網路協定 (Internet protocols) 及支援

這個章節講述的模組實作了網路協定及相關技術的支援；他們全都是用 Python 實作的。這裡的大多數模組都需要相依於系統的模組 socket，目前普遍的平台都支援該模組。 以下為概述：

• webbrowser --- 方便的網頁瀏覽器控制器
  • Error
  • open()
  • open_new()
  • open_new_tab()
  • get()
  • register()
  • 瀏覽器控制器物件
    • name
    • open()
    • open_new()
    • open_new_tab()
• wsgiref --- WSGI 工具與參考實作
  • wsgiref.util -- WSGI 環境工具
    • guess_scheme()
    • request_uri()
    • application_uri()
    • shift_path_info()
    • setup_testing_defaults()
    • is_hop_by_hop()
    • FileWrapper
  • wsgiref.headers -- WSGI 回應標頭工具
    • Headers
      • get_all()
      • add_header()
  • wsgiref.simple_server -- 一個簡單的 WSGI HTTP 伺服器
    • make_server()
    • demo_app()
    • WSGIServer
      • set_app()
      • get_app()
    • WSGIRequestHandler
      • get_environ()
      • get_stderr()
      • handle()
  • wsgiref.validate --- WSGI 符合性檢查
    • validator()
  • wsgiref.handlers -- 伺服器 / 閘道基本類別
    • CGIHandler
    • IISCGIHandler
    • BaseCGIHandler
    • SimpleHandler
    • BaseHandler
      • run()
      • _write()
      • _flush()
      • get_stdin()
      • get_stderr()
      • add_cgi_vars()
      • wsgi_multithread
      • wsgi_multiprocess
      • wsgi_run_once
      • os_environ
      • server_software
      • get_scheme()
      • setup_environ()
      • log_exception()
      • traceback_limit
      • error_output()
      • error_status
      • error_headers
      • error_body
      • wsgi_file_wrapper
      • sendfile()
      • origin_server
      • http_version
    • read_environ()
  • wsgiref.types -- 用於靜態型別檢查的 WSGI 型別
    • StartResponse
    • WSGIEnvironment
    • WSGIApplication
    • InputStream
    • ErrorStream
    • FileWrapper
  • 範例
• urllib --- URL 處理模組
• urllib.request --- 用來開啟 URLs 的可擴充函式庫
  • urlopen()
  • install_opener()
  • build_opener()
  • pathname2url()
  • url2pathname()
  • getproxies()
  • Request
  • OpenerDirector
  • BaseHandler
  • HTTPDefaultErrorHandler
  • HTTPRedirectHandler
  • HTTPCookieProcessor
  • ProxyHandler
  • HTTPPasswordMgr
  • HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm
  • HTTPPasswordMgrWithPriorAuth
  • AbstractBasicAuthHandler
  • HTTPBasicAuthHandler
  • ProxyBasicAuthHandler
  • AbstractDigestAuthHandler
  • HTTPDigestAuthHandler
  • ProxyDigestAuthHandler
  • HTTPHandler
  • HTTPSHandler
  • FileHandler
  • DataHandler
  • FTPHandler
  • CacheFTPHandler
  • UnknownHandler
  • HTTPErrorProcessor
  • Request Objects
    • full_url
    • type
    • host
    • origin_req_host
    • selector
    • data
    • unverifiable
    • method
    • get_method()
    • add_header()
    • add_unredirected_header()
    • has_header()
    • remove_header()
    • get_full_url()
    • set_proxy()
    • get_header()
    • header_items()
  • OpenerDirector 物件
    • add_handler()
    • open()
    • error()
  • BaseHandler 物件
    • add_parent()
    • close()
    • parent
    • default_open()
    • unknown_open()
    • http_error_default()
  • HTTPRedirectHandler 物件
    • redirect_request()
    • http_error_301()
    • http_error_302()
    • http_error_303()
    • http_error_307()
    • http_error_308()
  • HTTPCookieProcessor 物件
    • cookiejar
  • ProxyHandler 物件
  • HTTPPasswordMgr 物件
    • add_password()
    • find_user_password()
  • HTTPPasswordMgrWithPriorAuth 物件
    • add_password()
    • find_user_password()
    • update_authenticated()
    • is_authenticated()
  • AbstractBasicAuthHandler 物件
    • http_error_auth_reqed()
  • HTTPBasicAuthHandler 物件
    • http_error_401()
  • ProxyBasicAuthHandler 物件
    • http_error_407()
  • AbstractDigestAuthHandler 物件
    • http_error_auth_reqed()
  • HTTPDigestAuthHandler 物件
    • http_error_401()
  • ProxyDigestAuthHandler 物件
    • http_error_407()
  • HTTPHandler 物件
    • http_open()
  • HTTPSHandler 物件
    • https_open()
  • FileHandler 物件
    • file_open()
  • DataHandler 物件
    • data_open()
  • FTPHandler 物件
    • ftp_open()
  • CacheFTPHandler 物件
    • setTimeout()
    • setMaxConns()
  • UnknownHandler 物件
    • unknown_open()
  • HTTPErrorProcessor 物件
    • http_response()
    • https_response()
  • 範例
  • Legacy interface
    • urlretrieve()
    • urlcleanup()
  • urllib.request Restrictions
• urllib.response --- Response classes used by urllib
  • addinfourl
    • url
    • headers
    • status
    • geturl()
    • info()
    • code
    • getcode()
• urllib.parse --- 將 URL 剖析成元件
  • URL Parsing
    • urlparse()
    • parse_qs()
    • parse_qsl()
    • urlunparse()
    • urlsplit()
    • urlunsplit()
    • urljoin()
    • urldefrag()
    • unwrap()
  • URL parsing security
  • Parsing ASCII Encoded Bytes
  • Structured Parse Results
    • geturl()
    • DefragResult
    • ParseResult
    • SplitResult
    • DefragResultBytes
    • ParseResultBytes
    • SplitResultBytes
  • URL Quoting
    • quote()
    • quote_plus()
    • quote_from_bytes()
    • unquote()
    • unquote_plus()
    • unquote_to_bytes()
    • urlencode()
• urllib.error --- urllib.request 引發的例外類別
  • URLError
    • reason
  • HTTPError
    • url
    • code
    • reason
    • headers
    • fp
  • ContentTooShortError
    • content
• urllib.robotparser --- robots.txt 的剖析器
  • RobotFileParser
    • set_url()
    • read()
    • parse()
    • can_fetch()
    • mtime()
    • modified()
    • crawl_delay()
    • request_rate()
    • site_maps()
• http --- HTTP 模組
  • HTTPStatus
  • HTTP 狀態碼
  • HTTP 狀態分類
    • HTTPMethod
  • HTTP 方法
• http.client --- HTTP 協定用戶端
  • HTTPConnection
  • HTTPSConnection
  • HTTPResponse
  • parse_headers()
  • HTTPException
  • NotConnected
  • InvalidURL
  • UnknownProtocol
  • UnknownTransferEncoding
  • UnimplementedFileMode
  • IncompleteRead
  • ImproperConnectionState
  • CannotSendRequest
  • CannotSendHeader
  • ResponseNotReady
  • BadStatusLine
  • LineTooLong
  • RemoteDisconnected
  • HTTP_PORT
  • HTTPS_PORT
  • responses
  • HTTPConnection 物件
    • request()
    • getresponse()
    • set_debuglevel()
    • set_tunnel()
    • get_proxy_response_headers()
    • connect()
    • close()
    • blocksize
    • putrequest()
    • putheader()
    • endheaders()
    • send()
  • HTTPResponse 物件
    • read()
    • readinto()
    • getheader()
    • getheaders()
    • fileno()
    • msg
    • version
    • url
    • headers
    • status
    • reason
    • debuglevel
    • closed
    • geturl()
    • info()
    • getcode()
  • 範例
  • HTTPMessage 物件
    • HTTPMessage
• ftplib --- FTP 協定用戶端
  • 參考
    • FTP 物件
      • FTP
        • set_debuglevel()
        • connect()
        • getwelcome()
        • login()
        • abort()
        • sendcmd()
        • voidcmd()
        • retrbinary()
        • retrlines()
        • set_pasv()
        • storbinary()
        • storlines()
        • transfercmd()
        • ntransfercmd()
        • mlsd()
        • nlst()
        • dir()
        • rename()
        • delete()
        • cwd()
        • mkd()
        • pwd()
        • rmd()
        • size()
        • quit()
        • close()
    • FTP_TLS 物件
      • FTP_TLS
        • ssl_version
        • auth()
        • ccc()
        • prot_p()
        • prot_c()
    • 模組變數
      • error_reply
      • error_temp
      • error_perm
      • error_proto
      • all_errors
• poplib --- POP3 協定用戶端
  • POP3
  • POP3_SSL
  • error_proto
  • POP3 物件
    • set_debuglevel()
    • getwelcome()
    • capa()
    • user()
    • pass_()
    • apop()
    • rpop()
    • stat()
    • list()
    • retr()
    • dele()
    • rset()
    • noop()
    • quit()
    • top()
    • uidl()
    • utf8()
    • stls()
  • POP3 範例
• imaplib --- IMAP4 協定客戶端
  • IMAP4
  • error
  • abort
  • readonly
  • IMAP4_SSL
  • IMAP4_stream
  • Internaldate2tuple()
  • Int2AP()
  • ParseFlags()
  • Time2Internaldate()
  • IMAP4 物件
    • append()
    • authenticate()
    • check()
    • close()
    • copy()
    • create()
    • delete()
    • deleteacl()
    • enable()
    • expunge()
    • fetch()
    • getacl()
    • getannotation()
    • getquota()
    • getquotaroot()
    • list()
    • login()
    • login_cram_md5()
    • logout()
    • lsub()
    • myrights()
    • namespace()
    • noop()
    • open()
    • partial()
    • proxyauth()
    • read()
    • readline()
    • recent()
    • rename()
    • response()
    • search()
    • select()
    • send()
    • setacl()
    • setannotation()
    • setquota()
    • shutdown()
    • socket()
    • sort()
    • starttls()
    • status()
    • store()
    • subscribe()
    • thread()
    • uid()
    • unsubscribe()
    • unselect()
    • xatom()
    • PROTOCOL_VERSION
    • debug
    • utf8_enabled
  • IMAP4 範例
• smtplib --- SMTP 協定用戶端
  • SMTP
  • SMTP_SSL
  • LMTP
  • SMTPException
  • SMTPServerDisconnected
  • SMTPResponseException
  • SMTPSenderRefused
  • SMTPRecipientsRefused
  • SMTPDataError
  • SMTPConnectError
  • SMTPHeloError
  • SMTPNotSupportedError
  • SMTPAuthenticationError
  • SMTP 物件
    • set_debuglevel()
    • docmd()
    • connect()
    • helo()
    • ehlo()
    • ehlo_or_helo_if_needed()
    • has_extn()
    • verify()
    • login()
    • auth()
    • starttls()
    • sendmail()
    • send_message()
    • quit()
  • SMTP 範例
• uuid --- UUID objects according to RFC 9562
  • SafeUUID
    • safe
    • unsafe
    • unknown
  • UUID
  • bytes
  • bytes_le
  • fields
  • time_low
  • time_mid
  • time_hi_version
  • clock_seq_hi_variant
  • clock_seq_low
  • node
  • time
  • clock_seq
  • hex
  • int
  • urn
  • variant
  • version
  • is_safe
  • getnode()
  • uuid1()
  • uuid3()
  • uuid4()
  • uuid5()
  • uuid8()
  • NAMESPACE_DNS
  • NAMESPACE_URL
  • NAMESPACE_OID
  • NAMESPACE_X500
  • RESERVED_NCS
  • RFC_4122
  • RESERVED_MICROSOFT
  • RESERVED_FUTURE
  • 命令列的用法
  • 範例
  • 命令列的範例
• socketserver --- 用於網路伺服器的框架
  • TCPServer
  • UDPServer
  • UnixStreamServer
  • UnixDatagramServer
  • Server Creation Notes
    • ForkingMixIn
    • ThreadingMixIn
      • block_on_close
      • max_children
      • daemon_threads
    • ForkingTCPServer
    • ForkingUDPServer
    • ThreadingTCPServer
    • ThreadingUDPServer
    • ForkingUnixStreamServer
    • ForkingUnixDatagramServer
    • ThreadingUnixStreamServer
    • ThreadingUnixDatagramServer
  • Server Objects
    • BaseServer
      • fileno()
      • handle_request()
      • serve_forever()
      • service_actions()
      • shutdown()
      • server_close()
      • address_family
      • RequestHandlerClass
      • server_address
      • socket
      • allow_reuse_address
      • request_queue_size
      • socket_type
      • timeout
      • finish_request()
      • get_request()
      • handle_error()
      • handle_timeout()
      • process_request()
      • server_activate()
      • server_bind()
      • verify_request()
  • Request Handler Objects
    • BaseRequestHandler
      • setup()
      • handle()
      • finish()
      • request
      • client_address
      • server
    • StreamRequestHandler
    • DatagramRequestHandler
      • rfile
      • wfile
  • 範例
    • socketserver.TCPServer 範例
    • socketserver.UDPServer 範例
    • Asynchronous Mixins
• http.server — HTTP 伺服器
  • HTTPServer
  • ThreadingHTTPServer
  • BaseHTTPRequestHandler
    • client_address
    • server
    • close_connection
    • requestline
    • command
    • path
    • request_version
    • headers
    • rfile
    • wfile
    • server_version
    • sys_version
    • error_message_format
    • error_content_type
    • protocol_version
    • MessageClass
    • responses
    • handle()
    • handle_one_request()
    • handle_expect_100()
    • send_error()
    • send_response()
    • send_header()
    • send_response_only()
    • end_headers()
    • flush_headers()
    • log_request()
    • log_error()
    • log_message()
    • version_string()
    • date_time_string()
    • log_date_time_string()
    • address_string()
  • SimpleHTTPRequestHandler
    • server_version
    • extensions_map
    • do_HEAD()
    • do_GET()
  • CGIHTTPRequestHandler
    • cgi_directories
    • do_POST()
  • 安全性注意事項
• http.cookies --- HTTP 狀態管理
  • CookieError
  • BaseCookie
  • SimpleCookie
  • Cookie 物件
    • value_decode()
    • value_encode()
    • output()
    • js_output()
    • load()
  • Morsel 物件
    • Morsel
      • expires
      • path
      • comment
      • domain
      • secure
      • version
      • httponly
      • samesite
    • value
    • coded_value
    • key
    • set()
    • isReservedKey()
    • output()
    • js_output()
    • OutputString()
    • update()
    • copy()
    • setdefault()
  • 範例
• http.cookiejar --- HTTP 客戶端的 Cookie 處理
  • LoadError
  • CookieJar
  • FileCookieJar
  • CookiePolicy
  • DefaultCookiePolicy
  • Cookie
  • CookieJar 與 FileCookieJar 物件
    • add_cookie_header()
    • extract_cookies()
    • set_policy()
    • make_cookies()
    • set_cookie_if_ok()
    • set_cookie()
    • clear()
    • clear_session_cookies()
    • save()
    • load()
    • revert()
    • filename
    • delayload
  • FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers
    • MozillaCookieJar
    • LWPCookieJar
  • CookiePolicy 物件
    • set_ok()
    • return_ok()
    • domain_return_ok()
    • path_return_ok()
    • netscape
    • rfc2965
    • hide_cookie2
  • DefaultCookiePolicy 物件
    • blocked_domains()
    • set_blocked_domains()
    • is_blocked()
    • allowed_domains()
    • set_allowed_domains()
    • is_not_allowed()
    • rfc2109_as_netscape
    • strict_domain
    • strict_rfc2965_unverifiable
    • strict_ns_unverifiable
    • strict_ns_domain
    • strict_ns_set_initial_dollar
    • strict_ns_set_path
    • DomainStrictNoDots
    • DomainStrictNonDomain
    • DomainRFC2965Match
    • DomainLiberal
    • DomainStrict
  • Cookie 物件
    • version
    • name
    • value
    • port
    • domain
    • path
    • secure
    • expires
    • discard
    • comment
    • comment_url
    • rfc2109
    • port_specified
    • domain_specified
    • domain_initial_dot
    • has_nonstandard_attr()
    • get_nonstandard_attr()
    • set_nonstandard_attr()
    • is_expired()
  • 範例
• xmlrpc --- XMLRPC 伺服器與用戶模組
• xmlrpc.client --- XML-RPC 客戶端存取
  • ServerProxy
  • ServerProxy 物件
    • listMethods()
    • methodSignature()
    • methodHelp()
  • 日期時間物件
    • DateTime
      • decode()
      • encode()
  • Binary Objects
    • Binary
      • data
      • decode()
      • encode()
  • Fault Objects
    • Fault
      • faultCode
      • faultString
  • ProtocolError 物件
    • ProtocolError
      • url
      • errcode
      • errmsg
      • headers
  • MultiCall 物件
    • MultiCall
  • 便捷的函式
    • dumps()
    • loads()
  • Example of Client Usage
  • Example of Client and Server Usage
• xmlrpc.server --- 基本 XML-RPC 伺服器
  • SimpleXMLRPCServer
  • CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler
  • SimpleXMLRPCRequestHandler
  • SimpleXMLRPCServer 物件
    • register_function()
    • register_instance()
    • register_introspection_functions()
    • register_multicall_functions()
    • rpc_paths
    • SimpleXMLRPCServer 範例
  • CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler
    • register_function()
    • register_instance()
    • register_introspection_functions()
    • register_multicall_functions()
    • handle_request()
  • Documenting XMLRPC server
    • DocXMLRPCServer
    • DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler
    • DocXMLRPCRequestHandler
  • DocXMLRPCServer 物件
    • set_server_title()
    • set_server_name()
    • set_server_documentation()
  • DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler
    • set_server_title()
    • set_server_name()
    • set_server_documentation()
• ipaddress --- IPv4/IPv6 操作函式庫
  • Convenience factory functions
    • ip_address()
    • ip_network()
    • ip_interface()
  • IP Addresses
    • Address objects
      • IPv4Address
        • version
        • max_prefixlen
        • compressed
        • exploded
        • packed
        • reverse_pointer
        • is_multicast
        • is_private
        • is_global
        • is_unspecified
        • is_reserved
        • is_loopback
        • is_link_local
        • ipv6_mapped
      • __format__()
      • IPv6Address
        • compressed
        • exploded
        • packed
        • reverse_pointer
        • version
        • max_prefixlen
        • is_multicast
        • is_private
        • is_global
        • is_unspecified
        • is_reserved
        • is_loopback
        • is_link_local
        • is_site_local
        • ipv4_mapped
        • scope_id
        • sixtofour
        • teredo
      • __format__()
    • Conversion to Strings and Integers
    • 運算子
      • 比較運算子
      • 算術運算子
  • IP Network definitions
    • Prefix, net mask and host mask
    • Network objects
      • IPv4Network
        • version
        • max_prefixlen
        • is_multicast
        • is_private
        • is_unspecified
        • is_reserved
        • is_loopback
        • is_link_local
        • network_address
        • broadcast_address
        • hostmask
        • netmask
        • with_prefixlen
        • compressed
        • exploded
        • with_netmask
        • with_hostmask
        • num_addresses
        • prefixlen
        • hosts()
        • overlaps()
        • address_exclude()
        • subnets()
        • supernet()
        • subnet_of()
        • supernet_of()
        • compare_networks()
      • IPv6Network
        • version
        • max_prefixlen
        • is_multicast
        • is_private
        • is_unspecified
        • is_reserved
        • is_loopback
        • is_link_local
        • network_address
        • broadcast_address
        • hostmask
        • netmask
        • with_prefixlen
        • compressed
        • exploded
        • with_netmask
        • with_hostmask
        • num_addresses
        • prefixlen
        • hosts()
        • overlaps()
        • address_exclude()
        • subnets()
        • supernet()
        • subnet_of()
        • supernet_of()
        • compare_networks()
        • is_site_local
    • 運算子
      • Logical operators
      • 疊代
      • Networks as containers of addresses
  • Interface objects
    • IPv4Interface
      • ip
      • network
      • with_prefixlen
      • with_netmask
      • with_hostmask
    • IPv6Interface
      • ip
      • network
      • with_prefixlen
      • with_netmask
      • with_hostmask
    • 運算子
      • Logical operators
  • Other Module Level Functions
    • v4_int_to_packed()
    • v6_int_to_packed()
    • summarize_address_range()
    • collapse_addresses()
    • get_mixed_type_key()
  • Custom Exceptions
    • AddressValueError
    • NetmaskValueError