Python 3.12 有什麼新功能
************************

編輯者:
   Adam Turner

本文介紹了 Python 3.12 與 3.11 相比多了哪些新功能。 Python 3.12 於
2023 年 10 月 2 日發布。完整詳情請見  changelog。

也參考: **PEP 693** -- Python 3.12 發佈時程


發布重點摘要
============

Python 3.12 是 Python 程式語言的穩定版本，包含了語言和標準函式庫的綜合
變更。標準函式庫的變更主要集中在清理棄用的 API、可用性和正確性。值得注
意的是，"distutils" 套件已從標準函式庫中移除。"os" 和 "pathlib" 中的檔
案系統支援進行了許多改進，並且有數個模組得到更好的效能。

語言變更主要集中在可用性，因為 *f-字串*已經移除了許多限制，並且持續改
進 'Did you mean ...' 建議。新的型別參數語法和 "type" 陳述式改進了*泛
型型別*和*型別別名*在與靜態型別檢查器一起使用上的效率。

這篇文章並不試圖提供所有新功能的完整規格，而是提供一個方便的概覽。完整
詳情應參考文件，如標準函式庫參考和語言參考。如果你想了解某個新功能的完
整實作和設計理念，請參考該功能的 PEP；但請注意 PEP 通常在功能完全實作
後就不再更新。

======================================================================

新增語法特性：

* PEP 695，型別參數語法和 "type" 陳述式

新增語法特性：

* PEP 701，文法中的 *f-字串*

直譯器改進：

* PEP 684，直譯器各別持有的 *GIL*

* PEP 669，低影響監控

* Improved 'Did you mean ...' suggestions for "NameError",
  "ImportError", and "SyntaxError" exceptions

Python 資料模型改進：

* PEP 688, using the buffer protocol from Python

標準函式庫中的顯著改進

* "pathlib.Path" 類別現在支援子類別化

* "os" 模組在 Windows 支援上有了數項改進

* 一個命令列介面已被加入 "sqlite3" 模組中

* "isinstance()" checks against "runtime-checkable protocols" enjoy a
  speed up of between two and 20 times

* "asyncio" 套件進行了許多效能改進，一些基準測試顯示速度提高了 75%。

* 一個命令列介面已被加入 "uuid" 模組中

* Due to the changes in PEP 701, producing tokens via the "tokenize"
  module is up to 64% faster.

安全性改進：

* Replace the builtin "hashlib" implementations of SHA1, SHA3,
  SHA2-384, SHA2-512, and MD5 with formally verified code from the
  HACL* project. These builtin implementations remain as fallbacks
  that are only used when OpenSSL does not provide them.

C API 改進：

* PEP 697，不穩定 C API 層

* PEP 683, immortal objects

CPython 實作改進：

* PEP 709, comprehension inlining

* CPython support for the Linux "perf" profiler

* Implement stack overflow protection on supported platforms

新增型別特性：

* PEP 692、使用 "TypedDict" 來標註 ***kwargs*

* PEP 698、"typing.override()" 裝飾器

重要的棄用、刪除或限制：

* **PEP 623**: Remove "wstr" from Unicode objects in Python's C API,
  reducing the size of every "str" object by at least 8 bytes.

* **PEP 632**: Remove the "distutils" package. See **the migration
  guide** for advice replacing the APIs it provided. The third-party
  Setuptools package continues to provide "distutils", if you still
  require it in Python 3.12 and beyond.

* gh-95299：不再於以 "venv" 建立的虛擬環境中預先安裝 "setuptools"。這
  意味著 "distutils"、"setuptools"、"pkg_resources" 和 "easy_install"
  將預設不可用；若要使用這些工具，請在已啟用的虛擬環境中執行 "pip
  install setuptools"。

* "asynchat"、"asyncore" 和 "imp" 模組以及幾個 "unittest.TestCase" 的
  方法別名已被刪除。


新增功能
========


PEP 695：型別參數語法
---------------------

Generic classes and functions under **PEP 484** were declared using a
verbose syntax that left the scope of type parameters unclear and
required explicit declarations of variance.

**PEP 695** introduces a new, more compact and explicit way to create
generic classes and functions:

   def max[T](args: Iterable[T]) -> T:
       ...

   class list[T]:
       def __getitem__(self, index: int, /) -> T:
           ...

       def append(self, element: T) -> None:
           ...

In addition, the PEP introduces a new way to declare type aliases
using the "type" statement, which creates an instance of
"TypeAliasType":

   type Point = tuple[float, float]

型別別名也可以是泛型：

   type Point[T] = tuple[T, T]

The new syntax allows declaring "TypeVarTuple" and "ParamSpec"
parameters, as well as "TypeVar" parameters with bounds or
constraints:

   type IntFunc[**P] = Callable[P, int]  # ParamSpec
   type LabeledTuple[*Ts] = tuple[str, *Ts]  # TypeVarTuple
   type HashableSequence[T: Hashable] = Sequence[T]  # 帶有邊界的 TypeVar
   type IntOrStrSequence[T: (int, str)] = Sequence[T]  # 帶有限制的 TypeVar

The value of type aliases and the bound and constraints of type
variables created through this syntax are evaluated only on demand
(see lazy evaluation). This means type aliases are able to refer to
other types defined later in the file.

Type parameters declared through a type parameter list are visible
within the scope of the declaration and any nested scopes, but not in
the outer scope. For example, they can be used in the type annotations
for the methods of a generic class or in the class body. However, they
cannot be used in the module scope after the class is defined. See
Type parameter lists for a detailed description of the runtime
semantics of type parameters.

In order to support these scoping semantics, a new kind of scope is
introduced, the annotation scope. Annotation scopes behave for the
most part like function scopes, but interact differently with
enclosing class scopes. In Python 3.13, *annotations* will also be
evaluated in annotation scopes.

詳情請見 **PEP 695**。

（PEP 由 Eric Traut 撰寫。由 Jelle Zijlstra、Eric Traut 和其他人在
gh-103764 中實作。）


PEP 701: Syntactic formalization of f-strings
---------------------------------------------

**PEP 701** lifts some restrictions on the usage of *f-strings*.
Expression components inside f-strings can now be any valid Python
expression, including strings reusing the same quote as the containing
f-string, multi-line expressions, comments, backslashes, and unicode
escape sequences. Let's cover these in detail:

* Quote reuse: in Python 3.11, reusing the same quotes as the
  enclosing f-string raises a "SyntaxError", forcing the user to
  either use other available quotes (like using double quotes or
  triple quotes if the f-string uses single quotes). In Python 3.12,
  you can now do things like this:

  >>> songs = ['Take me back to Eden', 'Alkaline', 'Ascensionism']
  >>> f"This is the playlist: {", ".join(songs)}"
  'This is the playlist: Take me back to Eden, Alkaline, Ascensionism'

  Note that before this change there was no explicit limit in how
  f-strings can be nested, but the fact that string quotes cannot be
  reused inside the expression component of f-strings made it
  impossible to nest f-strings arbitrarily. In fact, this is the most
  nested f-string that could be written:

  >>> f"""{f'''{f'{f"{1+1}"}'}'''}"""
  '2'

  As now f-strings can contain any valid Python expression inside
  expression components, it is now possible to nest f-strings
  arbitrarily:

  >>> f"{f"{f"{f"{f"{f"{1+1}"}"}"}"}"}"
  '2'

* Multi-line expressions and comments: In Python 3.11, f-string
  expressions must be defined in a single line, even if the expression
  within the f-string could normally span multiple lines (like literal
  lists being defined over multiple lines), making them harder to
  read. In Python 3.12 you can now define f-strings spanning multiple
  lines, and add inline comments:

  >>> f"This is the playlist: {", ".join([
  ...     'Take me back to Eden',  # My, my, those eyes like fire
  ...     'Alkaline',              # Not acid nor alkaline
  ...     'Ascensionism'           # Take to the broken skies at last
  ... ])}"
  'This is the playlist: Take me back to Eden, Alkaline, Ascensionism'

* Backslashes and unicode characters: before Python 3.12 f-string
  expressions couldn't contain any "\" character. This also affected
  unicode escape sequences (such as "\N{snowman}") as these contain
  the "\N" part that previously could not be part of expression
  components of f-strings. Now, you can define expressions like this:

  >>> print(f"This is the playlist: {"\n".join(songs)}")
  This is the playlist: Take me back to Eden
  Alkaline
  Ascensionism
  >>> print(f"This is the playlist: {"\N{BLACK HEART SUIT}".join(songs)}")
  This is the playlist: Take me back to Eden♥Alkaline♥Ascensionism

詳情請見 **PEP 701**。

As a positive side-effect of how this feature has been implemented (by
parsing f-strings with **the PEG parser**), now error messages for
f-strings are more precise and include the exact location of the
error. For example, in Python 3.11, the following f-string raises a
"SyntaxError":

   >>> my_string = f"{x z y}" + f"{1 + 1}"
     File "<stdin>", line 1
       (x z y)
        ^^^
   SyntaxError: f-string: invalid syntax. Perhaps you forgot a comma?

but the error message doesn't include the exact location of the error
within the line and also has the expression artificially surrounded by
parentheses. In Python 3.12, as f-strings are parsed with the PEG
parser, error messages can be more precise and show the entire line:

   >>> my_string = f"{x z y}" + f"{1 + 1}"
     File "<stdin>", line 1
       my_string = f"{x z y}" + f"{1 + 1}"
                      ^^^
   SyntaxError: invalid syntax. Perhaps you forgot a comma?

(Contributed by Pablo Galindo, Batuhan Taskaya, Lysandros Nikolaou,
Cristián Maureira-Fredes and Marta Gómez in gh-102856. PEP written by
Pablo Galindo, Batuhan Taskaya, Lysandros Nikolaou and Marta Gómez).


PEP 684：直譯器各別持有的 GIL
-----------------------------

**PEP 684** 引入了直譯器各別持有的 *GIL*，因此子直譯器現在可以使用各個
直譯器特有的 GIL 來建立。這使得 Python 程式可以充分利用多個 CPU 核心。
目前這僅透過 C-API 使用，不過 Python API **預計在 3.13 中釋出**。

Use the new "Py_NewInterpreterFromConfig()" function to create an
interpreter with its own GIL:

   PyInterpreterConfig config = {
       .check_multi_interp_extensions = 1,
       .gil = PyInterpreterConfig_OWN_GIL,
   };
   PyThreadState *tstate = NULL;
   PyStatus status = Py_NewInterpreterFromConfig(&tstate, &config);
   if (PyStatus_Exception(status)) {
       return -1;
   }
   /* 新的直譯器現在會在目前執行緒中啟用。 */

For further examples how to use the C-API for sub-interpreters with a
per-interpreter GIL, see "Modules/_xxsubinterpretersmodule.c".

（由 Eric Snow 於 gh-104210 等貢獻。）


PEP 669: Low impact monitoring for CPython
------------------------------------------

**PEP 669** defines a new "API" for profilers, debuggers, and other
tools to monitor events in CPython. It covers a wide range of events,
including calls, returns, lines, exceptions, jumps, and more. This
means that you only pay for what you use, providing support for near-
zero overhead debuggers and coverage tools. See  "sys.monitoring" for
details.

（由 Mark Shannon 於 gh-103082 中貢獻。）


PEP 688：使緩衝區協定可在 Python 中存取
---------------------------------------

**PEP 688** introduces a way to use the buffer protocol from Python
code. Classes that implement the "__buffer__()" method are now usable
as buffer types.

The new "collections.abc.Buffer" ABC provides a standard way to
represent buffer objects, for example in type annotations. The new
"inspect.BufferFlags" enum represents the flags that can be used to
customize buffer creation. (Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra in
gh-102500.)


PEP 709: Comprehension inlining
-------------------------------

Dictionary, list, and set comprehensions are now inlined, rather than
creating a new single-use function object for each execution of the
comprehension. This speeds up execution of a comprehension by up to
two times. See **PEP 709** for further details.

Comprehension iteration variables remain isolated and don't overwrite
a variable of the same name in the outer scope, nor are they visible
after the comprehension. Inlining does result in a few visible
behavior changes:

* There is no longer a separate frame for the comprehension in
  tracebacks, and tracing/profiling no longer shows the comprehension
  as a function call.

* The "symtable" module will no longer produce child symbol tables for
  each comprehension; instead, the comprehension's locals will be
  included in the parent function's symbol table.

* Calling "locals()" inside a comprehension now includes variables
  from outside the comprehension, and no longer includes the synthetic
  ".0" variable for the comprehension "argument".

* A comprehension iterating directly over "locals()" (e.g. "[k for k
  in locals()]") may see "RuntimeError: dictionary changed size during
  iteration" when run under tracing (e.g. code coverage measurement).
  This is the same behavior already seen in e.g. "for k in locals():".
  To avoid the error, first create a list of keys to iterate over:
  "keys = list(locals()); [k for k in keys]".

（由 Carl Meyer 和 Vladimir Matveev 於 **PEP 709** 中貢獻。）


改善錯誤訊息
------------

* Modules from the standard library are now potentially suggested as
  part of the error messages displayed by the interpreter when a
  "NameError" is raised to the top level. (Contributed by Pablo
  Galindo in gh-98254.)

  >>> sys.version_info
  Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  NameError: name 'sys' is not defined. Did you forget to import 'sys'?

* Improve the error suggestion for "NameError" exceptions for
  instances. Now if a "NameError" is raised in a method and the
  instance has an attribute that's exactly equal to the name in the
  exception, the suggestion will include "self.<NAME>" instead of the
  closest match in the method scope. (Contributed by Pablo Galindo in
  gh-99139.)

  >>> class A:
  ...    def __init__(self):
  ...        self.blech = 1
  ...
  ...    def foo(self):
  ...        somethin = blech
  ...
  >>> A().foo()
  Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "<stdin>", line 1
      somethin = blech
                 ^^^^^
  NameError: name 'blech' is not defined. Did you mean: 'self.blech'?

* Improve the "SyntaxError" error message when the user types "import
  x from y" instead of "from y import x". (Contributed by Pablo
  Galindo in gh-98931.)

  >>> import a.y.z from b.y.z
  Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "<stdin>", line 1
      import a.y.z from b.y.z
      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  SyntaxError: Did you mean to use 'from ... import ...' instead?

* "ImportError" exceptions raised from failed "from <module> import
  <name>" statements now include suggestions for the value of "<name>"
  based on the available names in "<module>". (Contributed by Pablo
  Galindo in gh-91058.)

  >>> from collections import chainmap
  Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  ImportError: cannot import name 'chainmap' from 'collections'. Did you mean: 'ChainMap'?


型別提示相關的新特性
====================

本節涵蓋了影響**型別提示**和 "typing" 模組的主要變更。


PEP 692: Using "TypedDict" for more precise "**kwargs" typing
-------------------------------------------------------------

Typing "**kwargs" in a function signature as introduced by **PEP 484**
allowed for valid annotations only in cases where all of the
"**kwargs" were of the same type.

**PEP 692** specifies a more precise way of typing "**kwargs" by
relying on typed dictionaries:

   from typing import TypedDict, Unpack

   class Movie(TypedDict):
     name: str
     year: int

   def foo(**kwargs: Unpack[Movie]): ...

詳情請見 **PEP 692**。

（由 Franek Magiera 於 gh-103629 中貢獻。）


PEP 698：覆蓋靜態型別的裝飾器
-----------------------------

A new decorator "typing.override()" has been added to the "typing"
module. It indicates to type checkers that the method is intended to
override a method in a superclass. This allows type checkers to catch
mistakes where a method that is intended to override something in a
base class does not in fact do so.

範例：

   from typing import override

   class Base:
     def get_color(self) -> str:
       return "blue"

   class GoodChild(Base):
     @override  # ok：覆寫 Base.get_color
     def get_color(self) -> str:
       return "yellow"

   class BadChild(Base):
     @override  # 型別檢查錯誤：未覆寫 Base.get_color
     def get_colour(self) -> str:
       return "red"

詳情請見 **PEP 698**。

（由 Steven Troxler 於 gh-101561 中貢獻。）


其他語言更動
============

* The parser now raises "SyntaxError" when parsing source code
  containing null bytes. (Contributed by Pablo Galindo in gh-96670.)

* A backslash-character pair that is not a valid escape sequence now
  generates a "SyntaxWarning", instead of "DeprecationWarning". For
  example, "re.compile("\d+\.\d+")" now emits a "SyntaxWarning"
  (""\d"" is an invalid escape sequence, use raw strings for regular
  expression: "re.compile(r"\d+\.\d+")"). In a future Python version,
  "SyntaxError" will eventually be raised, instead of "SyntaxWarning".
  (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-98401.)

* Octal escapes with value larger than "0o377" (ex: ""\477""),
  deprecated in Python 3.11, now produce a "SyntaxWarning", instead of
  "DeprecationWarning". In a future Python version they will be
  eventually a "SyntaxError". (Contributed by Victor Stinner in
  gh-98401.)

* Variables used in the target part of comprehensions that are not
  stored to can now be used in assignment expressions (":="). For
  example, in "[(b := 1) for a, b.prop in some_iter]", the assignment
  to "b" is now allowed. Note that assigning to variables stored to in
  the target part of comprehensions (like "a") is still disallowed, as
  per **PEP 572**. (Contributed by Nikita Sobolev in gh-100581.)

* Exceptions raised in a class or type's "__set_name__" method are no
  longer wrapped by a "RuntimeError". Context information is added to
  the exception as a **PEP 678** note. (Contributed by Irit Katriel in
  gh-77757.)

* When a "try-except*" construct handles the entire "ExceptionGroup"
  and raises one other exception, that exception is no longer wrapped
  in an "ExceptionGroup". Also changed in version 3.11.4. (Contributed
  by Irit Katriel in gh-103590.)

* The Garbage Collector now runs only on the eval breaker mechanism of
  the Python bytecode evaluation loop instead of object allocations.
  The GC can also run when "PyErr_CheckSignals()" is called so C
  extensions that need to run for a long time without executing any
  Python code also have a chance to execute the GC periodically.
  (Contributed by Pablo Galindo in gh-97922.)

* All builtin and extension callables expecting boolean parameters now
  accept arguments of any type instead of just "bool" and "int".
  (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-60203.)

* "memoryview" now supports the half-float type (the "e" format code).
  (Contributed by Donghee Na and Antoine Pitrou in gh-90751.)

* "slice" objects are now hashable, allowing them to be used as dict
  keys and set items. (Contributed by Will Bradshaw, Furkan Onder, and
  Raymond Hettinger in gh-101264.)

* "sum()" now uses Neumaier summation to improve accuracy and
  commutativity when summing floats or mixed ints and floats.
  (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger in gh-100425.)

* "ast.parse()" now raises "SyntaxError" instead of "ValueError" when
  parsing source code containing null bytes. (Contributed by Pablo
  Galindo in gh-96670.)

* The extraction methods in "tarfile", and "shutil.unpack_archive()",
  have a new a *filter* argument that allows limiting tar features
  than may be surprising or dangerous, such as creating files outside
  the destination directory. See tarfile extraction filters for
  details. In Python 3.14, the default will switch to "'data'".
  (Contributed by Petr Viktorin in **PEP 706**.)

* "types.MappingProxyType" instances are now hashable if the
  underlying mapping is hashable. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in
  gh-87995.)

* 透過新的環境變數 "PYTHONPERFSUPPORT" 和命令列選項 "-X perf" 以及新的
  "sys.activate_stack_trampoline()"、
  "sys.deactivate_stack_trampoline()" 和
  "sys.is_stack_trampoline_active()" 函式，新增對效能分析器的支援。（
  由 Pablo Galindo 設計。由 Pablo Galindo 和 Christian Heimes 貢獻，
  Gregory P. Smith [Google] 和 Mark Shannon 在 gh-96123 中也有貢獻。）


新增模組
========

* 無。


改進的模組
==========


array
-----

* The "array.array" class now supports subscripting, making it a
  *generic type*. (Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra in gh-98658.)


asyncio
-------

* The performance of writing to sockets in "asyncio" has been
  significantly improved. "asyncio" now avoids unnecessary copying
  when writing to sockets and uses "sendmsg()" if the platform
  supports it. (Contributed by Kumar Aditya in gh-91166.)

* Add "asyncio.eager_task_factory()" and
  "asyncio.create_eager_task_factory()" functions to allow opting an
  event loop in to eager task execution, making some use-cases 2x to
  5x faster. (Contributed by Jacob Bower & Itamar Oren in gh-102853,
  gh-104140, and gh-104138)

* On Linux, "asyncio" uses "asyncio.PidfdChildWatcher" by default if
  "os.pidfd_open()" is available and functional instead of
  "asyncio.ThreadedChildWatcher". (Contributed by Kumar Aditya in
  gh-98024.)

* The event loop now uses the best available child watcher for each
  platform ("asyncio.PidfdChildWatcher" if supported and
  "asyncio.ThreadedChildWatcher" otherwise), so manually configuring a
  child watcher is not recommended. (Contributed by Kumar Aditya in
  gh-94597.)

* Add *loop_factory* parameter to "asyncio.run()" to allow specifying
  a custom event loop factory. (Contributed by Kumar Aditya in
  gh-99388.)

* Add C implementation of "asyncio.current_task()" for 4x-6x speedup.
  (Contributed by Itamar Oren and Pranav Thulasiram Bhat in
  gh-100344.)

* "asyncio.iscoroutine()" now returns "False" for generators as
  "asyncio" does not support legacy generator-based coroutines.
  (Contributed by Kumar Aditya in gh-102748.)

* "asyncio.wait()" and "asyncio.as_completed()" now accepts generators
  yielding tasks. (Contributed by Kumar Aditya in gh-78530.)


calendar
--------

* Add enums "calendar.Month" and "calendar.Day" defining months of the
  year and days of the week. (Contributed by Prince Roshan in
  gh-103636.)


csv
---

* Add "csv.QUOTE_NOTNULL" and "csv.QUOTE_STRINGS" flags to provide
  finer grained control of "None" and empty strings by "reader" and
  "writer" objects.


dis
---

* Pseudo instruction opcodes (which are used by the compiler but do
  not appear in executable bytecode) are now exposed in the "dis"
  module. "HAVE_ARGUMENT" is still relevant to real opcodes, but it is
  not useful for pseudo instructions. Use the new "dis.hasarg"
  collection instead. (Contributed by Irit Katriel in gh-94216.)

* Add the "dis.hasexc" collection to signify instructions that set an
  exception handler. (Contributed by Irit Katriel in gh-94216.)


fractions
---------

* Objects of type "fractions.Fraction" now support float-style
  formatting. (Contributed by Mark Dickinson in gh-100161.)


importlib.resources
-------------------

* "importlib.resources.as_file()" 現在支援資源目錄。（由 Jason R.
  Coombs 於 gh-97930 中貢獻。）

* 將 "importlib.resources.files()" 的第一個參數重新命名為 *anchor*。（
  由 Jason R. Coombs 於 gh-100598 中貢獻。）


inspect
-------

* 新增 "inspect.markcoroutinefunction()" 以標記會回傳 *coroutine* 的同
  步函式，以供 "inspect.iscoroutinefunction()" 使用。（由 Carlton
  Gibson 於 gh-99247 中貢獻。）

* 新增 "inspect.getasyncgenstate()" 和 "inspect.getasyncgenlocals()"
  以確定非同步產生器的目前狀態。（由 Thomas Krennwallner 於 gh-79940
  中貢獻。）

* "inspect.getattr_static()" 的效能已大幅改善。大多數對該函式的呼叫應
  該比 Python 3.11 中快至少 2 倍。（由 Alex Waygood 於 gh-103193 中貢
  獻。）


itertools
---------

* 新增 "itertools.batched()" 以將元素收集到大小均等的元組中，其中最後
  一批次可能比其他的少。（由 Raymond Hettinger 於 gh-98363 中貢獻。）


math
----

* 新增 "math.sumprod()" 以計算乘積總和。（由 Raymond Hettinger 於
  gh-100485 中貢獻。）

* Extend "math.nextafter()" to include a *steps* argument for moving
  up or down multiple steps at a time. (Contributed by Matthias
  Goergens, Mark Dickinson, and Raymond Hettinger in gh-94906.)


os
--

* Add "os.PIDFD_NONBLOCK" to open a file descriptor for a process with
  "os.pidfd_open()" in non-blocking mode. (Contributed by Kumar Aditya
  in gh-93312.)

* "os.DirEntry" now includes an "os.DirEntry.is_junction()" method to
  check if the entry is a junction. (Contributed by Charles Machalow
  in gh-99547.)

* Add "os.listdrives()", "os.listvolumes()" and "os.listmounts()"
  functions on Windows for enumerating drives, volumes and mount
  points. (Contributed by Steve Dower in gh-102519.)

* "os.stat()" and "os.lstat()" are now more accurate on Windows. The
  "st_birthtime" field will now be filled with the creation time of
  the file, and "st_ctime" is deprecated but still contains the
  creation time (but in the future will return the last metadata
  change, for consistency with other platforms). "st_dev" may be up to
  64 bits and "st_ino" up to 128 bits depending on your file system,
  and "st_rdev" is always set to zero rather than incorrect values.
  Both functions may be significantly faster on newer releases of
  Windows. (Contributed by Steve Dower in gh-99726.)


os.path
-------

* 新增 "os.path.isjunction()" 以檢查給定路徑是否為連結點 (junction)。
  （由 Charles Machalow 於 gh-99547 中貢獻。）

* 新增 "os.path.splitroot()" 以將路徑分割為三元組 "(drive, root,
  tail)"。（由 Barney Gale 於 gh-101000 中貢獻。）


pathlib
-------

* Add support for subclassing "pathlib.PurePath" and "pathlib.Path",
  plus their Posix- and Windows-specific variants. Subclasses may
  override the "pathlib.PurePath.with_segments()" method to pass
  information between path instances.

* Add "pathlib.Path.walk()" for walking the directory trees and
  generating all file or directory names within them, similar to
  "os.walk()". (Contributed by Stanislav Zmiev in gh-90385.)

* Add *walk_up* optional parameter to "pathlib.PurePath.relative_to()"
  to allow the insertion of ".." entries in the result; this behavior
  is more consistent with "os.path.relpath()". (Contributed by
  Domenico Ragusa in gh-84538.)

* Add "pathlib.Path.is_junction()" as a proxy to
  "os.path.isjunction()". (Contributed by Charles Machalow in
  gh-99547.)

* Add *case_sensitive* optional parameter to "pathlib.Path.glob()",
  "pathlib.Path.rglob()" and "pathlib.PurePath.match()" for matching
  the path's case sensitivity, allowing for more precise control over
  the matching process.


platform
--------

* Add support for detecting Windows 11 and Windows Server releases
  past 2012. Previously, lookups on Windows Server platforms newer
  than Windows Server 2012 and on Windows 11 would return
  "Windows-10". (Contributed by Steve Dower in gh-89545.)


pdb
---

* Add convenience variables to hold values temporarily for debug
  session and provide quick access to values like the current frame or
  the return value. (Contributed by Tian Gao in gh-103693.)


random
------

* 新增 "random.binomialvariate()"。（由 Raymond Hettinger 於 gh-81620
  中貢獻。）

* 將預設值 "lambd=1.0" 加入至 "random.expovariate()" 中。（由 Raymond
  Hettinger 在 gh-100234 中貢獻。）


shutil
------

* "shutil.make_archive()" now passes the *root_dir* argument to custom
  archivers which support it. In this case it no longer temporarily
  changes the current working directory of the process to *root_dir*
  to perform archiving. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-74696.)

* "shutil.rmtree()" now accepts a new argument *onexc* which is an
  error handler like *onerror* but which expects an exception instance
  rather than a *(typ, val, tb)* triplet. *onerror* is deprecated.
  (Contributed by Irit Katriel in gh-102828.)

* "shutil.which()" now consults the *PATHEXT* environment variable to
  find matches within *PATH* on Windows even when the given *cmd*
  includes a directory component. (Contributed by Charles Machalow in
  gh-103179.)

  "shutil.which()" will call "NeedCurrentDirectoryForExePathW" when
  querying for executables on Windows to determine if the current
  working directory should be prepended to the search path.
  (Contributed by Charles Machalow in gh-103179.)

  "shutil.which()" will return a path matching the *cmd* with a
  component from "PATHEXT" prior to a direct match elsewhere in the
  search path on Windows. (Contributed by Charles Machalow in
  gh-103179.)


sqlite3
-------

* 新增命令列介面。（由 Erlend E. Aasland 於 gh-77617 中貢獻。）

* Add the "sqlite3.Connection.autocommit" attribute to
  "sqlite3.Connection" and the *autocommit* parameter to
  "sqlite3.connect()" to control **PEP 249**-compliant transaction
  handling. (Contributed by Erlend E. Aasland in gh-83638.)

* Add *entrypoint* keyword-only parameter to
  "sqlite3.Connection.load_extension()", for overriding the SQLite
  extension entry point. (Contributed by Erlend E. Aasland in
  gh-103015.)

* Add "sqlite3.Connection.getconfig()" and
  "sqlite3.Connection.setconfig()" to "sqlite3.Connection" to make
  configuration changes to a database connection. (Contributed by
  Erlend E. Aasland in gh-103489.)


statistics
----------

* Extend "statistics.correlation()" to include as a "ranked" method
  for computing the Spearman correlation of ranked data. (Contributed
  by Raymond Hettinger in gh-95861.)


sys
---

* Add the "sys.monitoring" namespace to expose the new PEP 669
  monitoring API. (Contributed by Mark Shannon in gh-103082.)

* Add "sys.activate_stack_trampoline()" and
  "sys.deactivate_stack_trampoline()" for activating and deactivating
  stack profiler trampolines, and "sys.is_stack_trampoline_active()"
  for querying if stack profiler trampolines are active. (Contributed
  by Pablo Galindo and Christian Heimes with contributions from
  Gregory P. Smith [Google] and Mark Shannon in gh-96123.)

* Add "sys.last_exc" which holds the last unhandled exception that was
  raised (for post-mortem debugging use cases). Deprecate the three
  fields that have the same information in its legacy form:
  "sys.last_type", "sys.last_value" and "sys.last_traceback".
  (Contributed by Irit Katriel in gh-102778.)

* "sys._current_exceptions()" now returns a mapping from thread-id to
  an exception instance, rather than to a "(typ, exc, tb)" tuple.
  (Contributed by Irit Katriel in gh-103176.)

* "sys.setrecursionlimit()" and "sys.getrecursionlimit()". The
  recursion limit now applies only to Python code. Builtin functions
  do not use the recursion limit, but are protected by a different
  mechanism that prevents recursion from causing a virtual machine
  crash.


tempfile
--------

* "tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile" 函式新增了一個選擇性參數
  *delete_on_close* （由 Evgeny Zorin 於 gh-58451 中貢獻。）

* "tempfile.mkdtemp()" 現在總是會傳回絕對路徑，即使提供給 *dir* 參數的
  引數是相對路徑。


threading
---------

* Add "threading.settrace_all_threads()" and
  "threading.setprofile_all_threads()" that allow to set tracing and
  profiling functions in all running threads in addition to the
  calling one. (Contributed by Pablo Galindo in gh-93503.)


tkinter
-------

* "tkinter.Canvas.coords()" now flattens its arguments. It now accepts
  not only coordinates as separate arguments ("x1, y1, x2, y2, ...")
  and a sequence of coordinates ("[x1, y1, x2, y2, ...]"), but also
  coordinates grouped in pairs ("(x1, y1), (x2, y2), ..." and "[(x1,
  y1), (x2, y2), ...]"), like "create_*()" methods. (Contributed by
  Serhiy Storchaka in gh-94473.)


tokenize
--------

* The "tokenize" module includes the changes introduced in **PEP
  701**. (Contributed by Marta Gómez Macías and Pablo Galindo in
  gh-102856.) See 移植至 Python 3.12 for more information on the
  changes to the "tokenize" module.


types
-----

* Add "types.get_original_bases()" to allow for further introspection
  of 使用者定義泛型型別 when subclassed. (Contributed by James Hilton-
  Balfe and Alex Waygood in gh-101827.)


typing
------

* "isinstance()" checks against "runtime-checkable protocols" now use
  "inspect.getattr_static()" rather than "hasattr()" to lookup whether
  attributes exist. This means that descriptors and "__getattr__()"
  methods are no longer unexpectedly evaluated during "isinstance()"
  checks against runtime-checkable protocols. However, it may also
  mean that some objects which used to be considered instances of a
  runtime-checkable protocol may no longer be considered instances of
  that protocol on Python 3.12+, and vice versa. Most users are
  unlikely to be affected by this change. (Contributed by Alex Waygood
  in gh-102433.)

* The members of a runtime-checkable protocol are now considered
  "frozen" at runtime as soon as the class has been created. Monkey-
  patching attributes onto a runtime-checkable protocol will still
  work, but will have no impact on "isinstance()" checks comparing
  objects to the protocol. For example:

     >>> from typing import Protocol, runtime_checkable
     >>> @runtime_checkable
     ... class HasX(Protocol):
     ...     x = 1
     ...
     >>> class Foo: ...
     ...
     >>> f = Foo()
     >>> isinstance(f, HasX)
     False
     >>> f.x = 1
     >>> isinstance(f, HasX)
     True
     >>> HasX.y = 2
     >>> isinstance(f, HasX)  # 沒有改變，即便 HasX 現在有 "y" 屬性
     True

  This change was made in order to speed up "isinstance()" checks
  against runtime-checkable protocols.

* The performance profile of "isinstance()" checks against "runtime-
  checkable protocols" has changed significantly. Most "isinstance()"
  checks against protocols with only a few members should be at least
  2x faster than in 3.11, and some may be 20x faster or more. However,
  "isinstance()" checks against protocols with many members may be
  slower than in Python 3.11. (Contributed by Alex Waygood in gh-74690
  and gh-103193.)

* All "typing.TypedDict" and "typing.NamedTuple" classes now have the
  "__orig_bases__" attribute. (Contributed by Adrian Garcia Badaracco
  in gh-103699.)

* 新增 "frozen_default" 參數至 "typing.dataclass_transform()"。（由
  Erik De Bonte 於 gh-99957 中貢獻。）


unicodedata
-----------

* The Unicode database has been updated to version 15.0.0.
  (Contributed by Benjamin Peterson in gh-96734).


unittest
--------

新增 "--durations" 命令列選項，顯示 N 個最慢的測試案例：

   python3 -m unittest --durations=3 lib.tests.test_threading
   .....
   Slowest test durations
   ----------------------------------------------------------------------
   1.210s     test_timeout (Lib.test.test_threading.BarrierTests)
   1.003s     test_default_timeout (Lib.test.test_threading.BarrierTests)
   0.518s     test_timeout (Lib.test.test_threading.EventTests)

   (0.000 durations hidden.  Use -v to show these durations.)
   ----------------------------------------------------------------------
   Ran 158 tests in 9.869s

   OK (skipped=3)

（由 Giampaolo Rodola 於 gh-48330 中貢獻。）


uuid
----

* 新增一個命令列介面。（由 Adam Chhina 於 gh-88597 中貢獻。）


最佳化
======

* Remove "wstr" and "wstr_length" members from Unicode objects. It
  reduces object size by 8 or 16 bytes on 64bit platform. (**PEP
  623**) (Contributed by Inada Naoki in gh-92536.)

* Add experimental support for using the BOLT binary optimizer in the
  build process, which improves performance by 1-5%. (Contributed by
  Kevin Modzelewski in gh-90536 and tuned by Donghee Na in gh-101525)

* Speed up the regular expression substitution (functions "re.sub()"
  and "re.subn()" and corresponding "re.Pattern" methods) for
  replacement strings containing group references by 2--3 times.
  (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-91524.)

* 透過延遲運算較繁重的字串格式化來加速 "asyncio.Task" 的建立。（由
  Itamar Oren 於 gh-103793 中貢獻。）

* The "tokenize.tokenize()" and "tokenize.generate_tokens()" functions
  are up to 64% faster as a side effect of the changes required to
  cover **PEP 701** in the "tokenize" module. (Contributed by Marta
  Gómez Macías and Pablo Galindo in gh-102856.)

* Speed up "super()" method calls and attribute loads via the new
  "LOAD_SUPER_ATTR" instruction. (Contributed by Carl Meyer and
  Vladimir Matveev in gh-103497.)


CPython 位元組碼變更
====================

* 移除 "LOAD_METHOD" 指令。它已經合併至 "LOAD_ATTR"。"LOAD_ATTR" 現在
  會像舊的 "LOAD_METHOD" 指令一樣行為，如果其 oparg 的低位元 (low bit)
  有被設定。（由 Ken Jin 於 gh-93429 中貢獻。）

* 移除 "JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP" 和 "JUMP_IF_TRUE_OR_POP" 指令。（由 Irit
  Katriel 於 gh-102859 中貢獻。）

* 移除 "PRECALL" 指令。（由 Mark Shannon 於 gh-92925 中貢獻。）

* 新增 "BINARY_SLICE" 和 "STORE_SLICE" 指令。（由 Mark Shannon 於
  gh-94163 中貢獻。）

* 新增 "CALL_INTRINSIC_1" 指令。（由 Mark Shannon 於 gh-99005 中貢獻。
  ）

* 新增 "CALL_INTRINSIC_2" 指令。（由 Irit Katriel 於 gh-101799 中貢獻
  。）

* 新增 "CLEANUP_THROW" 指令。（由 Brandt Bucher 於 gh-90997 中貢獻。）

* 新增 "END_SEND" 指令。（由 Mark Shannon 於 gh-103082 中貢獻。）

* 新增 "LOAD_FAST_AND_CLEAR" 指令作為 **PEP 709** 實作的一部分。（由
  Carl Meyer 於 gh-101441 中貢獻。）

* 新增 "LOAD_FAST_CHECK" 指令。（由 Dennis Sweeney 於 gh-93143 中貢獻
  。）

* 新增 "LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_DEREF"、"LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_GLOBALS" 和
  "LOAD_LOCALS" 操作碼作為 **PEP 695** 實作的一部分。移除
  "LOAD_CLASSDEREF" 操作碼，可以用 "LOAD_LOCALS" 加上
  "LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_DEREF" 來取代。（由 Jelle Zijlstra 於 gh-103764
  中貢獻。）

* 新增 "LOAD_SUPER_ATTR" 指令。（由 Carl Meyer 和 Vladimir Matveev 於
  gh-103497 中貢獻。）

* 新增 "RETURN_CONST" 指令。（由 Wenyang Wang 於 gh-101632 中貢獻。）


Demos and Tools
===============

* Remove the "Tools/demo/" directory which contained old demo scripts.
  A copy can be found in the old-demos project. (Contributed by Victor
  Stinner in gh-97681.)

* Remove outdated example scripts of the "Tools/scripts/" directory. A
  copy can be found in the old-demos project. (Contributed by Victor
  Stinner in gh-97669.)


已棄用
======

* "argparse"："argparse.BooleanOptionalAction" 的 *type*、*choices* 和
  *metavar* 參數已被棄用，將在 3.14 中移除。 (由 Nikita Sobolev 於
  gh-92248 貢獻。)

* "ast"：以下 "ast" 功能自 Python 3.8 起已在文件中被棄用，現在在存取或
  使用時會在 runtime 發出 "DeprecationWarning"，並將在 Python 3.14 中
  移除：

  * "ast.Num"

  * "ast.Str"

  * "ast.Bytes"

  * "ast.NameConstant"

  * "ast.Ellipsis"

  請改用 "ast.Constant"。（由 Serhiy Storchaka 於 gh-90953 貢獻。）

* "asyncio"：

  * 已棄用並將在 Python 3.14 中移除的 child watcher 類別：
    "asyncio.MultiLoopChildWatcher"、"asyncio.FastChildWatcher"、
    "asyncio.AbstractChildWatcher" 和 "asyncio.SafeChildWatcher"。 (由
    Kumar Aditya 於 gh-94597 貢獻。)

  * "asyncio.set_child_watcher()"、"asyncio.get_child_watcher()"、
    "asyncio.AbstractEventLoopPolicy.set_child_watcher()" 和
    "asyncio.AbstractEventLoopPolicy.get_child_watcher()" 已被棄用並將
    在 Python 3.14 中移除。（由 Kumar Aditya 於 gh-94597 貢獻。）

  * 預設事件迴圈策略的 "get_event_loop()" 方法現在會在沒有設定目前事件
    迴圈且決定建立一個時發出 "DeprecationWarning"。 (由 Serhiy
    Storchaka 和 Guido van Rossum 於 gh-100160 貢獻。)

* "calendar"："calendar.January" 和 "calendar.February" 常數已被棄用並
  被 "calendar.JANUARY" 和 "calendar.FEBRUARY" 取代。 (由 Prince
  Roshan 於 gh-103636 貢獻。)

* "collections.abc"：棄用 "collections.abc.ByteString"。

  使用 "isinstance(obj, collections.abc.Buffer)" 來測試 "obj" 是否在
  runtime 實作了緩衝區協定。在型別註解的使用中，請用 "Buffer" 或明確指
  定你的程式碼所支援型別的聯集（例如 "bytes | bytearray | memoryview"
  ）。

  "ByteString" 最初被設計為一個抽象類別，以作為 "bytes" 和 "bytearray"
  的超型別 (supertype)。然而由於 ABC 從未擁有任何方法，知道一個物件是
  "ByteString" 的實例從未真正告訴你任何關於該物件的有用資訊。其他常見
  的緩衝區型別如 "memoryview" 也從未被理解為 "ByteString" 的子型別（無
  論是在 runtime 還是由靜態型別檢查器）。

  更多細節請見 **PEP 688**。（由 Shantanu Jain 於 gh-91896 貢獻。）

* "datetime": "datetime.datetime"'s "utcnow()" and
  "utcfromtimestamp()" are deprecated and will be removed in a future
  version. Instead, use timezone-aware objects to represent datetimes
  in UTC: respectively, call "now()" and "fromtimestamp()"  with the
  *tz* parameter set to "datetime.UTC". (Contributed by Paul Ganssle
  in gh-103857.)

* "email"：棄用 "email.utils.localtime()" 中的 *isdst* 參數。（由 Alan
  Williams 於 gh-72346 中貢獻。）

* "importlib.abc"：棄用下列類別，預定於 Python 3.14 中移除：

  * "importlib.abc.ResourceReader"

  * "importlib.abc.Traversable"

  * "importlib.abc.TraversableResources"

  請改用 "importlib.resources.abc" 類別：

  * "importlib.resources.abc.Traversable"

  * "importlib.resources.abc.TraversableResources"

  （由 Jason R. Coombs 和 Hugo van Kemenade 貢獻於 gh-93963。）

* "itertools": Deprecate the support for copy, deepcopy, and pickle
  operations, which is undocumented, inefficient, historically buggy,
  and inconsistent. This will be removed in 3.14 for a significant
  reduction in code volume and maintenance burden. (Contributed by
  Raymond Hettinger in gh-101588.)

* "multiprocessing": In Python 3.14, the default "multiprocessing"
  start method will change to a safer one on Linux, BSDs, and other
  non-macOS POSIX platforms where "'fork'" is currently the default
  (gh-84559). Adding a runtime warning about this was deemed too
  disruptive as the majority of code is not expected to care. Use the
  "get_context()" or "set_start_method()" APIs to explicitly specify
  when your code *requires* "'fork'".  See contexts and start methods.

* "pkgutil"："pkgutil.find_loader()" 和 "pkgutil.get_loader()" 已被棄
  用並將在 Python 3.14 中移除；請改用 "importlib.util.find_spec()"。（
  由 Nikita Sobolev 於 gh-97850 中貢獻。）

* "pty": The module has two undocumented "master_open()" and
  "slave_open()" functions that have been deprecated since Python 2
  but only gained a proper "DeprecationWarning" in 3.12. Remove them
  in 3.14. (Contributed by Soumendra Ganguly and Gregory P. Smith in
  gh-85984.)

* "os"：

  * The "st_ctime" fields return by "os.stat()" and "os.lstat()" on
    Windows are deprecated. In a future release, they will contain the
    last metadata change time, consistent with other platforms. For
    now, they still contain the creation time, which is also available
    in the new "st_birthtime" field. (Contributed by Steve Dower in
    gh-99726.)

  * On POSIX platforms, "os.fork()" can now raise a
    "DeprecationWarning" when it can detect being called from a
    multithreaded process. There has always been a fundamental
    incompatibility with the POSIX platform when doing so. Even if
    such code *appeared* to work. We added the warning to raise
    awareness as issues encountered by code doing this are becoming
    more frequent. See the "os.fork()" documentation for more details
    along with this discussion on fork being incompatible with threads
    for *why* we're now surfacing this longstanding platform
    compatibility problem to developers.

  When this warning appears due to usage of "multiprocessing" or
  "concurrent.futures" the fix is to use a different "multiprocessing"
  start method such as ""spawn"" or ""forkserver"".

* "shutil"："shutil.rmtree()" 的 *onerror* 引數已被棄用，請改用
  *onexc*。（由 Irit Katriel 於 gh-102828 中貢獻。）

* "sqlite3"：

  * default adapters and converters are now deprecated. Instead, use
    the Adapter and converter recipes and tailor them to your needs.
    (Contributed by Erlend E. Aasland in gh-90016.)

  * In "execute()", "DeprecationWarning" is now emitted when named
    placeholders are used together with parameters supplied as a
    *sequence* instead of as a "dict". Starting from Python 3.14,
    using named placeholders with parameters supplied as a sequence
    will raise a "ProgrammingError". (Contributed by Erlend E. Aasland
    in gh-101698.)

* "sys"："sys.last_type"、"sys.last_value" 和 "sys.last_traceback" 欄
  位已被棄用。請改用 "sys.last_exc"。（由 Irit Katriel 於 gh-102778 中
  貢獻。）

* "tarfile": Extracting tar archives without specifying *filter* is
  deprecated until Python 3.14, when "'data'" filter will become the
  default. See 解壓縮篩選器 for details.

* "typing"：

  * "typing.Hashable" and "typing.Sized", aliases for
    "collections.abc.Hashable" and "collections.abc.Sized"
    respectively, are deprecated. (gh-94309.)

  * 自 Python 3.9 起已被棄用的 "typing.ByteString" 現在在使用時會發出
    "DeprecationWarning"。（由 Alex Waygood 於 gh-91896 中貢獻。）

* "xml.etree.ElementTree": The module now emits "DeprecationWarning"
  when testing the truth value of an "xml.etree.ElementTree.Element".
  Before, the Python implementation emitted "FutureWarning", and the C
  implementation emitted nothing. (Contributed by Jacob Walls in
  gh-83122.)

* The 3-arg signatures (type, value, traceback) of "coroutine
  throw()", "generator throw()" and "async generator throw()" are
  deprecated and may be removed in a future version of Python. Use the
  single-arg versions of these functions instead. (Contributed by Ofey
  Chan in gh-89874.)

* "DeprecationWarning" is now raised when "__package__" on a module
  differs from "__spec__.parent" (previously it was "ImportWarning").
  (Contributed by Brett Cannon in gh-65961.)

* Setting "__package__" or "__cached__" on a module is deprecated, and
  will cease to be set or taken into consideration by the import
  system in Python 3.14. (Contributed by Brett Cannon in gh-65961.)

* The bitwise inversion operator ("~") on bool is deprecated. It will
  throw an error in Python 3.16. Use "not" for logical negation of
  bools instead. In the rare case that you really need the bitwise
  inversion of the underlying "int", convert to int explicitly:
  "~int(x)". (Contributed by Tim Hoffmann in gh-103487.)

* 自 3.10 起，於程式碼物件存取 "co_lnotab" 的功能已在 **PEP 626** 中被
  棄用，但只在 3.12 中於適時發出 "DeprecationWarning"。可能在 3.15 中
  移除。（由 Nikita Sobolev 於 gh-101866 貢獻。）


Python 3.13 中待移除的項目
--------------------------

模組（請見 **PEP 594**）：

* "aifc"

* "audioop"

* "cgi"

* "cgitb"

* "chunk"

* "crypt"

* "imghdr"

* "mailcap"

* "msilib"

* "nis"

* "nntplib"

* "ossaudiodev"

* "pipes"

* "sndhdr"

* "spwd"

* "sunau"

* "telnetlib"

* "uu"

* "xdrlib"

其他模組：

* "lib2to3" 和 **2to3** 程式 (gh-84540)

API：

* "configparser.LegacyInterpolation" (gh-90765)

* "locale.resetlocale()" (gh-90817)

* "turtle.RawTurtle.settiltangle()" (gh-50096)

* "unittest.findTestCases()" (gh-50096)

* "unittest.getTestCaseNames()" (gh-50096)

* "unittest.makeSuite()" (gh-50096)

* "unittest.TestProgram.usageExit()" (gh-67048)

* "webbrowser.MacOSX" (gh-86421)

* "classmethod" 描述器鏈接 (gh-89519)


Python 3.14 中待移除的項目
--------------------------

* "argparse"："argparse.BooleanOptionalAction" 的 *type*、*choices* 和
  *metavar* 參數已被棄用，將在 3.14 中移除。 (由 Nikita Sobolev 於
  gh-92248 貢獻。)

* "ast"：自 Python 3.8 起，下列功能已在文件中被棄用，現在在存取或使用
  時會於 runtime 發出 "DeprecationWarning"，並將在 Python 3.14 中移除
  ：

  * "ast.Num"

  * "ast.Str"

  * "ast.Bytes"

  * "ast.NameConstant"

  * "ast.Ellipsis"

  請改用 "ast.Constant"。（由 Serhiy Storchaka 於 gh-90953 貢獻。）

* "asyncio"：

  * 已棄用並將在 Python 3.14 中移除的 child watcher 類別：
    "asyncio.MultiLoopChildWatcher"、"asyncio.FastChildWatcher"、
    "asyncio.AbstractChildWatcher" 和 "asyncio.SafeChildWatcher"。 (由
    Kumar Aditya 於 gh-94597 貢獻。)

  * "asyncio.set_child_watcher()"、"asyncio.get_child_watcher()"、
    "asyncio.AbstractEventLoopPolicy.set_child_watcher()" 和
    "asyncio.AbstractEventLoopPolicy.get_child_watcher()" 已被棄用並將
    在 Python 3.14 中移除。（由 Kumar Aditya 於 gh-94597 貢獻。）

  * 預設事件迴圈策略的 "get_event_loop()" 方法現在會在沒有設定目前事件
    迴圈且決定建立一個時發出 "DeprecationWarning"。 (由 Serhiy
    Storchaka 和 Guido van Rossum 於 gh-100160 貢獻。)

* "email"：已棄用 "email.utils.localtime()" 中的 *isdst* 參數。（由
  Alan Williams 於 gh-72346 貢獻。）

* "importlib.abc" 的已棄用類別：

  * "importlib.abc.ResourceReader"

  * "importlib.abc.Traversable"

  * "importlib.abc.TraversableResources"

  請改用 "importlib.resources.abc" 類別：

  * "importlib.resources.abc.Traversable"

  * "importlib.resources.abc.TraversableResources"

  （由 Jason R. Coombs 和 Hugo van Kemenade 貢獻於 gh-93963。）

* "itertools" 有不以文件記錄、效率低下、過去常有 bug 且不一致的 copy、
  deepcopy 和 pickle 操作支援。將在 3.14 中移除以大幅減少程式碼量和維
  護負擔。 (由 Raymond Hettinger 於 gh-101588 貢獻。)

* "multiprocessing"：預設的啟動方法將在 Linux、BSD 和其他非 macOS
  POSIX 平台上更改為更安全的 方法，目前 "'fork'" 是預設值 (gh-84559)。
  對此增加一個 runtime 警告被認為太過擾人，因為 大多數程式碼不會在意。
  請使用 "get_context()" 或 "set_start_method()" API 來明確指定你的程
  式碼何時*需要* "'fork'"。請參閱 Contexts and start methods。

* "pathlib"：已棄用 "is_relative_to()" 和 "relative_to()"：額外引數的
  傳遞已被棄用。

* "pkgutil"："pkgutil.find_loader()" 和 "pkgutil.get_loader()" 現在會
  引發 "DeprecationWarning"；請改用 "importlib.util.find_spec()"。 (由
  Nikita Sobolev 於 gh-97850 貢獻。)

* "pty"：

  * "master_open()"：請用 "pty.openpty()"。

  * "slave_open()"：請用 "pty.openpty()"。

* "sqlite3"：

  * "version" 和 "version_info"。

  * "execute()" 和 "executemany()"，如果使用 named placeholders 且
    *parameters* 是序列而不是 "dict"。

* "urllib"："urllib.parse.Quoter" 已被棄用：它並非預期的公開 API。(由
  Gregory P. Smith 於 gh-88168 貢獻。)


Python 3.15 中待移除的項目
--------------------------

* 引入系統 (import system)：

  * 在模組上設定 "__cached__" 而沒有設定 "__spec__.cached" 的做法已被
    棄用。在 Python 3.15 中，引入系統或標準函式庫將不再設定或考慮
    "__cached__"。(gh-97879)

  * 在模組上設定 "__package__" 而沒有設定 "__spec__.parent" 的做法已被
    棄用。在 Python 3.15 中，引入系統或標準函式庫將不再設定或考慮
    "__package__"。(gh-97879)

* "ctypes"：

  * 自 Python 3.13 起，未記錄的 "ctypes.SetPointerType()" 函式已被棄用
    。

* "http.server"：

  * 過時且很少使用的 "CGIHTTPRequestHandler" 自 Python 3.13 起已被棄用
    。不存在直接的替代。*任何東西*都比 CGI 更好地將 Web 伺服器與請求處
    理程序介接起來。

  * 自 Python 3.13 起，**python -m http.server** 命令列介面的 "--cgi"
    旗標已被棄用。

* "importlib"：

  * "load_module()" method：請改用 "exec_module()"。

* "locale"：

  * "getdefaultlocale()" 已在 Python 3.11 中被棄用，原本計劃在 Python
    3.13 中移除 (gh-90817)，但被延後至 Python 3.15。請改用
    "getlocale()"、"setlocale()" 和 "getencoding()"。 (由 Hugo van
    Kemenade 於 gh-111187 貢獻。)

* "pathlib"：

  * "PurePath.is_reserved()" 已自 Python 3.13 被棄用。請用
    "os.path.isreserved()" 來偵測 Windows 上的保留路徑。

* "platform"：

  * 自 Python 3.13 起，"java_ver()" 已被棄用。此函式僅對 Jython 支援有
    用，具有令人困惑的 API，基本上未經測試。

* "sysconfig"：

  * "sysconfig.is_python_build()" 的 *check_home* 引數自 Python 3.12
    起已被棄用。

* "threading"：

  * "RLock()" 在 Python 3.15 中將不接受任何引數。自 Python 3.14 起，傳
    遞任何引數的用法已被棄用，因為 Python 版本不允許任何引數，但 C 版
    本允許任意數量的位置或關鍵字引數，並忽略每個引數。

* "types"：

  * "types.CodeType"：自 3.10 起，存取 "co_lnotab" 已在 **PEP 626** 中
    被棄用，並計劃在 3.12 中移除，但只在 3.12 中於適當時發出
    "DeprecationWarning"。可能在 3.15 中移除。（由 Nikita Sobolev 於
    gh-101866 貢獻。）

* "typing"：

  * 用於建立 "NamedTuple" 類別的未以文件記錄之關鍵字引數語法 ("Point =
    NamedTuple("Point", x=int, y=int)") 已自 Python 3.13 棄用。請改用
    基於類別的語法或函式語法 (functional syntax)。

  * 當使用 "TypedDict" 的函式語法時，未傳遞值給 *fields* 參數 ("TD =
    TypedDict("TD")") 或傳遞 "None" ("TD = TypedDict("TD", None)") 的
    做法自 Python 3.13 起已被棄用。請使用 "class TD(TypedDict): pass"
    或 "TD = TypedDict("TD", {})" 來建立具有零個欄位的 TypedDict。

  * 自 Python 3.13 起，"typing.no_type_check_decorator()" 裝飾器函式已
    被棄用。在 "typing" 模組中使用了八年之後，它尚未得到任何主要型別檢
    查器的支援。

* "wave"：

  * 已棄用 "Wave_read" 和 "Wave_write" 類別的 "getmark()"、"setmark()"
    和 "getmarkers()" 方法自 Python 3.13 被棄用。

* "zipimport"：

  * "load_module()" 自 Python 3.10 被棄用。請改用 "exec_module()"。（
    由 Jiahao Li 於 gh-125746 貢獻。）


Python 3.16 中待移除的項目
--------------------------

* 引入系統 (import system)：

  * 在模組上設定 "__loader__" 而沒有設定 "__spec__.loader" 的做法將於
    Python 3.16 被棄用。在 Python 3.16 中，引入系統或標準函式庫將不再
    設定或考慮 "__loader__"。

* "array"：

  * 自 Python 3.3 起，"'u'" 格式碼 ("wchar_t") 在文件中已被棄用，自
    Python 3.13 起在 runtime 已被棄用。請使用 "'w'" 格式碼 ("Py_UCS4")
    來取代 Unicode 字元。

* "asyncio"：

  * "asyncio.iscoroutinefunction()" 已被棄用並將在 Python 3.16 中移除
    ；請改用 "inspect.iscoroutinefunction()"。（由 Jiahao Li 和 Kumar
    Aditya 於 gh-122875 貢獻。）

  * "asyncio" 策略系統已被棄用並將在 Python 3.16 中移除。特別是以下類
    別和函式已被棄用：

    * "asyncio.AbstractEventLoopPolicy"

    * "asyncio.DefaultEventLoopPolicy"

    * "asyncio.WindowsSelectorEventLoopPolicy"

    * "asyncio.WindowsProactorEventLoopPolicy"

    * "asyncio.get_event_loop_policy()"

    * "asyncio.set_event_loop_policy()"

    使用者應該使用 "asyncio.run()" 或 "asyncio.Runner" 搭配
    *loop_factory* 來使用所需的事件迴圈實作。

    例如在 Windows 上使用 "asyncio.SelectorEventLoop"：

       import asyncio

       async def main():
           ...

       asyncio.run(main(), loop_factory=asyncio.SelectorEventLoop)

    （由 Kumar Aditya 於 gh-127949 貢獻。）

* "builtins"：

  * 自 Python 3.12 起，布林型別的位元反轉 "~True" 或 "~False" 已被棄用
    ，因為它會產生不預期且不直觀的結果（"-2" 和 "-1"）。使用 "not x"
    代替布林值的邏輯否定。在極少數情況下，你需要對底層的整數進行位元反
    轉，請明確轉換為 "~int(x)" ("~int(x)")。

* "functools"：

  * 自 Python 3.14 起，使用 *function* 或 *sequence* 關鍵字引數呼叫
    "functools.reduce()" 的 Python 實作已被棄用。

* "logging"：

  對具有 *strm* 引數的自訂日誌記錄處理函式的支援已被棄用，並計劃在
  Python 3.16 中移除。請改用 *stream* 引數。（由 Mariusz Felisiak 於
  gh-115032 貢獻。）

* "mimetypes"：

  * 有效的副檔名以 '.' 開頭或對 "mimetypes.MimeTypes.add_type()" 為空
    字串。未加點的副檔名已被棄用，並將在 Python 3.16 中引發
    "ValueError"。（由 Hugo van Kemenade 於 gh-75223 貢獻。）

* "shutil"：

  * 自 Python 3.14 起，"ExecError" 例外已被棄用。自 Python 3.4 以來，
    它尚未被 "shutil" 中的任何函式使用，現在是 "RuntimeError" 的別名。

* "symtable"：

  * 自 Python 3.14 起，"Class.get_methods" 方法已被棄用。

* "sys"：

  * 自 Python 3.13 起，"_enablelegacywindowsfsencoding()" 函式已被棄用
    。請改用 "PYTHONLEGACYWINDOWSFSENCODING" 環境變數。

* "sysconfig"：

  * 自 Python 3.14 起，"sysconfig.expand_makefile_vars()" 函式已被棄用
    。請改用 "sysconfig.get_paths()" 的 "vars" 引數。

* "tarfile"：

  * 自 Python 3.13 起，未以文件記錄和未被使用的 "TarFile.tarfile" 屬性
    已被棄用。


Python 3.17 中待移除的項目
--------------------------

* "collections.abc"：

  * "collections.abc.ByteString" 預計在 Python 3.17 中移除。

    使用 "isinstance(obj, collections.abc.Buffer)" 來測試 "obj" 是否在
    runtime 實作了緩衝區協定。在型別註解的使用中，請用 "Buffer" 或明確
    指定你的程式碼所支援型別的聯集（例如 "bytes | bytearray |
    memoryview"）。

    "ByteString" 最初被設計為一個抽象類別，以作為 "bytes" 和
    "bytearray" 的超型別 (supertype)。然而由於 ABC 從未擁有任何方法，
    知道一個物件是 "ByteString" 的實例從未真正告訴你任何關於該物件的有
    用資訊。其他常見的緩衝區型別如 "memoryview" 也從未被理解為
    "ByteString" 的子型別（無論是在 runtime 還是由靜態型別檢查器）。

    更多細節請見 **PEP 688**。（由 Shantanu Jain 於 gh-91896 貢獻。）

* "typing"：

  * 在 Python 3.14 之前，舊式聯集是使用私有類別
    "typing._UnionGenericAlias" 實作的。這個類別不再被需要，但為了向後
    相容性而保留，並計劃將在 Python 3.17 中移除。使用者應該改用文件中
    記錄的內省輔助函式，例如 "typing.get_origin()" 和
    "typing.get_args()"，或者依賴私有實作細節。

  * "typing.ByteString" 自 Python 3.9 起已被棄用，預計在 Python 3.17
    中移除。

    使用 "isinstance(obj, collections.abc.Buffer)" 來測試 "obj" 是否在
    runtime 實作了緩衝區協定。在型別註解的使用中，請用 "Buffer" 或明確
    指定你的程式碼所支援型別的聯集（例如 "bytes | bytearray |
    memoryview"）。

    "ByteString" 最初被設計為一個抽象類別，以作為 "bytes" 和
    "bytearray" 的超型別 (supertype)。然而由於 ABC 從未擁有任何方法，
    知道一個物件是 "ByteString" 的實例從未真正告訴你任何關於該物件的有
    用資訊。其他常見的緩衝區型別如 "memoryview" 也從未被理解為
    "ByteString" 的子型別（無論是在 runtime 還是由靜態型別檢查器）。

    更多細節請見 **PEP 688**。（由 Shantanu Jain 於 gh-91896 貢獻。）


未來版本中的待移除項目
----------------------

以下 API 將在未來被移除，雖然目前尚未安排移除日期。

* "argparse"：

  * 巢狀引數群組和巢狀互斥群組已被棄用。

  * 將未以文件記錄的關鍵字引數 *prefix_chars* 傳遞給
    "add_argument_group()" 的做法現在已被棄用。

  * "argparse.FileType" 型別轉換器已被棄用。

* "builtins"：

  * 產生器："throw(type, exc, tb)" 和 "athrow(type, exc, tb)" 簽名已被
    棄用：請改用 "throw(exc)" 和 "athrow(exc)"，為單引數簽名。

  * 目前 Python 接受數值字面值後面立即接關鍵字，例如 "0in x"、"1or x"
    、"0if 1else 2"。它讓運算式模糊且容易混淆，如 "[0x1for x in y]"（
    可以解釋為 "[0x1 for x in y]" 或 "[0x1f or x in y]"）。如果數值字
    面值後立即接 "and"、"else"、"for"、"if"、"in"、"is" 和 "or" 之一的
    關鍵字，則會引發語法警告。在未來版本中，它將被更改為語法錯誤。
    (gh-87999)

  * "__index__()" 和 "__int__()" 方法回傳非 int 型別的支援：這些方法將
    需要回傳 "int" 的嚴格子類別實例。

  * 回傳 "float" 嚴格子類別 "__float__()" 方法的支援：這些方法將需要回
    傳 "float" 的實例。

  * 回傳 "complex" 嚴格子類別 "__complex__()" 方法的支援：這些方法將需
    要回傳 "complex" 的實例。

  * 將 "int()" 委派給 "__trunc__()" 方法。

  * 在 "complex()" 建構子中將複數作為 *real* 或 *imag* 引數傳遞現在已
    被棄用；它應該只作為單個位置引數傳遞。 (由 Serhiy Storchaka 於
    gh-109218 貢獻。)

* "calendar"："calendar.January" 和 "calendar.February" 常數已被棄用並
  被 "calendar.JANUARY" 和 "calendar.FEBRUARY" 取代。 (由 Prince
  Roshan 於 gh-103636 貢獻。)

* "codecs"：請改用 "open()" 而非 "codecs.open()"。(gh-133038)

* "codeobject.co_lnotab"：請改用 "codeobject.co_lines()" 方法。

* "datetime"：

  * "utcnow()"：請改用 "datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.UTC)"。

  * "utcfromtimestamp()"：請改用
    "datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(timestamp, tz=datetime.UTC)"。

* "gettext"：複數值必須是整數。

* "importlib"：

  * "cache_from_source()" *debug_override* 參數已被棄用：請改用
    *optimization* 參數。

* "importlib.metadata"：

  * "EntryPoints" 元組介面。

  * 回傳值上的隱式 "None"。

* "logging"：自 Python 3.3 起，"warn()" 方法已被棄用，請改用
  "warning()"。

* "mailbox"：已棄用 StringIO 輸入和文本模式，請改用 BytesIO 和二進位模
  式。

* "os"：在多執行緒行程中呼叫 "os.register_at_fork()"。

* "pydoc.ErrorDuringImport"：*exc_info* 參數的元組值已被棄用，請用例外
  實例。

* "re"：現在對正規表示式中的數值群組參照和群組名稱用了更嚴格的規則。現
  在只有 ASCII 數碼序列被接受作為數值參照。位元組模式和替換字串中的群
  組名稱現在只能包含 ASCII 字母、數碼和底線。（由 Serhiy Storchaka 於
  gh-91760 貢獻。）

* "sre_compile"、"sre_constants" 和 "sre_parse" 模組。

* "shutil"："rmtree()" 的 *onerror* 參數在 Python 3.12 中已被棄用；請
  改用 *onexc* 參數。

* "ssl" 選項和協定：

  * 不帶協定引數的 "ssl.SSLContext" 已被棄用。

  * "ssl.SSLContext"："set_npn_protocols()" 和
    "selected_npn_protocol()" 已被棄用：請改用 ALPN。

  * "ssl.OP_NO_SSL*" 選項

  * "ssl.OP_NO_TLS*" 選項

  * "ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv3"

  * "ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS"

  * "ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1"

  * "ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1_1"

  * "ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2"

  * "ssl.TLSVersion.SSLv3"

  * "ssl.TLSVersion.TLSv1"

  * "ssl.TLSVersion.TLSv1_1"

* "threading" 方法：

  * "threading.Condition.notifyAll()"：請用 "notify_all()"。

  * "threading.Event.isSet()"：請用 "is_set()"。

  * "threading.Thread.isDaemon()"、"threading.Thread.setDaemon()"：請
    用 "threading.Thread.daemon" 屬性。

  * "threading.Thread.getName()"、"threading.Thread.setName()"：請用
    "threading.Thread.name" 屬性。

  * "threading.currentThread()"：請用 "threading.current_thread()"。

  * "threading.activeCount()"：請用 "threading.active_count()"。

* "typing.Text" (gh-92332)。

* 內部類別 "typing._UnionGenericAlias" 不再用於實作 "typing.Union"。為
  了保持與此私有類別使用者的相容性，直到至少 Python 3.17 都將提供一個
  相容性 shim。（由 Jelle Zijlstra 於 gh-105499 貢獻。）

* "unittest.IsolatedAsyncioTestCase"：從測試案例中回傳非 "None" 的值已
  被棄用。

* "urllib.parse" 已棄用函式：請改用 "urlparse()"。

  * "splitattr()"

  * "splithost()"

  * "splitnport()"

  * "splitpasswd()"

  * "splitport()"

  * "splitquery()"

  * "splittag()"

  * "splittype()"

  * "splituser()"

  * "splitvalue()"

  * "to_bytes()"

* "wsgiref"："SimpleHandler.stdout.write()" 不應該進行部分寫入。

* "xml.etree.ElementTree"：已棄用對 "Element" 的真值測試。在未來版本中
  ，它將始終回傳 "True"。請改用明確的 "len(elem)" 或 "elem is not
  None" 測試。

* "sys._clear_type_cache()" 已被棄用：請改用
  "sys._clear_internal_caches()"。


已移除
======


asynchat 和 asyncore
--------------------

* These two modules have been removed according to the schedule in
  **PEP 594**, having been deprecated in Python 3.6. Use "asyncio"
  instead. (Contributed by Nikita Sobolev in gh-96580.)


configparser
------------

* 根據 gh-89336，已移除了在 3.2 中被 "configparser" 棄用的幾個名稱：

  * "configparser.ParsingError" 不再具有 "filename" 屬性或引數。請改用
    "source" 屬性和引數。

  * "configparser" 不再具有 "SafeConfigParser" 類別。請改用較短的
    "ConfigParser" 名稱。

  * "configparser.ConfigParser" 不再具有 "readfp" 方法。請改用
    "read_file()"。


distutils
---------

* Remove the "distutils" package. It was deprecated in Python 3.10 by
  **PEP 632** "Deprecate distutils module". For projects still using
  "distutils" and cannot be updated to something else, the
  "setuptools" project can be installed: it still provides
  "distutils". (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-92584.)


ensurepip
---------

* Remove the bundled setuptools wheel from "ensurepip", and stop
  installing setuptools in environments created by "venv".

  "pip (>= 22.1)" 不需要在環境中安裝 setuptools。基於 "setuptools"（以
  及基於 "distutils"）的套件仍然可以透過 "pip install" 來使用，因為
  pip 會在其用於建置套件的建置環境中提供 "setuptools"。

  以 "venv" 建立或以 "ensurepip" 啟動引導的環境中不再預設提供
  "easy_install"、"pkg_resources"、"setuptools" 和 "distutils"，因為它
  們是 "setuptools" 套件的一部分。對於在 runtime 依賴這些工具的專案，
  應將 "setuptools" 專案宣告為相依套件並單獨安裝（通常使用 pip）。

  （由 Pradyun Gedam 於 gh-95299 中貢獻。）


enum
----

* 移除 "enum" 的 "EnumMeta.__getattr__"，對於列舉屬性的存取不再會需要
  它。


ftplib
------

* 移除 "ftplib" 的 "FTP_TLS.ssl_version" 類別屬性：請改用 *context* 參
  數。（由 Victor Stinner 於 gh-94172 中貢獻。）


gzip
----

* Remove the "filename" attribute of "gzip"'s "gzip.GzipFile",
  deprecated since Python 2.6, use the "name" attribute instead. In
  write mode, the "filename" attribute added "'.gz'" file extension if
  it was not present. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-94196.)


hashlib
-------

* Remove the pure Python implementation of "hashlib"'s
  "hashlib.pbkdf2_hmac()", deprecated in Python 3.10. Python 3.10 and
  newer requires OpenSSL 1.1.1 (**PEP 644**): this OpenSSL version
  provides a C implementation of "pbkdf2_hmac()" which is faster.
  (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-94199.)


importlib
---------

* 現已完成清理 "importlib" 中許多過去已經棄用的東西：

  * 對 "module_repr()" 的參照和支援已刪除。（由 Barry Warsaw 在
    gh-97850 中貢獻。）

  * "importlib.util.set_package"、"importlib.util.set_loader" 和
    "importlib.util.module_for_loader" 已全部刪除。（由 Brett Cannon
    和 Nikita Sobolev 在 gh-65961 和 gh-97850 貢獻。）

  * 對 "find_loader()" 和 "find_module()" API 的支援已被刪除。（由
    Barry Warsaw 在 gh-98040 中貢獻。）

  * "importlib.abc.Finder"、"pkgutil.ImpImporter" 和
    "pkgutil.ImpLoader" 已被刪除。（由 Barry Warsaw 在 gh-98040 中貢獻
    。）


imp
---

* "imp" 模組已被移除。（由 Barry Warsaw 在 gh-98040 中貢獻。）

  要遷移的話請參考以下對應表：

     +-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
     | imp                               | importlib                                                                                                                                         |
     |===================================|===================================================================================================================================================|
     | "imp.NullImporter"                | 將 "None" 插入 "sys.path_importer_cache"                                                                                                          |
     +-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
     | "imp.cache_from_source()"         | "importlib.util.cache_from_source()"                                                                                                              |
     +-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
     | "imp.find_module()"               | "importlib.util.find_spec()"                                                                                                                      |
     +-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
     | "imp.get_magic()"                 | "importlib.util.MAGIC_NUMBER"                                                                                                                     |
     +-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
     | "imp.get_suffixes()"              | "importlib.machinery.SOURCE_SUFFIXES"、 "importlib.machinery.EXTENSION_SUFFIXES" 和 "importlib.machinery.BYTECODE_SUFFIXES"                       |
     +-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
     | "imp.get_tag()"                   | "sys.implementation.cache_tag"                                                                                                                    |
     +-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
     | "imp.load_module()"               | "importlib.import_module()"                                                                                                                       |
     +-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
     | "imp.new_module(name)"            | "types.ModuleType(name)"                                                                                                                          |
     +-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
     | "imp.reload()"                    | "importlib.reload()"                                                                                                                              |
     +-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
     | "imp.source_from_cache()"         | "importlib.util.source_from_cache()"                                                                                                              |
     +-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
     | "imp.load_source()"               | *見下文*                                                                                                                                          |
     +-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

  用以下取代 "imp.load_source()"：

     import importlib.util
     import importlib.machinery

     def load_source(modname, filename):
         loader = importlib.machinery.SourceFileLoader(modname, filename)
         spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location(modname, filename, loader=loader)
         module = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
         # 此模組都會被執行且不會被快取於 sys.modules。
         # 要快取模組的話可以把下面一行取消註解
         # sys.modules[module.__name__] = module
         loader.exec_module(module)
         return module

* 移除 "imp" 函式和屬性、沒有替代方案：

  * 未以文件記錄的函式：

    * "imp.init_builtin()"

    * "imp.load_compiled()"

    * "imp.load_dynamic()"

    * "imp.load_package()"

  * "imp.lock_held()", "imp.acquire_lock()", "imp.release_lock()": the
    locking scheme has changed in Python 3.3 to per-module locks.

  * "imp.find_module()" 常數："SEARCH_ERROR"、"PY_SOURCE"、
    "PY_COMPILED"、"C_EXTENSION"、"PY_RESOURCE"、"PKG_DIRECTORY"、
    "C_BUILTIN"、"PY_FROZEN"、"PY_CODERESOURCE"、"IMP_HOOK"。


io
--

* Remove "io"'s "io.OpenWrapper" and "_pyio.OpenWrapper", deprecated
  in Python 3.10: just use "open()" instead. The "open()"
  ("io.open()") function is a built-in function. Since Python 3.10,
  "_pyio.open()" is also a static method. (Contributed by Victor
  Stinner in gh-94169.)


locale
------

* Remove "locale"'s "locale.format()" function, deprecated in Python
  3.7: use "locale.format_string()" instead. (Contributed by Victor
  Stinner in gh-94226.)


smtpd
-----

* 根據 **PEP 594** 的時間表移除 "smtpd" 模組，它在 Python 3.4.7 和
  3.5.4 中已被棄用。請改用 PyPI 上的 aiosmtpd 模組或任何其他基於
  "asyncio" 的伺服器。


sqlite3
-------

* 以下未以文件記錄的 "sqlite3" 功能已在 Python 3.10 中被棄用、現在已被
  移除：

  * "sqlite3.enable_shared_cache()"

  * "sqlite3.OptimizedUnicode"

  If a shared cache must be used, open the database in URI mode using
  the "cache=shared" query parameter.

  The "sqlite3.OptimizedUnicode" text factory has been an alias for
  "str" since Python 3.3. Code that previously set the text factory to
  "OptimizedUnicode" can either use "str" explicitly, or rely on the
  default value which is also "str".

  （由 Erlend E. Aasland 於 gh-92548 中貢獻。）


ssl
---

* 移除 "ssl" 的 "ssl.RAND_pseudo_bytes()" 函式，該函式自 Python 3.6 起
  已被棄用：請改用 "os.urandom()" 或 "ssl.RAND_bytes()"。（由 Victor
  Stinner 於 gh-94199 中貢獻。）

* 移除 "ssl.match_hostname()" 函式。該函式自 Python 3.7 起已被棄用。自
  Python 3.7 起，OpenSSL 會執行主機名稱比對，Python 不再使用
  "ssl.match_hostname()" 函式。（由 Victor Stinner 於 gh-94199 中貢獻
  。）

* 移除 "ssl.wrap_socket()" 函式，該函式自 Python 3.7 起已被棄用：請改
  為建立一個 "ssl.SSLContext" 物件並呼叫其
  "ssl.SSLContext.wrap_socket" 方法。任何仍在使用 "ssl.wrap_socket()"
  的套件都是有問題且不安全的。該函式既不傳送 SNI TLS 擴充，也不驗證伺
  服器主機名稱。程式碼會受到 **CWE 295**（不當的憑證驗證）影響。（由
  Victor Stinner 於 gh-94199 中貢獻。）


unittest
--------

* 移除許多 "unittest" 中被棄用已久的功能：

  * 許多 "TestCase" 方法別名：

    +------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------+
    | 已棄用的別名                 | 方法名稱                        | 已棄用於        |
    |==============================|=================================|=================|
    | "failUnless"                 | "assertTrue()"                  | 3.1             |
    +------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------+
    | "failIf"                     | "assertFalse()"                 | 3.1             |
    +------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------+
    | "failUnlessEqual"            | "assertEqual()"                 | 3.1             |
    +------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------+
    | "failIfEqual"                | "assertNotEqual()"              | 3.1             |
    +------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------+
    | "failUnlessAlmostEqual"      | "assertAlmostEqual()"           | 3.1             |
    +------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------+
    | "failIfAlmostEqual"          | "assertNotAlmostEqual()"        | 3.1             |
    +------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------+
    | "failUnlessRaises"           | "assertRaises()"                | 3.1             |
    +------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------+
    | "assert_"                    | "assertTrue()"                  | 3.2             |
    +------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------+
    | "assertEquals"               | "assertEqual()"                 | 3.2             |
    +------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------+
    | "assertNotEquals"            | "assertNotEqual()"              | 3.2             |
    +------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------+
    | "assertAlmostEquals"         | "assertAlmostEqual()"           | 3.2             |
    +------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------+
    | "assertNotAlmostEquals"      | "assertNotAlmostEqual()"        | 3.2             |
    +------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------+
    | "assertRegexpMatches"        | "assertRegex()"                 | 3.2             |
    +------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------+
    | "assertRaisesRegexp"         | "assertRaisesRegex()"           | 3.2             |
    +------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------+
    | "assertNotRegexpMatches"     | "assertNotRegex()"              | 3.5             |
    +------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------+

    你可以使用 https://github.com/isidentical/teyit 來自動現代化你的單
    元測試。

  * 未以文件記錄且已失效的 "TestCase" 方法 "assertDictContainsSubset"
    （自 Python 3.2 起已棄用）。

  * Undocumented "TestLoader.loadTestsFromModule" parameter
    *use_load_tests* (deprecated and ignored since Python 3.5).

  * 對 "TextTestResult" 類別的別名："_TextTestResult"（自 Python 3.2
    起已棄用）。

  （由 Serhiy Storchaka 於 gh-89325 中貢獻。）


webbrowser
----------

* Remove support for obsolete browsers from "webbrowser". The removed
  browsers include: Grail, Mosaic, Netscape, Galeon, Skipstone,
  Iceape, Firebird, and Firefox versions 35 and below (gh-102871).


xml.etree.ElementTree
---------------------

* Remove the "ElementTree.Element.copy()" method of the pure Python
  implementation, deprecated in Python 3.10, use the "copy.copy()"
  function instead.  The C implementation of "xml.etree.ElementTree"
  has no "copy()" method, only a "__copy__()" method. (Contributed by
  Victor Stinner in gh-94383.)


zipimport
---------

* Remove "zipimport"'s "find_loader()" and "find_module()" methods,
  deprecated in Python 3.10: use the "find_spec()" method instead.
  See **PEP 451** for the rationale. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in
  gh-94379.)


其他
----

* Remove the "suspicious" rule from the documentation "Makefile" and
  "Doc/tools/rstlint.py", both in favor of sphinx-lint. (Contributed
  by Julien Palard in gh-98179.)

* Remove the *keyfile* and *certfile* parameters from the "ftplib",
  "imaplib", "poplib" and "smtplib" modules, and the *key_file*,
  *cert_file* and *check_hostname* parameters from the "http.client"
  module, all deprecated since Python 3.6. Use the *context* parameter
  (*ssl_context* in "imaplib") instead. (Contributed by Victor Stinner
  in gh-94172.)

* 移除數個標準函式庫模組與測試中的 "Jython" 相容性修補程式。（由
  Nikita Sobolev 於 gh-99482 中貢獻。）

* 移除 "ctypes" 模組中的 "_use_broken_old_ctypes_structure_semantics_"
  旗標。（由 Nikita Sobolev 於 gh-99285 中貢獻。）


移植至 Python 3.12
==================

This section lists previously described changes and other bugfixes
that may require changes to your code.


Python API 的變更
-----------------

* More strict rules are now applied for numerical group references and
  group names in regular expressions. Only sequence of ASCII digits is
  now accepted as a numerical reference. The group name in bytes
  patterns and replacement strings can now only contain ASCII letters
  and digits and underscore. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in
  gh-91760.)

* Remove "randrange()" functionality deprecated since Python 3.10.
  Formerly, "randrange(10.0)" losslessly converted to "randrange(10)".
  Now, it raises a "TypeError". Also, the exception raised for non-
  integer values such as "randrange(10.5)" or "randrange('10')" has
  been changed from "ValueError" to "TypeError".  This also prevents
  bugs where "randrange(1e25)" would silently select from a larger
  range than "randrange(10**25)". (Originally suggested by Serhiy
  Storchaka gh-86388.)

* "argparse.ArgumentParser" changed encoding and error handler for
  reading arguments from file (e.g. "fromfile_prefix_chars" option)
  from default text encoding (e.g.
  "locale.getpreferredencoding(False)") to *filesystem encoding and
  error handler*. Argument files should be encoded in UTF-8 instead of
  ANSI Codepage on Windows.

* Remove the "asyncore"-based "smtpd" module deprecated in Python
  3.4.7 and 3.5.4.  A recommended replacement is the "asyncio"-based
  aiosmtpd PyPI module.

* "shlex.split()": Passing "None" for *s* argument now raises an
  exception, rather than reading "sys.stdin". The feature was
  deprecated in Python 3.9. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in
  gh-94352.)

* The "os" module no longer accepts bytes-like paths, like "bytearray"
  and "memoryview" types: only the exact "bytes" type is accepted for
  bytes strings. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-98393.)

* "syslog.openlog()" and "syslog.closelog()" now fail if used in
  subinterpreters. "syslog.syslog()" may still be used in
  subinterpreters, but now only if "syslog.openlog()" has already been
  called in the main interpreter. These new restrictions do not apply
  to the main interpreter, so only a very small set of users might be
  affected. This change helps with interpreter isolation.
  Furthermore, "syslog" is a wrapper around process-global resources,
  which are best managed from the main interpreter. (Contributed by
  Donghee Na in gh-99127.)

* The undocumented locking behavior of "cached_property()" is removed,
  because it locked across all instances of the class, leading to high
  lock contention. This means that a cached property getter function
  could now run more than once for a single instance, if two threads
  race. For most simple cached properties (e.g. those that are
  idempotent and simply calculate a value based on other attributes of
  the instance) this will be fine.  If synchronization is needed,
  implement locking within the cached property getter function or
  around multi-threaded access points.

* "sys._current_exceptions()" now returns a mapping from thread-id to
  an exception instance, rather than to a "(typ, exc, tb)" tuple.
  (Contributed by Irit Katriel in gh-103176.)

* When extracting tar files using "tarfile" or
  "shutil.unpack_archive()", pass the *filter* argument to limit
  features that may be surprising or dangerous. See 解壓縮篩選器 for
  details.

* The output of the "tokenize.tokenize()" and
  "tokenize.generate_tokens()" functions is now changed due to the
  changes introduced in **PEP 701**. This means that "STRING" tokens
  are not emitted any more for f-strings and the tokens described in
  **PEP 701** are now produced instead: "FSTRING_START",
  "FSTRING_MIDDLE" and "FSTRING_END" are now emitted for f-string
  "string" parts in addition to the appropriate tokens for the
  tokenization in the expression components. For example for the
  f-string "f"start {1+1} end"" the old version of the tokenizer
  emitted:

     1,0-1,18:           STRING         'f"start {1+1} end"'

  while the new version emits:

     1,0-1,2:            FSTRING_START  'f"'
     1,2-1,8:            FSTRING_MIDDLE 'start '
     1,8-1,9:            OP             '{'
     1,9-1,10:           NUMBER         '1'
     1,10-1,11:          OP             '+'
     1,11-1,12:          NUMBER         '1'
     1,12-1,13:          OP             '}'
     1,13-1,17:          FSTRING_MIDDLE ' end'
     1,17-1,18:          FSTRING_END    '"'

  Additionally, there may be some minor behavioral changes as a
  consequence of the changes required to support **PEP 701**. Some of
  these changes include:

  * The "type" attribute of the tokens emitted when tokenizing some
    invalid Python characters such as "!" has changed from
    "ERRORTOKEN" to "OP".

  * Incomplete single-line strings now also raise
    "tokenize.TokenError" as incomplete multiline strings do.

  * Some incomplete or invalid Python code now raises
    "tokenize.TokenError" instead of returning arbitrary "ERRORTOKEN"
    tokens when tokenizing it.

  * Mixing tabs and spaces as indentation in the same file is not
    supported anymore and will raise a "TabError".

* The "threading" module now expects the "_thread" module to have an
  "_is_main_interpreter" attribute.  It is a function with no
  arguments that returns "True" if the current interpreter is the main
  interpreter.

  Any library or application that provides a custom "_thread" module
  should provide "_is_main_interpreter()". (See gh-112826.)


建置變更
========

* Python no longer uses "setup.py" to build shared C extension
  modules. Build parameters like headers and libraries are detected in
  "configure" script. Extensions are built by "Makefile". Most
  extensions use "pkg-config" and fall back to manual detection.
  (Contributed by Christian Heimes in gh-93939.)

* "va_start()" with two parameters, like "va_start(args, format)," is
  now required to build Python. "va_start()" is no longer called with
  a single parameter. (Contributed by Kumar Aditya in gh-93207.)

* CPython now uses the ThinLTO option as the default link time
  optimization policy if the Clang compiler accepts the flag.
  (Contributed by Donghee Na in gh-89536.)

* Add "COMPILEALL_OPTS" variable in "Makefile" to override
  "compileall" options (default: "-j0") in "make install". Also merged
  the 3 "compileall" commands into a single command to build .pyc
  files for all optimization levels (0, 1, 2) at once. (Contributed by
  Victor Stinner in gh-99289.)

* Add platform triplets for 64-bit LoongArch:

  * loongarch64-linux-gnusf

  * loongarch64-linux-gnuf32

  * loongarch64-linux-gnu

  （由 Zhang Na 於 gh-90656 中貢獻。）

* "PYTHON_FOR_REGEN" 現在需要 Python 3.10 或更新的版本。

* Autoconf 2.71 and aclocal 1.16.4 is now required to regenerate
  "configure". (Contributed by Christian Heimes in gh-89886.)

* Windows builds and macOS installers from python.org now use OpenSSL
  3.0.


C API 變更
==========


新增功能
--------

* **PEP 697**: Introduce the Unstable C API tier, intended for low-
  level tools like debuggers and JIT compilers. This API may change in
  each minor release of CPython without deprecation warnings. Its
  contents are marked by the "PyUnstable_" prefix in names.

  程式碼物件建構函式：

  * "PyUnstable_Code_New()"（自 "PyCode_New" 重新命名）

  * "PyUnstable_Code_NewWithPosOnlyArgs()"（自
    "PyCode_NewWithPosOnlyArgs" 重新命名）

  程式碼物件的額外儲存 (**PEP 523**)：

  * "PyUnstable_Eval_RequestCodeExtraIndex()"（自
    "_PyEval_RequestCodeExtraIndex" 重新命名）

  * "PyUnstable_Code_GetExtra()"（自 "_PyCode_GetExtra" 重新命名）

  * "PyUnstable_Code_SetExtra()"（自 "_PyCode_SetExtra" 重新命名）

  原始名稱將可繼續使用，直到相應的 API 發生變更。

  （由 Petr Viktorin 於 gh-101101 中貢獻。）

* **PEP 697**: Add an API for extending types whose instance memory
  layout is opaque:

  * "PyType_Spec.basicsize" 可以為零或負數來指定繼承或擴充基底類別大小
    。

  * "PyObject_GetTypeData()" and "PyType_GetTypeDataSize()" added to
    allow access to subclass-specific instance data.

  * "Py_TPFLAGS_ITEMS_AT_END" and "PyObject_GetItemData()" added to
    allow safely extending certain variable-sized types, including
    "PyType_Type".

  * "Py_RELATIVE_OFFSET" added to allow defining "members" in terms of
    a subclass-specific struct.

  （由 Petr Viktorin 於 gh-103509 中貢獻。）

* Add the new limited C API function "PyType_FromMetaclass()", which
  generalizes the existing "PyType_FromModuleAndSpec()" using an
  additional metaclass argument. (Contributed by Wenzel Jakob in
  gh-93012.)

* API for creating objects that can be called using the vectorcall
  protocol was added to the Limited API:

  * "Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL"

  * "PyVectorcall_NARGS()"

  * "PyVectorcall_Call()"

  * "vectorcallfunc"

  The "Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL" flag is now removed from a class
  when the class's "__call__()" method is reassigned. This makes
  vectorcall safe to use with mutable types (i.e. heap types without
  the immutable flag, "Py_TPFLAGS_IMMUTABLETYPE"). Mutable types that
  do not override "tp_call" now inherit the
  "Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL" flag. (Contributed by Petr Viktorin in
  gh-93274.)

  The "Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT" and "Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_WEAKREF" flags
  have been added. This allows extensions classes to support object
  "__dict__" and weakrefs with less bookkeeping, using less memory and
  with faster access.

* API for performing calls using the vectorcall protocol was added to
  the Limited API:

  * "PyObject_Vectorcall()"

  * "PyObject_VectorcallMethod()"

  * "PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET"

  This means that both the incoming and outgoing ends of the vector
  call protocol are now available in the Limited API. (Contributed by
  Wenzel Jakob in gh-98586.)

* Add two new public functions, "PyEval_SetProfileAllThreads()" and
  "PyEval_SetTraceAllThreads()", that allow to set tracing and
  profiling functions in all running threads in addition to the
  calling one. (Contributed by Pablo Galindo in gh-93503.)

* Add new function "PyFunction_SetVectorcall()" to the C API which
  sets the vectorcall field of a given "PyFunctionObject".
  (Contributed by Andrew Frost in gh-92257.)

* The C API now permits registering callbacks via
  "PyDict_AddWatcher()", "PyDict_Watch()" and related APIs to be
  called whenever a dictionary is modified. This is intended for use
  by optimizing interpreters, JIT compilers, or debuggers.
  (Contributed by Carl Meyer in gh-91052.)

* Add "PyType_AddWatcher()" and "PyType_Watch()" API to register
  callbacks to receive notification on changes to a type. (Contributed
  by Carl Meyer in gh-91051.)

* Add "PyCode_AddWatcher()" and "PyCode_ClearWatcher()" APIs to
  register callbacks to receive notification on creation and
  destruction of code objects. (Contributed by Itamar Oren in
  gh-91054.)

* Add "PyFrame_GetVar()" and "PyFrame_GetVarString()" functions to get
  a frame variable by its name. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in
  gh-91248.)

* 新增 "PyErr_GetRaisedException()" 和 "PyErr_SetRaisedException()" 以
  用於儲存和復原目前的例外。這些函式回傳並接受單一例外物件，而非現已棄
  用的 "PyErr_Fetch()" 和 "PyErr_Restore()" 的三元引數。這樣做較不容易
  出錯且效率稍高。（由 Mark Shannon 於 gh-101578 中貢獻。）

* 新增 "_PyErr_ChainExceptions1"，它接受一個例外實例，以取代現已棄用的
  舊版 API "_PyErr_ChainExceptions"。（由 Mark Shannon 於 gh-101578 中
  貢獻。）

* 新增 "PyException_GetArgs()" 和 "PyException_SetArgs()" 作為便捷函式
  ，用於取得和修改傳遞給例外建構函式的 "args"。（由 Mark Shannon 於
  gh-101578 中貢獻。）

* 新增 "PyErr_DisplayException()"，它接受一個例外實例，以取代舊版 API
  "PyErr_Display()"。（由 Irit Katriel 於 gh-102755 中貢獻。）

* **PEP 683**: Introduce *Immortal Objects*, which allows objects to
  bypass reference counts, and related changes to the C-API:

  * "_Py_IMMORTAL_REFCNT"：定義物件的參照計數
       as immortal.

  * "_Py_IsImmortal" Checks if an object has the immortal reference
    count.

  * "PyObject_HEAD_INIT" 這現在將初始化參照計數
       "_Py_IMMORTAL_REFCNT"（與 "Py_BUILD_CORE" 一起使用時）。

  * "SSTATE_INTERNED_IMMORTAL" 駐留的 (interned) unicode 物件的識別字
       那是不滅的。

  * "SSSTATE_INTERNED_IMMORTAL_STATIC" 駐留的 unicode 的識別字
       不滅且靜態的物體

  * "sys.getunicodeinternedsize" 這會回傳 unicode 的總數
       objects that have been interned. This is now needed for
       "refleak.py" to correctly track reference counts and allocated
       blocks

  （由 Eddie Elizondo 於 gh-84436 中貢獻。）

* **PEP 684**：新增新的 "Py_NewInterpreterFromConfig()" 函式和
  "PyInterpreterConfig"，它們可用於建立具有自己的 GIL 的子直譯器。（有
  關更多資訊，請參閱 PEP 684：直譯器各別持有的 GIL。）（由 Eric Snow
  在 gh-104110 中貢獻。）

* In the limited C API version 3.12, "Py_INCREF()" and "Py_DECREF()"
  functions are now implemented as opaque function calls to hide
  implementation details. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in
  gh-105387.)


移植至 Python 3.12
------------------

* Legacy Unicode APIs based on "Py_UNICODE*" representation has been
  removed. Please migrate to APIs based on UTF-8 or "wchar_t*".

* Argument parsing functions like "PyArg_ParseTuple()" doesn't support
  "Py_UNICODE*" based format (e.g. "u", "Z") anymore. Please migrate
  to other formats for Unicode like "s", "z", "es", and "U".

* "tp_weaklist" for all static builtin types is always "NULL". This is
  an internal-only field on "PyTypeObject" but we're pointing out the
  change in case someone happens to be accessing the field directly
  anyway.  To avoid breakage, consider using the existing public C-API
  instead, or, if necessary, the (internal-only)
  "_PyObject_GET_WEAKREFS_LISTPTR()" macro.

* This internal-only "PyTypeObject.tp_subclasses" may now not be a
  valid object pointer.  Its type was changed to void* to reflect
  this.  We mention this in case someone happens to be accessing the
  internal-only field directly.

  To get a list of subclasses, call the Python method
  "__subclasses__()" (using "PyObject_CallMethod()", for example).

* Add support of more formatting options (left aligning, octals,
  uppercase hexadecimals, "intmax_t", "ptrdiff_t", "wchar_t" C
  strings, variable width and precision) in "PyUnicode_FromFormat()"
  and "PyUnicode_FromFormatV()". (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in
  gh-98836.)

* An unrecognized format character in "PyUnicode_FromFormat()" and
  "PyUnicode_FromFormatV()" now sets a "SystemError". In previous
  versions it caused all the rest of the format string to be copied
  as-is to the result string, and any extra arguments discarded.
  (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-95781.)

* Fix wrong sign placement in "PyUnicode_FromFormat()" and
  "PyUnicode_FromFormatV()". (Contributed by Philip Georgi in
  gh-95504.)

* Extension classes wanting to add a "__dict__" or weak reference slot
  should use "Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT" and
  "Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_WEAKREF" instead of "tp_dictoffset" and
  "tp_weaklistoffset", respectively. The use of "tp_dictoffset" and
  "tp_weaklistoffset" is still supported, but does not fully support
  multiple inheritance (gh-95589), and performance may be worse.
  Classes declaring "Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT" must call
  "_PyObject_VisitManagedDict()" and "_PyObject_ClearManagedDict()" to
  traverse and clear their instance's dictionaries. To clear weakrefs,
  call "PyObject_ClearWeakRefs()", as before.

* The "PyUnicode_FSDecoder()" function no longer accepts bytes-like
  paths, like "bytearray" and "memoryview" types: only the exact
  "bytes" type is accepted for bytes strings. (Contributed by Victor
  Stinner in gh-98393.)

* The "Py_CLEAR", "Py_SETREF" and "Py_XSETREF" macros now only
  evaluate their arguments once. If an argument has side effects,
  these side effects are no longer duplicated. (Contributed by Victor
  Stinner in gh-98724.)

* The interpreter's error indicator is now always normalized. This
  means that "PyErr_SetObject()", "PyErr_SetString()" and the other
  functions that set the error indicator now normalize the exception
  before storing it. (Contributed by Mark Shannon in gh-101578.)

* "_Py_RefTotal" is no longer authoritative and only kept around for
  ABI compatibility.  Note that it is an internal global and only
  available on debug builds.  If you happen to be using it then you'll
  need to start using "_Py_GetGlobalRefTotal()".

* The following functions now select an appropriate metaclass for the
  newly created type:

  * "PyType_FromSpec()"

  * "PyType_FromSpecWithBases()"

  * "PyType_FromModuleAndSpec()"

  Creating classes whose metaclass overrides "tp_new" is deprecated,
  and in Python 3.14+ it will be disallowed. Note that these functions
  ignore "tp_new" of the metaclass, possibly allowing incomplete
  initialization.

  Note that "PyType_FromMetaclass()" (added in Python 3.12) already
  disallows creating classes whose metaclass overrides "tp_new"
  ("__new__()" in Python).

  Since "tp_new" overrides almost everything "PyType_From*" functions
  do, the two are incompatible with each other. The existing behavior
  -- ignoring the metaclass for several steps of type creation -- is
  unsafe in general, since (meta)classes assume that "tp_new" was
  called. There is no simple general workaround. One of the following
  may work for you:

  * If you control the metaclass, avoid using "tp_new" in it:

    * If initialization can be skipped, it can be done in "tp_init"
      instead.

    * If the metaclass doesn't need to be instantiated from Python,
      set its "tp_new" to "NULL" using the
      "Py_TPFLAGS_DISALLOW_INSTANTIATION" flag. This makes it
      acceptable for "PyType_From*" functions.

  * Avoid "PyType_From*" functions: if you don't need C-specific
    features (slots or setting the instance size), create types by
    calling the metaclass.

  * If you *know* the "tp_new" can be skipped safely, filter the
    deprecation warning out using "warnings.catch_warnings()" from
    Python.

* "PyOS_InputHook" and "PyOS_ReadlineFunctionPointer" are no longer
  called in subinterpreters. This is because clients generally rely on
  process-wide global state (since these callbacks have no way of
  recovering extension module state).

  This also avoids situations where extensions may find themselves
  running in a subinterpreter that they don't support (or haven't yet
  been loaded in). See gh-104668 for more info.

* "PyLongObject" has had its internals changed for better performance.
  Although the internals of "PyLongObject" are private, they are used
  by some extension modules. The internal fields should no longer be
  accessed directly, instead the API functions beginning "PyLong_..."
  should be used instead. Two new *unstable* API functions are
  provided for efficient access to the value of "PyLongObject"s which
  fit into a single machine word:

  * "PyUnstable_Long_IsCompact()"

  * "PyUnstable_Long_CompactValue()"

* Custom allocators, set via "PyMem_SetAllocator()", are now required
  to be thread-safe, regardless of memory domain.  Allocators that
  don't have their own state, including "hooks", are not affected. If
  your custom allocator is not already thread-safe and you need
  guidance then please create a new GitHub issue and CC
  "@ericsnowcurrently".


已棄用
------

* In accordance with **PEP 699**, the "ma_version_tag" field in
  "PyDictObject" is deprecated for extension modules. Accessing this
  field will generate a compiler warning at compile time. This field
  will be removed in Python 3.14. (Contributed by Ramvikrams and Kumar
  Aditya in gh-101193. PEP by Ken Jin.)

* 棄用全域配置變數：

  * "Py_DebugFlag"：請改用 "PyConfig.parser_debug"

  * "Py_VerboseFlag"：請改用 "PyConfig.verbose"

  * "Py_QuietFlag"：請改用 "PyConfig.quiet"

  * "Py_InteractiveFlag"：請改用 "PyConfig.interactive"

  * "Py_InspectFlag"：請改用 "PyConfig.inspect"

  * "Py_OptimizeFlag"：請改用 "PyConfig.optimization_level"

  * "Py_NoSiteFlag"：請改用 "PyConfig.site_import"

  * "Py_BytesWarningFlag"：請改用 "PyConfig.bytes_warning"

  * "Py_FrozenFlag"：請改用 "PyConfig.pathconfig_warnings"

  * "Py_IgnoreEnvironmentFlag"：請改用 "PyConfig.use_environment"

  * "Py_DontWriteBytecodeFlag"：請改用 "PyConfig.write_bytecode"

  * "Py_NoUserSiteDirectory"：請改用 "PyConfig.user_site_directory"

  * "Py_UnbufferedStdioFlag"：請改用 "PyConfig.buffered_stdio"

  * "Py_HashRandomizationFlag"：請改用 "PyConfig.use_hash_seed" 和
    "PyConfig.hash_seed"

  * "Py_IsolatedFlag"：請改用 "PyConfig.isolated"

  * "Py_LegacyWindowsFSEncodingFlag"：請改用
    "PyPreConfig.legacy_windows_fs_encoding"

  * "Py_LegacyWindowsStdioFlag"：請改用
    "PyConfig.legacy_windows_stdio"

  * "Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding"：請改用
    "PyConfig.filesystem_encoding"

  * "Py_HasFileSystemDefaultEncoding"：請改用
    "PyConfig.filesystem_encoding"

  * "Py_FileSystemDefaultEncodeErrors"：請改用
    "PyConfig.filesystem_errors"

  * "Py_UTF8Mode"：請改用 "PyPreConfig.utf8_mode"（參見
    "Py_PreInitialize()"）

  "Py_InitializeFromConfig()" API 應改為與 "PyConfig" 一起使用。（由
  Victor Stinner 於 gh-77782 中貢獻。）

* Creating "immutable types" with mutable bases is deprecated and will
  be disabled in Python 3.14. (gh-95388)

* "structmember.h" 標頭已棄用，但仍可使用，且還沒有移除它的計畫。

  現在只需包含 "Python.h" 即可使用其內容，如果缺少，則新增 "Py" 前綴：

  * "PyMemberDef"、"PyMember_GetOne()" 和 "PyMember_SetOne()"

  * 型別巨集，如 "Py_T_INT"、"Py_T_DOUBLE" 等（以前為 "T_INT"、
    "T_DOUBLE" 等）

  * "Py_READONLY"（先前為 "READONLY"）和 "Py_AUDIT_READ"（先前全大寫）
    旗標

  數個項目不再從 "Python.h" 中公開：

  * "T_OBJECT"（請改用 "Py_T_OBJECT_EX"）

  * "T_NONE"（先前未記錄於文件上，且相當古怪）

  * 不做任何事的巨集 "WRITE_RESTRICTED"。

  * "RESTRICTED" 和 "READ_RESTRICTED" 這兩個巨集，相當於
    "Py_AUDIT_READ"。

  * In some configurations, "<stddef.h>" is not included from
    "Python.h". It should be included manually when using
    "offsetof()".

  The deprecated header continues to provide its original contents
  under the original names. Your old code can stay unchanged, unless
  the extra include and non-namespaced macros bother you greatly.

  （由 Petr Viktorin 在 gh-47146 中貢獻，其基於 Alexander Belopolsky
  和 Matthias Braun 的前期工作。）

* "PyErr_Fetch()" and "PyErr_Restore()" are deprecated. Use
  "PyErr_GetRaisedException()" and "PyErr_SetRaisedException()"
  instead. (Contributed by Mark Shannon in gh-101578.)

* "PyErr_Display()" 已棄用，請改用 "PyErr_DisplayException()"。（由
  Irit Katriel 於 gh-102755 中貢獻。）

* "_PyErr_ChainExceptions" 已棄用，請改用 "_PyErr_ChainExceptions1"。
  （由 Irit Katriel 於 gh-102192 中貢獻。）

* 使用 "PyType_FromSpec()"、"PyType_FromSpecWithBases()" 或
  "PyType_FromModuleAndSpec()" 建立一個其元類別覆寫 "tp_new" 的類別已
  被棄用。請改為呼叫元類別。


Python 3.14 中待移除的項目
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

* "PyDictObject" 中的 "ma_version_tag" 欄位，用於擴充模組 (**PEP 699**
  ；gh-101193)。

* 使用可變基底建立"不可變型別" (gh-95388)。


Python 3.15 中待移除的項目
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

* "PyImport_ImportModuleNoBlock()"：請改用 "PyImport_ImportModule()"。

* "PyWeakref_GetObject()" 和 "PyWeakref_GET_OBJECT()"：請改用
  "PyWeakref_GetRef()"。可以使用 pythoncapi-compat 專案來為 Python
  3.12 和更早版本取得 "PyWeakref_GetRef()"。

* "Py_UNICODE" 型別與 "Py_UNICODE_WIDE" 巨集：請改用 "wchar_t"。

* "PyUnicode_AsDecodedObject()"：請改用 "PyCodec_Decode()"。

* "PyUnicode_AsDecodedUnicode()"：請改用 "PyCodec_Decode()"；請注意某
  些編解碼器（例如 "base64"）可能會回傳非 "str" 的型別，例如 "bytes"。

* "PyUnicode_AsEncodedObject()"：請改用 "PyCodec_Encode()"。

* "PyUnicode_AsEncodedUnicode()"：請改用 "PyCodec_Encode()"；請注意某
  些編解碼器（例如 "base64"）可能會回傳非 "bytes" 的型別，例如 "str"。

* Python 初始化函式，自 Python 3.13 起已被棄用：

  * "Py_GetPath()"：請改用 "PyConfig_Get("module_search_paths")"
    ("sys.path")。

  * "Py_GetPrefix()"：請改用 "PyConfig_Get("base_prefix")"
    ("sys.base_prefix")。如果需要處理虛擬環境，請改用
    "PyConfig_Get("prefix")" ("sys.prefix")。

  * "Py_GetExecPrefix()"：請改用 "PyConfig_Get("base_exec_prefix")"
    ("sys.base_exec_prefix")。如果需要處理虛擬環境，請改用
    "PyConfig_Get("exec_prefix")" ("sys.exec_prefix")。

  * "Py_GetProgramFullPath()"：請改用 "PyConfig_Get("executable")"
    ("sys.executable")。

  * "Py_GetProgramName()"：請改用 "PyConfig_Get("executable")"
    ("sys.executable")。

  * "Py_GetPythonHome()"：請改用 "PyConfig_Get("home")" 或
    "PYTHONHOME" 環境變數。

  pythoncapi-compat 專案 可以用來為 Python 3.13 和更早版本取得
  "PyConfig_Get()"。

* 用於配置 Python 初始化的函式，自 Python 3.11 起已被棄用：

  * "PySys_SetArgvEx()"：請改用 "PyConfig.argv"。

  * "PySys_SetArgv()"：請改用 "PyConfig.argv"。

  * "Py_SetProgramName()"：請改用 "PyConfig.program_name"。

  * "Py_SetPythonHome()"：請改用 "PyConfig.home"。

  * "PySys_ResetWarnOptions()"：請改為清除 "sys.warnoptions" 和
    "warnings.filters"。

  應改用帶有 "PyConfig" 的 "Py_InitializeFromConfig()" API。

* 全域配置變數：

  * "Py_DebugFlag"：請改用 "PyConfig.parser_debug" 或
    "PyConfig_Get("parser_debug")"。

  * "Py_VerboseFlag"：請改用 "PyConfig.verbose" 或
    "PyConfig_Get("verbose")"。

  * "Py_QuietFlag"：請改用 "PyConfig.quiet" 或 "PyConfig_Get("quiet")"
    。

  * "Py_InteractiveFlag"：請改用 "PyConfig.interactive" 或
    "PyConfig_Get("interactive")"。

  * "Py_InspectFlag"：請改用 "PyConfig.inspect" 或
    "PyConfig_Get("inspect")"。

  * "Py_OptimizeFlag"：請改用 "PyConfig.optimization_level" 或
    "PyConfig_Get("optimization_level")"。

  * "Py_NoSiteFlag"：請改用 "PyConfig.site_import" 或
    "PyConfig_Get("site_import")"。

  * "Py_BytesWarningFlag"：請改用 "PyConfig.bytes_warning" 或
    "PyConfig_Get("bytes_warning")"。

  * "Py_FrozenFlag"：請改用 "PyConfig.pathconfig_warnings" 或
    "PyConfig_Get("pathconfig_warnings")"。

  * "Py_IgnoreEnvironmentFlag"：請改用 "PyConfig.use_environment" 或
    "PyConfig_Get("use_environment")"。

  * "Py_DontWriteBytecodeFlag"：請改用 "PyConfig.write_bytecode" 或
    "PyConfig_Get("write_bytecode")"。

  * "Py_NoUserSiteDirectory"：請改用 "PyConfig.user_site_directory" 或
    "PyConfig_Get("user_site_directory")"。

  * "Py_UnbufferedStdioFlag"：請改用 "PyConfig.buffered_stdio" 或
    "PyConfig_Get("buffered_stdio")"。

  * "Py_HashRandomizationFlag"：請改用 "PyConfig.use_hash_seed" 和
    "PyConfig.hash_seed" 或 "PyConfig_Get("hash_seed")"。

  * "Py_IsolatedFlag"：請改用 "PyConfig.isolated" 或
    "PyConfig_Get("isolated")"。

  * "Py_LegacyWindowsFSEncodingFlag"：請改用
    "PyPreConfig.legacy_windows_fs_encoding" 或
    "PyConfig_Get("legacy_windows_fs_encoding")"。

  * "Py_LegacyWindowsStdioFlag"：請改用
    "PyConfig.legacy_windows_stdio" 或
    "PyConfig_Get("legacy_windows_stdio")"。

  * "Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding"、"Py_HasFileSystemDefaultEncoding"
    ：請改用 "PyConfig.filesystem_encoding" 或
    "PyConfig_Get("filesystem_encoding")"。

  * "Py_FileSystemDefaultEncodeErrors"：請改用
    "PyConfig.filesystem_errors" 或
    "PyConfig_Get("filesystem_errors")"。

  * "Py_UTF8Mode"：請改用 "PyPreConfig.utf8_mode" 或
    "PyConfig_Get("utf8_mode")"。（請參閱 "Py_PreInitialize()"）

  應改用帶有 "PyConfig" 的 "Py_InitializeFromConfig()" API 來設定這些
  選項。或者也可以使用 "PyConfig_Get()" 在執行時取得這些選項。


Python 3.16 中待移除的項目
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

* "libmpdecimal" 的打包副本 (bundled copy)。


未來版本中的待移除項目
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

下列 API 已被棄用並將會被移除，不過目前尚未訂定移除日期。

* "Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_FINALIZE"：自 Python 3.8 起不再需要

* "PyErr_Fetch()"：請改用 "PyErr_GetRaisedException()"。

* "PyErr_NormalizeException()"：請改用 "PyErr_GetRaisedException()"。

* "PyErr_Restore()"：請改用 "PyErr_SetRaisedException()"。

* "PyModule_GetFilename()"：請改用 "PyModule_GetFilenameObject()"。

* "PyOS_AfterFork()"：請改用 "PyOS_AfterFork_Child()"。

* "PySlice_GetIndicesEx()"：請改用 "PySlice_Unpack()" 和
  "PySlice_AdjustIndices()"。

* "PyUnicode_READY()"：自 Python 3.12 起不再需要

* "PyErr_Display()"：請改用 "PyErr_DisplayException()"。

* "_PyErr_ChainExceptions()"：請改用 "_PyErr_ChainExceptions1"。

* "PyBytesObject.ob_shash" 成員：請改為呼叫 "PyObject_Hash()"。

* 執行緒局部儲存 (Thread Local Storage, TLS) API：

  * "PyThread_create_key()"：請改用 "PyThread_tss_alloc()"。

  * "PyThread_delete_key()"：請改用 "PyThread_tss_free()"。

  * "PyThread_set_key_value()"：請改用 "PyThread_tss_set()"。

  * "PyThread_get_key_value()"：請改用 "PyThread_tss_get()"。

  * "PyThread_delete_key_value()"：請改用 "PyThread_tss_delete()"。

  * "PyThread_ReInitTLS()"：自 Python 3.7 起不再需要。


已移除
------

* 移除 "token.h" 標頭檔案。從未有任何公開的 tokenizer C API。"token.h"
  標頭檔案的設計是僅限用於 Python 內部。（由 Victor Stinner 於
  gh-92651 中貢獻。）

* Legacy Unicode APIs have been removed. See **PEP 623** for detail.

  * "PyUnicode_WCHAR_KIND"

  * "PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE()"

  * "PyUnicode_AsUnicode()"

  * "PyUnicode_AsUnicodeAndSize()"

  * "PyUnicode_AS_DATA()"

  * "PyUnicode_FromUnicode()"

  * "PyUnicode_GET_SIZE()"

  * "PyUnicode_GetSize()"

  * "PyUnicode_GET_DATA_SIZE()"

* 移除 "PyUnicode_InternImmortal()" 函式巨集。（由 Victor Stinner 於
  gh-85858 中貢獻。）
