例外處理
********

The functions described in this chapter will let you handle and raise
Python exceptions.  It is important to understand some of the basics
of Python exception handling.  It works somewhat like the POSIX
"errno" variable: there is a global indicator (per thread) of the last
error that occurred.  Most C API functions don't clear this on
success, but will set it to indicate the cause of the error on
failure.  Most C API functions also return an error indicator, usually
"NULL" if they are supposed to return a pointer, or "-1" if they
return an integer (exception: the "PyArg_*" functions return "1" for
success and "0" for failure).

Concretely, the error indicator consists of three object pointers: the
exception's type, the exception's value, and the traceback object.
Any of those pointers can be "NULL" if non-set (although some
combinations are forbidden, for example you can't have a non-"NULL"
traceback if the exception type is "NULL").

When a function must fail because some function it called failed, it
generally doesn't set the error indicator; the function it called
already set it.  It is responsible for either handling the error and
clearing the exception or returning after cleaning up any resources it
holds (such as object references or memory allocations); it should
*not* continue normally if it is not prepared to handle the error.  If
returning due to an error, it is important to indicate to the caller
that an error has been set.  If the error is not handled or carefully
propagated, additional calls into the Python/C API may not behave as
intended and may fail in mysterious ways.

備註:

  The error indicator is **not** the result of "sys.exc_info()". The
  former corresponds to an exception that is not yet caught (and is
  therefore still propagating), while the latter returns an exception
  after it is caught (and has therefore stopped propagating).


Printing and clearing
=====================

void PyErr_Clear()
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Clear the error indicator.  If the error indicator is not set,
   there is no effect.

void PyErr_PrintEx(int set_sys_last_vars)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Print a standard traceback to "sys.stderr" and clear the error
   indicator. **Unless** the error is a "SystemExit", in that case no
   traceback is printed and the Python process will exit with the
   error code specified by the "SystemExit" instance.

   Call this function **only** when the error indicator is set.
   Otherwise it will cause a fatal error!

   If *set_sys_last_vars* is nonzero, the variable "sys.last_exc" is
   set to the printed exception. For backwards compatibility, the
   deprecated variables "sys.last_type", "sys.last_value" and
   "sys.last_traceback" are also set to the type, value and traceback
   of this exception, respectively.

   在 3.12 版的變更: 新增 "sys.last_exc" 設定。

void PyErr_Print()
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   "PyErr_PrintEx(1)" 的別名。

void PyErr_WriteUnraisable(PyObject *obj)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Call "sys.unraisablehook()" using the current exception and *obj*
   argument.

   This utility function prints a warning message to "sys.stderr" when
   an exception has been set but it is impossible for the interpreter
   to actually raise the exception.  It is used, for example, when an
   exception occurs in an "__del__()" method.

   The function is called with a single argument *obj* that identifies
   the context in which the unraisable exception occurred. If
   possible, the repr of *obj* will be printed in the warning message.
   If *obj* is "NULL", only the traceback is printed.

   An exception must be set when calling this function.

   在 3.4 版的變更: Print a traceback. Print only traceback if *obj*
   is "NULL".

   在 3.8 版的變更: 使用 "sys.unraisablehook()"。

void PyErr_FormatUnraisable(const char *format, ...)

   Similar to "PyErr_WriteUnraisable()", but the *format* and
   subsequent parameters help format the warning message; they have
   the same meaning and values as in "PyUnicode_FromFormat()".
   "PyErr_WriteUnraisable(obj)" is roughly equivalent to
   "PyErr_FormatUnraisable("Exception ignored in: %R", obj)". If
   *format* is "NULL", only the traceback is printed.

   在 3.13 版被加入.

void PyErr_DisplayException(PyObject *exc)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分 自 3.12 版本開始.*

   Print the standard traceback display of "exc" to "sys.stderr",
   including chained exceptions and notes.

   在 3.12 版被加入.


Raising exceptions
==================

These functions help you set the current thread's error indicator. For
convenience, some of these functions will always return a "NULL"
pointer for use in a "return" statement.

void PyErr_SetString(PyObject *type, const char *message)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   This is the most common way to set the error indicator.  The first
   argument specifies the exception type; it is normally one of the
   standard exceptions, e.g. "PyExc_RuntimeError".  You need not
   create a new *strong reference* to it (e.g. with "Py_INCREF()").
   The second argument is an error message; it is decoded from
   "'utf-8'".

void PyErr_SetObject(PyObject *type, PyObject *value)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   This function is similar to "PyErr_SetString()" but lets you
   specify an arbitrary Python object for the "value" of the
   exception.

PyObject *PyErr_Format(PyObject *exception, const char *format, ...)
    *回傳值：總是為 NULL。** 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   This function sets the error indicator and returns "NULL".
   *exception* should be a Python exception class.  The *format* and
   subsequent parameters help format the error message; they have the
   same meaning and values as in "PyUnicode_FromFormat()". *format* is
   an ASCII-encoded string.

PyObject *PyErr_FormatV(PyObject *exception, const char *format, va_list vargs)
    *回傳值：總是為 NULL。** 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分 自 3.5 版本開始.*

   Same as "PyErr_Format()", but taking a "va_list" argument rather
   than a variable number of arguments.

   在 3.5 版被加入.

void PyErr_SetNone(PyObject *type)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   This is a shorthand for "PyErr_SetObject(type, Py_None)".

int PyErr_BadArgument()
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   This is a shorthand for "PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
   message)", where *message* indicates that a built-in operation was
   invoked with an illegal argument.  It is mostly for internal use.

PyObject *PyErr_NoMemory()
    *回傳值：總是為 NULL。** 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   This is a shorthand for "PyErr_SetNone(PyExc_MemoryError)"; it
   returns "NULL" so an object allocation function can write "return
   PyErr_NoMemory();" when it runs out of memory.

PyObject *PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyObject *type)
    *回傳值：總是為 NULL。** 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   This is a convenience function to raise an exception when a C
   library function has returned an error and set the C variable
   "errno".  It constructs a tuple object whose first item is the
   integer "errno" value and whose second item is the corresponding
   error message (gotten from "strerror()"), and then calls
   "PyErr_SetObject(type, object)".  On Unix, when the "errno" value
   is "EINTR", indicating an interrupted system call, this calls
   "PyErr_CheckSignals()", and if that set the error indicator, leaves
   it set to that.  The function always returns "NULL", so a wrapper
   function around a system call can write "return
   PyErr_SetFromErrno(type);" when the system call returns an error.

PyObject *PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilenameObject(PyObject *type, PyObject *filenameObject)
    *回傳值：總是為 NULL。** 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Similar to "PyErr_SetFromErrno()", with the additional behavior
   that if *filenameObject* is not "NULL", it is passed to the
   constructor of *type* as a third parameter.  In the case of
   "OSError" exception, this is used to define the "filename"
   attribute of the exception instance.

PyObject *PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilenameObjects(PyObject *type, PyObject *filenameObject, PyObject *filenameObject2)
    *回傳值：總是為 NULL。** 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分 自 3.7 版本開始.*

   Similar to "PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilenameObject()", but takes a
   second filename object, for raising errors when a function that
   takes two filenames fails.

   在 3.4 版被加入.

PyObject *PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilename(PyObject *type, const char *filename)
    *回傳值：總是為 NULL。** 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Similar to "PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilenameObject()", but the
   filename is given as a C string.  *filename* is decoded from the
   *filesystem encoding and error handler*.

PyObject *PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(int ierr)
    *回傳值：總是為 NULL。** 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分 on Windows 自 3.7 版
   本開始.*

   This is a convenience function to raise "OSError". If called with
   *ierr* of "0", the error code returned by a call to
   "GetLastError()" is used instead.  It calls the Win32 function
   "FormatMessage()" to retrieve the Windows description of error code
   given by *ierr* or "GetLastError()", then it constructs a "OSError"
   object with the "winerror" attribute set to the error code, the
   "strerror" attribute set to the corresponding error message (gotten
   from "FormatMessage()"), and then calls
   "PyErr_SetObject(PyExc_OSError, object)". This function always
   returns "NULL".

   可用性: Windows.

PyObject *PyErr_SetExcFromWindowsErr(PyObject *type, int ierr)
    *回傳值：總是為 NULL。** 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分 on Windows 自 3.7 版
   本開始.*

   Similar to "PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr()", with an additional
   parameter specifying the exception type to be raised.

   可用性: Windows.

PyObject *PyErr_SetFromWindowsErrWithFilename(int ierr, const char *filename)
    *回傳值：總是為 NULL。** 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分 on Windows 自 3.7 版
   本開始.*

   Similar to "PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr()", with the additional
   behavior that if *filename* is not "NULL", it is decoded from the
   filesystem encoding ("os.fsdecode()") and passed to the constructor
   of "OSError" as a third parameter to be used to define the
   "filename" attribute of the exception instance.

   可用性: Windows.

PyObject *PyErr_SetExcFromWindowsErrWithFilenameObject(PyObject *type, int ierr, PyObject *filename)
    *回傳值：總是為 NULL。** 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分 on Windows 自 3.7 版
   本開始.*

   Similar to "PyErr_SetExcFromWindowsErr()", with the additional
   behavior that if *filename* is not "NULL", it is passed to the
   constructor of "OSError" as a third parameter to be used to define
   the "filename" attribute of the exception instance.

   可用性: Windows.

PyObject *PyErr_SetExcFromWindowsErrWithFilenameObjects(PyObject *type, int ierr, PyObject *filename, PyObject *filename2)
    *回傳值：總是為 NULL。** 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分 on Windows 自 3.7 版
   本開始.*

   Similar to "PyErr_SetExcFromWindowsErrWithFilenameObject()", but
   accepts a second filename object.

   可用性: Windows.

   在 3.4 版被加入.

PyObject *PyErr_SetExcFromWindowsErrWithFilename(PyObject *type, int ierr, const char *filename)
    *回傳值：總是為 NULL。** 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分 on Windows 自 3.7 版
   本開始.*

   Similar to "PyErr_SetFromWindowsErrWithFilename()", with an
   additional parameter specifying the exception type to be raised.

   可用性: Windows.

PyObject *PyErr_SetImportError(PyObject *msg, PyObject *name, PyObject *path)
    *回傳值：總是為 NULL。** 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分 自 3.7 版本開始.*

   This is a convenience function to raise "ImportError". *msg* will
   be set as the exception's message string. *name* and *path*, both
   of which can be "NULL", will be set as the "ImportError"'s
   respective "name" and "path" attributes.

   在 3.3 版被加入.

PyObject *PyErr_SetImportErrorSubclass(PyObject *exception, PyObject *msg, PyObject *name, PyObject *path)
    *回傳值：總是為 NULL。** 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分 自 3.6 版本開始.*

   Much like "PyErr_SetImportError()" but this function allows for
   specifying a subclass of "ImportError" to raise.

   在 3.6 版被加入.

void PyErr_SyntaxLocationObject(PyObject *filename, int lineno, int col_offset)

   Set file, line, and offset information for the current exception.
   If the current exception is not a "SyntaxError", then it sets
   additional attributes, which make the exception printing subsystem
   think the exception is a "SyntaxError".

   在 3.4 版被加入.

void PyErr_RangedSyntaxLocationObject(PyObject *filename, int lineno, int col_offset, int end_lineno, int end_col_offset)

   Similar to "PyErr_SyntaxLocationObject()", but also sets the
   *end_lineno* and *end_col_offset* information for the current
   exception.

   在 3.10 版被加入.

void PyErr_SyntaxLocationEx(const char *filename, int lineno, int col_offset)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分 自 3.7 版本開始.*

   Like "PyErr_SyntaxLocationObject()", but *filename* is a byte
   string decoded from the *filesystem encoding and error handler*.

   在 3.2 版被加入.

void PyErr_SyntaxLocation(const char *filename, int lineno)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Like "PyErr_SyntaxLocationEx()", but the *col_offset* parameter is
   omitted.

void PyErr_BadInternalCall()
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   This is a shorthand for "PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
   message)", where *message* indicates that an internal operation
   (e.g. a Python/C API function) was invoked with an illegal
   argument.  It is mostly for internal use.

PyObject *PyErr_ProgramTextObject(PyObject *filename, int lineno)

   Get the source line in *filename* at line *lineno*. *filename*
   should be a Python "str" object.

   On success, this function returns a Python string object with the
   found line. On failure, this function returns "NULL" without an
   exception set.

PyObject *PyErr_ProgramText(const char *filename, int lineno)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Similar to "PyErr_ProgramTextObject()", but *filename* is a const
   char*, which is decoded with the *filesystem encoding and error
   handler*, instead of a Python object reference.


Issuing warnings
================

Use these functions to issue warnings from C code.  They mirror
similar functions exported by the Python "warnings" module.  They
normally print a warning message to *sys.stderr*; however, it is also
possible that the user has specified that warnings are to be turned
into errors, and in that case they will raise an exception.  It is
also possible that the functions raise an exception because of a
problem with the warning machinery. The return value is "0" if no
exception is raised, or "-1" if an exception is raised.  (It is not
possible to determine whether a warning message is actually printed,
nor what the reason is for the exception; this is intentional.)  If an
exception is raised, the caller should do its normal exception
handling (for example, "Py_DECREF()" owned references and return an
error value).

int PyErr_WarnEx(PyObject *category, const char *message, Py_ssize_t stack_level)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Issue a warning message.  The *category* argument is a warning
   category (see below) or "NULL"; the *message* argument is a UTF-8
   encoded string.  *stack_level* is a positive number giving a number
   of stack frames; the warning will be issued from the  currently
   executing line of code in that stack frame.  A *stack_level* of 1
   is the function calling "PyErr_WarnEx()", 2 is  the function above
   that, and so forth.

   Warning categories must be subclasses of "PyExc_Warning";
   "PyExc_Warning" is a subclass of "PyExc_Exception"; the default
   warning category is "PyExc_RuntimeWarning". The standard Python
   warning categories are available as global variables whose names
   are enumerated at 警告型別.

   For information about warning control, see the documentation for
   the "warnings" module and the "-W" option in the command line
   documentation.  There is no C API for warning control.

int PyErr_WarnExplicitObject(PyObject *category, PyObject *message, PyObject *filename, int lineno, PyObject *module, PyObject *registry)

   Issue a warning message with explicit control over all warning
   attributes.  This is a straightforward wrapper around the Python
   function "warnings.warn_explicit()"; see there for more
   information.  The *module* and *registry* arguments may be set to
   "NULL" to get the default effect described there.

   在 3.4 版被加入.

int PyErr_WarnExplicit(PyObject *category, const char *message, const char *filename, int lineno, const char *module, PyObject *registry)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Similar to "PyErr_WarnExplicitObject()" except that *message* and
   *module* are UTF-8 encoded strings, and *filename* is decoded from
   the *filesystem encoding and error handler*.

int PyErr_WarnFormat(PyObject *category, Py_ssize_t stack_level, const char *format, ...)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Function similar to "PyErr_WarnEx()", but use
   "PyUnicode_FromFormat()" to format the warning message.  *format*
   is an ASCII-encoded string.

   在 3.2 版被加入.

int PyErr_WarnExplicitFormat(PyObject *category, const char *filename, int lineno, const char *module, PyObject *registry, const char *format, ...)

   Similar to "PyErr_WarnExplicit()", but uses
   "PyUnicode_FromFormat()" to format the warning message. *format* is
   an ASCII-encoded string.

   在 3.2 版被加入.

int PyErr_ResourceWarning(PyObject *source, Py_ssize_t stack_level, const char *format, ...)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分 自 3.6 版本開始.*

   Function similar to "PyErr_WarnFormat()", but *category* is
   "ResourceWarning" and it passes *source* to
   "warnings.WarningMessage".

   在 3.6 版被加入.


Querying the error indicator
============================

PyObject *PyErr_Occurred()
    *回傳值：借用參照。** 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Test whether the error indicator is set.  If set, return the
   exception *type* (the first argument to the last call to one of the
   "PyErr_Set*" functions or to "PyErr_Restore()").  If not set,
   return "NULL".  You do not own a reference to the return value, so
   you do not need to "Py_DECREF()" it.

   呼叫者必須持有 GIL。

   備註:

     Do not compare the return value to a specific exception; use
     "PyErr_ExceptionMatches()" instead, shown below.  (The comparison
     could easily fail since the exception may be an instance instead
     of a class, in the case of a class exception, or it may be a
     subclass of the expected exception.)

int PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyObject *exc)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Equivalent to "PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(PyErr_Occurred(), exc)".
   This should only be called when an exception is actually set; a
   memory access violation will occur if no exception has been raised.

int PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(PyObject *given, PyObject *exc)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Return true if the *given* exception matches the exception type in
   *exc*.  If *exc* is a class object, this also returns true when
   *given* is an instance of a subclass.  If *exc* is a tuple, all
   exception types in the tuple (and recursively in subtuples) are
   searched for a match.

PyObject *PyErr_GetRaisedException(void)
    *回傳值：新的參照。** 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分 自 3.12 版本開始.*

   Return the exception currently being raised, clearing the error
   indicator at the same time. Return "NULL" if the error indicator is
   not set.

   This function is used by code that needs to catch exceptions, or
   code that needs to save and restore the error indicator
   temporarily.

   舉例來說：

      {
         PyObject *exc = PyErr_GetRaisedException();

         /* ... 可能會產生其他錯誤的程式碼 ... */

         PyErr_SetRaisedException(exc);
      }

   也參考:

     "PyErr_GetHandledException()", to save the exception currently
     being handled.

   在 3.12 版被加入.

void PyErr_SetRaisedException(PyObject *exc)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分 自 3.12 版本開始.*

   Set *exc* as the exception currently being raised, clearing the
   existing exception if one is set.

   警告:

     This call steals a reference to *exc*, which must be a valid
     exception.

   在 3.12 版被加入.

void PyErr_Fetch(PyObject **ptype, PyObject **pvalue, PyObject **ptraceback)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   在 3.12 版之後被棄用: 請改用 "PyErr_GetRaisedException()"。

   Retrieve the error indicator into three variables whose addresses
   are passed. If the error indicator is not set, set all three
   variables to "NULL".  If it is set, it will be cleared and you own
   a reference to each object retrieved.  The value and traceback
   object may be "NULL" even when the type object is not.

   備註:

     This function is normally only used by legacy code that needs to
     catch exceptions or save and restore the error indicator
     temporarily.舉例來說：

        {
           PyObject *type, *value, *traceback;
           PyErr_Fetch(&type, &value, &traceback);

           /* ... 可能會產生其他錯誤的程式碼 ... */

           PyErr_Restore(type, value, traceback);
        }

void PyErr_Restore(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *traceback)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   在 3.12 版之後被棄用: 請改用 "PyErr_SetRaisedException()"。

   Set the error indicator from the three objects, *type*, *value*,
   and *traceback*, clearing the existing exception if one is set. If
   the objects are "NULL", the error indicator is cleared.  Do not
   pass a "NULL" type and non-"NULL" value or traceback.  The
   exception type should be a class.  Do not pass an invalid exception
   type or value. (Violating these rules will cause subtle problems
   later.)  This call takes away a reference to each object: you must
   own a reference to each object before the call and after the call
   you no longer own these references.  (If you don't understand this,
   don't use this function.  I warned you.)

   備註:

     This function is normally only used by legacy code that needs to
     save and restore the error indicator temporarily. Use
     "PyErr_Fetch()" to save the current error indicator.

void PyErr_NormalizeException(PyObject **exc, PyObject **val, PyObject **tb)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   在 3.12 版之後被棄用: Use "PyErr_GetRaisedException()" instead, to
   avoid any possible de-normalization.

   Under certain circumstances, the values returned by "PyErr_Fetch()"
   below can be "unnormalized", meaning that "*exc" is a class object
   but "*val" is not an instance of the  same class.  This function
   can be used to instantiate the class in that case.  If the values
   are already normalized, nothing happens. The delayed normalization
   is implemented to improve performance.

   備註:

     This function *does not* implicitly set the "__traceback__"
     attribute on the exception value. If setting the traceback
     appropriately is desired, the following additional snippet is
     needed:

        if (tb != NULL) {
          PyException_SetTraceback(val, tb);
        }

PyObject *PyErr_GetHandledException(void)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分 自 3.11 版本開始.*

   Retrieve the active exception instance, as would be returned by
   "sys.exception()". This refers to an exception that was *already
   caught*, not to an exception that was freshly raised. Returns a new
   reference to the exception or "NULL". Does not modify the
   interpreter's exception state.

   備註:

     This function is not normally used by code that wants to handle
     exceptions. Rather, it can be used when code needs to save and
     restore the exception state temporarily.  Use
     "PyErr_SetHandledException()" to restore or clear the exception
     state.

   在 3.11 版被加入.

void PyErr_SetHandledException(PyObject *exc)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分 自 3.11 版本開始.*

   Set the active exception, as known from "sys.exception()".  This
   refers to an exception that was *already caught*, not to an
   exception that was freshly raised. To clear the exception state,
   pass "NULL".

   備註:

     This function is not normally used by code that wants to handle
     exceptions. Rather, it can be used when code needs to save and
     restore the exception state temporarily.  Use
     "PyErr_GetHandledException()" to get the exception state.

   在 3.11 版被加入.

void PyErr_GetExcInfo(PyObject **ptype, PyObject **pvalue, PyObject **ptraceback)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分 自 3.7 版本開始.*

   Retrieve the old-style representation of the exception info, as
   known from "sys.exc_info()".  This refers to an exception that was
   *already caught*, not to an exception that was freshly raised.
   Returns new references for the three objects, any of which may be
   "NULL".  Does not modify the exception info state.  This function
   is kept for backwards compatibility. Prefer using
   "PyErr_GetHandledException()".

   備註:

     This function is not normally used by code that wants to handle
     exceptions. Rather, it can be used when code needs to save and
     restore the exception state temporarily.  Use
     "PyErr_SetExcInfo()" to restore or clear the exception state.

   在 3.3 版被加入.

void PyErr_SetExcInfo(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *traceback)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分 自 3.7 版本開始.*

   Set the exception info, as known from "sys.exc_info()".  This
   refers to an exception that was *already caught*, not to an
   exception that was freshly raised.  This function steals the
   references of the arguments. To clear the exception state, pass
   "NULL" for all three arguments. This function is kept for backwards
   compatibility. Prefer using "PyErr_SetHandledException()".

   備註:

     This function is not normally used by code that wants to handle
     exceptions. Rather, it can be used when code needs to save and
     restore the exception state temporarily.  Use
     "PyErr_GetExcInfo()" to read the exception state.

   在 3.3 版被加入.

   在 3.11 版的變更: The "type" and "traceback" arguments are no
   longer used and can be NULL. The interpreter now derives them from
   the exception instance (the "value" argument). The function still
   steals references of all three arguments.


訊號處理
========

int PyErr_CheckSignals()
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   This function interacts with Python's signal handling.

   If the function is called from the main thread and under the main
   Python interpreter, it checks whether a signal has been sent to the
   processes and if so, invokes the corresponding signal handler.  If
   the "signal" module is supported, this can invoke a signal handler
   written in Python.

   The function attempts to handle all pending signals, and then
   returns "0". However, if a Python signal handler raises an
   exception, the error indicator is set and the function returns "-1"
   immediately (such that other pending signals may not have been
   handled yet: they will be on the next "PyErr_CheckSignals()"
   invocation).

   If the function is called from a non-main thread, or under a non-
   main Python interpreter, it does nothing and returns "0".

   This function can be called by long-running C code that wants to be
   interruptible by user requests (such as by pressing Ctrl-C).

   備註:

     The default Python signal handler for "SIGINT" raises the
     "KeyboardInterrupt" exception.

void PyErr_SetInterrupt()
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Simulate the effect of a "SIGINT" signal arriving. This is
   equivalent to "PyErr_SetInterruptEx(SIGINT)".

   備註:

     This function is async-signal-safe.  It can be called without the
     *GIL* and from a C signal handler.

int PyErr_SetInterruptEx(int signum)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分 自 3.10 版本開始.*

   Simulate the effect of a signal arriving. The next time
   "PyErr_CheckSignals()" is called,  the Python signal handler for
   the given signal number will be called.

   This function can be called by C code that sets up its own signal
   handling and wants Python signal handlers to be invoked as expected
   when an interruption is requested (for example when the user
   presses Ctrl-C to interrupt an operation).

   If the given signal isn't handled by Python (it was set to
   "signal.SIG_DFL" or "signal.SIG_IGN"), it will be ignored.

   If *signum* is outside of the allowed range of signal numbers, "-1"
   is returned.  Otherwise, "0" is returned.  The error indicator is
   never changed by this function.

   備註:

     This function is async-signal-safe.  It can be called without the
     *GIL* and from a C signal handler.

   在 3.10 版被加入.

int PySignal_SetWakeupFd(int fd)

   This utility function specifies a file descriptor to which the
   signal number is written as a single byte whenever a signal is
   received. *fd* must be non-blocking. It returns the previous such
   file descriptor.

   The value "-1" disables the feature; this is the initial state.
   This is equivalent to "signal.set_wakeup_fd()" in Python, but
   without any error checking.  *fd* should be a valid file
   descriptor.  The function should only be called from the main
   thread.

   在 3.5 版的變更: On Windows, the function now also supports socket
   handles.


例外類別
========

PyObject *PyErr_NewException(const char *name, PyObject *base, PyObject *dict)
    *回傳值：新的參照。** 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   This utility function creates and returns a new exception class.
   The *name* argument must be the name of the new exception, a C
   string of the form "module.classname".  The *base* and *dict*
   arguments are normally "NULL". This creates a class object derived
   from "Exception" (accessible in C as "PyExc_Exception").

   The "__module__" attribute of the new class is set to the first
   part (up to the last dot) of the *name* argument, and the class
   name is set to the last part (after the last dot).  The *base*
   argument can be used to specify alternate base classes; it can
   either be only one class or a tuple of classes. The *dict* argument
   can be used to specify a dictionary of class variables and methods.

PyObject *PyErr_NewExceptionWithDoc(const char *name, const char *doc, PyObject *base, PyObject *dict)
    *回傳值：新的參照。** 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Same as "PyErr_NewException()", except that the new exception class
   can easily be given a docstring: If *doc* is non-"NULL", it will be
   used as the docstring for the exception class.

   在 3.2 版被加入.

int PyExceptionClass_Check(PyObject *ob)

   Return non-zero if *ob* is an exception class, zero otherwise. This
   function always succeeds.

const char *PyExceptionClass_Name(PyObject *ob)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分 自 3.8 版本開始.*

   回傳例外類別 *ob* 的 "tp_name"。


例外物件
========

int PyExceptionInstance_Check(PyObject *op)

   Return true if *op* is an instance of "BaseException", false
   otherwise. This function always succeeds.

PyExceptionInstance_Class(op)

   Equivalent to "Py_TYPE(op)".

PyObject *PyException_GetTraceback(PyObject *ex)
    *回傳值：新的參照。** 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Return the traceback associated with the exception as a new
   reference, as accessible from Python through the "__traceback__"
   attribute. If there is no traceback associated, this returns
   "NULL".

int PyException_SetTraceback(PyObject *ex, PyObject *tb)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Set the traceback associated with the exception to *tb*.  Use
   "Py_None" to clear it.

PyObject *PyException_GetContext(PyObject *ex)
    *回傳值：新的參照。** 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Return the context (another exception instance during whose
   handling *ex* was raised) associated with the exception as a new
   reference, as accessible from Python through the "__context__"
   attribute. If there is no context associated, this returns "NULL".

void PyException_SetContext(PyObject *ex, PyObject *ctx)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Set the context associated with the exception to *ctx*.  Use "NULL"
   to clear it.  There is no type check to make sure that *ctx* is an
   exception instance. This steals a reference to *ctx*.

PyObject *PyException_GetCause(PyObject *ex)
    *回傳值：新的參照。** 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Return the cause (either an exception instance, or "None", set by
   "raise ... from ...") associated with the exception as a new
   reference, as accessible from Python through the "__cause__"
   attribute.

void PyException_SetCause(PyObject *ex, PyObject *cause)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Set the cause associated with the exception to *cause*.  Use "NULL"
   to clear it.  There is no type check to make sure that *cause* is
   either an exception instance or "None".  This steals a reference to
   *cause*.

   The "__suppress_context__" attribute is implicitly set to "True" by
   this function.

PyObject *PyException_GetArgs(PyObject *ex)
    *回傳值：新的參照。** 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分 自 3.12 版本開始.*

   回傳例外 *ex* 的 "args"。

void PyException_SetArgs(PyObject *ex, PyObject *args)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分 自 3.12 版本開始.*

   設定例外 *ex* 的 "args" 為 *args*。

PyObject *PyUnstable_Exc_PrepReraiseStar(PyObject *orig, PyObject *excs)

   *這是 不穩定 API，它可能在小版本發布中沒有任何警告地被變更。*

   Implement part of the interpreter's implementation of "except*".
   *orig* is the original exception that was caught, and *excs* is the
   list of the exceptions that need to be raised. This list contains
   the unhandled part of *orig*, if any, as well as the exceptions
   that were raised from the "except*" clauses (so they have a
   different traceback from *orig*) and those that were reraised (and
   have the same traceback as *orig*). Return the "ExceptionGroup"
   that needs to be reraised in the end, or "None" if there is nothing
   to reraise.

   在 3.12 版被加入.


Unicode 例外物件
================

The following functions are used to create and modify Unicode
exceptions from C.

PyObject *PyUnicodeDecodeError_Create(const char *encoding, const char *object, Py_ssize_t length, Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t end, const char *reason)
    *回傳值：新的參照。** 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Create a "UnicodeDecodeError" object with the attributes
   *encoding*, *object*, *length*, *start*, *end* and *reason*.
   *encoding* and *reason* are UTF-8 encoded strings.

PyObject *PyUnicodeDecodeError_GetEncoding(PyObject *exc)
PyObject *PyUnicodeEncodeError_GetEncoding(PyObject *exc)
    *回傳值：新的參照。** 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Return the *encoding* attribute of the given exception object.

PyObject *PyUnicodeDecodeError_GetObject(PyObject *exc)
PyObject *PyUnicodeEncodeError_GetObject(PyObject *exc)
PyObject *PyUnicodeTranslateError_GetObject(PyObject *exc)
    *回傳值：新的參照。** 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Return the *object* attribute of the given exception object.

int PyUnicodeDecodeError_GetStart(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t *start)
int PyUnicodeEncodeError_GetStart(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t *start)
int PyUnicodeTranslateError_GetStart(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t *start)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Get the *start* attribute of the given exception object and place
   it into **start*.  *start* must not be "NULL".  Return "0" on
   success, "-1" on failure.

int PyUnicodeDecodeError_SetStart(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t start)
int PyUnicodeEncodeError_SetStart(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t start)
int PyUnicodeTranslateError_SetStart(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t start)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Set the *start* attribute of the given exception object to *start*.
   Return "0" on success, "-1" on failure.

int PyUnicodeDecodeError_GetEnd(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t *end)
int PyUnicodeEncodeError_GetEnd(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t *end)
int PyUnicodeTranslateError_GetEnd(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t *end)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Get the *end* attribute of the given exception object and place it
   into **end*.  *end* must not be "NULL".  Return "0" on success,
   "-1" on failure.

int PyUnicodeDecodeError_SetEnd(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t end)
int PyUnicodeEncodeError_SetEnd(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t end)
int PyUnicodeTranslateError_SetEnd(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t end)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Set the *end* attribute of the given exception object to *end*.
   Return "0" on success, "-1" on failure.

PyObject *PyUnicodeDecodeError_GetReason(PyObject *exc)
PyObject *PyUnicodeEncodeError_GetReason(PyObject *exc)
PyObject *PyUnicodeTranslateError_GetReason(PyObject *exc)
    *回傳值：新的參照。** 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   回傳給定例外物件的 *reason* 屬性。

int PyUnicodeDecodeError_SetReason(PyObject *exc, const char *reason)
int PyUnicodeEncodeError_SetReason(PyObject *exc, const char *reason)
int PyUnicodeTranslateError_SetReason(PyObject *exc, const char *reason)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Set the *reason* attribute of the given exception object to
   *reason*.  Return "0" on success, "-1" on failure.


遞迴控制
========

These two functions provide a way to perform safe recursive calls at
the C level, both in the core and in extension modules.  They are
needed if the recursive code does not necessarily invoke Python code
(which tracks its recursion depth automatically). They are also not
needed for *tp_call* implementations because the call protocol takes
care of recursion handling.

int Py_EnterRecursiveCall(const char *where)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分 自 3.9 版本開始.*

   Marks a point where a recursive C-level call is about to be
   performed.

   If "USE_STACKCHECK" is defined, this function checks if the OS
   stack overflowed using "PyOS_CheckStack()".  If this is the case,
   it sets a "MemoryError" and returns a nonzero value.

   The function then checks if the recursion limit is reached.  If
   this is the case, a "RecursionError" is set and a nonzero value is
   returned. Otherwise, zero is returned.

   *where* should be a UTF-8 encoded string such as "" in instance
   check"" to be concatenated to the "RecursionError" message caused
   by the recursion depth limit.

   在 3.9 版的變更: This function is now also available in the limited
   API.

void Py_LeaveRecursiveCall(void)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分 自 3.9 版本開始.*

   Ends a "Py_EnterRecursiveCall()".  Must be called once for each
   *successful* invocation of "Py_EnterRecursiveCall()".

   在 3.9 版的變更: This function is now also available in the limited
   API.

Properly implementing "tp_repr" for container types requires special
recursion handling.  In addition to protecting the stack, "tp_repr"
also needs to track objects to prevent cycles.  The following two
functions facilitate this functionality.  Effectively, these are the C
equivalent to "reprlib.recursive_repr()".

int Py_ReprEnter(PyObject *object)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Called at the beginning of the "tp_repr" implementation to detect
   cycles.

   If the object has already been processed, the function returns a
   positive integer.  In that case the "tp_repr" implementation should
   return a string object indicating a cycle.  As examples, "dict"
   objects return "{...}" and "list" objects return "[...]".

   The function will return a negative integer if the recursion limit
   is reached.  In that case the "tp_repr" implementation should
   typically return "NULL".

   Otherwise, the function returns zero and the "tp_repr"
   implementation can continue normally.

void Py_ReprLeave(PyObject *object)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Ends a "Py_ReprEnter()".  Must be called once for each invocation
   of "Py_ReprEnter()" that returns zero.

int Py_GetRecursionLimit(void)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Get the recursion limit for the current interpreter. It can be set
   with "Py_SetRecursionLimit()". The recursion limit prevents the
   Python interpreter stack from growing infinitely.

   This function cannot fail, and the caller must hold the *GIL*.

   也參考: "sys.getrecursionlimit()"

void Py_SetRecursionLimit(int new_limit)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Set the recursion limit for the current interpreter.

   This function cannot fail, and the caller must hold the *GIL*.

   也參考: "sys.setrecursionlimit()"


例外和警告型別
==============

All standard Python exceptions and warning categories are available as
global variables whose names are "PyExc_" followed by the Python
exception name. These have the type PyObject*; they are all class
objects.

For completeness, here are all the variables:


例外型別
--------

+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| C 名稱                                             | Python 名稱                                        |
|====================================================|====================================================|
| PyObject *PyExc_BaseException  * 為 穩定 ABI 的一  | "BaseException"                                    |
| 部分.*                                             |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_BaseExceptionGroup  * 為 穩定 ABI  | "BaseExceptionGroup"                               |
| 的一部分 自 3.11 版本開始.*                        |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_Exception  * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分  | "Exception"                                        |
| .*                                                 |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_ArithmeticError  * 為 穩定 ABI 的  | "ArithmeticError"                                  |
| 一部分.*                                           |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_AssertionError  * 為 穩定 ABI 的一 | "AssertionError"                                   |
| 部分.*                                             |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_AttributeError  * 為 穩定 ABI 的一 | "AttributeError"                                   |
| 部分.*                                             |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_BlockingIOError  * 為 穩定 ABI 的  | "BlockingIOError"                                  |
| 一部分 自 3.7 版本開始.*                           |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_BrokenPipeError  * 為 穩定 ABI 的  | "BrokenPipeError"                                  |
| 一部分 自 3.7 版本開始.*                           |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_BufferError  * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部  | "BufferError"                                      |
| 分.*                                               |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_ChildProcessError  * 為 穩定 ABI   | "ChildProcessError"                                |
| 的一部分 自 3.7 版本開始.*                         |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_ConnectionAbortedError  * 為 穩定  | "ConnectionAbortedError"                           |
| ABI 的一部分 自 3.7 版本開始.*                     |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_ConnectionError  * 為 穩定 ABI 的  | "ConnectionError"                                  |
| 一部分 自 3.7 版本開始.*                           |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_ConnectionRefusedError  * 為 穩定  | "ConnectionRefusedError"                           |
| ABI 的一部分 自 3.7 版本開始.*                     |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_ConnectionResetError  * 為 穩定    | "ConnectionResetError"                             |
| ABI 的一部分 自 3.7 版本開始.*                     |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_EOFError  * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.* | "EOFError"                                         |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_FileExistsError  * 為 穩定 ABI 的  | "FileExistsError"                                  |
| 一部分 自 3.7 版本開始.*                           |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_FileNotFoundError  * 為 穩定 ABI   | "FileNotFoundError"                                |
| 的一部分 自 3.7 版本開始.*                         |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_FloatingPointError  * 為 穩定 ABI  | "FloatingPointError"                               |
| 的一部分.*                                         |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_GeneratorExit  * 為 穩定 ABI 的一  | "GeneratorExit"                                    |
| 部分.*                                             |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_ImportError  * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部  | "ImportError"                                      |
| 分.*                                               |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_IndentationError  * 為 穩定 ABI 的 | "IndentationError"                                 |
| 一部分.*                                           |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_IndexError  * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分 | "IndexError"                                       |
| .*                                                 |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_InterruptedError  * 為 穩定 ABI 的 | "InterruptedError"                                 |
| 一部分 自 3.7 版本開始.*                           |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_IsADirectoryError  * 為 穩定 ABI   | "IsADirectoryError"                                |
| 的一部分 自 3.7 版本開始.*                         |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_KeyError  * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.* | "KeyError"                                         |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_KeyboardInterrupt  * 為 穩定 ABI   | "KeyboardInterrupt"                                |
| 的一部分.*                                         |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_LookupError  * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部  | "LookupError"                                      |
| 分.*                                               |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_MemoryError  * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部  | "MemoryError"                                      |
| 分.*                                               |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_ModuleNotFoundError  * 為 穩定 ABI | "ModuleNotFoundError"                              |
| 的一部分 自 3.6 版本開始.*                         |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_NameError  * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分  | "NameError"                                        |
| .*                                                 |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_NotADirectoryError  * 為 穩定 ABI  | "NotADirectoryError"                               |
| 的一部分 自 3.7 版本開始.*                         |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_NotImplementedError  * 為 穩定 ABI | "NotImplementedError"                              |
| 的一部分.*                                         |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_OSError  * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*  | "OSError"                                          |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_OverflowError  * 為 穩定 ABI 的一  | "OverflowError"                                    |
| 部分.*                                             |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_PermissionError  * 為 穩定 ABI 的  | "PermissionError"                                  |
| 一部分 自 3.7 版本開始.*                           |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_ProcessLookupError  * 為 穩定 ABI  | "ProcessLookupError"                               |
| 的一部分 自 3.7 版本開始.*                         |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_PythonFinalizationError            | "PythonFinalizationError"                          |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_RecursionError  * 為 穩定 ABI 的一 | "RecursionError"                                   |
| 部分 自 3.7 版本開始.*                             |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_ReferenceError  * 為 穩定 ABI 的一 | "ReferenceError"                                   |
| 部分.*                                             |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_RuntimeError  * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部 | "RuntimeError"                                     |
| 分.*                                               |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_StopAsyncIteration  * 為 穩定 ABI  | "StopAsyncIteration"                               |
| 的一部分 自 3.7 版本開始.*                         |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_StopIteration  * 為 穩定 ABI 的一  | "StopIteration"                                    |
| 部分.*                                             |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_SyntaxError  * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部  | "SyntaxError"                                      |
| 分.*                                               |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_SystemError  * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部  | "SystemError"                                      |
| 分.*                                               |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_SystemExit  * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分 | "SystemExit"                                       |
| .*                                                 |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_TabError  * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.* | "TabError"                                         |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_TimeoutError  * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部 | "TimeoutError"                                     |
| 分 自 3.7 版本開始.*                               |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_TypeError  * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分  | "TypeError"                                        |
| .*                                                 |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_UnboundLocalError  * 為 穩定 ABI   | "UnboundLocalError"                                |
| 的一部分.*                                         |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_UnicodeDecodeError  * 為 穩定 ABI  | "UnicodeDecodeError"                               |
| 的一部分.*                                         |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_UnicodeEncodeError  * 為 穩定 ABI  | "UnicodeEncodeError"                               |
| 的一部分.*                                         |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_UnicodeError  * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部 | "UnicodeError"                                     |
| 分.*                                               |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_UnicodeTranslateError  * 為 穩定   | "UnicodeTranslateError"                            |
| ABI 的一部分.*                                     |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_ValueError  * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分 | "ValueError"                                       |
| .*                                                 |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_ZeroDivisionError  * 為 穩定 ABI   | "ZeroDivisionError"                                |
| 的一部分.*                                         |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+

在 3.3 版被加入: "PyExc_BlockingIOError", "PyExc_BrokenPipeError",
"PyExc_ChildProcessError", "PyExc_ConnectionError",
"PyExc_ConnectionAbortedError", "PyExc_ConnectionRefusedError",
"PyExc_ConnectionResetError", "PyExc_FileExistsError",
"PyExc_FileNotFoundError", "PyExc_InterruptedError",
"PyExc_IsADirectoryError", "PyExc_NotADirectoryError",
"PyExc_PermissionError", "PyExc_ProcessLookupError" 和
"PyExc_TimeoutError" 是在 **PEP 3151** 被引入。

在 3.5 版被加入: "PyExc_StopAsyncIteration" 和 "PyExc_RecursionError"
。

在 3.6 版被加入: "PyExc_ModuleNotFoundError"。

在 3.11 版被加入: "PyExc_BaseExceptionGroup"


OSError 別名
------------

The following are a compatibility aliases to "PyExc_OSError".

在 3.3 版的變更: These aliases used to be separate exception types.

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| C 名稱                            | Python 名稱                       | 註解                              |
|===================================|===================================|===================================|
| PyObject *PyExc_EnvironmentError  | "OSError"                         |                                   |
| * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*          |                                   |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_IOError  * 為 穩  | "OSError"                         |                                   |
| 定 ABI 的一部分.*                 |                                   |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_WindowsError  *   | "OSError"                         | [win]                             |
| 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分 on Windows   |                                   |                                   |
| 自 3.7 版本開始.*                 |                                   |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

註解：

[win] "PyExc_WindowsError" is only defined on Windows; protect code
      that uses this by testing that the preprocessor macro
      "MS_WINDOWS" is defined.


警告型別
--------

+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| C 名稱                                             | Python 名稱                                        |
|====================================================|====================================================|
| PyObject *PyExc_Warning  * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*  | "Warning"                                          |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_BytesWarning  * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部 | "BytesWarning"                                     |
| 分.*                                               |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_DeprecationWarning  * 為 穩定 ABI  | "DeprecationWarning"                               |
| 的一部分.*                                         |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_EncodingWarning  * 為 穩定 ABI 的  | "EncodingWarning"                                  |
| 一部分 自 3.10 版本開始.*                          |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_FutureWarning  * 為 穩定 ABI 的一  | "FutureWarning"                                    |
| 部分.*                                             |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_ImportWarning  * 為 穩定 ABI 的一  | "ImportWarning"                                    |
| 部分.*                                             |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_PendingDeprecationWarning  * 為 穩 | "PendingDeprecationWarning"                        |
| 定 ABI 的一部分.*                                  |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_ResourceWarning  * 為 穩定 ABI 的  | "ResourceWarning"                                  |
| 一部分 自 3.7 版本開始.*                           |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_RuntimeWarning  * 為 穩定 ABI 的一 | "RuntimeWarning"                                   |
| 部分.*                                             |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_SyntaxWarning  * 為 穩定 ABI 的一  | "SyntaxWarning"                                    |
| 部分.*                                             |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_UnicodeWarning  * 為 穩定 ABI 的一 | "UnicodeWarning"                                   |
| 部分.*                                             |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PyObject *PyExc_UserWarning  * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部  | "UserWarning"                                      |
| 分.*                                               |                                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+

在 3.2 版被加入: "PyExc_ResourceWarning"。

在 3.10 版被加入: "PyExc_EncodingWarning"。


Tracebacks
==========

PyTypeObject PyTraceBack_Type
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Type object for traceback objects. This is available as
   "types.TracebackType" in the Python layer.

int PyTraceBack_Check(PyObject *op)

   Return true if *op* is a traceback object, false otherwise. This
   function does not account for subtypes.

int PyTraceBack_Here(PyFrameObject *f)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Replace the "__traceback__" attribute on the current exception with
   a new traceback prepending *f* to the existing chain.

   Calling this function without an exception set is undefined
   behavior.

   This function returns "0" on success, and returns "-1" with an
   exception set on failure.

int PyTraceBack_Print(PyObject *tb, PyObject *f)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Write the traceback *tb* into the file *f*.

   This function returns "0" on success, and returns "-1" with an
   exception set on failure.
