inspect --- 檢視活動物件

原始碼：Lib/inspect.py

The inspect module provides several useful functions to help get information about live objects such as modules, classes, methods, functions, tracebacks, frame objects, and code objects. For example, it can help you examine the contents of a class, retrieve the source code of a method, extract and format the argument list for a function, or get all the information you need to display a detailed traceback.

There are four main kinds of services provided by this module: type checking, getting source code, inspecting classes and functions, and examining the interpreter stack.

Types and members

The getmembers() function retrieves the members of an object such as a class or module. The functions whose names begin with "is" are mainly provided as convenient choices for the second argument to getmembers(). They also help you determine when you can expect to find the following special attributes (see Import-related attributes on module objects for module attributes):

Type

屬性

描述

class

__doc__

documentation string

__name__

name with which this class was defined

__qualname__

qualified name

__module__

name of module in which this class was defined

__type_params__

A tuple containing the type parameters of a generic class

method

__doc__

documentation string

__name__

name with which this method was defined

__qualname__

qualified name

__func__

function object containing implementation of method

__self__

instance to which this method is bound, or None

__module__

name of module in which this method was defined

函式

__doc__

documentation string

__name__

name with which this function was defined

__qualname__

qualified name

__code__

code object containing compiled function bytecode

__defaults__

tuple of any default values for positional or keyword parameters

__kwdefaults__

mapping of any default values for keyword-only parameters

__globals__

global namespace in which this function was defined

__builtins__

builtins namespace

__annotations__

mapping of parameters names to annotations; "return" key is reserved for return annotations.

__type_params__

A tuple containing the type parameters of a generic function

__module__

name of module in which this function was defined

traceback

tb_frame

frame object at this level

tb_lasti

index of last attempted instruction in bytecode

tb_lineno

current line number in Python source code

tb_next

next inner traceback object (called by this level)

frame

f_back

next outer frame object (this frame's caller)

f_builtins

builtins namespace seen by this frame

f_code

code object being executed in this frame

f_globals

global namespace seen by this frame

f_lasti

index of last attempted instruction in bytecode

f_lineno

current line number in Python source code

f_locals

local namespace seen by this frame

f_trace

tracing function for this frame, or None

f_trace_lines

indicate whether a tracing event is triggered for each source source line

f_trace_opcodes

indicate whether per-opcode events are requested

clear()

used to clear all references to local variables

code（程式碼）

co_argcount

number of arguments (not including keyword only arguments, * or ** args)

co_code

string of raw compiled bytecode

co_cellvars

tuple of names of cell variables (referenced by containing scopes)

co_consts

tuple of constants used in the bytecode

co_filename

name of file in which this code object was created

co_firstlineno

number of first line in Python source code

co_flags

bitmap of CO_* flags, read more here

co_lnotab

encoded mapping of line numbers to bytecode indices

co_freevars

tuple of names of free variables (referenced via a function's closure)

co_posonlyargcount

number of positional only arguments

co_kwonlyargcount

number of keyword only arguments (not including ** arg)

co_name

name with which this code object was defined

co_qualname

fully qualified name with which this code object was defined

co_names

tuple of names other than arguments and function locals

co_nlocals

number of local variables

co_stacksize

virtual machine stack space required

co_varnames

tuple of names of arguments and local variables

co_lines()

returns an iterator that yields successive bytecode ranges

co_positions()

returns an iterator of source code positions for each bytecode instruction

replace()

returns a copy of the code object with new values

generator

__name__

name

__qualname__

qualified name

gi_frame

frame

gi_running

is the generator running?

gi_code

code（程式碼）

gi_yieldfrom

object being iterated by yield from, or None

async generator

__name__

name

__qualname__

qualified name

ag_await

object being awaited on, or None

ag_frame

frame

ag_running

is the generator running?

ag_code

code（程式碼）

coroutine

__name__

name

__qualname__

qualified name

cr_await

object being awaited on, or None

cr_frame

frame

cr_running

is the coroutine running?

cr_code

code（程式碼）

cr_origin

where coroutine was created, or None. See sys.set_coroutine_origin_tracking_depth()

builtin

__doc__

documentation string

__name__

original name of this function or method

__qualname__

qualified name

__self__

instance to which a method is bound, or None

在 3.5 版的變更: 將 __qualname__ 和 gi_yieldfrom 屬性加到產生器。

The __name__ attribute of generators is now set from the function name, instead of the code name, and it can now be modified.

在 3.7 版的變更: 新增協程的 cr_origin 屬性。

在 3.10 版的變更: 新增函式的 __builtins__ 屬性。

inspect.getmembers(object[, predicate])

Return all the members of an object in a list of (name, value) pairs sorted by name. If the optional predicate argument—which will be called with the value object of each member—is supplied, only members for which the predicate returns a true value are included.

備註

getmembers() will only return class attributes defined in the metaclass when the argument is a class and those attributes have been listed in the metaclass' custom __dir__().

inspect.getmembers_static(object[, predicate])

Return all the members of an object in a list of (name, value) pairs sorted by name without triggering dynamic lookup via the descriptor protocol, __getattr__ or __getattribute__. Optionally, only return members that satisfy a given predicate.

備註

getmembers_static() may not be able to retrieve all members that getmembers can fetch (like dynamically created attributes) and may find members that getmembers can't (like descriptors that raise AttributeError). It can also return descriptor objects instead of instance members in some cases.

在 3.11 版被加入.

inspect.getmodulename(path)

Return the name of the module named by the file path, without including the names of enclosing packages. The file extension is checked against all of the entries in importlib.machinery.all_suffixes(). If it matches, the final path component is returned with the extension removed. Otherwise, None is returned.

Note that this function only returns a meaningful name for actual Python modules - paths that potentially refer to Python packages will still return None.

在 3.3 版的變更: 此函式直接基於 importlib。

inspect.ismodule(object)

如果物件是模組，則回傳 True。

inspect.isclass(object)

Return True if the object is a class, whether built-in or created in Python code.

inspect.ismethod(object)

Return True if the object is a bound method written in Python.

inspect.ispackage(object)

Return True if the object is a package.

在 3.14 版被加入.

inspect.isfunction(object)

Return True if the object is a Python function, which includes functions created by a lambda expression.

inspect.isgeneratorfunction(object)

如果物件是 Python 產生器函式，則回傳 True。

在 3.8 版的變更: Functions wrapped in functools.partial() now return True if the wrapped function is a Python generator function.

在 3.13 版的變更: Functions wrapped in functools.partialmethod() now return True if the wrapped function is a Python generator function.

inspect.isgenerator(object)

如果物件是產生器，則回傳 True。

inspect.iscoroutinefunction(object)

Return True if the object is a coroutine function (a function defined with an async def syntax), a functools.partial() wrapping a coroutine function, or a sync function marked with markcoroutinefunction().

在 3.5 版被加入.

在 3.8 版的變更: Functions wrapped in functools.partial() now return True if the wrapped function is a coroutine function.

在 3.12 版的變更: Sync functions marked with markcoroutinefunction() now return True.

在 3.13 版的變更: Functions wrapped in functools.partialmethod() now return True if the wrapped function is a coroutine function.

inspect.markcoroutinefunction(func)

Decorator to mark a callable as a coroutine function if it would not otherwise be detected by iscoroutinefunction().

This may be of use for sync functions that return a coroutine, if the function is passed to an API that requires iscoroutinefunction().

When possible, using an async def function is preferred. Also acceptable is calling the function and testing the return with iscoroutine().

在 3.12 版被加入.

inspect.iscoroutine(object)

Return True if the object is a coroutine created by an async def function.

在 3.5 版被加入.

inspect.isawaitable(object)

Return True if the object can be used in await expression.

Can also be used to distinguish generator-based coroutines from regular generators:

import types

def gen():
    yield
@types.coroutine
def gen_coro():
    yield

assert not isawaitable(gen())
assert isawaitable(gen_coro())

在 3.5 版被加入.

inspect.isasyncgenfunction(object)

Return True if the object is an asynchronous generator function, for example:

>>> async def agen():
...     yield 1
...
>>> inspect.isasyncgenfunction(agen)
True

在 3.6 版被加入.

在 3.8 版的變更: Functions wrapped in functools.partial() now return True if the wrapped function is an asynchronous generator function.

在 3.13 版的變更: Functions wrapped in functools.partialmethod() now return True if the wrapped function is a coroutine function.

inspect.isasyncgen(object)

Return True if the object is an asynchronous generator iterator created by an asynchronous generator function.

在 3.6 版被加入.

inspect.istraceback(object)

Return True if the object is a traceback.

inspect.isframe(object)

Return True if the object is a frame.

inspect.iscode(object)

如果物件是程式碼，則回傳 True。

inspect.isbuiltin(object)

Return True if the object is a built-in function or a bound built-in method.

inspect.ismethodwrapper(object)

Return True if the type of object is a MethodWrapperType.

These are instances of MethodWrapperType, such as __str__(), __eq__() and __repr__().

在 3.11 版被加入.

inspect.isroutine(object)

如果物件是使用者定義或內建的函式或方法，則回傳 True。

inspect.isabstract(object)

如果物件是抽象基底類別，則回傳 True。

inspect.ismethoddescriptor(object)

Return True if the object is a method descriptor, but not if ismethod(), isclass(), isfunction() or isbuiltin() are true.

This, for example, is true of int.__add__. An object passing this test has a __get__() method, but not a __set__() method or a __delete__() method. Beyond that, the set of attributes varies. A __name__ attribute is usually sensible, and __doc__ often is.

Methods implemented via descriptors that also pass one of the other tests return False from the ismethoddescriptor() test, simply because the other tests promise more -- you can, e.g., count on having the __func__ attribute (etc) when an object passes ismethod().

在 3.13 版的變更: This function no longer incorrectly reports objects with __get__() and __delete__(), but not __set__(), as being method descriptors (such objects are data descriptors, not method descriptors).

inspect.isdatadescriptor(object)

如果物件是資料描述器，則回傳 True。

Data descriptors have a __set__ or a __delete__ method. Examples are properties (defined in Python), getsets, and members. The latter two are defined in C and there are more specific tests available for those types, which is robust across Python implementations. Typically, data descriptors will also have __name__ and __doc__ attributes (properties, getsets, and members have both of these attributes), but this is not guaranteed.

inspect.isgetsetdescriptor(object)

Return True if the object is a getset descriptor.

CPython 實作細節： getsets are attributes defined in extension modules via PyGetSetDef structures. For Python implementations without such types, this method will always return False.

inspect.ismemberdescriptor(object)

如果物件是成員描述器，則回傳 True。

CPython 實作細節： Member descriptors are attributes defined in extension modules via PyMemberDef structures. For Python implementations without such types, this method will always return False.

取得原始碼

inspect.getdoc(object)

Get the documentation string for an object, cleaned up with cleandoc(). If the documentation string for an object is not provided and the object is a class, a method, a property or a descriptor, retrieve the documentation string from the inheritance hierarchy. Return None if the documentation string is invalid or missing.

在 3.5 版的變更: Documentation strings are now inherited if not overridden.

inspect.getcomments(object)

Return in a single string any lines of comments immediately preceding the object's source code (for a class, function, or method), or at the top of the Python source file (if the object is a module). If the object's source code is unavailable, return None. This could happen if the object has been defined in C or the interactive shell.

inspect.getfile(object)

Return the name of the (text or binary) file in which an object was defined. This will fail with a TypeError if the object is a built-in module, class, or function.

inspect.getmodule(object)

Try to guess which module an object was defined in. Return None if the module cannot be determined.

inspect.getsourcefile(object)

Return the name of the Python source file in which an object was defined or None if no way can be identified to get the source. This will fail with a TypeError if the object is a built-in module, class, or function.

inspect.getsourcelines(object)

Return a list of source lines and starting line number for an object. The argument may be a module, class, method, function, traceback, frame, or code object. The source code is returned as a list of the lines corresponding to the object and the line number indicates where in the original source file the first line of code was found. An OSError is raised if the source code cannot be retrieved. A TypeError is raised if the object is a built-in module, class, or function.

在 3.3 版的變更: OSError is raised instead of IOError, now an alias of the former.

inspect.getsource(object)

Return the text of the source code for an object. The argument may be a module, class, method, function, traceback, frame, or code object. The source code is returned as a single string. An OSError is raised if the source code cannot be retrieved. A TypeError is raised if the object is a built-in module, class, or function.

在 3.3 版的變更: OSError is raised instead of IOError, now an alias of the former.

inspect.cleandoc(doc)

Clean up indentation from docstrings that are indented to line up with blocks of code.

All leading whitespace is removed from the first line. Any leading whitespace that can be uniformly removed from the second line onwards is removed. Empty lines at the beginning and end are subsequently removed. Also, all tabs are expanded to spaces.

Introspecting callables with the Signature object

在 3.3 版被加入.

The Signature object represents the call signature of a callable object and its return annotation. To retrieve a Signature object, use the signature() function.

inspect.signature(callable, *, follow_wrapped=True, globals=None, locals=None, eval_str=False, annotation_format=Format.VALUE)

Return a Signature object for the given callable:

>>> from inspect import signature
>>> def foo(a, *, b:int, **kwargs):
...     pass

>>> sig = signature(foo)

>>> str(sig)
'(a, *, b: int, **kwargs)'

>>> str(sig.parameters['b'])
'b: int'

>>> sig.parameters['b'].annotation
<class 'int'>

Accepts a wide range of Python callables, from plain functions and classes to functools.partial() objects.

If some of the annotations are strings (e.g., because from __future__ import annotations was used), signature() will attempt to automatically un-stringize the annotations using annotationlib.get_annotations(). The globals, locals, and eval_str parameters are passed into annotationlib.get_annotations() when resolving the annotations; see the documentation for annotationlib.get_annotations() for instructions on how to use these parameters. A member of the annotationlib.Format enum can be passed to the annotation_format parameter to control the format of the returned annotations. For example, use annotation_format=annotationlib.Format.STRING to return annotations in string format.

Raises ValueError if no signature can be provided, and TypeError if that type of object is not supported. Also, if the annotations are stringized, and eval_str is not false, the eval() call(s) to un-stringize the annotations in annotationlib.get_annotations() could potentially raise any kind of exception.

A slash (/) in the signature of a function denotes that the parameters prior to it are positional-only. For more info, see the FAQ entry on positional-only parameters.

在 3.5 版的變更: The follow_wrapped parameter was added. Pass False to get a signature of callable specifically (callable.__wrapped__ will not be used to unwrap decorated callables.)

在 3.10 版的變更: The globals, locals, and eval_str parameters were added.

在 3.14 版的變更: The annotation_format parameter was added.

備註

Some callables may not be introspectable in certain implementations of Python. For example, in CPython, some built-in functions defined in C provide no metadata about their arguments.

CPython 實作細節： If the passed object has a __signature__ attribute, we may use it to create the signature. The exact semantics are an implementation detail and are subject to unannounced changes. Consult the source code for current semantics.

class inspect.Signature(parameters=None, *, return_annotation=Signature.empty)

A Signature object represents the call signature of a function and its return annotation. For each parameter accepted by the function it stores a Parameter object in its parameters collection.

The optional parameters argument is a sequence of Parameter objects, which is validated to check that there are no parameters with duplicate names, and that the parameters are in the right order, i.e. positional-only first, then positional-or-keyword, and that parameters with defaults follow parameters without defaults.

The optional return_annotation argument can be an arbitrary Python object. It represents the "return" annotation of the callable.

Signature objects are immutable. Use Signature.replace() or copy.replace() to make a modified copy.

在 3.5 版的變更: Signature objects are now picklable and hashable.

empty

A special class-level marker to specify absence of a return annotation.

parameters

An ordered mapping of parameters' names to the corresponding Parameter objects. Parameters appear in strict definition order, including keyword-only parameters.

在 3.7 版的變更: Python only explicitly guaranteed that it preserved the declaration order of keyword-only parameters as of version 3.7, although in practice this order had always been preserved in Python 3.

return_annotation

The "return" annotation for the callable. If the callable has no "return" annotation, this attribute is set to Signature.empty.

bind(*args, **kwargs)

Create a mapping from positional and keyword arguments to parameters. Returns BoundArguments if *args and **kwargs match the signature, or raises a TypeError.

bind_partial(*args, **kwargs)

Works the same way as Signature.bind(), but allows the omission of some required arguments (mimics functools.partial() behavior.) Returns BoundArguments, or raises a TypeError if the passed arguments do not match the signature.

replace(*[, parameters][, return_annotation])

Create a new Signature instance based on the instance replace() was invoked on. It is possible to pass different parameters and/or return_annotation to override the corresponding properties of the base signature. To remove return_annotation from the copied Signature, pass in Signature.empty.

>>> def test(a, b):
...     pass
...
>>> sig = signature(test)
>>> new_sig = sig.replace(return_annotation="new return anno")
>>> str(new_sig)
"(a, b) -> 'new return anno'"

Signature objects are also supported by the generic function copy.replace().

format(*, max_width=None, quote_annotation_strings=True)

Create a string representation of the Signature object.

If max_width is passed, the method will attempt to fit the signature into lines of at most max_width characters. If the signature is longer than max_width, all parameters will be on separate lines.

If quote_annotation_strings is False, annotations in the signature are displayed without opening and closing quotation marks if they are strings. This is useful if the signature was created with the STRING format or if from __future__ import annotations was used.

在 3.13 版被加入.

在 3.14 版的變更: The unquote_annotations parameter was added.

classmethod from_callable(obj, *, follow_wrapped=True, globals=None, locals=None, eval_str=False)

Return a Signature (or its subclass) object for a given callable obj.

This method simplifies subclassing of Signature:

class MySignature(Signature):
    pass
sig = MySignature.from_callable(sum)
assert isinstance(sig, MySignature)

Its behavior is otherwise identical to that of signature().

在 3.5 版被加入.

在 3.10 版的變更: The globals, locals, and eval_str parameters were added.

class inspect.Parameter(name, kind, *, default=Parameter.empty, annotation=Parameter.empty)

Parameter objects are immutable. Instead of modifying a Parameter object, you can use Parameter.replace() or copy.replace() to create a modified copy.

在 3.5 版的變更: Parameter objects are now picklable and hashable.

empty

A special class-level marker to specify absence of default values and annotations.

name

The name of the parameter as a string. The name must be a valid Python identifier.

CPython 實作細節： CPython generates implicit parameter names of the form .0 on the code objects used to implement comprehensions and generator expressions.

在 3.6 版的變更: These parameter names are now exposed by this module as names like implicit0.

default

The default value for the parameter. If the parameter has no default value, this attribute is set to Parameter.empty.

annotation

The annotation for the parameter. If the parameter has no annotation, this attribute is set to Parameter.empty.

kind

Describes how argument values are bound to the parameter. The possible values are accessible via Parameter (like Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY), and support comparison and ordering, in the following order:

名稱

意義

POSITIONAL_ONLY

Value must be supplied as a positional argument. Positional only parameters are those which appear before a / entry (if present) in a Python function definition.

POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD

Value may be supplied as either a keyword or positional argument (this is the standard binding behaviour for functions implemented in Python.)

VAR_POSITIONAL

A tuple of positional arguments that aren't bound to any other parameter. This corresponds to a *args parameter in a Python function definition.

KEYWORD_ONLY

Value must be supplied as a keyword argument. Keyword only parameters are those which appear after a * or *args entry in a Python function definition.

VAR_KEYWORD

A dict of keyword arguments that aren't bound to any other parameter. This corresponds to a **kwargs parameter in a Python function definition.

Example: print all keyword-only arguments without default values:

>>> def foo(a, b, *, c, d=10):
...     pass

>>> sig = signature(foo)
>>> for param in sig.parameters.values():
...     if (param.kind == param.KEYWORD_ONLY and
...                        param.default is param.empty):
...         print('Parameter:', param)
Parameter: c
kind.description

Describes an enum value of Parameter.kind.

在 3.8 版被加入.

範例：列印所有引數的描述：

>>> def foo(a, b, *, c, d=10):
...     pass

>>> sig = signature(foo)
>>> for param in sig.parameters.values():
...     print(param.kind.description)
positional or keyword
positional or keyword
keyword-only
keyword-only
replace(*[, name][, kind][, default][, annotation])

Create a new Parameter instance based on the instance replaced was invoked on. To override a Parameter attribute, pass the corresponding argument. To remove a default value or/and an annotation from a Parameter, pass Parameter.empty.

>>> from inspect import Parameter
>>> param = Parameter('foo', Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY, default=42)
>>> str(param)
'foo=42'

>>> str(param.replace()) # Will create a shallow copy of 'param'
'foo=42'

>>> str(param.replace(default=Parameter.empty, annotation='spam'))
"foo: 'spam'"

Parameter objects are also supported by the generic function copy.replace().

在 3.4 版的變更: In Python 3.3 Parameter objects were allowed to have name set to None if their kind was set to POSITIONAL_ONLY. This is no longer permitted.

class inspect.BoundArguments

Result of a Signature.bind() or Signature.bind_partial() call. Holds the mapping of arguments to the function's parameters.

arguments

A mutable mapping of parameters' names to arguments' values. Contains only explicitly bound arguments. Changes in arguments will reflect in args and kwargs.

Should be used in conjunction with Signature.parameters for any argument processing purposes.

備註

Arguments for which Signature.bind() or Signature.bind_partial() relied on a default value are skipped. However, if needed, use BoundArguments.apply_defaults() to add them.

在 3.9 版的變更: arguments is now of type dict. Formerly, it was of type collections.OrderedDict.

args

A tuple of positional arguments values. Dynamically computed from the arguments attribute.

kwargs

A dict of keyword arguments values. Dynamically computed from the arguments attribute. Arguments that can be passed positionally are included in args instead.

signature

A reference to the parent Signature object.

apply_defaults()

為遺漏的引數設定預設值。

For variable-positional arguments (*args) the default is an empty tuple.

For variable-keyword arguments (**kwargs) the default is an empty dict.

>>> def foo(a, b='ham', *args): pass
>>> ba = inspect.signature(foo).bind('spam')
>>> ba.apply_defaults()
>>> ba.arguments
{'a': 'spam', 'b': 'ham', 'args': ()}

在 3.5 版被加入.

The args and kwargs properties can be used to invoke functions:

def test(a, *, b):
    ...

sig = signature(test)
ba = sig.bind(10, b=20)
test(*ba.args, **ba.kwargs)

也參考

PEP 362 - Function Signature Object.

The detailed specification, implementation details and examples.

類別與函式

inspect.getclasstree(classes, unique=False)

Arrange the given list of classes into a hierarchy of nested lists. Where a nested list appears, it contains classes derived from the class whose entry immediately precedes the list. Each entry is a 2-tuple containing a class and a tuple of its base classes. If the unique argument is true, exactly one entry appears in the returned structure for each class in the given list. Otherwise, classes using multiple inheritance and their descendants will appear multiple times.

inspect.getfullargspec(func)

Get the names and default values of a Python function's parameters. A named tuple is returned:

FullArgSpec(args, varargs, varkw, defaults, kwonlyargs, kwonlydefaults, annotations)

args is a list of the positional parameter names. varargs is the name of the * parameter or None if arbitrary positional arguments are not accepted. varkw is the name of the ** parameter or None if arbitrary keyword arguments are not accepted. defaults is an n-tuple of default argument values corresponding to the last n positional parameters, or None if there are no such defaults defined. kwonlyargs is a list of keyword-only parameter names in declaration order. kwonlydefaults is a dictionary mapping parameter names from kwonlyargs to the default values used if no argument is supplied. annotations is a dictionary mapping parameter names to annotations. The special key "return" is used to report the function return value annotation (if any).

Note that signature() and Signature Object provide the recommended API for callable introspection, and support additional behaviours (like positional-only arguments) that are sometimes encountered in extension module APIs. This function is retained primarily for use in code that needs to maintain compatibility with the Python 2 inspect module API.

在 3.4 版的變更: This function is now based on signature(), but still ignores __wrapped__ attributes and includes the already bound first parameter in the signature output for bound methods.

在 3.6 版的變更: This method was previously documented as deprecated in favour of signature() in Python 3.5, but that decision has been reversed in order to restore a clearly supported standard interface for single-source Python 2/3 code migrating away from the legacy getargspec() API.

在 3.7 版的變更: Python only explicitly guaranteed that it preserved the declaration order of keyword-only parameters as of version 3.7, although in practice this order had always been preserved in Python 3.

inspect.getargvalues(frame)

Get information about arguments passed into a particular frame. A named tuple ArgInfo(args, varargs, keywords, locals) is returned. args is a list of the argument names. varargs and keywords are the names of the * and ** arguments or None. locals is the locals dictionary of the given frame.

備註

This function was inadvertently marked as deprecated in Python 3.5.

inspect.formatargvalues(args[, varargs, varkw, locals, formatarg, formatvarargs, formatvarkw, formatvalue])

Format a pretty argument spec from the four values returned by getargvalues(). The format* arguments are the corresponding optional formatting functions that are called to turn names and values into strings.

備註

This function was inadvertently marked as deprecated in Python 3.5.

inspect.getmro(cls)

Return a tuple of class cls's base classes, including cls, in method resolution order. No class appears more than once in this tuple. Note that the method resolution order depends on cls's type. Unless a very peculiar user-defined metatype is in use, cls will be the first element of the tuple.

inspect.getcallargs(func, /, *args, **kwds)

Bind the args and kwds to the argument names of the Python function or method func, as if it was called with them. For bound methods, bind also the first argument (typically named self) to the associated instance. A dict is returned, mapping the argument names (including the names of the * and ** arguments, if any) to their values from args and kwds. In case of invoking func incorrectly, i.e. whenever func(*args, **kwds) would raise an exception because of incompatible signature, an exception of the same type and the same or similar message is raised. For example:

>>> from inspect import getcallargs
>>> def f(a, b=1, *pos, **named):
...     pass
...
>>> getcallargs(f, 1, 2, 3) == {'a': 1, 'named': {}, 'b': 2, 'pos': (3,)}
True
>>> getcallargs(f, a=2, x=4) == {'a': 2, 'named': {'x': 4}, 'b': 1, 'pos': ()}
True
>>> getcallargs(f)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: f() missing 1 required positional argument: 'a'

在 3.2 版被加入.

在 3.5 版之後被棄用: 請改用 Signature.bind() 與 Signature.bind_partial()。

inspect.getclosurevars(func)

Get the mapping of external name references in a Python function or method func to their current values. A named tuple ClosureVars(nonlocals, globals, builtins, unbound) is returned. nonlocals maps referenced names to lexical closure variables, globals to the function's module globals and builtins to the builtins visible from the function body. unbound is the set of names referenced in the function that could not be resolved at all given the current module globals and builtins.

如果 func 不是 Python 函式或方法，則引發 TypeError。

在 3.3 版被加入.

inspect.unwrap(func, *, stop=None)

Get the object wrapped by func. It follows the chain of __wrapped__ attributes returning the last object in the chain.

stop is an optional callback accepting an object in the wrapper chain as its sole argument that allows the unwrapping to be terminated early if the callback returns a true value. If the callback never returns a true value, the last object in the chain is returned as usual. For example, signature() uses this to stop unwrapping if any object in the chain has a __signature__ attribute defined.

如果遇到循環，則引發 ValueError。

在 3.4 版被加入.

inspect.get_annotations(obj, *, globals=None, locals=None, eval_str=False, format=annotationlib.Format.VALUE)

Compute the annotations dict for an object.

This is an alias for annotationlib.get_annotations(); see the documentation of that function for more information.

在 3.10 版被加入.

在 3.14 版的變更: This function is now an alias for annotationlib.get_annotations(). Calling it as inspect.get_annotations will continue to work.

直譯器堆疊

Some of the following functions return FrameInfo objects. For backwards compatibility these objects allow tuple-like operations on all attributes except positions. This behavior is considered deprecated and may be removed in the future.

class inspect.FrameInfo
frame

The frame object that the record corresponds to.

filename

The file name associated with the code being executed by the frame this record corresponds to.

lineno

The line number of the current line associated with the code being executed by the frame this record corresponds to.

function

The function name that is being executed by the frame this record corresponds to.

code_context

A list of lines of context from the source code that's being executed by the frame this record corresponds to.

index

The index of the current line being executed in the code_context list.

positions

A dis.Positions object containing the start line number, end line number, start column offset, and end column offset associated with the instruction being executed by the frame this record corresponds to.

在 3.5 版的變更: Return a named tuple instead of a tuple.

在 3.11 版的變更: FrameInfo is now a class instance (that is backwards compatible with the previous named tuple).

class inspect.Traceback
filename

The file name associated with the code being executed by the frame this traceback corresponds to.

lineno

The line number of the current line associated with the code being executed by the frame this traceback corresponds to.

function

The function name that is being executed by the frame this traceback corresponds to.

code_context

A list of lines of context from the source code that's being executed by the frame this traceback corresponds to.

index

The index of the current line being executed in the code_context list.

positions

A dis.Positions object containing the start line number, end line number, start column offset, and end column offset associated with the instruction being executed by the frame this traceback corresponds to.

在 3.11 版的變更: Traceback is now a class instance (that is backwards compatible with the previous named tuple).

備註

Keeping references to frame objects, as found in the first element of the frame records these functions return, can cause your program to create reference cycles. Once a reference cycle has been created, the lifespan of all objects which can be accessed from the objects which form the cycle can become much longer even if Python's optional cycle detector is enabled. If such cycles must be created, it is important to ensure they are explicitly broken to avoid the delayed destruction of objects and increased memory consumption which occurs.

Though the cycle detector will catch these, destruction of the frames (and local variables) can be made deterministic by removing the cycle in a finally clause. This is also important if the cycle detector was disabled when Python was compiled or using gc.disable(). For example:

def handle_stackframe_without_leak():
    frame = inspect.currentframe()
    try:
        # do something with the frame
    finally:
        del frame

If you want to keep the frame around (for example to print a traceback later), you can also break reference cycles by using the frame.clear() method.

The optional context argument supported by most of these functions specifies the number of lines of context to return, which are centered around the current line.

inspect.getframeinfo(frame, context=1)

Get information about a frame or traceback object. A Traceback object is returned.

在 3.11 版的變更: A Traceback object is returned instead of a named tuple.

inspect.getouterframes(frame, context=1)

Get a list of FrameInfo objects for a frame and all outer frames. These frames represent the calls that lead to the creation of frame. The first entry in the returned list represents frame; the last entry represents the outermost call on frame's stack.

在 3.5 版的變更: A list of named tuples FrameInfo(frame, filename, lineno, function, code_context, index) is returned.

在 3.11 版的變更: 回傳一個 FrameInfo 物件串列。

inspect.getinnerframes(traceback, context=1)

Get a list of FrameInfo objects for a traceback's frame and all inner frames. These frames represent calls made as a consequence of frame. The first entry in the list represents traceback; the last entry represents where the exception was raised.

在 3.5 版的變更: A list of named tuples FrameInfo(frame, filename, lineno, function, code_context, index) is returned.

在 3.11 版的變更: 回傳一個 FrameInfo 物件串列。

inspect.currentframe()

Return the frame object for the caller's stack frame.

CPython 實作細節： This function relies on Python stack frame support in the interpreter, which isn't guaranteed to exist in all implementations of Python. If running in an implementation without Python stack frame support this function returns None.

inspect.stack(context=1)

Return a list of FrameInfo objects for the caller's stack. The first entry in the returned list represents the caller; the last entry represents the outermost call on the stack.

在 3.5 版的變更: A list of named tuples FrameInfo(frame, filename, lineno, function, code_context, index) is returned.

在 3.11 版的變更: 回傳一個 FrameInfo 物件串列。

inspect.trace(context=1)

Return a list of FrameInfo objects for the stack between the current frame and the frame in which an exception currently being handled was raised in. The first entry in the list represents the caller; the last entry represents where the exception was raised.

在 3.5 版的變更: A list of named tuples FrameInfo(frame, filename, lineno, function, code_context, index) is returned.

在 3.11 版的變更: 回傳一個 FrameInfo 物件串列。

Fetching attributes statically

Both getattr() and hasattr() can trigger code execution when fetching or checking for the existence of attributes. Descriptors, like properties, will be invoked and __getattr__() and __getattribute__() may be called.

For cases where you want passive introspection, like documentation tools, this can be inconvenient. getattr_static() has the same signature as getattr() but avoids executing code when it fetches attributes.

inspect.getattr_static(obj, attr, default=None)

Retrieve attributes without triggering dynamic lookup via the descriptor protocol, __getattr__() or __getattribute__().

Note: this function may not be able to retrieve all attributes that getattr can fetch (like dynamically created attributes) and may find attributes that getattr can't (like descriptors that raise AttributeError). It can also return descriptors objects instead of instance members.

If the instance __dict__ is shadowed by another member (for example a property) then this function will be unable to find instance members.

在 3.2 版被加入.

getattr_static() does not resolve descriptors, for example slot descriptors or getset descriptors on objects implemented in C. The descriptor object is returned instead of the underlying attribute.

You can handle these with code like the following. Note that for arbitrary getset descriptors invoking these may trigger code execution:

# example code for resolving the builtin descriptor types
class _foo:
    __slots__ = ['foo']

slot_descriptor = type(_foo.foo)
getset_descriptor = type(type(open(__file__)).name)
wrapper_descriptor = type(str.__dict__['__add__'])
descriptor_types = (slot_descriptor, getset_descriptor, wrapper_descriptor)

result = getattr_static(some_object, 'foo')
if type(result) in descriptor_types:
    try:
        result = result.__get__()
    except AttributeError:
        # descriptors can raise AttributeError to
        # indicate there is no underlying value
        # in which case the descriptor itself will
        # have to do
        pass

Current State of Generators, Coroutines, and Asynchronous Generators

When implementing coroutine schedulers and for other advanced uses of generators, it is useful to determine whether a generator is currently executing, is waiting to start or resume or execution, or has already terminated. getgeneratorstate() allows the current state of a generator to be determined easily.

inspect.getgeneratorstate(generator)

Get current state of a generator-iterator.

Possible states are:

  • GEN_CREATED: Waiting to start execution.

  • GEN_RUNNING: Currently being executed by the interpreter.

  • GEN_SUSPENDED: Currently suspended at a yield expression.

  • GEN_CLOSED: Execution has completed.

在 3.2 版被加入.

inspect.getcoroutinestate(coroutine)

Get current state of a coroutine object. The function is intended to be used with coroutine objects created by async def functions, but will accept any coroutine-like object that has cr_running and cr_frame attributes.

Possible states are:

  • CORO_CREATED: Waiting to start execution.

  • CORO_RUNNING: Currently being executed by the interpreter.

  • CORO_SUSPENDED: Currently suspended at an await expression.

  • CORO_CLOSED: Execution has completed.

在 3.5 版被加入.

inspect.getasyncgenstate(agen)

Get current state of an asynchronous generator object. The function is intended to be used with asynchronous iterator objects created by async def functions which use the yield statement, but will accept any asynchronous generator-like object that has ag_running and ag_frame attributes.

Possible states are:

  • AGEN_CREATED: 等待開始執行。

  • AGEN_RUNNING: 目前正在被直譯器執行。

  • AGEN_SUSPENDED: 目前於 yield 運算式暫停。

  • AGEN_CLOSED: 執行已完成。

在 3.12 版被加入.

The current internal state of the generator can also be queried. This is mostly useful for testing purposes, to ensure that internal state is being updated as expected:

inspect.getgeneratorlocals(generator)

Get the mapping of live local variables in generator to their current values. A dictionary is returned that maps from variable names to values. This is the equivalent of calling locals() in the body of the generator, and all the same caveats apply.

If generator is a generator with no currently associated frame, then an empty dictionary is returned. TypeError is raised if generator is not a Python generator object.

CPython 實作細節： This function relies on the generator exposing a Python stack frame for introspection, which isn't guaranteed to be the case in all implementations of Python. In such cases, this function will always return an empty dictionary.

在 3.3 版被加入.

inspect.getcoroutinelocals(coroutine)

This function is analogous to getgeneratorlocals(), but works for coroutine objects created by async def functions.

在 3.5 版被加入.

inspect.getasyncgenlocals(agen)

This function is analogous to getgeneratorlocals(), but works for asynchronous generator objects created by async def functions which use the yield statement.

在 3.12 版被加入.

Code Objects Bit Flags

Python code objects have a co_flags attribute, which is a bitmap of the following flags:

inspect.CO_OPTIMIZED

The code object is optimized, using fast locals.

inspect.CO_NEWLOCALS

If set, a new dict will be created for the frame's f_locals when the code object is executed.

inspect.CO_VARARGS

The code object has a variable positional parameter (*args-like).

inspect.CO_VARKEYWORDS

The code object has a variable keyword parameter (**kwargs-like).

inspect.CO_NESTED

The flag is set when the code object is a nested function.

inspect.CO_GENERATOR

The flag is set when the code object is a generator function, i.e. a generator object is returned when the code object is executed.

inspect.CO_COROUTINE

The flag is set when the code object is a coroutine function. When the code object is executed it returns a coroutine object. See PEP 492 for more details.

在 3.5 版被加入.

inspect.CO_ITERABLE_COROUTINE

The flag is used to transform generators into generator-based coroutines. Generator objects with this flag can be used in await expression, and can yield from coroutine objects. See PEP 492 for more details.

在 3.5 版被加入.

inspect.CO_ASYNC_GENERATOR

The flag is set when the code object is an asynchronous generator function. When the code object is executed it returns an asynchronous generator object. See PEP 525 for more details.

在 3.6 版被加入.

inspect.CO_HAS_DOCSTRING

The flag is set when there is a docstring for the code object in the source code. If set, it will be the first item in co_consts.

在 3.14 版被加入.

inspect.CO_METHOD

The flag is set when the code object is a function defined in class scope.

在 3.14 版被加入.

備註

The flags are specific to CPython, and may not be defined in other Python implementations. Furthermore, the flags are an implementation detail, and can be removed or deprecated in future Python releases. It's recommended to use public APIs from the inspect module for any introspection needs.

Buffer flags

class inspect.BufferFlags

This is an enum.IntFlag that represents the flags that can be passed to the __buffer__() method of objects implementing the buffer protocol.

The meaning of the flags is explained at Buffer request types.

SIMPLE
WRITABLE
FORMAT
ND
STRIDES
C_CONTIGUOUS
F_CONTIGUOUS
ANY_CONTIGUOUS
INDIRECT
CONTIG
CONTIG_RO
STRIDED
STRIDED_RO
RECORDS
RECORDS_RO
FULL
FULL_RO
READ
WRITE

在 3.12 版被加入.

命令列介面

The inspect module also provides a basic introspection capability from the command line.

By default, accepts the name of a module and prints the source of that module. A class or function within the module can be printed instead by appended a colon and the qualified name of the target object.

--details

Print information about the specified object rather than the source code