Python 說明文件內容
*******************

* Python 有什麼新功能？

  * What's New In Python 3.13

    * Summary -- Release Highlights

    * New Features

      * A better interactive interpreter

      * Improved error messages

      * Free-threaded CPython

      * An experimental just-in-time (JIT) compiler

      * Defined mutation semantics for "locals()"

      * Support for mobile platforms

      * Incremental garbage collection

    * Other Language Changes

    * New Modules

    * Improved Modules

      * argparse

      * array

      * ast

      * asyncio

      * base64

      * compileall

      * configparser

      * concurrent.futures

      * configparser

      * copy

      * dbm

      * dis

      * doctest

      * email

      * fractions

      * gc

      * glob

      * importlib

      * io

      * ipaddress

      * itertools

      * marshal

      * math

      * mimetypes

      * mmap

      * multiprocessing

      * os

      * os.path

      * pathlib

      * pdb

      * queue

      * random

      * re

      * shutil

      * site

      * sqlite3

      * ssl

      * statistics

      * subprocess

      * sys

      * tempfile

      * time

      * tkinter

      * traceback

      * types

      * typing

      * unicodedata

      * venv

      * warnings

      * xml

      * zipimport

    * Optimizations

    * Removed Modules And APIs

      * PEP 594: Remove "dead batteries" from the standard library

      * 2to3

      * builtins

      * configparser

      * importlib.metadata

      * locale

      * opcode

      * pathlib

      * re

      * tkinter.tix

      * turtle

      * typing

      * unittest

      * urllib

      * webbrowser

    * New Deprecations

      * Pending Removal in Python 3.14

      * Pending Removal in Python 3.15

      * Pending Removal in Python 3.16

      * Pending Removal in Future Versions

    * CPython Bytecode Changes

    * C API Changes

      * New Features

    * Build Changes

    * Porting to Python 3.13

      * Changes in the Python API

      * Changes in the C API

      * Removed C APIs

      * Deprecated C APIs

        * Pending Removal in Python 3.14

        * Pending Removal in Python 3.15

        * Pending Removal in Future Versions

    * Regression Test Changes

  * Python 3.12 有什麼新功能

    * 發布重點摘要

    * 新增特性

      * PEP 695：型別參數語法

      * PEP 701: Syntactic formalization of f-strings

      * PEP 684: A Per-Interpreter GIL

      * PEP 669: Low impact monitoring for CPython

      * PEP 688: Making the buffer protocol accessible in Python

      * PEP 709: Comprehension inlining

      * Improved Error Messages

    * New Features Related to Type Hints

      * PEP 692: Using "TypedDict" for more precise "**kwargs" typing

      * PEP 698: Override Decorator for Static Typing

    * 其他語言更動

    * 新增模組

    * 改進的模組

      * array

      * asyncio

      * calendar

      * csv

      * dis

      * fractions

      * importlib.resources

      * inspect

      * itertools

      * math

      * os

      * os.path

      * pathlib

      * pdb

      * random

      * shutil

      * sqlite3

      * statistics

      * sys

      * tempfile

      * threading

      * tkinter

      * tokenize

      * types

      * typing

      * unicodedata

      * unittest

      * uuid

    * 最佳化

    * CPython 位元組碼變更

    * Demos and Tools

    * 已棄用

      * Python 3.13 中待移除的項目

      * Python 3.14 中待移除的項目

      * Python 3.15 中待移除的項目

      * Python 3.16 中待移除的項目

      * 未來版本中的待移除項目

    * 已移除

      * asynchat 和 asyncore

      * configparser

      * distutils

      * ensurepip

      * enum

      * ftplib

      * gzip

      * hashlib

      * importlib

      * imp

      * io

      * locale

      * smtpd

      * sqlite3

      * ssl

      * unittest

      * webbrowser

      * xml.etree.ElementTree

      * zipimport

      * 其他

    * Porting to Python 3.12

      * Python API 的變更

    * 建置變更

    * C API 變更

      * 新增特性

      * Porting to Python 3.12

      * 已棄用

        * Python 3.14 中待移除的項目

        * Python 3.15 中待移除的項目

        * 未來版本中的待移除項目

      * 已移除

  * Python 3.11 有什麼新功能

    * 發布重點摘要

    * 新增特性

      * PEP 657：回溯 (traceback) 中更細緻的錯誤位置

      * PEP 654：例外群組與 "except*"

      * PEP 678：運用例外註解使其更加詳盡

      * Windows "py.exe" 啟動程式 (launcher) 的改進

    * 型別提示相關的新特性

      * PEP 646：可變參數泛型 (variadic generics)

      * PEP 655：標記獨立 "TypedDict" 項目為必要或不必要

      * PEP 673："Self" 型別

      * PEP 675：任意的文本字串型別 (Arbitrary literal string type)

      * PEP 681：資料類別轉換 (Data class transforms)

      * PEP 563 可能不是未來

    * 其他語言更動

    * 其他 CPython 實作更動

    * 新增模組

    * 改進的模組

      * asyncio

      * contextlib

      * dataclasses

      * datetime

      * enum

      * fcntl

      * fractions

      * functools

      * gzip

      * hashlib

      * IDLE 與 idlelib

      * inspect

      * locale

      * logging

      * math

      * operator

      * os

      * pathlib

      * re

      * shutil

      * socket

      * sqlite3

      * string

      * sys

      * sysconfig

      * tempfile

      * threading

      * time

      * tkinter

      * traceback

      * typing

      * unicodedata

      * unittest

      * venv

      * warnings

      * zipfile

    * 最佳化

    * 更快的 CPython

      * 更快的啟動

        * 凍結引入 (Frozen imports) / 靜態程式碼物件 (Static code
          objects)

      * 更快的運行程式

        * 所需資源更少 (cheaper) 且惰性的 (lazy)) Python 幀 (frame)

        * 行內 Python 函式呼叫

        * PEP 659：特化的適應性直譯器

      * 雜項

      * FAQ

        * 我該如何在程式碼中獲取這些加速？

        * Python 3.11 會不會使用更多記憶體？

        * 我在我的程式當中沒感覺到任何加速，為什麼？

        * 有用到 JIT 編譯器嗎？

      * 關於

    * CPython 位元組碼變更

      * 新增 opcode

      * 被取代的操作碼 (opcode)

      * 有更動/被移除的 opcode

    * 已棄用

      * 語言/內建

      * 模組

      * 標準函式庫

    * Python 3.12 中待決議的移除項目

    * 已移除

    * 移植至 Python 3.11

    * 建置變更

    * C API 變更

      * 新增特性

      * 移植至 Python 3.11

      * 已棄用

      * Python 3.12 中待決議的移除項目

      * 已移除

    * Notable changes in 3.11.4

      * tarfile

    * Notable changes in 3.11.5

      * OpenSSL

  * Python 3.10 有什麼新功能

    * 摘要 -- 發布重點

    * 新功能

      * 帶括號的情境管理器

      * 更好的錯誤訊息

        * SyntaxErrors

        * IndentationErrors

        * AttributeErrors

        * NameErrors

      * PEP 626：用於除錯和其他工具的精確列號

      * PEP 634：結構模式匹配

        * 語法和操作

        * 宣告式方法 (Declarative approach)

        * 簡單模式：與字面值匹配

          * 沒有萬用字元 (wildcard) 的行為

        * 具有字面值和變數的模式

        * 模式和類別

          * 具有位置參數的模式

        * 巢狀模式

        * 複雜模式和萬用字元

        * Guard

        * 其他主要功能

      * 可選的 "EncodingWarning" 和 "encoding="locale"" 選項

    * 與型別提示相關的新功能

      * PEP 604：新型聯集運算子

      * PEP 612：參數規範變數

      * PEP 613：型別別名 (TypeAlias)

      * PEP 647：使用者定義的型別防護

    * 其他語言更動

    * 新模組

    * 改進的模組

      * asyncio

      * argparse

      * array

      * asynchat, asyncore, smtpd

      * base64

      * bdb

      * bisect

      * codecs

      * collections.abc

      * contextlib

      * curses

      * dataclasses

        * __slots__

        * 僅限關鍵字欄位 (Keyword-only fields)

      * distutils

      * doctest

      * encodings

      * enum

      * fileinput

      * faulthandler

      * gc

      * glob

      * hashlib

      * hmac

      * IDLE 和 idlelib

      * importlib.metadata

      * inspect

      * itertools

      * linecache

      * os

      * os.path

      * pathlib

      * platform

      * pprint

      * py_compile

      * pyclbr

      * shelve

      * statistics

      * site

      * socket

      * ssl

      * sqlite3

      * sys

      * _thread

      * threading

      * traceback

      * types

      * typing

      * unittest

      * urllib.parse

      * xml

      * zipimport

    * 最佳化

    * 已棄用

    * 已刪除

    * 移植到 Python 3.10

      * Python 語法的變化

      * Python API 的變化

      * C API 中的改動

    * CPython 位元組碼變更

    * 建置變更

    * C API 變更

      * PEP 652：維護穩定 ABI

      * 新功能

      * 移植到 Python 3.10

      * 已棄用

      * 已刪除

    * Notable security feature in 3.10.7

    * Notable security feature in 3.10.8

    * Notable changes in 3.10.12

      * tarfile

  * Python 3.9 有什麼新功能

    * Summary -- Release highlights

    * You should check for DeprecationWarning in your code

    * New Features

      * Dictionary Merge & Update Operators

      * New String Methods to Remove Prefixes and Suffixes

      * Type Hinting Generics in Standard Collections

      * New Parser

    * 其他語言更動

    * 新模組

      * zoneinfo

      * graphlib

    * 改進的模組

      * ast

      * asyncio

      * compileall

      * concurrent.futures

      * curses

      * datetime

      * distutils

      * fcntl

      * ftplib

      * gc

      * hashlib

      * http

      * IDLE and idlelib

      * imaplib

      * importlib

      * inspect

      * ipaddress

      * math

      * multiprocessing

      * nntplib

      * os

      * pathlib

      * pdb

      * poplib

      * pprint

      * pydoc

      * random

      * signal

      * smtplib

      * socket

      * time

      * sys

      * tracemalloc

      * typing

      * unicodedata

      * venv

      * xml

    * 最佳化

    * 已棄用

    * 已移除

    * Porting to Python 3.9

      * Changes in the Python API

      * C API 中的改動

      * CPython 位元組碼變更

    * 建置變更

    * C API 變更

      * New Features

      * Porting to Python 3.9

      * 已移除

    * Python 3.9.1 中顯著的變更

      * typing

      * macOS 11.0 (Big Sur) and Apple Silicon Mac support

    * Python 3.9.2 中顯著的變更

      * collections.abc

      * urllib.parse

    * Python 3.9.3 中顯著的變更

    * Python 3.9.5 中顯著的變更

      * urllib.parse

    * Notable security feature in 3.9.14

    * Notable changes in 3.9.17

      * tarfile

  * Python 3.8 有什麼新功能

    * Summary -- Release highlights

    * New Features

      * Assignment expressions

      * Positional-only parameters

      * Parallel filesystem cache for compiled bytecode files

      * Debug build uses the same ABI as release build

      * f-strings support "=" for self-documenting expressions and
        debugging

      * PEP 578: Python Runtime Audit Hooks

      * PEP 587: Python Initialization Configuration

      * PEP 590: Vectorcall: a fast calling protocol for CPython

      * Pickle protocol 5 with out-of-band data buffers

    * 其他語言更動

    * 新增模組

    * 改進的模組

      * ast

      * asyncio

      * builtins（內建）

      * collections

      * cProfile

      * csv

      * curses

      * ctypes

      * datetime

      * functools

      * gc

      * gettext

      * gzip

      * IDLE and idlelib

      * inspect

      * io

      * itertools

      * json.tool

      * logging

      * math

      * mmap

      * multiprocessing

      * os

      * os.path

      * pathlib

      * pickle

      * plistlib

      * pprint

      * py_compile

      * shlex

      * shutil

      * socket

      * ssl

      * statistics

      * sys

      * tarfile

      * threading

      * tokenize

      * tkinter

      * time

      * typing

      * unicodedata

      * unittest

      * venv

      * weakref

      * xml

      * xmlrpc

    * 最佳化

    * Build and C API Changes

    * 已棄用

    * API and Feature Removals

    * Porting to Python 3.8

      * Changes in Python behavior

      * Changes in the Python API

      * C API 中的改動

      * CPython 位元組碼變更

      * Demos and Tools

    * Python 3.8.1 中顯著的變更

    * Python 3.8.2 中顯著的變更

    * Python 3.8.3 中顯著的變更

    * Python 3.8.8 中顯著的變更

    * Python 3.8.9 中顯著的變更

    * Python 3.8.10 中顯著的變更

      * macOS 11.0 (Big Sur) and Apple Silicon Mac support

    * Python 3.8.10 中顯著的變更

      * urllib.parse

    * Python 3.8.12 中顯著的變更

      * Changes in the Python API

    * Notable security feature in 3.8.14

    * Notable changes in 3.8.17

      * tarfile

  * Python 3.7 有什麼新功能

    * Summary -- Release Highlights

    * New Features

      * PEP 563: Postponed Evaluation of Annotations

      * PEP 538: Legacy C Locale Coercion

      * PEP 540: Forced UTF-8 Runtime Mode

      * PEP 553: Built-in "breakpoint()"

      * PEP 539: New C API for Thread-Local Storage

      * PEP 562: Customization of Access to Module Attributes

      * PEP 564: New Time Functions With Nanosecond Resolution

      * PEP 565: Show DeprecationWarning in "__main__"

      * PEP 560: Core Support for "typing" module and Generic Types

      * PEP 552: Hash-based .pyc Files

      * PEP 545：Python 文件翻譯

      * Python Development Mode (-X dev)

    * 其他語言更動

    * 新模組

      * contextvars

      * dataclasses

      * importlib.resources

    * 改進的模組

      * argparse

      * asyncio

      * binascii

      * calendar

      * collections

      * compileall

      * concurrent.futures

      * contextlib

      * cProfile

      * crypt

      * datetime

      * dbm

      * decimal

      * dis

      * distutils

      * enum

      * functools

      * gc

      * hmac

      * http.client

      * http.server

      * idlelib and IDLE

      * importlib

      * io

      * ipaddress

      * itertools

      * locale

      * logging

      * math

      * mimetypes

      * msilib

      * multiprocessing

      * os

      * pathlib

      * pdb

      * py_compile

      * pydoc

      * queue

      * re

      * signal

      * socket

      * socketserver

      * sqlite3

      * ssl

      * string

      * subprocess

      * sys

      * time

      * tkinter

      * tracemalloc

      * types

      * unicodedata

      * unittest

      * unittest.mock

      * urllib.parse

      * uu

      * uuid

      * warnings

      * xml

      * xml.etree

      * xmlrpc.server

      * zipapp

      * zipfile

    * C API 變更

    * 建置變更

    * 最佳化

    * Other CPython Implementation Changes

    * Deprecated Python Behavior

    * Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods

      * aifc

      * asyncio

      * collections

      * dbm

      * enum

      * gettext

      * importlib

      * locale

      * macpath

      * threading

      * socket

      * ssl

      * sunau

      * sys

      * wave

    * Deprecated functions and types of the C API

    * Platform Support Removals

    * API and Feature Removals

    * Module Removals

    * Windows-only Changes

    * Porting to Python 3.7

      * Changes in Python Behavior

      * Changes in the Python API

      * C API 中的改動

      * CPython 位元組碼變更

      * Windows-only Changes

      * Other CPython implementation changes

    * Python 3.7.1 中顯著的變更

    * Python 3.7.2 中顯著的變更

    * Python 3.7.6 中顯著的變更

    * Python 3.7.10 中顯著的變更

    * Python 3.7.11 中顯著的變更

    * Notable security feature in 3.7.14

  * Python 3.6 有什麼新功能

    * Summary -- Release highlights

    * New Features

      * PEP 498: Formatted string literals

      * PEP 526: Syntax for variable annotations

      * PEP 515: Underscores in Numeric Literals

      * PEP 525: Asynchronous Generators

      * PEP 530: Asynchronous Comprehensions

      * PEP 487: Simpler customization of class creation

      * PEP 487: Descriptor Protocol Enhancements

      * PEP 519: Adding a file system path protocol

      * PEP 495: Local Time Disambiguation

      * PEP 529: Change Windows filesystem encoding to UTF-8

      * PEP 528: Change Windows console encoding to UTF-8

      * PEP 520: Preserving Class Attribute Definition Order

      * PEP 468: Preserving Keyword Argument Order

      * New *dict* implementation

      * PEP 523: Adding a frame evaluation API to CPython

      * PYTHONMALLOC environment variable

      * DTrace and SystemTap probing support

    * 其他語言更動

    * 新模組

      * secrets

    * 改進的模組

      * array

      * ast

      * asyncio

      * binascii

      * cmath

      * collections

      * concurrent.futures

      * contextlib

      * datetime

      * decimal

      * distutils

      * email

      * encodings

      * enum

      * faulthandler

      * fileinput

      * hashlib

      * http.client

      * idlelib and IDLE

      * importlib

      * inspect

      * json

      * logging

      * math

      * multiprocessing

      * os

      * pathlib

      * pdb

      * pickle

      * pickletools

      * pydoc

      * random

      * re

      * readline

      * rlcompleter

      * shlex

      * site

      * sqlite3

      * socket

      * socketserver

      * ssl

      * statistics

      * struct

      * subprocess

      * sys

      * telnetlib

      * time

      * timeit

      * tkinter

      * traceback

      * tracemalloc

      * typing

      * unicodedata

      * unittest.mock

      * urllib.request

      * urllib.robotparser

      * venv

      * warnings

      * winreg

      * winsound

      * xmlrpc.client

      * zipfile

      * zlib

    * 最佳化

    * Build and C API Changes

    * Other Improvements

    * 已棄用

      * 新關鍵字

      * Deprecated Python behavior

      * Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods

        * asynchat

        * asyncore

        * dbm

        * distutils

        * grp

        * importlib

        * os

        * re

        * ssl

        * tkinter

        * venv

      * xml

      * Deprecated functions and types of the C API

      * Deprecated Build Options

    * 已移除

      * API and Feature Removals

    * Porting to Python 3.6

      * Changes in 'python' Command Behavior

      * Changes in the Python API

      * C API 中的改動

      * CPython 位元組碼變更

    * Python 3.6.2 中顯著的變更

      * New "make regen-all" build target

      * Removal of "make touch" build target

    * Python 3.6.4 中顯著的變更

    * Python 3.6.5 中顯著的變更

    * Python 3.6.7 中顯著的變更

    * Python 3.6.10 中顯著的變更

    * Python 3.6.13 中顯著的變更

    * Python 3.6.14 中顯著的變更

  * Python 3.4 有什麼新功能

    * Summary -- Release highlights

    * New Features

      * PEP 492 - Coroutines with async and await syntax

      * PEP 465 - A dedicated infix operator for matrix multiplication

      * PEP 448 - Additional Unpacking Generalizations

      * PEP 461 - percent formatting support for bytes and bytearray

      * PEP 484 - Type Hints

      * PEP 471 - os.scandir() function -- a better and faster
        directory iterator

      * PEP 475: Retry system calls failing with EINTR

      * PEP 479: Change StopIteration handling inside generators

      * PEP 485: A function for testing approximate equality

      * PEP 486: Make the Python Launcher aware of virtual
        environments

      * PEP 488: Elimination of PYO files

      * PEP 489: Multi-phase extension module initialization

    * 其他語言更動

    * 新增模組

      * typing

      * zipapp

    * 改進的模組

      * argparse

      * asyncio

      * bz2

      * cgi

      * cmath

      * code

      * collections

      * collections.abc

      * compileall

      * concurrent.futures

      * configparser

      * contextlib

      * csv

      * curses

      * dbm

      * difflib

      * distutils

      * doctest

      * email

      * enum

      * faulthandler

      * functools

      * glob

      * gzip

      * heapq

      * http

      * http.client

      * idlelib and IDLE

      * imaplib

      * imghdr

      * importlib

      * inspect

      * io

      * ipaddress

      * json

      * linecache

      * locale

      * logging

      * lzma

      * math

      * multiprocessing

      * operator

      * os

      * pathlib

      * pickle

      * poplib

      * re

      * readline

      * selectors

      * shutil

      * signal

      * smtpd

      * smtplib

      * sndhdr

      * socket

      * ssl

        * Memory BIO Support

        * Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation Support

        * Other Changes

      * sqlite3

      * subprocess

      * sys

      * sysconfig

      * tarfile

      * threading

      * time

      * timeit

      * tkinter

      * traceback

      * types

      * unicodedata

      * unittest

      * unittest.mock

      * urllib

      * wsgiref

      * xmlrpc

      * xml.sax

      * zipfile

    * Other module-level changes

    * 最佳化

    * Build and C API Changes

    * 已棄用

      * New Keywords

      * Deprecated Python Behavior

      * Unsupported Operating Systems

      * Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods

    * 已移除

      * API and Feature Removals

    * Porting to Python 3.5

      * Changes in Python behavior

      * Changes in the Python API

      * C API 中的改動

    * Python 3.5.4 中顯著的變更

      * New "make regen-all" build target

      * Removal of "make touch" build target

  * Python 3.4 有什麼新功能

    * Summary -- Release Highlights

    * New Features

      * PEP 453: Explicit Bootstrapping of PIP in Python Installations

        * Bootstrapping pip By Default

        * Documentation Changes

      * PEP 446: Newly Created File Descriptors Are Non-Inheritable

      * Improvements to Codec Handling

      * PEP 451: A ModuleSpec Type for the Import System

      * 其他語言更動

    * 新模組

      * asyncio

      * ensurepip

      * enum

      * pathlib

      * selectors

      * statistics

      * tracemalloc

    * 改進的模組

      * abc

      * aifc

      * argparse

      * audioop

      * base64

      * collections

      * colorsys

      * contextlib

      * dbm

      * dis

      * doctest

      * email

      * filecmp

      * functools

      * gc

      * glob

      * hashlib

      * hmac

      * html

      * http

      * idlelib 與 IDLE

      * importlib

      * inspect

      * ipaddress

      * logging

      * marshal

      * mmap

      * multiprocessing

      * operator

      * os

      * pdb

      * pickle

      * plistlib

      * poplib

      * pprint

      * pty

      * pydoc

      * re

      * resource

      * select

      * shelve

      * shutil

      * smtpd

      * smtplib

      * socket

      * sqlite3

      * ssl

      * stat

      * struct

      * subprocess

      * sunau

      * sys

      * tarfile

      * textwrap

      * threading

      * traceback

      * types

      * urllib

      * unittest

      * venv

      * wave

      * weakref

      * xml.etree

      * zipfile

    * CPython 實作變更

      * PEP 445: Customization of CPython Memory Allocators

      * PEP 442: Safe Object Finalization

      * PEP 456: Secure and Interchangeable Hash Algorithm

      * PEP 436: Argument Clinic

      * Other Build and C API Changes

      * Other Improvements

      * 顯著最佳化

    * 已棄用

      * Deprecations in the Python API

      * 已棄用功能

    * 已移除

      * Operating Systems No Longer Supported

      * API 與功能的移除

      * 程式碼的清除

    * Porting to Python 3.4

      * Changes in 'python' Command Behavior

      * Python API 的變更

      * C API 中的改動

    * 3.4.3 中的變更

      * PEP 476: Enabling certificate verification by default for
        stdlib http clients

  * Python 3.3 有什麼新功能

    * Summary -- Release highlights

    * PEP 405：虛擬環境

    * PEP 420: Implicit Namespace Packages

    * PEP 3118: New memoryview implementation and buffer protocol
      documentation

      * 功能

      * API 變更

    * PEP 393: Flexible String Representation

      * 功能性

      * 性能和資源使用情況

    * PEP 397：適用於 Windows 的 Python 啟動器

    * PEP 3151: Reworking the OS and IO exception hierarchy

    * PEP 380: Syntax for Delegating to a Subgenerator

    * PEP 409: Suppressing exception context

    * PEP 414: Explicit Unicode literals

    * PEP 3155: Qualified name for classes and functions

    * PEP 412: Key-Sharing Dictionary

    * PEP 362：函式簽名物件

    * PEP 421：新增 sys.implementation

      * SimpleNamespace

    * 使用 importlib 作為 import 的實作

      * 新 API

      * 明顯的變更

    * 其他語言更動

    * A Finer-Grained Import Lock

    * 內建函式和型別

    * 新模組

      * faulthandler

      * ipaddress

      * lzma

    * 改進的模組

      * abc

      * array

      * base64

      * binascii

      * bz2

      * codecs

      * collections

      * contextlib

      * crypt

      * curses

      * datetime

      * decimal

        * 功能

        * API 變更

      * email

        * Policy Framework

        * Provisional Policy with New Header API

        * 其他 API 變更

      * ftplib

      * functools

      * gc

      * hmac

      * http

      * html

      * imaplib

      * inspect

      * io

      * itertools

      * logging

      * math

      * mmap

      * multiprocessing

      * nntplib

      * os

      * pdb

      * pickle

      * pydoc

      * re

      * sched

      * select

      * shlex

      * shutil

      * signal

      * smtpd

      * smtplib

      * socket

      * socketserver

      * sqlite3

      * ssl

      * stat

      * struct

      * subprocess

      * sys

      * tarfile

      * tempfile

      * textwrap

      * threading

      * time

      * types

      * unittest

      * urllib

      * webbrowser

      * xml.etree.ElementTree

      * zlib

    * 最佳化

    * 建置和 C API 更改

    * 已棄用

      * 不支援的作業系統

      * 已棄用的 Python 模組、函式和方法

      * C API 中已棄用的函式和型別

      * 已棄用的功能

    * 移植到 Python 3.3

      * 移植 Python 程式碼

      * Porting C code

      * Building C extensions

      * 命令列開關更改

  * Python 3.2 有什麼新功能

    * PEP 384: Defining a Stable ABI

    * PEP 389: Argparse 命令列剖析模組

    * PEP 391:  Dictionary Based Configuration for Logging

    * PEP 3148："concurrent.futures" 模組

    * PEP 3147:  PYC Repository Directories

    * PEP 3149: ABI Version Tagged .so Files

    * PEP 3333: Python Web Server Gateway Interface v1.0.1

    * 其他語言更動

    * New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules

      * email

      * elementtree

      * functools

      * itertools

      * collections

      * threading

      * datetime 和 time

      * math

      * abc

      * io

      * reprlib

      * logging

      * csv

      * contextlib

      * decimal and fractions

      * ftp

      * popen

      * select

      * gzip 和 zipfile

      * tarfile

      * hashlib

      * ast

      * os

      * shutil

      * sqlite3

      * html

      * socket

      * ssl

      * nntp

      * certificates

      * imaplib

      * http.client

      * unittest

      * random

      * poplib

      * asyncore

      * tempfile

      * inspect

      * pydoc

      * dis

      * dbm

      * ctypes

      * site

      * sysconfig

      * pdb

      * configparser

      * urllib.parse

      * mailbox

      * turtledemo

    * Multi-threading

    * 最佳化

    * Unicode

    * 編解碼器

    * 文件

    * IDLE

    * Code Repository

    * Build and C API Changes

    * Porting to Python 3.2

  * Python 3.1 有什麼新功能

    * **PEP 372**：有序字典

    * PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator

    * 其他語言更動

    * New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules

    * 最佳化

    * IDLE

    * Build and C API Changes

    * Porting to Python 3.1

  * Python 3.0 有什麼新功能

    * Common Stumbling Blocks

      * Print Is A Function

      * Views And Iterators Instead Of Lists

      * Ordering Comparisons

      * 整數

      * Text Vs. Data Instead Of Unicode Vs. 8-bit

    * 語法變更概要

      * New Syntax

      * 語法變更

      * 已被移除的語法

    * Changes Already Present In Python 2.6

    * 函式庫變更

    * **PEP 3101**: A New Approach To String Formatting

    * Changes To Exceptions

    * Miscellaneous Other Changes

      * Operators And Special Methods

      * Builtins

    * Build and C API Changes

    * Performance

    * Porting To Python 3.0

  * Python 2.7 有什麼新功能

    * Python 2.x 的未來

    * Changes to the Handling of Deprecation Warnings

    * Python 3.1 Features

    * PEP 372: Adding an Ordered Dictionary to collections

    * PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator

    * PEP 389: The argparse Module for Parsing Command Lines

    * PEP 391: Dictionary-Based Configuration For Logging

    * PEP 3106: Dictionary Views

    * PEP 3137: The memoryview Object

    * 其他語言更動

      * Interpreter Changes

      * 最佳化

    * New and Improved Modules

      * New module: importlib

      * New module: sysconfig

      * ttk: Themed Widgets for Tk

      * Updated module: unittest

      * Updated module: ElementTree 1.3

    * Build and C API Changes

      * Capsules

      * Port-Specific Changes: Windows

      * Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X

      * Port-Specific Changes: FreeBSD

    * Other Changes and Fixes

    * Porting to Python 2.7

    * New Features Added to Python 2.7 Maintenance Releases

      * Two new environment variables for debug mode

      * PEP 434: IDLE Enhancement Exception for All Branches

      * PEP 466: Network Security Enhancements for Python 2.7

      * PEP 477: Backport ensurepip (PEP 453) to Python 2.7

        * Bootstrapping pip By Default

        * Documentation Changes

      * PEP 476: Enabling certificate verification by default for
        stdlib http clients

      * PEP 493: HTTPS verification migration tools for Python 2.7

      * New "make regen-all" build target

      * Removal of "make touch" build target

    * 致謝

  * Python 2.6 有什麼新功能

    * Python 3.0

    * Changes to the Development Process

      * New Issue Tracker: Roundup

      * New Documentation Format: reStructuredText Using Sphinx

    * PEP 343: The 'with' statement

      * Writing Context Managers

      * contextlib 模組

    * PEP 366: Explicit Relative Imports From a Main Module

    * PEP 370: Per-user "site-packages" Directory

    * PEP 371: The "multiprocessing" Package

    * PEP 3101: Advanced String Formatting

    * PEP 3105: "print" As a Function

    * PEP 3110: Exception-Handling Changes

    * PEP 3112: Byte Literals

    * PEP 3116: New I/O Library

    * PEP 3118：修訂緩衝協定

    * PEP 3119: Abstract Base Classes

    * PEP 3127: Integer Literal Support and Syntax

    * PEP 3129: Class Decorators

    * PEP 3141: A Type Hierarchy for Numbers

      * The "fractions" Module

    * 其他語言更動

      * 最佳化

      * Interpreter Changes

    * New and Improved Modules

      * "ast" 模組

      * "future_builtins" 模組

      * The "json" module: JavaScript Object Notation

      * The "plistlib" module: A Property-List Parser

      * ctypes Enhancements

      * Improved SSL Support

    * Deprecations and Removals

    * Build and C API Changes

      * Port-Specific Changes: Windows

      * Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X

      * Port-Specific Changes: IRIX

    * Porting to Python 2.6

    * 致謝

  * Python 2.5 有什麼新功能

    * PEP 308: Conditional Expressions

    * PEP 309: Partial Function Application

    * PEP 314: Metadata for Python Software Packages v1.1

    * PEP 328: Absolute and Relative Imports

    * PEP 338: Executing Modules as Scripts

    * PEP 341: Unified try/except/finally

    * PEP 342: New Generator Features

    * PEP 343：'with' 陳述式

      * Writing Context Managers

      * contextlib 模組

    * PEP 352: Exceptions as New-Style Classes

    * PEP 353: Using ssize_t as the index type

    * PEP 357: The '__index__' method

    * 其他語言更動

      * Interactive Interpreter Changes

      * 最佳化

    * New, Improved, and Removed Modules

      * ctypes 套件

      * ElementTree 套件

      * hashlib 套件

      * sqlite3 套件

      * wsgiref 套件

    * Build and C API Changes

      * Port-Specific Changes

    * Porting to Python 2.5

    * 致謝

  * Python 2.4 有什麼新功能

    * PEP 218: Built-In Set Objects

    * PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers

    * PEP 289: Generator Expressions

    * PEP 292: Simpler String Substitutions

    * PEP 318: Decorators for Functions and Methods

    * PEP 322: Reverse Iteration

    * PEP 324: New subprocess Module

    * PEP 327: Decimal Data Type

      * Why is Decimal needed?

      * "Decimal" 型別

      * "Context" 型別

    * PEP 328: Multi-line Imports

    * PEP 331: Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions

    * 其他語言更動

      * 最佳化

    * New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules

      * cookielib

      * doctest

    * Build and C API Changes

      * Port-Specific Changes

    * Porting to Python 2.4

    * 致謝

  * Python 2.3 有什麼新功能

    * PEP 218: A Standard Set Datatype

    * PEP 255: Simple Generators

    * PEP 263: Source Code Encodings

    * PEP 273: Importing Modules from ZIP Archives

    * PEP 277: Unicode file name support for Windows NT

    * PEP 278: Universal Newline Support

    * PEP 279：enumerate()

    * PEP 282: The logging Package

    * PEP 285: A Boolean Type

    * PEP 293: Codec Error Handling Callbacks

    * PEP 301: Package Index and Metadata for Distutils

    * PEP 302: New Import Hooks

    * PEP 305: Comma-separated Files

    * PEP 307: Pickle Enhancements

    * Extended Slices

    * 其他語言更動

      * String Changes

      * 最佳化

    * New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules

      * Date/Time Type

      * The optparse Module

    * Pymalloc: A Specialized Object Allocator

    * Build and C API Changes

      * Port-Specific Changes

    * Other Changes and Fixes

    * Porting to Python 2.3

    * 致謝

  * Python 2.2 有什麼新功能

    * 簡介

    * PEPs 252 and 253: Type and Class Changes

      * Old and New Classes

      * Descriptors

      * Multiple Inheritance: The Diamond Rule

      * Attribute Access

      * 相關連結

    * PEP 234：疊代器

    * PEP 255: Simple Generators

    * PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers

    * PEP 238: Changing the Division Operator

    * Unicode 變更

    * PEP 227: Nested Scopes

    * New and Improved Modules

    * 直譯器的變更與修正

    * 其他改動與修正

    * 致謝

  * Python 2.1 有什麼新功能

    * 簡介

    * PEP 227: Nested Scopes

    * PEP 236: __future__ Directives

    * PEP 207: Rich Comparisons

    * PEP 230: Warning Framework

    * PEP 229: New Build System

    * PEP 205: Weak References

    * PEP 232: Function Attributes

    * PEP 235: Importing Modules on Case-Insensitive Platforms

    * PEP 217: Interactive Display Hook

    * PEP 208: New Coercion Model

    * PEP 241: Metadata in Python Packages

    * New and Improved Modules

    * Other Changes and Fixes

    * 致謝

  * Python 2.0 有什麼新功能

    * 簡介

    * What About Python 1.6?

    * New Development Process

    * Unicode

    * 串列綜合運算（List Comprehension）

    * Augmented Assignment

    * String Methods

    * Garbage Collection of Cycles

    * Other Core Changes

      * Minor Language Changes

      * Changes to Built-in Functions

    * Porting to 2.0

    * Extending/Embedding Changes

    * Distutils: Making Modules Easy to Install

    * XML 模組

      * SAX2 支援

      * DOM 支援

      * Relationship to PyXML

    * 模組變更

    * 新增模組

    * IDLE Improvements

    * Deleted and Deprecated Modules

    * 致謝

  * Changelog（更動日誌）

    * Python next

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    * Python 3.13.0 release candidate 2

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      * Tests

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      * C API

      * Build

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      * Tools/Demos

      * C API

    * Python 3.8.0 beta 1

      * Security

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * macOS

      * IDLE

      * Tools/Demos

      * C API

    * Python 3.8.0 alpha 4

      * Security

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * macOS

      * IDLE

      * Tools/Demos

      * C API

    * Python 3.8.0 alpha 3

      * Security

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * IDLE

      * Tools/Demos

      * C API

    * Python 3.8.0 alpha 2

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Windows

      * IDLE

    * Python 3.8.0 alpha 1

      * Security

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * macOS

      * IDLE

      * Tools/Demos

      * C API

    * Python 3.7.0 final

      * Library

      * C API

    * Python 3.7.0 release candidate 1

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Build

      * Windows

      * IDLE

    * Python 3.7.0 beta 5

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * macOS

      * IDLE

    * Python 3.7.0 beta 4

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * macOS

      * IDLE

      * Tools/Demos

    * Python 3.7.0 beta 3

      * Security

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * macOS

      * IDLE

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    * Python 3.7.0 beta 2

      * Security

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * macOS

      * IDLE

      * Tools/Demos

    * Python 3.7.0 beta 1

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * macOS

      * C API

    * Python 3.7.0 alpha 4

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Windows

      * Tools/Demos

      * C API

    * Python 3.7.0 alpha 3

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * macOS

      * IDLE

      * Tools/Demos

      * C API

    * Python 3.7.0 alpha 2

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Build

      * IDLE

      * C API

    * Python 3.7.0 alpha 1

      * Security

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * IDLE

      * Tools/Demos

      * C API

    * Python 3.6.6 final

    * Python 3.6.6 release candidate 1

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * macOS

      * IDLE

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      * C API

    * Python 3.6.5 final

      * Tests

      * Build

    * Python 3.6.5 release candidate 1

      * Security

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

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      * C API

    * Python 3.6.4 final

    * Python 3.6.4 release candidate 1

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * macOS

      * IDLE

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      * C API

    * Python 3.6.3 final

      * Library

      * Build

    * Python 3.6.3 release candidate 1

      * Security

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

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    * Python 3.6.2 final

    * Python 3.6.2 release candidate 2

      * Security

    * Python 3.6.2 release candidate 1

      * Security

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * IDLE

      * C API

      * Build

      * Documentation

      * Tools/Demos

      * Tests

      * Windows

    * Python 3.6.1 final

      * Core and Builtins

      * Build

    * Python 3.6.1 release candidate 1

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * IDLE

      * Windows

      * C API

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      * Tests

      * Build

    * Python 3.6.0 final

    * Python 3.6.0 release candidate 2

      * Core and Builtins

      * Tools/Demos

      * Windows

      * Build

    * Python 3.6.0 release candidate 1

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * C API

      * Documentation

      * Tools/Demos

    * Python 3.6.0 beta 4

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

    * Python 3.6.0 beta 3

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Windows

      * Build

      * Tests

    * Python 3.6.0 beta 2

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Windows

      * C API

      * Build

      * Tests

    * Python 3.6.0 beta 1

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * IDLE

      * C API

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Tools/Demos

      * Windows

    * Python 3.6.0 alpha 4

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * IDLE

      * Tests

      * Windows

      * Build

    * Python 3.6.0 alpha 3

      * Security

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * IDLE

      * C API

      * Build

      * Tools/Demos

      * Documentation

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    * Python 3.6.0 alpha 2

      * Security

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * IDLE

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Windows

      * Build

      * C API

      * Tools/Demos

    * Python 3.6.0 alpha 1

      * Security

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * IDLE

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * Tools/Demos

      * C API

    * Python 3.5.5 final

    * Python 3.5.5 release candidate 1

      * Security

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

    * Python 3.5.4 final

      * Library

    * Python 3.5.4 release candidate 1

      * Security

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * C API

    * Python 3.5.3 final

    * Python 3.5.3 release candidate 1

      * Security

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * IDLE

      * C API

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Tools/Demos

      * Windows

      * Build

    * Python 3.5.2 final

      * Core and Builtins

      * Tests

      * IDLE

    * Python 3.5.2 release candidate 1

      * Security

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * IDLE

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * Tools/Demos

    * Python 3.5.1 final

      * Core and Builtins

      * Windows

    * Python 3.5.1 release candidate 1

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * IDLE

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Build

      * Windows

      * Tools/Demos

    * Python 3.5.0 final

      * Build

    * Python 3.5.0 release candidate 4

      * Library

      * Build

    * Python 3.5.0 release candidate 3

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

    * Python 3.5.0 release candidate 2

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

    * Python 3.5.0 release candidate 1

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * IDLE

      * Documentation

      * Tests

    * Python 3.5.0 beta 4

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Build

    * Python 3.5.0 beta 3

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Tests

      * Documentation

      * Build

    * Python 3.5.0 beta 2

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

    * Python 3.5.0 beta 1

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * IDLE

      * Tests

      * Documentation

      * Tools/Demos

    * Python 3.5.0 alpha 4

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Build

      * Tests

      * Tools/Demos

      * C API

    * Python 3.5.0 alpha 3

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Build

      * Tests

      * Tools/Demos

    * Python 3.5.0 alpha 2

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Build

      * C API

      * Windows

    * Python 3.5.0 alpha 1

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * IDLE

      * Build

      * C API

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Tools/Demos

      * Windows

* Python 教學

  * 1. 淺嘗滋味

  * 2. 使用 Python 直譯器

    * 2.1. 啟動直譯器

      * 2.1.1. 傳遞引數

      * 2.1.2. 互動模式

    * 2.2. 直譯器與它的環境

      * 2.2.1. 原始碼的字元編碼 (encoding)

  * 3. 一個非正式的 Python 簡介

    * 3.1. 把 Python 當作計算機使用

      * 3.1.1. 數字 (Number)

      * 3.1.2. 文字

      * 3.1.3. List（串列）

    * 3.2. 初探程式設計的前幾步

  * 4. 深入了解流程控制

    * 4.1. "if" 陳述式

    * 4.2. "for" 陳述式

    * 4.3. "range()" 函式

    * 4.4. 迴圈內的 "break" 和 "continue" 陳述式及 "else" 子句

    * 4.5. "pass" 陳述式

    * 4.6. "match" 陳述式

    * 4.7. 定義函式 (function)

    * 4.8. 深入了解函式定義

      * 4.8.1. 預設引數值

      * 4.8.2. 關鍵字引數

      * 4.8.3. 特殊參數

        * 4.8.3.1. 位置或關鍵字引數 (Positional-or-Keyword Arguments)

        * 4.8.3.2. 僅限位置參數 (Positional-Only Parameters)

        * 4.8.3.3. 僅限關鍵字引數 (Keyword-Only Arguments)

        * 4.8.3.4. 函式範例

        * 4.8.3.5. 回顧

      * 4.8.4. 任意引數列表 (Arbitrary Argument Lists)

      * 4.8.5. 拆解引數列表（Unpacking Argument Lists）

      * 4.8.6. Lambda 運算式

      * 4.8.7. 說明文件字串 (Documentation Strings)

      * 4.8.8. 函式註釋 (Function Annotations)

    * 4.9. 間奏曲：程式碼風格 (Coding Style)

  * 5. 資料結構

    * 5.1. 進一步了解 List（串列）

      * 5.1.1. 將 List 作為 Stack（堆疊）使用

      * 5.1.2. 將 List 作為 Queue（佇列）使用

      * 5.1.3. List Comprehensions（串列綜合運算）

      * 5.1.4. 巢狀的 List Comprehensions

    * 5.2. "del" 陳述式

    * 5.3. Tuples 和序列 (Sequences)

    * 5.4. 集合 (Sets)

    * 5.5. 字典（Dictionary）

    * 5.6. 迴圈技巧

    * 5.7. 深入了解條件 (Condition)

    * 5.8. 序列和其他資料類型之比較

  * 6. 模組 (Module)

    * 6.1. 深入了解模組

      * 6.1.1. 把模組當作腳本執行

      * 6.1.2. 模組的搜尋路徑

      * 6.1.3. 「編譯」Python 檔案

    * 6.2. 標準模組

    * 6.3. "dir()" 函式

    * 6.4. 套件 (Package)

      * 6.4.1. 從套件中 import *

      * 6.4.2. 套件內引用

      * 6.4.3. 多目錄中的套件

  * 7. 輸入和輸出

    * 7.1. 更華麗的輸出格式

      * 7.1.1. 格式化的字串文本 (Formatted String Literals)

      * 7.1.2. 字串的 format() method

      * 7.1.3. 手動格式化字串

      * 7.1.4. 格式化字串的舊方法

    * 7.2. 讀寫檔案

      * 7.2.1. 檔案物件的 method

      * 7.2.2. 使用 "json" 儲存結構化資料

  * 8. 錯誤和例外

    * 8.1. 語法錯誤 (Syntax Error)

    * 8.2. 例外 (Exception)

    * 8.3. 處理例外

    * 8.4. 引發例外

    * 8.5. 例外鏈接 (Exception Chaining)

    * 8.6. 使用者自定的例外

    * 8.7. 定義清理動作

    * 8.8. 預定義的清理動作

    * 8.9. 引發及處理多個無關的例外

    * 8.10. 用註解使例外更詳細

  * 9. Class（類別）

    * 9.1. 關於名稱與物件的一段話

    * 9.2. Python 作用域 (Scope) 及命名空間 (Namespace)

      * 9.2.1. 作用域和命名空間的範例

    * 9.3. 初見 class

      * 9.3.1. Class definition（類別定義）語法

      * 9.3.2. Class 物件

      * 9.3.3. 實例物件

      * 9.3.4. Method 物件

      * 9.3.5. Class 及實例變數

    * 9.4. 隨意的備註

    * 9.5. 繼承 (Inheritance)

      * 9.5.1. 多重繼承

    * 9.6. 私有變數

    * 9.7. 補充說明

    * 9.8. 疊代器 (Iterator)

    * 9.9. 產生器 (Generator)

    * 9.10. 產生器運算式

  * 10. Python 標準函式庫概覽

    * 10.1. 作業系統介面

    * 10.2. 檔案之萬用字元 (File Wildcards)

    * 10.3. 命令列引數

    * 10.4. 錯誤輸出重新導向與程式終止

    * 10.5. 字串樣式比對

    * 10.6. 數學相關

    * 10.7. 網路存取

    * 10.8. 日期與時間

    * 10.9. 資料壓縮

    * 10.10. 效能量測

    * 10.11. 品質控管

    * 10.12. 標準模組庫

  * 11. Python 標準函式庫概覽——第二部份

    * 11.1. 輸出格式化 (Output Formatting)

    * 11.2. 模板化 (Templating)

    * 11.3. 二進制資料記錄編排 (Binary Data Record Layouts)

    * 11.4. 多執行緒 (Multi-threading)

    * 11.5. 日誌記錄 (Logging)

    * 11.6. 弱引用 (Weak References)

    * 11.7. 使用於 List 的工具

    * 11.8. 十進制浮點數運算 (Decimal Floating-Point Arithmetic)

  * 12. 虛擬環境與套件

    * 12.1. 簡介

    * 12.2. 建立虛擬環境

    * 12.3. 用 pip 管理套件

  * 13. 現在可以來學習些什麼？

  * 14. 互動式輸入編輯和歷史記錄替換

    * 14.1. Tab 鍵自動完成 (Tab Completion) 和歷史記錄編輯 (History
      Editing)

    * 14.2. 互動式直譯器的替代方案

  * 15. 浮點數運算：問題與限制

    * 15.1. 表示法誤差 (Representation Error)

  * 16. 附錄

    * 16.1. 互動模式

      * 16.1.1. 錯誤處理

      * 16.1.2. 可執行的 Python 腳本

      * 16.1.3. 互動式啟動檔案

      * 16.1.4. 客製化模組

* Python 的設置與使用

  * 1. 命令列與環境

    * 1.1. 命令列

      * 1.1.1. 介面選項

      * 1.1.2. Generic options

      * 1.1.3. Miscellaneous options

      * 1.1.4. Controlling color

      * 1.1.5. 你不該使用的選項

    * 1.2. 環境變數

      * 1.2.1. 除錯模式變數

  * 2. 在 Unix 平臺上使用 Python

    * 2.1. 獲得並安裝 Python 的最新版本

      * 2.1.1. 在 Linux 上

      * 2.1.2. 在 FreeBSD 和 OpenBSD 上

    * 2.2. 建置 Python

    * 2.3. 與 Python 相關的路徑和檔案

    * 2.4. 雜項

    * 2.5. 客製化 OpenSSL

  * 3. 配置 Python

    * 3.1. 建置需求

    * 3.2. 產生的檔案

      * 3.2.1. 設定腳本

    * 3.3. 設定選項

      * 3.3.1. 一般選項

      * 3.3.2. C compiler options

      * 3.3.3. Linker options

      * 3.3.4. Options for third-party dependencies

      * 3.3.5. WebAssembly 選項

      * 3.3.6. 安裝選項

      * 3.3.7. Performance options

      * 3.3.8. Python Debug Build

      * 3.3.9. Debug options

      * 3.3.10. Linker options

      * 3.3.11. 函式庫選項

      * 3.3.12. Security Options

      * 3.3.13. macOS 選項

      * 3.3.14. iOS Options

      * 3.3.15. Cross Compiling Options

    * 3.4. Python Build System

      * 3.4.1. Main files of the build system

      * 3.4.2. 主要建置步驟

      * 3.4.3. 主要 Makefile 目標

        * 3.4.3.1. make

        * 3.4.3.2. make platform

        * 3.4.3.3. make profile-opt

        * 3.4.3.4. make clean

        * 3.4.3.5. make distclean

        * 3.4.3.6. make install

        * 3.4.3.7. make test

        * 3.4.3.8. make buildbottest

        * 3.4.3.9. make regen-all

      * 3.4.4. C 擴充模組

    * 3.5. Compiler and linker flags

      * 3.5.1. Preprocessor flags

      * 3.5.2. 編譯器旗標

      * 3.5.3. Linker flags

  * 4. 在 Windows 上使用 Python

    * 4.1. The full installer

      * 4.1.1. 安裝步驟

      * 4.1.2. Removing the MAX_PATH Limitation

      * 4.1.3. 安裝排除使用者介面

      * 4.1.4. 當安裝時不下載

      * 4.1.5. Modifying an install

      * 4.1.6. Installing Free-threaded Binaries

    * 4.2. The Microsoft Store package

      * 4.2.1. Known issues

        * 4.2.1.1. Redirection of local data, registry, and temporary
          paths

    * 4.3. nuget.org 套件

      * 4.3.1. Free-threaded packages

    * 4.4. The embeddable package

      * 4.4.1. Python Application

      * 4.4.2. 嵌入 Python

    * 4.5. Alternative bundles

    * 4.6. 設定 Python

      * 4.6.1. Excursus: Setting environment variables

      * 4.6.2. Finding the Python executable

    * 4.7. UTF-8 模式

    * 4.8. Python Launcher for Windows

      * 4.8.1. 開始

        * 4.8.1.1. From the command-line

        * 4.8.1.2. 虛擬環境（Virtual environment）

        * 4.8.1.3. From a script

        * 4.8.1.4. 從檔案關聯

      * 4.8.2. Shebang Lines

      * 4.8.3. Arguments in shebang lines

      * 4.8.4. Customization

        * 4.8.4.1. Customization via INI files

        * 4.8.4.2. Customizing default Python versions

      * 4.8.5. Diagnostics

      * 4.8.6. Dry Run

      * 4.8.7. 安裝隨選

      * 4.8.8. Return codes

    * 4.9. 找尋模組

    * 4.10. 額外的模組

      * 4.10.1. PyWin32

      * 4.10.2. cx_Freeze

    * 4.11. 編譯 Python 在 Windows

    * 4.12. 其他平台

  * 5. 在 Mac 系統使用 Python

    * 5.1. 取得和安裝 Python

      * 5.1.1. 如何執行 Python 腳本

      * 5.1.2. 透過 GUI 執行腳本

      * 5.1.3. 設定

    * 5.2. 整合化開發工具 (IDE)

    * 5.3. 安裝額外的 Python 套件

    * 5.4. 開發 GUI 程式

    * 5.5. 發行 Python 應用程式

      * 5.5.1. App Store Compliance

    * 5.6. 其他資源

  * 6. Using Python on iOS

    * 6.1. Python at runtime on iOS

      * 6.1.1. iOS version compatibility

      * 6.1.2. Platform identification

      * 6.1.3. Standard library availability

      * 6.1.4. Binary extension modules

      * 6.1.5. Compiler stub binaries

    * 6.2. Installing Python on iOS

      * 6.2.1. Tools for building iOS apps

      * 6.2.2. Adding Python to an iOS project

    * 6.3. App Store Compliance

  * 7. 編輯器與 IDE

* Python 語言參考手冊

  * 1. 簡介

    * 1.1. Alternate Implementations

    * 1.2. Notation

  * 2. 詞法分析

    * 2.1. Line structure

      * 2.1.1. Logical lines

      * 2.1.2. Physical lines

      * 2.1.3. Comments

      * 2.1.4. Encoding declarations

      * 2.1.5. Explicit line joining

      * 2.1.6. Implicit line joining

      * 2.1.7. Blank lines

      * 2.1.8. Indentation

      * 2.1.9. Whitespace between tokens

    * 2.2. Other tokens

    * 2.3. Identifiers and keywords

      * 2.3.1. 關鍵字

      * 2.3.2. 軟關鍵字

      * 2.3.3. Reserved classes of identifiers

    * 2.4. Literals

      * 2.4.1. String and Bytes literals

        * 2.4.1.1. 跳脫序列

      * 2.4.2. String literal concatenation

      * 2.4.3. f-string（f 字串）

      * 2.4.4. Numeric literals

      * 2.4.5. Integer literals

      * 2.4.6. 浮點數常數 (Floating-point literals)

      * 2.4.7. Imaginary literals

    * 2.5. Operators

    * 2.6. Delimiters

  * 3. 資料模型

    * 3.1. Objects, values and types

    * 3.2. 標準型別階層

      * 3.2.1. None

      * 3.2.2. NotImplemented

      * 3.2.3. Ellipsis

      * 3.2.4. "numbers.Number"

        * 3.2.4.1. "numbers.Integral"

        * 3.2.4.2. "numbers.Real" ("float")

        * 3.2.4.3. "numbers.Complex" ("complex")

      * 3.2.5. Sequences

        * 3.2.5.1. Immutable sequences

        * 3.2.5.2. Mutable sequences

      * 3.2.6. Set types

      * 3.2.7. Mappings

        * 3.2.7.1. 字典

      * 3.2.8. Callable types

        * 3.2.8.1. 自訂函式

          * 3.2.8.1.1. 特殊唯讀屬性

          * 3.2.8.1.2. 特殊可寫屬性

        * 3.2.8.2. Instance methods

        * 3.2.8.3. Generator functions

        * 3.2.8.4. Coroutine functions

        * 3.2.8.5. Asynchronous generator functions

        * 3.2.8.6. Built-in functions

        * 3.2.8.7. Built-in methods

        * 3.2.8.8. Classes

        * 3.2.8.9. Class Instances

      * 3.2.9. 模組

      * 3.2.10. Custom classes

      * 3.2.11. Class instances

      * 3.2.12. I/O objects (also known as file objects)

      * 3.2.13. Internal types

        * 3.2.13.1. Code objects

          * 3.2.13.1.1. 特殊唯讀屬性

          * 3.2.13.1.2. 用於程式碼物件的方法

        * 3.2.13.2. Frame objects

          * 3.2.13.2.1. 特殊唯讀屬性

          * 3.2.13.2.2. 特殊可寫屬性

          * 3.2.13.2.3. Frame object methods

        * 3.2.13.3. Traceback objects

        * 3.2.13.4. Slice objects

        * 3.2.13.5. Static method objects

        * 3.2.13.6. Class method objects

    * 3.3. Special method names

      * 3.3.1. Basic customization

      * 3.3.2. Customizing attribute access

        * 3.3.2.1. Customizing module attribute access

        * 3.3.2.2. Implementing Descriptors

        * 3.3.2.3. Invoking Descriptors

        * 3.3.2.4. __slots__

      * 3.3.3. Customizing class creation

        * 3.3.3.1. Metaclasses

        * 3.3.3.2. Resolving MRO entries

        * 3.3.3.3. Determining the appropriate metaclass

        * 3.3.3.4. Preparing the class namespace

        * 3.3.3.5. Executing the class body

        * 3.3.3.6. Creating the class object

        * 3.3.3.7. Uses for metaclasses

      * 3.3.4. Customizing instance and subclass checks

      * 3.3.5. Emulating generic types

        * 3.3.5.1. The purpose of *__class_getitem__*

        * 3.3.5.2. *__class_getitem__* versus *__getitem__*

      * 3.3.6. Emulating callable objects

      * 3.3.7. Emulating container types

      * 3.3.8. Emulating numeric types

      * 3.3.9. With Statement Context Managers

      * 3.3.10. Customizing positional arguments in class pattern
        matching

      * 3.3.11. Emulating buffer types

      * 3.3.12. Special method lookup

    * 3.4. 協程

      * 3.4.1. Awaitable Objects

      * 3.4.2. Coroutine Objects

      * 3.4.3. Asynchronous Iterators

      * 3.4.4. Asynchronous Context Managers

  * 4. 執行模型

    * 4.1. Structure of a program

    * 4.2. Naming and binding

      * 4.2.1. Binding of names

      * 4.2.2. Resolution of names

      * 4.2.3. Annotation scopes

      * 4.2.4. Lazy evaluation

      * 4.2.5. Builtins and restricted execution

      * 4.2.6. Interaction with dynamic features

    * 4.3. 例外

  * 5. 模組引入系統

    * 5.1. "importlib"

    * 5.2. 套件

      * 5.2.1. Regular packages

      * 5.2.2. Namespace packages

    * 5.3. Searching

      * 5.3.1. The module cache

      * 5.3.2. Finders and loaders

      * 5.3.3. Import hooks

      * 5.3.4. The meta path

    * 5.4. Loading

      * 5.4.1. Loaders

      * 5.4.2. 子模組

      * 5.4.3. Module spec

      * 5.4.4. Import-related module attributes

      * 5.4.5. module.__path__

      * 5.4.6. Module reprs

      * 5.4.7. Cached bytecode invalidation

    * 5.5. The Path Based Finder

      * 5.5.1. Path entry finders

      * 5.5.2. Path entry finder protocol

    * 5.6. Replacing the standard import system

    * 5.7. Package Relative Imports

    * 5.8. Special considerations for __main__

      * 5.8.1. __main__.__spec__

    * 5.9. References

  * 6. 運算式

    * 6.1. Arithmetic conversions

    * 6.2. Atoms

      * 6.2.1. Identifiers (Names)

        * 6.2.1.1. Private name mangling

      * 6.2.2. Literals

      * 6.2.3. Parenthesized forms

      * 6.2.4. Displays for lists, sets and dictionaries

      * 6.2.5. List displays

      * 6.2.6. Set displays

      * 6.2.7. Dictionary displays

      * 6.2.8. Generator expressions

      * 6.2.9. Yield expressions

        * 6.2.9.1. Generator-iterator methods

        * 6.2.9.2. 模組

        * 6.2.9.3. Asynchronous generator functions

        * 6.2.9.4. Asynchronous generator-iterator methods

    * 6.3. Primaries

      * 6.3.1. Attribute references

      * 6.3.2. Subscriptions

      * 6.3.3. Slicings

      * 6.3.4. Calls

    * 6.4. Await expression

    * 6.5. The power operator

    * 6.6. Unary arithmetic and bitwise operations

    * 6.7. Binary arithmetic operations

    * 6.8. Shifting operations

    * 6.9. Binary bitwise operations

    * 6.10. Comparisons

      * 6.10.1. Value comparisons

      * 6.10.2. Membership test operations

      * 6.10.3. Identity comparisons

    * 6.11. Boolean operations

    * 6.12. Assignment expressions

    * 6.13. Conditional expressions

    * 6.14. Lambdas

    * 6.15. Expression lists

    * 6.16. Evaluation order

    * 6.17. Operator precedence

  * 7. 簡單陳述式

    * 7.1. Expression statements

    * 7.2. Assignment statements

      * 7.2.1. Augmented assignment statements

      * 7.2.2. Annotated assignment statements

    * 7.3. "assert" 陳述式

    * 7.4. "pass" 陳述式

    * 7.5. "del" 陳述式

    * 7.6. "return" 陳述式

    * 7.7. "yield" 陳述式

    * 7.8. "raise" 陳述式

    * 7.9. "break" 陳述式

    * 7.10. "continue" 陳述式

    * 7.11. "import" 陳述式

      * 7.11.1. Future statements

    * 7.12. "global" 陳述式

    * 7.13. "nonlocal" 陳述式

    * 7.14. "type" 陳述式

  * 8. 複合陳述式

    * 8.1. The "if" statement

    * 8.2. The "while" statement

    * 8.3. The "for" statement

    * 8.4. The "try" statement

      * 8.4.1. "except" clause

      * 8.4.2. "except*" 子句

      * 8.4.3. "else" clause

      * 8.4.4. "finally" clause

    * 8.5. The "with" statement

    * 8.6. The "match" statement

      * 8.6.1. Overview

      * 8.6.2. Guards

      * 8.6.3. Irrefutable Case Blocks

      * 8.6.4. Patterns

        * 8.6.4.1. OR Patterns

        * 8.6.4.2. AS Patterns

        * 8.6.4.3. Literal Patterns

        * 8.6.4.4. Capture Patterns

        * 8.6.4.5. Wildcard Patterns

        * 8.6.4.6. Value Patterns

        * 8.6.4.7. Group Patterns

        * 8.6.4.8. Sequence Patterns

        * 8.6.4.9. Mapping Patterns

        * 8.6.4.10. Class Patterns

    * 8.7. 函式定義

    * 8.8. 類別定義

    * 8.9. 協程

      * 8.9.1. 協程函式定義

      * 8.9.2. "async for" 陳述式

      * 8.9.3. "async with" 陳述式

    * 8.10. Type parameter lists

      * 8.10.1. Generic functions

      * 8.10.2. Generic classes

      * 8.10.3. Generic type aliases

  * 9. 最高層級元件

    * 9.1. 完整的 Python 程式

    * 9.2. 檔案輸入

    * 9.3. 互動式輸入

    * 9.4. 運算式輸入

  * 10. 完整的語法規格書

* Python 標準函式庫 (Standard Library)

  * 簡介

    * 可用性之註釋

      * WebAssembly 平台

      * iOS

  * 內建函式

  * 內建常數

    * 由 "site" module（模組）所添增的常數

  * 內建型別

    * 真值檢測

    * Boolean（布林）運算 --- "and", "or", "not"

    * 比較運算

    * 數值型別 --- "int"、"float"、"complex"

      * 整數型別的位元運算

      * 整數型別的附加 methods

      * 浮點數的附加 methods

      * 數值型別的雜湊

    * Boolean 型別 - "bool"

    * 疊代器型別

      * Generator Types

    * Sequence Types --- "list", "tuple", "range"

      * Common Sequence Operations

      * Immutable Sequence Types

      * Mutable Sequence Types

      * List（串列）

      * Tuples

      * Ranges

    * Text Sequence Type --- "str"

      * String Methods

      * "printf"-style String Formatting

    * Binary Sequence Types --- "bytes", "bytearray", "memoryview"

      * Bytes Objects

      * Bytearray Objects

      * Bytes and Bytearray Operations

      * "printf"-style Bytes Formatting

      * Memory Views

    * Set Types --- "set", "frozenset"

    * Mapping Types --- "dict"

      * 字典視圖物件

    * 情境管理器型別

    * 型別註釋的型別 --- *泛型別名 (Generic Alias)*、*聯合 (Union)*

      * 泛型別名型別

        * 標準泛型類別

        * "GenericAlias" 物件的特殊屬性

      * 聯合型別 (Union Type)

    * Other Built-in Types

      * 模組

      * Classes and Class Instances

      * 函式

      * Methods

      * Code Objects

      * Type Objects

      * The Null Object

      * The Ellipsis Object

      * NotImplemented 物件

      * Internal Objects

    * 特殊屬性

    * Integer string conversion length limitation

      * 受影響的 API

      * 設定限制

      * 建議的配置

  * 內建的例外

    * 例外的情境

    * 繼承自內建的例外

    * 基底類別 (base classes)

    * 實體例外

      * 作業系統例外

    * 警告

    * 例外群組

    * 例外階層

  * 文本處理 (Text Processing) 服務

    * "string" --- 常見的字串操作

      * 字串常數

      * 自訂字串格式

      * 格式化文字語法

        * 格式規格 (Format Specification) 迷你語言

        * 格式範例

      * 模板字串

      * 輔助函式

    * "re" --- 正規表示式 (regular expression) 操作

      * 正規表示式語法

      * 模組內容

        * 旗標

        * Functions

        * Exceptions

      * Regular Expression Objects

      * Match Objects

      * Regular Expression Examples

        * Checking for a Pair

        * 模擬 scanf()

        * search() vs. match()

        * Making a Phonebook

        * Text Munging

        * Finding all Adverbs

        * Finding all Adverbs and their Positions

        * Raw String Notation

        * Writing a Tokenizer

    * "difflib" --- 計算差異的輔助工具

      * SequenceMatcher 物件

      * SequenceMatcher 範例

      * Differ Objects

      * Differ Example

      * A command-line interface to difflib

      * ndiff 範例：

    * "textwrap" --- 文字包裝與填充

    * "unicodedata" --- Unicode 資料庫

    * "stringprep" --- 網際網路字串準備

    * "readline" --- GNU readline 介面

      * Init file

      * Line buffer

      * History file

      * History list

      * Startup hooks

      * Completion

      * 範例

    * "rlcompleter" --- GNU readline 的補全函式

  * 二進位資料服務

    * "struct" --- 將位元組直譯為打包起來的二進位資料

      * 函式與例外

      * Format Strings

        * Byte Order, Size, and Alignment

        * Format Characters

        * 範例

      * Applications

        * Native Formats

        * Standard Formats

      * Classes

    * "codecs" --- 編解碼器註冊表和基底類別

      * Codec Base Classes

        * Error Handlers

        * Stateless Encoding and Decoding

        * Incremental Encoding and Decoding

          * IncrementalEncoder 物件

          * IncrementalDecoder 物件

        * Stream Encoding and Decoding

          * StreamWriter 物件

          * StreamReader 物件

          * StreamReaderWriter 物件

          * StreamRecoder 物件

      * Encodings and Unicode

      * Standard Encodings

      * Python Specific Encodings

        * Text Encodings

        * Binary Transforms

        * Text Transforms

      * "encodings.idna" --- Internationalized Domain Names in
        Applications

      * "encodings.mbcs" --- Windows ANSI codepage

      * "encodings.utf_8_sig" --- UTF-8 codec with BOM signature

  * 資料型別

    * "datetime" --- 日期與時間的基本型別

      * Aware and Naive Objects

      * 常數

      * Available Types

        * 常見屬性

        * Determining if an Object is Aware or Naive

      * "timedelta" 物件

        * 用法範例："timedelta"

      * "date" 物件

        * 用法範例："date"

      * "datetime" 物件

        * 用法範例："datetime"

      * "time" 物件

        * 用法範例："time"

      * "tzinfo" 物件

      * "timezone" 物件

      * "strftime()" 與 "strptime()" 的行為

        * "strftime()" 與 "strptime()" 格式碼

        * 技術細節

    * "zoneinfo" --- IANA 時區支援

      * Using "ZoneInfo"

      * Data sources

        * Configuring the data sources

          * Compile-time configuration

          * Environment configuration

          * Runtime configuration

      * The "ZoneInfo" class

        * String representations

        * Pickle serialization

      * 函式

      * Globals

      * Exceptions and warnings

    * "calendar" --- 日曆相關函式

      * 命令列用法

    * "collections" --- 容器資料型態

      * "ChainMap" 物件

        * "ChainMap" 範例和用法

      * "Counter" 物件

      * "deque" 物件

        * "deque" 用法

      * "defaultdict" 物件

        * "defaultdict" 範例

      * "namedtuple()" 擁有具名欄位之 tuple 的工廠函式

      * "OrderedDict" 物件

        * "OrderedDict" 範例與用法

      * "UserDict" 物件

      * "UserList" 物件

      * "UserString" 物件

    * "collections.abc" --- 容器的抽象基底類別

      * Collections Abstract Base Classes

      * Collections Abstract Base Classes -- Detailed Descriptions

      * Examples and Recipes

    * "heapq" --- 堆積佇列 (heap queue) 演算法

      * 基礎範例

      * 優先佇列實作細節

      * 原理

    * "bisect" --- 陣列二分演算法 (Array bisection algorithm)

      * 效能考量

      * 搜尋一個已排序的 list

      * 範例

    * "array" --- 高效率的數值型陣列

    * "weakref" --- 弱參照

      * 弱參照物件

      * 範例

      * 最終化器物件

      * 最終化器與 "__del__()" 方法的比較

    * "types" --- 動態型別建立與內建型別名稱

      * Dynamic Type Creation

      * Standard Interpreter Types

      * Additional Utility Classes and Functions

      * Coroutine Utility Functions

    * "copy" --- 淺層 (shallow) 和深層 (deep) 複製操作

    * "pprint" --- 資料美化列印器

      * 函式

      * PrettyPrinter 物件

      * 範例

    * "reprlib" --- "repr()" 的替代實作

      * Repr 物件

      * Subclassing Repr Objects

    * "enum" --- 對列舉的支援

      * 模組內容

      * 資料型別

        * 支援 "__dunder__" 名稱

        * 支援 "_sunder_" 名稱

      * 通用項目與裝飾器

      * 備註

    * "graphlib" —-- 使用類圖 (graph-like) 結構進行操作的功能

      * 例外

  * 數值與數學模組

    * "numbers" --- 數值的抽象基底類別

      * 數值的階層

      * 給型別實作者的註記

        * 加入更多數值 ABC

        * 實作算術操作

    * "math" --- 數學函式

      * 數論與表現函式

      * Power and logarithmic functions

      * Trigonometric functions

      * Angular conversion

      * Hyperbolic functions

      * Special functions

      * 常數

    * "cmath" --- 複數的數學函式

      * 轉換到極座標和從極座標做轉換

      * 冪函數和對數函數

      * 三角函數

      * 雙曲函數

      * 分類函式

      * 常數

    * "decimal" --- 十進位固定點和浮點運算

      * Quick-start Tutorial

      * Decimal objects

        * Logical operands

      * Context objects

      * 常數

      * Rounding modes

      * Signals

      * Floating-Point Notes

        * Mitigating round-off error with increased precision

        * 特殊值

      * Working with threads

      * Recipes

      * Decimal FAQ

    * "fractions" --- 有理數

    * "random" --- 生成偽隨機數

      * 簿記函式 (bookkeeping functions)

      * 回傳位元組的函式

      * 回傳整數的函式

      * 回傳序列的函式

      * 離散分布

      * 實數分布

      * 替代產生器

      * 關於 Reproducibility（復現性）的注意事項

      * 範例

      * 使用方案

      * Command-line usage

      * Command-line example

    * "statistics" --- 數學統計函式

      * 平均值與中央位置量數

      * 離度 (spread) 的測量

      * 兩個輸入之間的關係統計

      * 函式細節

      * 例外

      * "NormalDist" 物件

      * 範例與錦囊妙計

        * 經典機率問題

        * 用於模擬的蒙地卡羅 (Monte Carlo) 輸入

        * 近似二項分布

        * 單純貝氏分類器 (Naive bayesian classifier)

  * 函式編程模組

    * "itertools" --- 建立產生高效率迴圈之疊代器的函式

      * Itertool 函式

      * Itertools 應用技巧

    * "functools" --- 可呼叫物件上的高階函式與操作

      * "partial" 物件

    * "operator" --- 標準運算子替代函式

      * 運算子與函式間的對映

      * 原地 (in-place) 運算子

  * 檔案與目錄存取

    * "pathlib" --- 物件導向檔案系統路徑

      * 基本用法

      * Exceptions

      * 純路徑

        * 通用屬性

        * 運算子

        * 對個別組成的存取

        * 方法與屬性

      * 實體路徑

        * Parsing and generating URIs

        * Expanding and resolving paths

        * Querying file type and status

        * Reading and writing files

        * 讀取目錄

        * 建立檔案與目錄

        * Renaming and deleting

        * Permissions and ownership

      * Pattern language

      * Comparison to the "glob" module

      * Comparison to the "os" and "os.path" modules

        * Corresponding tools

    * "os.path" --- 常見的路徑名操作

    * "fileinput" --- 逐列疊代多個輸入串流

    * "stat" --- 直譯 "stat()" 的結果

    * "filecmp" --- 檔案與目錄比較

      * The "dircmp" class

    * "tempfile" --- 生成臨時檔案和目錄

      * 範例

      * 已棄用的函式和變數

    * "glob" --- Unix 風格的路徑名稱模式擴展

      * Examples

    * "fnmatch" --- Unix 檔案名稱模式比對

    * "linecache" --- 隨機存取文字列

    * "shutil" — 高階檔案操作

      * Directory and files operations

        * Platform-dependent efficient copy operations

        * copytree example

        * rmtree 範例

      * Archiving operations

        * Archiving example

        * Archiving example with *base_dir*

      * Querying the size of the output terminal

  * 資料持久性 (Data Persistence)

    * "pickle" --- Python 物件序列化

      * 和其他 Python 模組的關係

        * 和 "marshal" 的比較

        * 和 "json" 的比較

      * Data stream format

      * 模組介面

      * What can be pickled and unpickled?

      * Pickling Class Instances

        * Persistence of External Objects

        * Dispatch Tables

        * Handling Stateful Objects

      * Custom Reduction for Types, Functions, and Other Objects

      * Out-of-band Buffers

        * Provider API

        * Consumer API

        * 範例

      * Restricting Globals

      * Performance

      * 範例

    * "copyreg" --- 註冊 "pickle" 支援函式

      * 範例

    * "shelve" --- Python object persistence

      * Restrictions

      * 範例

    * "marshal" --- 内部 Python 物件序列化

    * "dbm" --- Unix "databases" 的介面

      * "dbm.sqlite3" --- SQLite backend for dbm

      * "dbm.gnu" --- GNU 資料庫管理器

      * "dbm.ndbm" --- 新資料庫管理器

      * "dbm.dumb" --- 可攜式 DBM 實作

    * "sqlite3" --- SQLite 資料庫的 DB-API 2.0 介面

      * 教學

      * Reference

        * Module functions

        * Module constants

        * Connection 物件

        * Cursor 物件

        * Row 物件

        * Blob 物件

        * PrepareProtocol 物件

        * 例外

        * SQLite and Python types

        * Default adapters and converters (deprecated)

        * 命令列介面

      * How-to guides

        * How to use placeholders to bind values in SQL queries

        * How to adapt custom Python types to SQLite values

          * How to write adaptable objects

          * How to register adapter callables

        * How to convert SQLite values to custom Python types

        * Adapter and converter recipes

        * How to use connection shortcut methods

        * How to use the connection context manager

        * How to work with SQLite URIs

        * How to create and use row factories

        * How to handle non-UTF-8 text encodings

      * 解釋

        * Transaction control

          * Transaction control via the "autocommit" attribute

          * Transaction control via the "isolation_level" attribute

  * 資料壓縮與保存

    * "zlib" --- 相容於 **gzip** 的壓縮

    * "gzip" --- **gzip** 檔案的支援

      * 用法範例

      * 命令列介面

        * 命令列選項

    * "bz2" --- **bzip2** 壓縮的支援

      * (De)compression of files

      * Incremental (de)compression

      * One-shot (de)compression

      * 用法範例

    * "lzma" --- 使用 LZMA 演算法進行壓縮

      * Reading and writing compressed files

      * Compressing and decompressing data in memory

      * Miscellaneous

      * Specifying custom filter chains

      * 範例

    * "zipfile" --- 處理 ZIP 封存檔案

      * ZipFile 物件

      * Path Objects

      * PyZipFile 物件

      * ZipInfo 物件

      * Command-Line Interface

        * Command-line options

      * Decompression pitfalls

        * From file itself

        * File System limitations

        * Resources limitations

        * Interruption

        * Default behaviors of extraction

    * "tarfile" --- 讀取與寫入 tar 封存檔案

      * TarFile 物件

      * TarInfo 物件

      * Extraction filters

        * Default named filters

        * Filter errors

        * Hints for further verification

        * Supporting older Python versions

        * Stateful extraction filter example

      * Command-Line Interface

        * 命令列選項

      * 範例

      * Supported tar formats

      * Unicode issues

  * 檔案格式

    * "csv" --- CSV 檔案讀取及寫入

      * 模組內容

      * Dialect 與格式參數

      * 讀取器物件

      * 寫入器物件

      * 範例

    * "configparser" --- 設定檔剖析器

      * Quick Start

      * Supported Datatypes

      * Fallback Values

      * Supported INI File Structure

      * Unnamed Sections

      * Interpolation of values

      * Mapping Protocol Access

      * Customizing Parser Behaviour

      * Legacy API Examples

      * ConfigParser 物件

      * RawConfigParser 物件

      * 例外

    * "tomllib" --- 剖析 TOML 檔案

      * 範例

      * 轉換表

    * "netrc" --- netrc 檔案處理

      * netrc 物件

    * "plistlib" --- 產生和剖析 Apple ".plist" 檔案

      * 範例

  * 加密服務

    * "hashlib" --- 安全雜湊與訊息摘要

      * 雜湊演算法

      * 用法

      * 建構函式

      * 屬性

      * 雜湊物件

      * SHAKE 可變長度摘要

      * 檔案雜湊

      * 密鑰的生成

      * BLAKE2

        * 建立雜湊物件

        * 常數

        * 範例

          * 簡單雜湊

          * 使用不同的摘要大小

          * 密鑰雜湊 (Keyed hashing)

          * 隨機雜湊 (Randomized hashing)

          * 個人化

          * 樹狀模式

        * 製作人員

    * "hmac" --- 基於金鑰雜湊的訊息驗證

    * "secrets" --- 產生用於管理機密的安全亂數

      * 亂數

      * 產生權杖（token）

        * 權杖應當使用多少個位元組？

      * 其他函式

      * 應用技巧和典範實務（best practices）

  * 通用作業系統服務

    * "os" --- 各種作業系統介面

      * File Names, Command Line Arguments, and Environment Variables

      * Python UTF-8 模式

      * 行程參數

      * File Object Creation

      * File Descriptor Operations

        * Querying the size of a terminal

        * Inheritance of File Descriptors

      * Files and Directories

        * Timer File Descriptors

        * Linux extended attributes

      * 行程管理

      * Interface to the scheduler

      * Miscellaneous System Information

      * Random numbers

    * "io" — 處理資料串流的核心工具

      * 總覽

        * 文字 I/O

        * 二進位 (Binary) I/O

        * 原始 (Raw) I/O

      * 文字編碼

        * 選擇性加入的編碼警告

      * 高階模組介面

      * 類別階層

        * I/O 基礎類別

        * 原始檔案 I/O

        * Buffered Streams

        * 文字 I/O

      * Performance

        * 二進位 (Binary) I/O

        * 文字 I/O

        * Multi-threading

        * Reentrancy

    * "time" --- 時間存取與轉換

      * 函式

      * Clock ID Constants

      * Timezone Constants

    * "argparse" --- Parser for command-line options, arguments and
      sub-commands

      * Core Functionality

      * Quick Links for add_argument()

      * 範例

        * 建立一個剖析器

        * 增加引數

        * 剖析引數

      * ArgumentParser 物件

        * prog

        * usage

        * 描述

        * epilog

        * parents

        * formatter_class

        * prefix_chars

        * fromfile_prefix_chars

        * argument_default

        * allow_abbrev

        * conflict_handler

        * add_help

        * exit_on_error

      * The add_argument() method

        * name or flags

        * action

        * nargs

        * const

        * default

        * type

        * choices

        * required

        * 幫助

        * metavar

        * dest

        * deprecated

        * Action classes

      * The parse_args() method

        * Option value syntax

        * Invalid arguments

        * Arguments containing "-"

        * Argument abbreviations (prefix matching)

        * Beyond "sys.argv"

        * The Namespace object

      * Other utilities

        * Sub-commands

        * FileType 物件

        * Argument groups

        * Mutual exclusion

        * Parser defaults

        * Printing help

        * Partial parsing

        * Customizing file parsing

        * Exiting methods

        * Intermixed parsing

      * Upgrading optparse code

      * Exceptions

    * "logging" --- Python 的日誌記錄工具

      * Logger 物件

      * Logging Levels

      * Handler Objects

      * Formatter Objects

      * Filter Objects

      * LogRecord 物件

      * LogRecord attributes

      * LoggerAdapter 物件

      * Thread Safety

      * Module-Level Functions

      * Module-Level Attributes

      * Integration with the warnings module

    * "logging.config" --- 日誌記錄配置

      * Configuration functions

      * Security considerations

      * Configuration dictionary schema

        * Dictionary Schema Details

        * Incremental Configuration

        * Object connections

        * User-defined objects

        * Handler configuration order

        * Access to external objects

        * Access to internal objects

        * Import resolution and custom importers

        * Configuring QueueHandler and QueueListener

      * Configuration file format

    * "logging.handlers" --- 日誌紀錄處理器

      * StreamHandler

      * FileHandler

      * NullHandler

      * WatchedFileHandler

      * BaseRotatingHandler

      * RotatingFileHandler

      * TimedRotatingFileHandler

      * SocketHandler

      * DatagramHandler

      * SysLogHandler

      * NTEventLogHandler

      * SMTPHandler

      * MemoryHandler

      * HTTPHandler

      * QueueHandler

      * QueueListener

    * "getpass" --- 可攜式密碼輸入工具

    * "curses" --- 字元儲存格顯示的終端處理

      * 函式

      * Window Objects

      * Constants

    * "curses.textpad" --- Text input widget for curses programs

      * Textbox objects

    * "curses.ascii" --- ASCII 字元的工具程式

    * "curses.panel" --- curses 的面板堆疊擴充

      * 函式

      * Panel Objects

    * "platform" ---  對底層平臺識別資料的存取

      * 跨平台

      * Java 平台

      * Windows 平台

      * macOS 平台

      * iOS Platform

      * Unix 平台

      * Linux 平台

      * Android Platform

    * "errno" --- 標準 errno 系統符號

    * "ctypes" --- 用於 Python 的外部函式庫

      * ctypes 教學

        * Loading dynamic link libraries

        * Accessing functions from loaded dlls

        * 呼叫函式

        * Fundamental data types

        * Calling functions, continued

        * Calling variadic functions

        * Calling functions with your own custom data types

        * Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes)

        * Return types

        * Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference)

        * Structures and unions

        * Structure/union alignment and byte order

        * Bit fields in structures and unions

        * Arrays

        * Pointers

        * Type conversions

        * Incomplete Types

        * 回呼函式

        * Accessing values exported from dlls

        * Surprises

        * Variable-sized data types

      * ctypes reference

        * Finding shared libraries

        * Loading shared libraries

        * Foreign functions

        * Function prototypes

        * Utility functions

        * Data types

        * Fundamental data types

        * Structured data types

        * Arrays and pointers

  * 並行執行 (Concurrent Execution)

    * "threading" --- 基於執行緒的平行性

      * Thread-Local Data

      * Thread Objects

      * Lock Objects

      * RLock 物件

      * Condition Objects

      * Semaphore Objects

        * "Semaphore" 範例

      * Event Objects

      * Timer Objects

      * Barrier Objects

      * Using locks, conditions, and semaphores in the "with"
        statement

    * "multiprocessing" --- 以行程為基礎的平行性

      * 簡介

        * "Process" 類別

        * Contexts and start methods

        * Exchanging objects between processes

        * Synchronization between processes

        * Sharing state between processes

        * Using a pool of workers

      * Reference

        * "Process" 與例外

        * Pipes and Queues

        * Miscellaneous

        * Connection Objects

        * Synchronization primitives

        * 共享的 "ctypes" 物件

          * "multiprocessing.sharedctypes" 模組

        * Managers

          * Customized managers

          * Using a remote manager

        * Proxy Objects

          * Cleanup

        * Process Pools

        * Listeners and Clients

          * Address Formats

        * Authentication keys

        * Logging

        * "multiprocessing.dummy" 模組

      * Programming guidelines

        * All start methods

        * The *spawn* and *forkserver* start methods

      * 範例

    * "multiprocessing.shared_memory" --- 對於共享記憶體的跨行程直接存
      取

    * "concurrent" 套件

    * "concurrent.futures" --- 啟動平行任務

      * Executor 物件

      * ThreadPoolExecutor

        * ThreadPoolExecutor 範例

      * ProcessPoolExecutor

        * ProcessPoolExecutor 範例

      * Future 物件

      * 模組函式

      * 例外類別

    * "subprocess" --- 子行程管理

      * Using the "subprocess" Module

        * Frequently Used Arguments

        * Popen Constructor

        * 例外

      * 安全性注意事項

      * Popen Objects

      * Windows Popen Helpers

        * Windows Constants

      * Older high-level API

      * Replacing Older Functions with the "subprocess" Module

        * Replacing **/bin/sh** shell command substitution

        * Replacing shell pipeline

        * Replacing "os.system()"

        * Replacing the "os.spawn" family

        * Replacing "os.popen()", "os.popen2()", "os.popen3()"

        * Replacing functions from the "popen2" module

      * Legacy Shell Invocation Functions

      * 註解

        * Converting an argument sequence to a string on Windows

        * 停用 "vfork()" 或 "posix_spawn()"

    * "sched" --- 事件排程器

      * 排程器物件

    * "queue" --- 同步佇列 (synchronized queue) 類別

      * 佇列物件

        * Terminating queues

      * SimpleQueue 物件

    * "contextvars" --- 情境變數

      * Context Variables

      * Manual Context Management

      * asyncio support

    * "_thread" --- 低階執行緒 API

  * Networking and Interprocess Communication

    * "asyncio" --- 非同步 I/O

      * Runners (執行器)

        * 運行一個 asyncio 程式

        * Runner context manager

        * Handling Keyboard Interruption

      * 協程與任務

        * 協程

        * Awaitables

        * Creating Tasks

        * Task Cancellation

        * Task Groups

        * Sleeping

        * Running Tasks Concurrently

        * Eager Task Factory

        * Shielding From Cancellation

        * Timeouts

        * Waiting Primitives

        * Running in Threads

        * Scheduling From Other Threads

        * Introspection

        * Task Object

      * 串流

        * StreamReader

        * StreamWriter

        * 範例

          * 使用串流的 TCP echo 客戶端

          * 使用串流的 TCP echo 伺服器

          * 獲取 HTTP 標頭

          * 註冊一個使用串流來等待資料的開放 socket

      * 同步化原始物件 (Synchronization Primitives)

        * Lock

        * Event

        * Condition

        * Semaphore

        * BoundedSemaphore

        * Barrier

      * 子行程

        * 建立子行程

        * 常數

        * Interacting with Subprocesses

          * 子行程與線程

          * 範例

      * 佇列 (Queues)

        * Queue

        * Priority Queue（優先佇列）

        * LIFO Queue

        * 例外

        * 範例

      * 例外

      * 事件迴圈

        * 事件迴圈方法

          * 啟動和停止迴圈

          * 排程回呼函式

          * 排程延遲的回呼函式

          * 建立 Futures 和 Tasks

          * 打開網路連線

          * 建立網路伺服器

          * 傳輸檔案

          * TLS 升級

          * 監視檔案描述器

          * 直接使用 socket 物件

          * DNS

          * 使用管道

          * Unix 訊號

          * 在執行緒池或行程池中執行程式碼

          * 錯誤處理 API

          * 啟用除錯模式

          * 運行子行程

        * 回呼處理

        * Server 物件

        * 事件迴圈實作

        * 範例

          * 使用 call_soon() 的 Hello World 範例

          * 使用 call_later() 顯示目前日期

          * 監聽檔案描述器以進行讀取事件

          * 設定 SIGINT 和 SIGTERM 的訊號處理程式

      * Futures

        * Future 函式

        * Future 物件

      * 傳輸與協定

        * Transports

          * Transports Hierarchy

          * Base Transport

          * Read-only Transports

          * Write-only Transports

          * Datagram Transports

          * Subprocess Transports

        * Protocols

          * Base Protocols

          * Base Protocol

          * Streaming Protocols

          * Buffered Streaming Protocols

          * Datagram Protocols

          * Subprocess Protocols

        * 範例

          * TCP Echo Server

          * TCP Echo Client

          * UDP Echo Server

          * UDP Echo Client

          * Connecting Existing Sockets

          * loop.subprocess_exec() and SubprocessProtocol

      * Policies

        * Getting and Setting the Policy

        * Policy Objects

        * Process Watchers

        * Custom Policies

      * 平臺支援

        * 所有平台

        * Windows

          * Windows 的子行程支援

        * macOS

      * 擴充

        * Writing a Custom Event Loop

        * Future and Task private constructors

        * Task lifetime support

      * 高階 API 索引

        * 任務 (Tasks)

        * 佇列 (Queues)

        * 子行程 (Subprocesses)

        * 串流 (Streams)

        * 同步化 (Synchronization)

        * 例外

      * 低階 API 索引

        * 獲取事件迴圈

        * 事件迴圈方法

        * 傳輸

        * 協定

        * 事件迴圈 Policies

      * 使用 asyncio 開發

        * 除錯模式

        * 並行性和多執行緒 (Concurrency and Multithreading)

        * 執行阻塞的程式

        * 日誌記錄

        * 偵測從未被等待的 (never-awaited) 協程

        * 偵測從未被獲取的 (never-retrieved) 例外

    * "socket" --- 低階網路介面

      * Socket 系列家族

      * 模組內容

        * 例外

        * 常數

        * 函式

          * 建立 sockets

          * 其他函式

      * Socket 物件

      * Notes on socket timeouts

        * Timeouts and the "connect" method

        * Timeouts and the "accept" method

      * 範例

    * "ssl" --- socket 物件的 TLS/SSL 包裝器

      * 函式、常數與例外

        * Socket 建立

        * 語境建立

        * 例外

        * 隨機產生

        * 認證處理

        * 常數

      * SSL Sockets

      * SSL Contexts

      * Certificates

        * Certificate chains

        * CA certificates

        * Combined key and certificate

        * Self-signed certificates

      * 範例

        * Testing for SSL support

        * Client-side operation

        * Server-side operation

      * Notes on non-blocking sockets

      * Memory BIO Support

      * SSL session

      * Security considerations

        * Best defaults

        * 手動設定

          * 驗證憑證

          * 協定版本

          * Cipher selection

        * Multi-processing

      * TLS 1.3

    * "select" --- 等待 I/O 完成

      * "/dev/poll" Polling Objects

      * Edge and Level Trigger Polling (epoll) Objects

      * Polling Objects

      * Kqueue Objects

      * Kevent Objects

    * "selectors" --- 高階 I/O 多工

      * 簡介

      * Classes

      * 範例

    * "signal" --- 設定非同步事件的處理函式

      * General rules

        * Execution of Python signal handlers

        * Signals and threads

      * 模組內容

      * 範例

      * Note on SIGPIPE

      * Note on Signal Handlers and Exceptions

    * "mmap" --- 記憶體映射檔案的支援

      * MADV_* Constants

      * MAP_* 常數

  * 網際網路資料處理

    * "email" --- 郵件和 MIME 處理套件

      * "email.message"：表示電子郵件訊息

      * "email.parser"：剖析電子郵件訊息

        * FeedParser API

        * Parser API

        * Additional notes

      * "email.generator"：產生 MIME 文件

      * "email.policy": Policy Objects

      * "email.errors"：例外和缺陷類別

      * "email.headerregistry"：自訂標頭物件

      * "email.contentmanager"：管理 MIME 內容

        * Content Manager Instances

      * "email"：範例

      * "email.message.Message": Representing an email message using
        the "compat32" API

      * "email.mime"：從頭開始建立電子郵件和 MIME 物件

      * "email.header"：國際化標頭

      * "email.charset"：表示字元集合

      * "email.encoders"：編碼器

      * "email.utils"：雜項工具

      * "email.iterators"：疊代器

    * "json" --- JSON 編碼器與解碼器

      * 基本用法

      * 編碼器與解碼器

      * 例外

      * 合規性與互通性（Interoperability）

        * 字元編碼格式

        * 正負無限與非數值

        * 物件內重複的名稱

        * 位於頂層的非物件及非列表值

        * 實作限制

      * 命令列介面

        * 命令列選項

    * "mailbox" --- 以各種格式操作郵件信箱

      * "Mailbox" 物件

        * "Mailbox" 物件

        * "mbox" 物件

        * "MH" 物件

        * "Babyl" 物件

        * "MMDF" 物件

      * "Message" 物件

        * "MaildirMessage" 物件

        * "mboxMessage" 物件

        * "MHMessage" 物件

        * "BabylMessage" 物件

        * "MMDFMessage" 物件

      * 例外

      * 範例

    * "mimetypes" --- 將檔案名稱對映到 MIME 類型

      * MimeTypes 物件

    * "base64" --- Base16、Base32、Base64、Base85 資料編碼

      * 安全性注意事項

    * "binascii" --- 在二進位制和 ASCII 之間轉換

    * "quopri" --- 編碼和解碼 MIME 可列印字元資料

  * Structured Markup Processing Tools

    * "html" --- 超連結標記語言 (HTML) 支援

    * "html.parser" --- 簡單的 HTML 和 XHTML 剖析器

      * HTML 剖析器應用程式範例

      * "HTMLParser" 方法

      * 範例

    * "html.entities" --- HTML 一般實體的定義

    * XML 處理模組

      * XML 漏洞

      * "defusedxml" 套件

    * "xml.etree.cElementTree" --- ElementTree XML API

      * 教學

        * XML tree and elements

        * 剖析 XML

        * Pull API for non-blocking parsing

        * Finding interesting elements

        * 改動 XML 檔案

        * Building XML documents

        * Parsing XML with Namespaces

      * XPath 支援

        * 範例

        * Supported XPath syntax

      * Reference

        * 函式

      * XInclude support

        * 範例

      * Reference

        * 函式

        * Element 物件

        * ElementTree 物件

        * QName 物件

        * TreeBuilder 物件

        * XMLParser 物件

        * XMLPullParser 物件

        * 例外

    * "xml.dom" --- Document 物件模型 API

      * 模組內容

      * Objects in the DOM

        * DOMImplementation 物件

        * Node Objects

        * NodeList 物件

        * DocumentType 物件

        * Document Objects

        * Element Objects

        * Attr Objects

        * NamedNodeMap 物件

        * Comment Objects

        * Text and CDATASection Objects

        * ProcessingInstruction 物件

        * 例外

      * Conformance

        * Type Mapping

        * Accessor Methods

    * "xml.dom.minidom" --- 最小的 DOM 實作

      * DOM 物件

      * DOM 範例

      * minidom and the DOM standard

    * "xml.dom.pulldom" --- 支援建置部分 DOM 樹

      * DOMEventStream 物件

    * "xml.sax" --- SAX2 剖析器支援

      * SAXException 物件

    * "xml.sax.handler" --- SAX 處理函式的基本類別

      * ContentHandler 物件

      * DTDHandler 物件

      * EntityResolver 物件

      * ErrorHandler 物件

      * LexicalHandler 物件

    * "xml.sax.saxutils" --- SAX 工具程式

    * "xml.sax.xmlreader" --- XML 剖析器的介面

      * XMLReader 物件

      * IncrementalParser 物件

      * Locator Objects

      * InputSource 物件

      * The "Attributes" Interface

      * The "AttributesNS" Interface

    * "xml.parsers.expat" --- 使用 Expat 進行快速 XML 剖析

      * XMLParser 物件

      * ExpatError 例外

      * 範例

      * Content Model Descriptions

      * Expat error constants

  * 網路協定 (Internet protocols) 及支援

    * "webbrowser" --- 方便的網頁瀏覽器控制器

      * Browser Controller Objects

    * "wsgiref" --- WSGI 工具與參考實作

      * "wsgiref.util" -- WSGI 環境工具

      * "wsgiref.headers" -- WSGI 回應標頭工具

      * "wsgiref.simple_server" -- 一個簡單的 WSGI HTTP 伺服器

      * "wsgiref.validate" --- WSGI 符合性檢查

      * "wsgiref.handlers" -- 伺服器 / 閘道基本類別

      * "wsgiref.types" -- 用於靜態型別檢查的 WSGI 型別

      * 範例

    * "urllib" --- URL 處理模組

    * "urllib.request" --- 用來開啟 URLs 的可擴充函式庫

      * Request Objects

      * OpenerDirector 物件

      * BaseHandler 物件

      * HTTPRedirectHandler 物件

      * HTTPCookieProcessor 物件

      * ProxyHandler 物件

      * HTTPPasswordMgr 物件

      * HTTPPasswordMgrWithPriorAuth 物件

      * AbstractBasicAuthHandler 物件

      * HTTPBasicAuthHandler 物件

      * ProxyBasicAuthHandler 物件

      * AbstractDigestAuthHandler 物件

      * HTTPDigestAuthHandler 物件

      * ProxyDigestAuthHandler 物件

      * HTTPHandler 物件

      * HTTPSHandler 物件

      * FileHandler 物件

      * DataHandler 物件

      * FTPHandler 物件

      * CacheFTPHandler 物件

      * UnknownHandler 物件

      * HTTPErrorProcessor 物件

      * 範例

      * Legacy interface

      * "urllib.request" Restrictions

    * "urllib.response" --- Response classes used by urllib

    * "urllib.parse" --- 將 URL 剖析成元件

      * URL Parsing

      * URL parsing security

      * Parsing ASCII Encoded Bytes

      * Structured Parse Results

      * URL Quoting

    * "urllib.error" --- urllib.request 引發的例外類別

    * "urllib.robotparser" --- robots.txt 的剖析器

    * "http" --- HTTP 模組

      * HTTP 狀態碼

      * HTTP 狀態分類

      * HTTP 方法

    * "http.client" --- HTTP 協定用戶端

      * HTTPConnection 物件

      * HTTPResponse 物件

      * 範例

      * HTTPMessage 物件

    * "ftplib" --- FTP 協定用戶端

      * 參考

        * FTP 物件

        * FTP_TLS 物件

        * 模組變數

    * "poplib" --- POP3 協定用戶端

      * POP3 物件

      * POP3 範例

    * "imaplib" --- IMAP4 協定客戶端

      * IMAP4 物件

      * IMAP4 範例

    * "smtplib" --- SMTP 協定用戶端

      * SMTP 物件

      * SMTP 範例

    * "uuid" --- **RFC 4122** 定義的 UUID 物件

      * 命令列的用法

      * 範例

      * 命令列的範例

    * "socketserver" --- 用於網路伺服器的框架

      * Server Creation Notes

      * Server Objects

      * Request Handler Objects

      * 範例

        * "socketserver.TCPServer" 範例

        * "socketserver.UDPServer" 範例

        * Asynchronous Mixins

    * "http.server" — HTTP 伺服器

      * 安全性注意事項

    * "http.cookies" --- HTTP 狀態管理

      * Cookie 物件

      * Morsel 物件

      * 範例

    * "http.cookiejar" --- HTTP 客戶端的 Cookie 處理

      * CookieJar 與 FileCookieJar 物件

      * FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers

      * CookiePolicy 物件

      * DefaultCookiePolicy 物件

      * Cookie 物件

      * 範例

    * "xmlrpc" --- XMLRPC 伺服器與用戶模組

    * "xmlrpc.client" --- XML-RPC 客戶端存取

      * ServerProxy 物件

      * 日期時間物件

      * Binary Objects

      * Fault Objects

      * ProtocolError 物件

      * MultiCall 物件

      * 便捷的函式

      * Example of Client Usage

      * Example of Client and Server Usage

    * "xmlrpc.server" --- 基本 XML-RPC 伺服器

      * SimpleXMLRPCServer 物件

        * SimpleXMLRPCServer 範例

      * CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler

      * Documenting XMLRPC server

      * DocXMLRPCServer 物件

      * DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler

    * "ipaddress" --- IPv4/IPv6 操作函式庫

      * Convenience factory functions

      * IP Addresses

        * Address objects

        * Conversion to Strings and Integers

        * Operators

          * Comparison operators

          * Arithmetic operators

      * IP Network definitions

        * Prefix, net mask and host mask

        * Network objects

        * Operators

          * Logical operators

          * Iteration

          * Networks as containers of addresses

      * Interface objects

        * Operators

          * Logical operators

      * Other Module Level Functions

      * Custom Exceptions

  * 多媒體服務

    * "wave" --- 讀寫 WAV 檔案

      * Wave_read 物件

      * Wave_write 物件

    * "colorsys" --- 顏色系統間的轉換

  * 國際化

    * "gettext" --- 多語言國際化服務

      * GNU **gettext** API

      * Class-based API

        * The "NullTranslations" class

        * The "GNUTranslations" class

        * Solaris message catalog support

        * The Catalog constructor

      * Internationalizing your programs and modules

        * Localizing your module

        * Localizing your application

        * Changing languages on the fly

        * Deferred translations

      * 致謝

    * "locale" --- 國際化服務

      * Background, details, hints, tips and caveats

      * For extension writers and programs that embed Python

      * Access to message catalogs

  * 程式框架

    * "turtle" --- 龜圖學 (Turtle graphics)

      * 介紹

      * Get started

      * 教學

        * 啟動一個烏龜環境

        * 基本繪圖

          * Pen control

          * The turtle's position

        * Making algorithmic patterns

      * How to...

        * Get started as quickly as possible

        * Use the "turtle" module namespace

        * Use turtle graphics in a script

        * Use object-oriented turtle graphics

      * Turtle graphics reference

        * Turtle methods

        * Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen

      * Methods of RawTurtle/Turtle and corresponding functions

        * Turtle motion

        * Tell Turtle's state

        * Settings for measurement

        * Pen control

          * Drawing state

          * Color control

          * Filling

          * More drawing control

        * Turtle state

          * Visibility

          * Appearance

        * Using events

        * Special Turtle methods

        * Compound shapes

      * Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen and corresponding functions

        * Window control

        * Animation control

        * Using screen events

        * Input methods

        * Settings and special methods

        * Methods specific to Screen, not inherited from TurtleScreen

      * Public classes

      * 解釋

      * Help and configuration

        * How to use help

        * Translation of docstrings into different languages

        * How to configure Screen and Turtles

      * "turtledemo" --- Demo scripts

      * Changes since Python 2.6

      * Changes since Python 3.0

    * "cmd" --- 以列為導向的指令直譯器支援

      * Cmd 物件

      * Cmd Example

    * "shlex" --- 簡單的語法分析

      * shlex 物件

      * Parsing Rules

      * Improved Compatibility with Shells

  * 以 Tk 打造圖形使用者介面 (Graphical User Interfaces)

    * "tkinter" --- Tcl/Tk 的 Python 介面

      * Architecture

      * Tkinter Modules

      * Tkinter Life Preserver

        * A Hello World Program

        * Important Tk Concepts

        * Understanding How Tkinter Wraps Tcl/Tk

        * How do I...? What option does...?

        * Navigating the Tcl/Tk Reference Manual

      * Threading model

      * Handy Reference

        * Setting Options

        * The Packer

        * Packer Options

        * Coupling Widget Variables

        * The Window Manager

        * Tk Option Data Types

        * Bindings and Events

        * The index Parameter

        * Images

      * File Handlers

    * "tkinter.colorchooser" --- 顏色選擇對話框

    * "tkinter.font" --- Tkinter 字型包裝器

    * Tkinter 對話框

      * "tkinter.simpledialog" --- 標準 Tkinter 輸入對話框

      * "tkinter.filedialog" --- File selection dialogs

        * Native Load/Save Dialogs

      * "tkinter.commondialog" --- Dialog window templates

    * "tkinter.messagebox" --- Tkinter 訊息提示

    * "tkinter.scrolledtext" --- 捲動文字小工具

    * "tkinter.dnd" --- 拖放支援

    * "tkinter.ttk" --- Tk 主題化小工具

      * 使用 Ttk

      * Ttk Widgets

      * Widget

        * 標準選項

        * Scrollable Widget Options

        * Label Options

        * 相容性選項

        * Widget States

        * ttk.Widget

      * Combobox

        * 選項

        * Virtual events

        * ttk.Combobox

      * Spinbox

        * 選項

        * Virtual events

        * ttk.Spinbox

      * Notebook

        * 選項

        * Tab Options

        * Tab Identifiers

        * 虛擬事件

        * ttk.Notebook

      * Progressbar

        * 選項

        * ttk.Progressbar

      * Separator

        * 選項

      * Sizegrip

        * Platform-specific notes

        * Bugs

      * Treeview

        * 選項

        * Item Options

        * Tag Options

        * Column Identifiers

        * 虛擬事件

        * ttk.Treeview

      * Ttk Styling

        * Layouts

    * IDLE

      * 目錄

        * File menu (Shell and Editor)

        * Edit menu (Shell and Editor)

        * Format menu (Editor window only)

        * Run menu (Editor window only)

        * Shell menu (Shell window only)

        * Debug menu (Shell window only)

        * Options menu (Shell and Editor)

        * Window menu (Shell and Editor)

        * Help menu (Shell and Editor)

        * Context menus

      * Editing and Navigation

        * Editor windows

        * Key bindings

        * Automatic indentation

        * Search and Replace

        * Completions

        * Calltips

        * Code Context

        * Shell window

        * Text colors

      * Startup and Code Execution

        * 命令列用法

        * Startup failure

        * Running user code

        * User output in Shell

        * Developing tkinter applications

        * Running without a subprocess

      * Help and Preferences

        * Help sources

        * Setting preferences

        * IDLE on macOS

        * Extensions

      * idlelib

  * 開發工具

    * "typing" --- 支援型別提示

      * Python 型別系統的技術規範

      * 型別別名

      * NewType

      * 註釋 callable 物件

      * 泛型

      * 註釋元組 (tuple)

      * 類別物件的型別

      * Annotating generators and coroutines

      * 使用者定義泛型型別

      * "Any" 型別

      * 標稱 (nominal) 子型別 vs 結構子型別

      * 模組內容

        * 特別型別原語 (primitive)

          * 特別型別

          * 特別型式

          * Building generic types and type aliases

          * Other special directives

        * 協定

        * ABCs for working with IO

        * 函式與裝飾器

        * Introspection helpers

        * 常數

        * 棄用的別名

          * 內建型別的別名

          * "collections" 中型別的別名

          * Aliases to other concrete types

          * "collections.abc" 中容器 ABC 的別名

          * Aliases to asynchronous ABCs in "collections.abc"

          * Aliases to other ABCs in "collections.abc"

          * "contextlib" ABC 的別名

      * Deprecation Timeline of Major Features

    * "pydoc" --- 文件產生器與線上幫助系統

    * Python 開發模式

      * Python 開發模式的影響

      * ResourceWarning 範例

      * 檔案描述器的錯誤範例

    * "doctest" --- 測試互動式 Python 範例

      * Simple Usage: Checking Examples in Docstrings

      * Simple Usage: Checking Examples in a Text File

      * How It Works

        * Which Docstrings Are Examined?

        * How are Docstring Examples Recognized?

        * What's the Execution Context?

        * What About Exceptions?

        * 可選旗標

        * Directives

        * 警告

      * 基礎 API

      * Unittest API

      * Advanced API

        * DocTest 物件

        * Example 物件

        * DocTestFinder 物件

        * DocTestParser 物件

        * TestResults objects

        * DocTestRunner 物件

        * OutputChecker 物件

      * Debugging

      * Soapbox

    * "unittest" --- 單元測試框架

      * 簡單範例

      * 命令執行列介面 (Command-Line Interface)

        * 命令列模式選項

      * Test Discovery（測試探索）

      * Organizing test code

      * Re-using old test code

      * Skipping tests and expected failures

      * Distinguishing test iterations using subtests

      * Classes and functions

        * Test cases

        * Grouping tests

        * Loading and running tests

          * load_tests Protocol

      * Class and Module Fixtures

        * setUpClass and tearDownClass

        * setUpModule and tearDownModule

      * Signal Handling

    * "unittest.mock" — mock 物件函式庫

      * 快速導引

      * Mock 類別

        * 呼叫

        * 刪除屬性

        * Mock 名稱與名稱屬性

        * 如同屬性一般附加 mock

      * Patchers

        * patch

        * patch.object

        * patch.dict

        * patch.multiple

        * patch 方法：啟動與停止

        * patch 內建函式

        * TEST_PREFIX

        * 巢狀使用 Patch 裝飾器

        * 該 patch 何處

        * Patch 描述器與代理物件 (Proxy Objects)

      * MagicMock 以及魔術方法支援

        * Mock 魔術方法

        * Magic Mock

      * 輔助函式

        * sentinel（哨兵）

        * DEFAULT

        * call

        * create_autospec

        * ANY

        * FILTER_DIR

        * mock_open

        * Autospeccing（自動規格）

        * 密封 mock

      * "side_effect"、"return_value" 和 *wraps* 的優先順序

    * "unittest.mock" --- 入門指南

      * 使用 Mock 的方式

        * 使用 Mock 來 patching 方法

        * 對物件的方法呼叫使用 mock

        * Mock 類別

        * 命名你的 mock

        * 追蹤所有呼叫

        * 設定回傳值和屬性

        * 透過 mock 引發例外

        * Side effect 函式以及可疊代物件

        * Mock 非同步可疊代物件

        * Mock 非同步情境管理器

        * 從現有物件建立 mock

        * 使用 side_effect 回傳各別檔案內容

      * Patch 裝飾器

      * 更多範例

        * Mock 鍊接呼叫

        * 部分 mocking

        * Mock 產生器方法

        * 對每個測試方法應用相同的 patch

        * Mock Unbound Methods （未繫結方法）

        * 使用 mock 檢查多個呼叫

        * 應對可變引數

        * 巢狀使用 Patch

        * 使用 MagicMock 來 mock 字典

        * Mock 子類別及其屬性

        * 使用 patch.dict 來 mock import

        * 追蹤呼叫順序與更簡潔的呼叫斷言

        * 更複雜的引數匹配

    * "test" --- Python 的回歸測試 (regression tests) 套件

      * 撰寫 "test" 套件的單元測試

      * 使用命令列介面執行測試

    * "test.support" --- Python 測試套件的工具

    * "test.support.socket_helper" --- 用於 socket 測試的工具

    * "test.support.script_helper" --- 用於 Python 執行測試的工具

    * "test.support.bytecode_helper" --- 用於測試位元組碼能正確產生的
      支援工具

    * "test.support.threading_helper" --- Utilities for threading
      tests

    * "test.support.os_helper" --- 用於 os 測試的工具

    * "test.support.import_helper" --- 用於 import 測試的工具

    * "test.support.warnings_helper" --- 用於 warnings 測試的工具

  * 除錯與效能分析

    * 稽核事件表

    * "bdb" --- 偵錯器框架

    * "faulthandler" --- 傾印 Python 回溯

      * Dumping the traceback

      * Fault handler state

      * Dumping the tracebacks after a timeout

      * Dumping the traceback on a user signal

      * Issue with file descriptors

      * 範例

    * "pdb" --- The Python Debugger

      * Debugger Commands

    * Python 的分析器

      * Introduction to the profilers

      * Instant User's Manual

      * "profile" and "cProfile" Module Reference

      * The "Stats" Class

      * What Is Deterministic Profiling?

      * 限制

      * 校正

      * Using a custom timer

    * "timeit" --- 測量小量程式片段的執行時間

      * 基礎範例

      * Python 介面

      * 命令列介面

      * 範例

    * "trace" --- 追蹤或追查 Python 陳述式執行

      * Command-Line Usage

        * Main options

        * Modifiers

        * Filters

      * Programmatic Interface

    * "tracemalloc" --- 追蹤記憶體配置

      * 範例

        * Display the top 10

        * Compute differences

        * Get the traceback of a memory block

        * Pretty top

          * Record the current and peak size of all traced memory
            blocks

      * API

        * 函式

        * DomainFilter

        * Filter

        * Frame

        * Snapshot

        * Statistic

        * StatisticDiff

        * Trace

        * Traceback

  * 軟體封裝與發布

    * "ensurepip" --- "pip" 安裝器的初始建置 (bootstrapping)

      * 命令列介面

      * 模組 API

    * "venv" --- 建立虛擬環境

      * 建立虛擬環境

      * 虛擬環境如何運作

      * API

      * An example of extending "EnvBuilder"

    * "zipapp" —-- 管理可執行的 Python zip 封存檔案

      * 基本範例

      * 命令執行列介面

      * Python API

      * 範例

      * Specifying the Interpreter

      * Creating Standalone Applications with zipapp

        * Caveats

      * The Python Zip Application Archive Format

  * Python Runtime 服務

    * "sys" --- 系統特定的參數與函式

    * "sys.monitoring" --- Execution event monitoring

      * Tool identifiers

        * Registering and using tools

      * 事件

        * Local events

        * 輔助事件

        * 其他事件

        * The STOP_ITERATION event

      * Turning events on and off

        * Setting events globally

        * Per code object events

        * 停用事件

      * 註冊回呼函式

        * 回呼函式引數

    * "sysconfig" --- 提供 Python 設定資訊的存取

      * Configuration variables

      * Installation paths

      * User scheme

        * "posix_user"

        * "nt_user"

        * "osx_framework_user"

      * Home scheme

        * "posix_home"

      * Prefix scheme

        * "posix_prefix"

        * "nt"

      * 安裝路徑函式

      * 其他函式

      * 將 "sysconfig" 作為腳本使用

    * "builtins" --- 內建物件

    * "__main__" --- 頂層程式碼環境

      * "__name__ == '__main__'"

        * 什麼是「頂層程式碼環境」？

        * 慣用 (Idiomatic) 用法

        * 打包時須考慮的事情

      * Python 套件中的 "__main__.py"

        * 慣用 (Idiomatic) 用法

      * "import __main__"

    * "warnings" --- 警告控制

      * Warning Categories

      * The Warnings Filter

        * Describing Warning Filters

        * Default Warning Filter

        * Overriding the default filter

      * Temporarily Suppressing Warnings

      * Testing Warnings

      * Updating Code For New Versions of Dependencies

      * Available Functions

      * Available Context Managers

    * "dataclasses" --- Data Classes

      * 模組內容

      * Post-init processing

      * 類別變數

      * Init-only variables

      * 凍結實例

      * 繼承

      * Re-ordering of keyword-only parameters in "__init__()"

      * 預設工廠函式

      * 可變預設值

      * Descriptor-typed fields

    * "contextlib" --- Utilities for "with"-statement contexts

      * Utilities

      * Examples and Recipes

        * Supporting a variable number of context managers

        * Catching exceptions from "__enter__" methods

        * Cleaning up in an "__enter__" implementation

        * Replacing any use of "try-finally" and flag variables

        * Using a context manager as a function decorator

      * Single use, reusable and reentrant context managers

        * Reentrant context managers

        * Reusable context managers

    * "abc" --- 抽象基底類別

    * "atexit" --- 退出處理函式

      * "atexit" 範例

    * "traceback" --- 列印或取得堆疊回溯 (stack traceback)

      * "TracebackException" 物件

      * "StackSummary" 物件

      * "FrameSummary" 物件

      * Traceback Examples

    * "__future__" --- Future 陳述式定義

      * 模組內容

    * "gc" --- 垃圾回收器介面 (Garbage Collector interface)

    * "inspect" --- 檢視活動物件

      * Types and members

      * 取得原始碼

      * Introspecting callables with the Signature object

      * 類別與函式

      * 直譯器堆疊

      * Fetching attributes statically

      * Current State of Generators, Coroutines, and Asynchronous
        Generators

      * Code Objects Bit Flags

      * Buffer flags

      * 命令列介面

    * "site" --- Site-specific configuration hook

      * "sitecustomize"

      * "usercustomize"

      * Readline configuration

      * 模組內容

      * 命令列介面

  * 自訂 Python 直譯器

    * "code" --- 直譯器基底類別

      * Interactive Interpreter Objects

      * Interactive Console Objects

    * "codeop" --- 編譯 Python 程式碼

  * 引入模組

    * "zipimport" --- 從 Zip 封存檔案匯入模組

      * zipimporter 物件

      * 範例

    * "pkgutil" --- 套件擴充工具程式

    * "modulefinder" --- 搜尋腳本所使用的模組

      * "ModuleFinder" 的用法範例

    * "runpy" --- 定位並執行 Python 模組

    * "importlib" --- "import" 的實作

      * 簡介

      * 函式

      * "importlib.abc" -- Abstract base classes related to import

      * "importlib.machinery" -- Importers and path hooks

      * "importlib.util" -- Utility code for importers

      * 範例

        * Importing programmatically

        * Checking if a module can be imported

        * Importing a source file directly

        * Implementing lazy imports

        * Setting up an importer

        * Approximating "importlib.import_module()"

    * "importlib.resources" -- Package resource reading, opening and
      access

      * Functional API

    * "importlib.resources.abc" -- 資源的抽象基底類別

    * "importlib.metadata" -- 存取套件的元資料

      * Overview

      * Functional API

        * Entry points

        * Distribution metadata

        * Distribution versions

        * Distribution files

        * Distribution requirements

        * Mapping import to distribution packages

      * Distributions

      * Distribution Discovery

      * Extending the search algorithm

        * Example

    * The initialization of the "sys.path" module search path

      * Virtual environments

      * _pth files

      * Embedded Python

  * Python 語言服務

    * "ast" --- 抽象語法樹 (Abstract Syntax Trees)

      * 抽象文法 (Abstract Grammar)

      * 節點 (Node) 類別

        * 根節點

        * 文本 (Literals)

        * 變數

        * 運算式

          * 下標 (Subscripting)

          * 綜合運算式 (comprehensions)

        * 陳述式

          * 引入 (imports)

        * 流程控制

        * 模式匹配 (pattern matching)

        * 型別參數 (type parameters)

        * 函式和類別定義

        * async 和 await

      * "ast" 輔助程式

      * 編譯器旗標

      * 命令列用法

    * "symtable" --- 存取編譯器的符號表

      * 產生符號表

      * 檢查符號表

      * Command-Line Usage

    * "token" --- 與 Python 剖析樹一起使用的常數

    * "keyword" --- 檢驗 Python 關鍵字

    * "tokenize" --- Tokenizer for Python source

      * Tokenizing Input

      * Command-Line Usage

      * 範例

    * "tabnanny" --- 偵測不良縮排

    * "pyclbr" --- Python 模組瀏覽器支援

      * 函式物件

      * Class Objects

    * "py_compile" — 編譯 Python 來源檔案

      * Command-Line Interface

    * "compileall" --- 位元組編譯 Python 函式庫

      * Command-line use

      * Public functions

    * "dis" --- Python bytecode 的反組譯器

      * Command-line interface

      * Bytecode analysis

      * Analysis functions

      * Python Bytecode Instructions

      * Opcode collections

    * "pickletools" --- pickle 開發者的工具

      * 命令列用法

        * 命令列選項

      * 程式化介面

  * MS Windows 特有服務

    * "msvcrt" --- MS VC++ runtime 提供的有用例程

      * File Operations

      * Console I/O

      * Other Functions

    * "winreg" --- Windows 註冊表存取

      * 函式

      * 常數

        * HKEY_* Constants

        * Access Rights

          * 64-bit Specific

        * Value Types

      * Registry Handle Objects

    * "winsound" --- Windows 的聲音播放介面

  * Unix 特有服務

    * "posix" --- 最常見的 POSIX 系統呼叫

      * 對大檔案 (Large File) 的支援

      * 值得注意的模組內容

    * "pwd" --- 密碼資料庫

    * "grp" --- 群組資料庫

    * "termios" --- POSIX 風格 tty 控制

      * 範例

    * "tty" --- 終端機控制函式

    * "pty" --- 偽終端工具

      * 範例

    * "fcntl" --- "fcntl" 和 "ioctl" 系統呼叫

    * "resource" --- 資源使用資訊

      * Resource Limits

      * Resource Usage

    * "syslog" --- Unix syslog 函式庫例程

      * 範例

        * 簡單範例

  * 模組命令列介面

  * 已被取代的模組

    * "getopt" --- 用於命令列選項的 C 風格剖析器

    * "optparse" --- 命令列選項剖析器

      * 背景

        * 術語

        * What are options for?

        * What are positional arguments for?

      * 教學

        * Understanding option actions

        * The store action

        * Handling boolean (flag) options

        * Other actions

        * Default values

        * Generating help

          * Grouping Options

        * Printing a version string

        * How "optparse" handles errors

        * Putting it all together

      * Reference Guide

        * Creating the parser

        * Populating the parser

        * Defining options

        * Option attributes

        * Standard option actions

        * Standard option types

        * 剖析引數

        * Querying and manipulating your option parser

        * Conflicts between options

        * Cleanup

        * 其他方法

      * Option Callbacks

        * Defining a callback option

        * How callbacks are called

        * Raising errors in a callback

        * Callback example 1: trivial callback

        * Callback example 2: check option order

        * Callback example 3: check option order (generalized)

        * Callback example 4: check arbitrary condition

        * Callback example 5: fixed arguments

        * Callback example 6: variable arguments

      * Extending "optparse"

        * Adding new types

        * Adding new actions

      * 例外

  * 安全性注意事項

* 擴充和嵌入 Python 直譯器

  * 推薦的第三方工具

  * 不使用第三方工具建立擴充

    * 1. 以 C 或 C++ 擴充 Python

      * 1.1. 一個簡單範例

      * 1.2. Intermezzo: Errors and Exceptions

      * 1.3. 回到範例

      * 1.4. The Module's Method Table and Initialization Function

      * 1.5. Compilation and Linkage

      * 1.6. Calling Python Functions from C

      * 1.7. Extracting Parameters in Extension Functions

      * 1.8. Keyword Parameters for Extension Functions

      * 1.9. Building Arbitrary Values

      * 1.10. Reference Counts

        * 1.10.1. Reference Counting in Python

        * 1.10.2. Ownership Rules

        * 1.10.3. Thin Ice

        * 1.10.4. NULL 指標

      * 1.11. Writing Extensions in C++

      * 1.12. Providing a C API for an Extension Module

    * 2. Defining Extension Types: Tutorial

      * 2.1. The Basics

      * 2.2. Adding data and methods to the Basic example

      * 2.3. Providing finer control over data attributes

      * 2.4. Supporting cyclic garbage collection

      * 2.5. Subclassing other types

    * 3. Defining Extension Types: Assorted Topics

      * 3.1. Finalization and De-allocation

      * 3.2. Object Presentation

      * 3.3. Attribute Management

        * 3.3.1. Generic Attribute Management

        * 3.3.2. Type-specific Attribute Management

      * 3.4. Object Comparison

      * 3.5. Abstract Protocol Support

      * 3.6. Weak Reference Support

      * 3.7. More Suggestions

    * 4. 建立 C 與 C++ 擴充套件

      * 4.1. Building C and C++ Extensions with setuptools

    * 5. 建置 Windows 上的 C 和 C++ 擴充

      * 5.1. A Cookbook Approach

      * 5.2. Differences Between Unix and Windows

      * 5.3. Using DLLs in Practice

  * 在更大的應用程式中嵌入 CPython 運行環境 (runtime)

    * 1. 在其它 App 內嵌入 Python

      * 1.1. Very High Level Embedding

      * 1.2. Beyond Very High Level Embedding: An overview

      * 1.3. Pure Embedding

      * 1.4. Extending Embedded Python

      * 1.5. Embedding Python in C++

      * 1.6. Compiling and Linking under Unix-like systems

* Python/C API 參考手冊

  * 簡介

    * 編寫標準

    * 引入檔案 (include files)

    * 有用的巨集

    * 物件、型別和參照計數

      * 參照計數

        * 參照計數詳細資訊

      * 型別

    * 例外

    * 嵌入式Python

    * 除錯建置

  * C API 穩定性

    * 不穩定的 C API

    * 穩定的應用程式二進位介面

      * 受限 C API

      * 穩定 ABI

      * 受限 API 範圍和性能

      * 受限 API 注意事項

    * 平台注意事項

    * 受限 API 的內容

  * The Very High Level Layer

  * 參照計數

  * 例外處理

    * Printing and clearing

    * Raising exceptions

    * Issuing warnings

    * Querying the error indicator

    * Signal Handling

    * 例外類別

    * 例外物件

    * Unicode Exception Objects

    * Recursion Control

    * Standard Exceptions

    * Standard Warning Categories

  * 工具

    * 作業系統工具

    * 系統函式

    * 行程控制

    * 引入模組

    * 資料 marshal 的支援

    * 剖析引數與建置數值

      * Parsing arguments

        * Strings and buffers

        * 數字

        * 其他物件

        * API 函式

      * Building values

    * 字串轉換與格式化

    * PyHash API

    * Reflection

    * 編解碼器註冊表和支援函式

      * 編解碼器查找 API

      * 用於 Unicode 編碼錯誤處理程式的註冊 API

    * PyTime C API

      * Types

      * Clock Functions

      * Raw Clock Functions

      * Conversion functions

    * 對 Perf Map 的支援

  * 抽象物件層 (Abstract Objects Layer)

    * 物件協定

    * 呼叫協定 (Call Protocol)

      * *tp_call* 協定

      * Vectorcall 協定

        * 遞迴控制

        * Vectorcall 支援 API

      * 物件呼叫 API

      * 呼叫支援 API

    * 數字協定

    * 序列協定

    * 對映協定

    * 疊代器協議

    * 緩衝協定 (Buffer Protocol)

      * Buffer structure

      * Buffer request types

        * request-independent fields

        * readonly, format

        * shape, strides, suboffsets

        * contiguity requests

        * compound requests

      * Complex arrays

        * NumPy-style: shape and strides

        * PIL-style: shape, strides and suboffsets

      * Buffer-related functions

  * 具體物件層

    * 基礎物件

      * 型別物件

        * Creating Heap-Allocated Types

      * "None" 物件

    * 數值物件

      * 整數物件

      * Boolean（布林）物件

      * 浮點數（Floating-Point）物件

        * Pack and Unpack functions

          * Pack functions

          * Unpack functions

      * 複數物件

        * 作為 C 結構的複數

        * 作為 Python 物件的複數

    * 序列物件

      * 位元組物件 (Bytes Objects)

      * 位元組陣列物件 (Byte Array Objects)

        * 型別檢查巨集

        * 直接 API 函式

        * 巨集

      * Unicode 物件與編解碼器

        * Unicode 物件

          * Unicode Type

          * Unicode Character Properties

          * Creating and accessing Unicode strings

          * Locale Encoding

          * File System Encoding

          * wchar_t 支援

        * Built-in Codecs

          * Generic Codecs

          * UTF-8 編解碼器

          * UTF-32 編解碼器

          * UTF-16 編解碼器

          * UTF-7 編解碼器

          * Unicode-Escape Codecs

          * Raw-Unicode-Escape Codecs

          * Latin-1 編解碼器

          * ASCII 編解碼器

          * Character Map Codecs

          * MBCS codecs for Windows

          * Methods & Slots

        * Methods and Slot Functions

      * Tuple（元組）物件

      * Struct Sequence Objects

      * List（串列）物件

    * 容器物件

      * 字典物件

      * 集合物件

    * 函式物件

      * 函式物件 (Function Objects)

      * 實例方法物件 (Instance Method Objects)

      * 方法物件 (Method Objects)

      * Cell 物件

      * 程式碼物件

      * Extra information

    * 其他物件

      * 檔案物件 (File Objects)

      * 模組物件

        * 初始化 C 模組

          * Single-phase initialization

          * Multi-phase initialization

          * Low-level module creation functions

          * 支援的函式

        * 模組查找

      * 疊代器（Iterator）物件

      * Descriptor（描述器）物件

      * 切片物件

        * Ellipsis Object

      * MemoryView 物件

      * 弱參照物件

      * Capsules

      * Frame 物件

        * Internal Frames

      * 產生器 (Generator) 物件

      * Coroutine（協程）物件

      * 情境變數物件

      * DateTime 物件

      * 型別提示物件

  * Initialization, Finalization, and Threads

    * Python 初始化之前

    * Global configuration variables

    * Initializing and finalizing the interpreter

    * Process-wide parameters

    * Thread State and the Global Interpreter Lock

      * Releasing the GIL from extension code

      * Non-Python created threads

      * Cautions about fork()

      * 高階 API

      * 低階 API

    * Sub-interpreter support

      * A Per-Interpreter GIL

      * Bugs and caveats

    * Asynchronous Notifications

    * Profiling and Tracing

    * Reference tracing

    * Advanced Debugger Support

    * Thread Local Storage Support

      * Thread Specific Storage (TSS) API

        * Dynamic Allocation

        * 方法

      * 執行緒局部儲存 (Thread Local Storage, TLS) API：

    * Synchronization Primitives

      * Python Critical Section API

  * Python 初始化設定

    * 範例

    * PyWideStringList

    * PyStatus

    * PyPreConfig

    * Preinitialize Python with PyPreConfig

    * PyConfig

    * Initialization with PyConfig

    * Isolated Configuration

    * Python Configuration

    * Python Path Configuration

    * Py_RunMain()

    * Py_GetArgcArgv()

    * Multi-Phase Initialization Private Provisional API

  * 記憶體管理

    * 總覽

    * Allocator Domains

    * Raw Memory Interface

    * 記憶體介面

    * Object allocators

    * Default Memory Allocators

    * Customize Memory Allocators

    * Debug hooks on the Python memory allocators

    * The pymalloc allocator

      * Customize pymalloc Arena Allocator

    * The mimalloc allocator

    * tracemalloc C API

    * 範例

  * Object Implementation Support

    * 在 heap 上分配物件

    * 通用物件結構

      * Base object types and macros

      * 實作函式與方法

      * Accessing attributes of extension types

        * Member flags

        * Member types

        * Defining Getters and Setters

    * 型別物件

      * Quick Reference

        * "tp slots"

        * sub-slots

        * slot typedefs

      * PyTypeObject Definition

      * PyObject Slots

      * PyVarObject Slots

      * PyTypeObject Slots

      * Static Types

      * Heap Types

    * Number Object Structures

    * Mapping Object Structures

    * Sequence Object Structures

    * Buffer Object Structures

    * Async Object Structures

    * Slot Type typedefs

    * 範例

    * 循環垃圾回收的支援

      * Controlling the Garbage Collector State

      * Querying Garbage Collector State

  * API 和 ABI 版本管理

  * Monitoring C API

  * Generating Execution Events

    * Managing the Monitoring State

* 安裝 Python 模組

  * 關鍵術語

  * 基本用法

  * 我該如何...？

    * ...在 Python 3.4 之前的 Python 版本中安裝 "pip"？

    * ...只為目前的使用者安裝套件？

    * ...安裝科學的 Python 套件？

    * ...平行安裝多個 Python 版本並使用它們？

  * 常見的安裝問題

    * 在 Linux 上安裝套件至系統 Python

    * 未安裝 pip

    * 安裝二進制擴充 (binary extension)

* Python 如何達成任務

* Python 常見問題

  * 一般的 Python 常見問答集

    * 一般資訊

    * 在真實世界中的 Python

  * 程式開發常見問答集

    * 常見問題

    * 核心語言

    * 數字和字串

    * Performance

    * Sequences (Tuples/Lists)

    * 物件

    * 模組

  * 設計和歷史常見問答集

    * 為什麼 Python 使用縮排將陳述式進行分組？

    * 為什麼我會從簡單的數學運算得到奇怪的結果？

    * 為何浮點數運算如此不精確？

    * 為什麼 Python 字串不可變動？

    * 為何「self」在方法 (method) 定義和呼叫時一定要明確使用？

    * 為何我不能在運算式 (expression) 中使用指派運算？

    * 為何 Python 對於一些功能實作使用方法（像是 list.index()），另一
      些使用函式（像是 len(list)）？

    * 為何 join() 是字串方法而非串列 (list) 或元組 (tuple) 方法？

    * 例外處理有多快？

    * 為什麼 Python 內沒有 switch 或 case 陳述式？

    * 為何不能在直譯器上模擬執行緒，而要使用作業系統的特定實作方式？

    * 為何 lambda 運算式不能包含陳述式？

    * Python 可以被編譯成機器語言、C 語言或其他種語言嗎？

    * Python 如何管理記憶體？

    * 為何 CPython 不使用更多傳統的垃圾回收機制？

    * 當 CPython 結束時，為何所有的記憶體不會被釋放？

    * 為何要把元組 (tuple) 和串列 (list) 分成兩個資料型態？

    * 串列 (list) 在 CPython 中是怎麼實作的？

    * 字典 (dictionaries) 在 CPython 中是怎麼實作的？

    * 為何字典的鍵一定是不可變的？

    * 為何 list.sort() 不是回傳排序過的串列？

    * 如何在 Python 中指定和強制使用一個介面規範 (interface spec)？

    * 為何沒有 goto 語法？

    * 為何純字串 (r-string) 不能以反斜線結尾？

    * 為何 Python 沒有屬性賦值的 with 陳述式？

    * 為何產生器 (generator) 不支援 with 陳述式？

    * 為何 if、while、def、class 陳述式裡需要冒號？

    * 為何 Python 允許在串列和元組末端加上逗號？

  * 函式庫和擴充功能的常見問題

    * 常見函式問題

    * 常見課題

    * 執行緒

    * 輸入與輸出

    * 網路 (Network)/網際網路 (Internet) 程式

    * 資料庫

    * 數學和數值

  * 擴充/嵌入常見問題集

    * 我可以在 C 中建立自己的函式嗎？

    * 我可以在 C++ 中建立自己的函式嗎？

    * 寫 C 很難；還有其他選擇嗎？

    * 如何從 C 執行任意 Python 陳述式？

    * How can I evaluate an arbitrary Python expression from C?

    * 如何從 Python 物件中提取 C 值？

    * 如何使用 Py_BuildValue() 建立任意長度的元組？

    * 如何從 C 呼叫物件的方法？

    * 我如何捕捉 PyErr_Print() 的輸出（或任何印出到 stdout/stderr 的東
      西）？

    * 如何從 C 存取用 Python 編寫的模組？

    * How do I interface to C++ objects from Python?

    * 我使用安裝檔案新增了一個模組，但 make 失敗了；為什麼？

    * 如何為擴充套件除錯？

    * 我想在我的 Linux 系統上編譯一個 Python 模組，但是缺少一些檔案。
      為什麼？

    * 如何從「無效輸入」區分出「不完整輸入」？

    * 如何找到未定義的 g++ 符號 __builtin_new 或 __pure_virtual？

    * Can I create an object class with some methods implemented in C
      and others in Python (e.g. through inheritance)?

  * 在 Windows 使用 Python 的常見問答集

    * 如何在 Windows 作業系統裡運行 Python 程式？

    * 如何使 Python 腳本可以執行？

    * 為什麼 Python 有時需要這麼長的時間才能開始？

    * 如何從 Python 腳本製作可執行檔？

    * "*.pyd" 檔是否與 DLL 相同？

    * 如何將 Python 嵌入 Windows 應用程式中？

    * 如何防止編輯器在我的 Python 原始碼中插入 tab？

    * 如何在不阻塞的情況下檢查 keypress？

    * 如何解決遺漏 api-ms-win-crt-runtime-l1-1-0.dll 的錯誤？

  * 圖形使用者介面常見問答集

    * 圖形使用者介面 (GUI) 的常見問題

    * Python 有哪些 GUI 套件？

    * Tkinter 的問答

  * 「為什麼 Python 被安裝在我的機器上？」常見問答集

    * 什麼是 Python？

    * 為什麼 Python 被安裝在我的機器上?

    * 我能夠自行刪除 Python 嗎？

* 已棄用項目

  * Python 3.14 中待移除的項目

  * Python 3.15 中待移除的項目

  * Python 3.16 中待移除的項目

  * 未來版本中的待移除項目

  * C API 的棄用項目

    * Python 3.14 中待移除的項目

    * Python 3.15 中待移除的項目

    * 未來版本中的待移除項目

* 術語表

* 關於這些說明文件

  * Python 文件的貢獻者們

* 處理錯誤 (Bug)

  * 說明文件的錯誤

  * 使用 Python 問題追蹤系統

  * 開始讓自己貢獻 Python

* 版權宣告

* 沿革與授權

  * 軟體沿革

  * 關於存取或以其他方式使用 Python 的合約條款

    * 用於 PYTHON 3.13.0rc2 的 PSF 授權合約

    * 用於 PYTHON 2.0 的 BEOPEN.COM 授權合約

    * 用於 PYTHON 1.6.1 的 CNRI 授權合約

    * 用於 PYTHON 0.9.0 至 1.2 的 CWI 授權合約

    * 用於 PYTHON 3.13.0rc2 說明文件內程式碼的 ZERO-CLAUSE BSD 授權

  * 被收錄軟體的授權與致謝

    * Mersenne Twister

    * Sockets

    * 非同步 socket 服務

    * Cookie 管理

    * 執行追蹤

    * UUencode 與 UUdecode 函式

    * XML 遠端程序呼叫

    * test_epoll

    * Select kqueue

    * SipHash24

    * strtod 與 dtoa

    * OpenSSL

    * expat

    * libffi

    * zlib

    * cfuhash

    * libmpdec

    * W3C C14N 測試套件

    * mimalloc

    * asyncio

    * Global Unbounded Sequences (GUS)
