"sys.monitoring" --- Execution event monitoring
***********************************************

在 3.12 版被加入.

======================================================================

備註:

  "sys.monitoring" is a namespace within the "sys" module, not an
  independent module, so there is no need to "import sys.monitoring",
  simply "import sys" and then use "sys.monitoring".

This namespace provides access to the functions and constants
necessary to activate and control event monitoring.

As programs execute, events occur that might be of interest to tools
that monitor execution. The "sys.monitoring" namespace provides means
to receive callbacks when events of interest occur.

The monitoring API consists of three components:

* Tool identifiers

* Events

* 回呼 (callbacks)


Tool identifiers
================

A tool identifier is an integer and the associated name. Tool
identifiers are used to discourage tools from interfering with each
other and to allow multiple tools to operate at the same time.
Currently tools are completely independent and cannot be used to
monitor each other. This restriction may be lifted in the future.

Before registering or activating events, a tool should choose an
identifier. Identifiers are integers in the range 0 to 5 inclusive.


Registering and using tools
---------------------------

sys.monitoring.use_tool_id(tool_id: int, name: str, /) -> None

   Must be called before *tool_id* can be used. *tool_id* must be in
   the range 0 to 5 inclusive. Raises a "ValueError" if *tool_id* is
   in use.

sys.monitoring.free_tool_id(tool_id: int, /) -> None

   Should be called once a tool no longer requires *tool_id*.

備註:

  "free_tool_id()" will not disable global or local events associated
  with *tool_id*, nor will it unregister any callback functions. This
  function is only intended to be used to notify the VM that the
  particular *tool_id* is no longer in use.

sys.monitoring.get_tool(tool_id: int, /) -> str | None

   Returns the name of the tool if *tool_id* is in use, otherwise it
   returns "None". *tool_id* must be in the range 0 to 5 inclusive.

All IDs are treated the same by the VM with regard to events, but the
following IDs are pre-defined to make co-operation of tools easier:

   sys.monitoring.DEBUGGER_ID = 0
   sys.monitoring.COVERAGE_ID = 1
   sys.monitoring.PROFILER_ID = 2
   sys.monitoring.OPTIMIZER_ID = 5


事件
====

The following events are supported:

sys.monitoring.events.BRANCH

   A conditional branch is taken (or not).

sys.monitoring.events.CALL

   A call in Python code (event occurs before the call).

sys.monitoring.events.C_RAISE

   An exception raised from any callable, except for Python functions
   (event occurs after the exit).

sys.monitoring.events.C_RETURN

   Return from any callable, except for Python functions (event occurs
   after the return).

sys.monitoring.events.EXCEPTION_HANDLED

   An exception is handled.

sys.monitoring.events.INSTRUCTION

   A VM instruction is about to be executed.

sys.monitoring.events.JUMP

   An unconditional jump in the control flow graph is made.

sys.monitoring.events.LINE

   An instruction is about to be executed that has a different line
   number from the preceding instruction.

sys.monitoring.events.PY_RESUME

   Resumption of a Python function (for generator and coroutine
   functions), except for "throw()" calls.

sys.monitoring.events.PY_RETURN

   Return from a Python function (occurs immediately before the
   return, the callee's frame will be on the stack).

sys.monitoring.events.PY_START

   Start of a Python function (occurs immediately after the call, the
   callee's frame will be on the stack)

sys.monitoring.events.PY_THROW

   A Python function is resumed by a "throw()" call.

sys.monitoring.events.PY_UNWIND

   Exit from a Python function during exception unwinding.

sys.monitoring.events.PY_YIELD

   Yield from a Python function (occurs immediately before the yield,
   the callee's frame will be on the stack).

sys.monitoring.events.RAISE

   An exception is raised, except those that cause a "STOP_ITERATION"
   event.

sys.monitoring.events.RERAISE

   An exception is re-raised, for example at the end of a "finally"
   block.

sys.monitoring.events.STOP_ITERATION

   An artificial "StopIteration" is raised; see the STOP_ITERATION
   event.

More events may be added in the future.

These events are attributes of the "sys.monitoring.events" namespace.
Each event is represented as a power-of-2 integer constant. To define
a set of events, simply bitwise or the individual events together. For
example, to specify both "PY_RETURN" and "PY_START" events, use the
expression "PY_RETURN | PY_START".

sys.monitoring.events.NO_EVENTS

   An alias for "0" so users can do explicit comparisons like:

      if get_events(DEBUGGER_ID) == NO_EVENTS:
          ...

Events are divided into three groups:


Local events
------------

Local events are associated with normal execution of the program and
happen at clearly defined locations. All local events can be disabled.
The local events are:

* "PY_START"

* "PY_RESUME"

* "PY_RETURN"

* "PY_YIELD"

* "CALL"

* "LINE"

* "INSTRUCTION"

* "JUMP"

* "BRANCH"

* "STOP_ITERATION"


輔助事件
--------

Ancillary events can be monitored like other events, but are
controlled by another event:

* "C_RAISE"

* "C_RETURN"

The "C_RETURN" and "C_RAISE" events are controlled by the "CALL"
event. "C_RETURN" and "C_RAISE" events will only be seen if the
corresponding "CALL" event is being monitored.


其他事件
--------

Other events are not necessarily tied to a specific location in the
program and cannot be individually disabled.

The other events that can be monitored are:

* "PY_THROW"

* "PY_UNWIND"

* "RAISE"

* "EXCEPTION_HANDLED"


The STOP_ITERATION event
------------------------

**PEP 380** specifies that a "StopIteration" exception is raised when
returning a value from a generator or coroutine. However, this is a
very inefficient way to return a value, so some Python
implementations, notably CPython 3.12+, do not raise an exception
unless it would be visible to other code.

To allow tools to monitor for real exceptions without slowing down
generators and coroutines, the "STOP_ITERATION" event is provided.
"STOP_ITERATION" can be locally disabled, unlike "RAISE".


Turning events on and off
=========================

In order to monitor an event, it must be turned on and a corresponding
callback must be registered. Events can be turned on or off by setting
the events either globally or for a particular code object.


Setting events globally
-----------------------

Events can be controlled globally by modifying the set of events being
monitored.

sys.monitoring.get_events(tool_id: int, /) -> int

   Returns the "int" representing all the active events.

sys.monitoring.set_events(tool_id: int, event_set: int, /) -> None

   Activates all events which are set in *event_set*. Raises a
   "ValueError" if *tool_id* is not in use.

No events are active by default.


Per code object events
----------------------

Events can also be controlled on a per code object basis. The
functions defined below which accept a "types.CodeType" should be
prepared to accept a look-alike object from functions which are not
defined in Python (see Monitoring C API).

sys.monitoring.get_local_events(tool_id: int, code: CodeType, /) -> int

   Returns all the local events for *code*

sys.monitoring.set_local_events(tool_id: int, code: CodeType, event_set: int, /) -> None

   Activates all the local events for *code* which are set in
   *event_set*. Raises a "ValueError" if *tool_id* is not in use.

Local events add to global events, but do not mask them. In other
words, all global events will trigger for a code object, regardless of
the local events.


停用事件
--------

sys.monitoring.DISABLE

   A special value that can be returned from a callback function to
   disable events for the current code location.

Local events can be disabled for a specific code location by returning
"sys.monitoring.DISABLE" from a callback function. This does not
change which events are set, or any other code locations for the same
event.

Disabling events for specific locations is very important for high
performance monitoring. For example, a program can be run under a
debugger with no overhead if the debugger disables all monitoring
except for a few breakpoints.

sys.monitoring.restart_events() -> None

   Enable all the events that were disabled by
   "sys.monitoring.DISABLE" for all tools.


註冊回呼函式
============

To register a callable for events call

sys.monitoring.register_callback(tool_id: int, event: int, func: Callable | None, /) -> Callable | None

   Registers the callable *func* for the *event* with the given
   *tool_id*

   If another callback was registered for the given *tool_id* and
   *event*, it is unregistered and returned. Otherwise
   "register_callback()" returns "None".

Functions can be unregistered by calling
"sys.monitoring.register_callback(tool_id, event, None)".

Callback functions can be registered and unregistered at any time.

Registering or unregistering a callback function will generate a
"sys.audit()" event.


回呼函式引數
------------

sys.monitoring.MISSING

   A special value that is passed to a callback function to indicate
   that there are no arguments to the call.

When an active event occurs, the registered callback function is
called. Different events will provide the callback function with
different arguments, as follows:

* "PY_START" 和 "PY_RESUME"：

     func(code: CodeType, instruction_offset: int) -> DISABLE | Any

* "PY_RETURN" 和 "PY_YIELD"：

     func(code: CodeType, instruction_offset: int, retval: object) -> DISABLE | Any

* "CALL"、"C_RAISE" 和 "C_RETURN"：

     func(code: CodeType, instruction_offset: int, callable: object, arg0: object | MISSING) -> DISABLE | Any

  If there are no arguments, *arg0* is set to
  "sys.monitoring.MISSING".

* "RAISE"、"RERAISE"、"EXCEPTION_HANDLED"、"PY_UNWIND"、"PY_THROW" 和
  "STOP_ITERATION"：

     func(code: CodeType, instruction_offset: int, exception: BaseException) -> DISABLE | Any

* "LINE"：

     func(code: CodeType, line_number: int) -> DISABLE | Any

* "BRANCH" 和 "JUMP"：

     func(code: CodeType, instruction_offset: int, destination_offset: int) -> DISABLE | Any

  Note that the *destination_offset* is where the code will next
  execute. For an untaken branch this will be the offset of the
  instruction following the branch.

* "INSTRUCTION"：

     func(code: CodeType, instruction_offset: int) -> DISABLE | Any
