypeObject *type, Py_ssize_t size)
  回傳值：借用參照。 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.

  它會做到 `PyObject_Init()` 的所有功能，並且會初始化一個大小可變物件的長度資訊。

  備註

  This function only initializes some of the object's memory. It does not zero the rest.

PyObject_New(TYPE, typeobj)

  使用 C 結構型別 TYPE 和 Python 型別物件 typeobj (`PyTypeObject*`) 分配一個新的 Python 物件。它會呼叫 `PyObject_Malloc()` 來分配記憶體，並且會像 `PyObject_Init()` 一樣初始化它。呼叫者會擁有該物件的唯一參照（也就是它的參照計數會是 1）。

  Avoid calling this directly to allocate memory for an object; call the type's `tp_alloc` slot instead.

  When populating a type's `tp_alloc` slot, `PyType_GenericAlloc()` is preferred over a custom function that simply calls this macro.

  這個巨集不會呼叫 `tp_alloc`、`tp_new` (`__new__()`)、或 `tp_init` (`__init__()`)。

  這不能用於有在 `tp_flags` 中設定 `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` 的物件；請改用 `PyObject_GC_New`。

  Memory allocated by this macro must be freed with `PyObject_Free()` (usually called via the object's `tp_free` slot).

  備註

  The returned memory is not guaranteed to have been completely zeroed before it was initialized.

  備註

  This macro does not construct a fully initialized object of the given type; it merely allocates memory and prepares it for further initialization by `tp_init`. To construct a fully initialized object, call typeobj instead. For example:

      PyObject *foo = PyObject_CallNoArgs((PyObject *)&PyFoo_Type);

  也參考

  - `PyObject_Free()`

  - `PyObject_GC_New`

  - `PyType_GenericAlloc()`

  - `tp_alloc`

PyObject_NewVar(TYPE, typeobj, size)

  和 `PyObject_New` 類似，但有以下差異：

  - It allocates enough memory for the TYPE structure plus size (`Py_ssize_t`) fields of the size given by the `tp_itemsize` field of typeobj.

  - 記憶體會像 `PyObject_InitVar()` 一樣被初始化。

  This is useful for implementing objects like tuples, which are able to determine their size at construction time. Embedding the array of fields into the same allocation decreases the number of allocations, improving the memory management efficiency.

  Avoid calling this directly to allocate memory for an object; call the type's `tp_alloc` slot instead.

  When populating a type's `tp_alloc` slot, `PyType_GenericAlloc()` is preferred over a custom function that simply calls this macro.

  這不能用於有在 `tp_flags` 中設定 `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` 的物件；請改用 `PyObject_GC_NewVar`。

  Memory allocated by this function must be freed with `PyObject_Free()` (usually called via the object's `tp_free` slot).

  備註

  The returned memory is not guaranteed to have been completely zeroed before it was initialized.

  備註

  This macro does not construct a fully initialized object of the given type; it merely allocates memory and prepares it for further initialization by `tp_init`. To construct a fully initialized object, call typeobj instead. For example:

      PyObject *list_instance = PyObject_CallNoArgs((PyObject *)&PyList_Type);

  也參考

  - `PyObject_Free()`

  - `PyObject_GC_NewVar`

  - `PyType_GenericAlloc()`

  - `tp_alloc`

PyObject _Py_NoneStruct

  這個物件像是 Python 中的 `None`。它只應該透過 `Py_None` 巨集來存取，該巨集的拿到指向該物件的指標。

也參考

模組物件

  分配記憶體和建立擴充模組。

## Soft-deprecated aliases

Soft deprecated since version 3.15.

These are aliases to existing functions and macros. They exist solely for backwards compatibility.

Soft-deprecated alias | 函式
--- | ---
PyObject_NEW(type, typeobj) | `PyObject_New`
PyObject_NEW_VAR(type, typeobj, n) | `PyObject_NewVar`
PyObject_INIT(op, typeobj) | `PyObject_Init()`
PyObject_INIT_VAR(op, typeobj, n) | `PyObject_InitVar()`
PyObject_MALLOC(n) | `PyObject_Malloc()`
PyObject_REALLOC(p, n) | `PyObject_Realloc()`
PyObject_FREE(p) | `PyObject_Free()`
PyObject_DEL(p) | `PyObject_Free()`
PyObject_Del(p) | `PyObject_Free()`