作業系統工具
************

PyObject *PyOS_FSPath(PyObject *path)
    *回傳值：新的參照。** 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分 自 3.6 版本開始.*

   Return the file system representation for *path*. If the object is
   a "str" or "bytes" object, then a new *strong reference* is
   returned. If the object implements the "os.PathLike" interface,
   then "__fspath__()" is returned as long as it is a "str" or "bytes"
   object. Otherwise "TypeError" is raised and "NULL" is returned.

   在 3.6 版被加入.

int Py_FdIsInteractive(FILE *fp, const char *filename)

   Return true (nonzero) if the standard I/O file *fp* with name
   *filename* is deemed interactive.  This is the case for files for
   which "isatty(fileno(fp))" is true.  If the "PyConfig.interactive"
   is non-zero, this function also returns true if the *filename*
   pointer is "NULL" or if the name is equal to one of the strings
   "'<stdin>'" or "'???'".

   This function must not be called before Python is initialized.

void PyOS_BeforeFork()
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分 on platforms with fork() 自 3.7 版本開始.*

   Function to prepare some internal state before a process fork.
   This should be called before calling "fork()" or any similar
   function that clones the current process. Only available on systems
   where "fork()" is defined.

   警告:

     The C "fork()" call should only be made from the "main" thread
     (of the "main" interpreter).  The same is true for
     "PyOS_BeforeFork()".

   在 3.7 版被加入.

void PyOS_AfterFork_Parent()
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分 on platforms with fork() 自 3.7 版本開始.*

   Function to update some internal state after a process fork.  This
   should be called from the parent process after calling "fork()" or
   any similar function that clones the current process, regardless of
   whether process cloning was successful. Only available on systems
   where "fork()" is defined.

   警告:

     The C "fork()" call should only be made from the "main" thread
     (of the "main" interpreter).  The same is true for
     "PyOS_AfterFork_Parent()".

   在 3.7 版被加入.

void PyOS_AfterFork_Child()
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分 on platforms with fork() 自 3.7 版本開始.*

   Function to update internal interpreter state after a process fork.
   This must be called from the child process after calling "fork()",
   or any similar function that clones the current process, if there
   is any chance the process will call back into the Python
   interpreter. Only available on systems where "fork()" is defined.

   警告:

     The C "fork()" call should only be made from the "main" thread
     (of the "main" interpreter).  The same is true for
     "PyOS_AfterFork_Child()".

   在 3.7 版被加入.

   也參考:

     "os.register_at_fork()" allows registering custom Python
     functions to be called by "PyOS_BeforeFork()",
     "PyOS_AfterFork_Parent()" and  "PyOS_AfterFork_Child()".

void PyOS_AfterFork()
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分 on platforms with fork().*

   Function to update some internal state after a process fork; this
   should be called in the new process if the Python interpreter will
   continue to be used. If a new executable is loaded into the new
   process, this function does not need to be called.

   在 3.7 版之後被棄用: This function is superseded by
   "PyOS_AfterFork_Child()".

int PyOS_CheckStack()
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分 on platforms with USE_STACKCHECK 自 3.7 版
   本開始.*

   Return true when the interpreter runs out of stack space.  This is
   a reliable check, but is only available when "USE_STACKCHECK" is
   defined (currently on certain versions of Windows using the
   Microsoft Visual C++ compiler). "USE_STACKCHECK" will be defined
   automatically; you should never change the definition in your own
   code.

typedef void (*PyOS_sighandler_t)(int)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

PyOS_sighandler_t PyOS_getsig(int i)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Return the current signal handler for signal *i*.  This is a thin
   wrapper around either "sigaction()" or "signal()".  Do not call
   those functions directly!

PyOS_sighandler_t PyOS_setsig(int i, PyOS_sighandler_t h)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Set the signal handler for signal *i* to be *h*; return the old
   signal handler. This is a thin wrapper around either "sigaction()"
   or "signal()".  Do not call those functions directly!

wchar_t *Py_DecodeLocale(const char *arg, size_t *size)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分 自 3.7 版本開始.*

   警告:

     This function should not be called directly: use the "PyConfig"
     API with the "PyConfig_SetBytesString()" function which ensures
     that Python is preinitialized.This function must not be called
     before Python is preinitialized and so that the LC_CTYPE locale
     is properly configured: see the "Py_PreInitialize()" function.

   Decode a byte string from the *filesystem encoding and error
   handler*. If the error handler is surrogateescape error handler,
   undecodable bytes are decoded as characters in range
   U+DC80..U+DCFF; and if a byte sequence can be decoded as a
   surrogate character, the bytes are escaped using the
   surrogateescape error handler instead of decoding them.

   Return a pointer to a newly allocated wide character string, use
   "PyMem_RawFree()" to free the memory. If size is not "NULL", write
   the number of wide characters excluding the null character into
   "*size"

   Return "NULL" on decoding error or memory allocation error. If
   *size* is not "NULL", "*size" is set to "(size_t)-1" on memory
   error or set to "(size_t)-2" on decoding error.

   The *filesystem encoding and error handler* are selected by
   "PyConfig_Read()": see "filesystem_encoding" and
   "filesystem_errors" members of "PyConfig".

   Decoding errors should never happen, unless there is a bug in the C
   library.

   Use the "Py_EncodeLocale()" function to encode the character string
   back to a byte string.

   也參考:

     The "PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefaultAndSize()" and
     "PyUnicode_DecodeLocaleAndSize()" functions.

   在 3.5 版被加入.

   在 3.7 版的變更: The function now uses the UTF-8 encoding in the
   Python UTF-8 Mode.

   在 3.8 版的變更: The function now uses the UTF-8 encoding on
   Windows if "PyPreConfig.legacy_windows_fs_encoding" is zero;

char *Py_EncodeLocale(const wchar_t *text, size_t *error_pos)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分 自 3.7 版本開始.*

   Encode a wide character string to the *filesystem encoding and
   error handler*. If the error handler is surrogateescape error
   handler, surrogate characters in the range U+DC80..U+DCFF are
   converted to bytes 0x80..0xFF.

   Return a pointer to a newly allocated byte string, use
   "PyMem_Free()" to free the memory. Return "NULL" on encoding error
   or memory allocation error.

   If error_pos is not "NULL", "*error_pos" is set to "(size_t)-1" on
   success,  or set to the index of the invalid character on encoding
   error.

   The *filesystem encoding and error handler* are selected by
   "PyConfig_Read()": see "filesystem_encoding" and
   "filesystem_errors" members of "PyConfig".

   Use the "Py_DecodeLocale()" function to decode the bytes string
   back to a wide character string.

   警告:

     This function must not be called before Python is preinitialized
     and so that the LC_CTYPE locale is properly configured: see the
     "Py_PreInitialize()" function.

   也參考:

     The "PyUnicode_EncodeFSDefault()" and "PyUnicode_EncodeLocale()"
     functions.

   在 3.5 版被加入.

   在 3.7 版的變更: The function now uses the UTF-8 encoding in the
   Python UTF-8 Mode.

   在 3.8 版的變更: The function now uses the UTF-8 encoding on
   Windows if "PyPreConfig.legacy_windows_fs_encoding" is zero.


系統函式
********

These are utility functions that make functionality from the "sys"
module accessible to C code.  They all work with the current
interpreter thread's "sys" module's dict, which is contained in the
internal thread state structure.

PyObject *PySys_GetObject(const char *name)
    *回傳值：借用參照。** 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Return the object *name* from the "sys" module or "NULL" if it does
   not exist, without setting an exception.

int PySys_SetObject(const char *name, PyObject *v)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Set *name* in the "sys" module to *v* unless *v* is "NULL", in
   which case *name* is deleted from the sys module. Returns "0" on
   success, "-1" on error.

void PySys_ResetWarnOptions()
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Reset "sys.warnoptions" to an empty list. This function may be
   called prior to "Py_Initialize()".

void PySys_AddWarnOption(const wchar_t *s)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   This API is kept for backward compatibility: setting
   "PyConfig.warnoptions" should be used instead, see Python
   Initialization Configuration.

   Append *s* to "sys.warnoptions". This function must be called prior
   to "Py_Initialize()" in order to affect the warnings filter list.

   在 3.11 版之後被棄用.

void PySys_AddWarnOptionUnicode(PyObject *unicode)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   This API is kept for backward compatibility: setting
   "PyConfig.warnoptions" should be used instead, see Python
   Initialization Configuration.

   Append *unicode* to "sys.warnoptions".

   Note: this function is not currently usable from outside the
   CPython implementation, as it must be called prior to the implicit
   import of "warnings" in "Py_Initialize()" to be effective, but
   can't be called until enough of the runtime has been initialized to
   permit the creation of Unicode objects.

   在 3.11 版之後被棄用.

void PySys_SetPath(const wchar_t *path)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   This API is kept for backward compatibility: setting
   "PyConfig.module_search_paths" and
   "PyConfig.module_search_paths_set" should be used instead, see
   Python Initialization Configuration.

   Set "sys.path" to a list object of paths found in *path* which
   should be a list of paths separated with the platform's search path
   delimiter (":" on Unix, ";" on Windows).

   在 3.11 版之後被棄用.

void PySys_WriteStdout(const char *format, ...)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Write the output string described by *format* to "sys.stdout".  No
   exceptions are raised, even if truncation occurs (see below).

   *format* should limit the total size of the formatted output string
   to 1000 bytes or less -- after 1000 bytes, the output string is
   truncated. In particular, this means that no unrestricted "%s"
   formats should occur; these should be limited using "%.<N>s" where
   <N> is a decimal number calculated so that <N> plus the maximum
   size of other formatted text does not exceed 1000 bytes.  Also
   watch out for "%f", which can print hundreds of digits for very
   large numbers.

   If a problem occurs, or "sys.stdout" is unset, the formatted
   message is written to the real (C level) *stdout*.

void PySys_WriteStderr(const char *format, ...)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   As "PySys_WriteStdout()", but write to "sys.stderr" or *stderr*
   instead.

void PySys_FormatStdout(const char *format, ...)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Function similar to PySys_WriteStdout() but format the message
   using "PyUnicode_FromFormatV()" and don't truncate the message to
   an arbitrary length.

   在 3.2 版被加入.

void PySys_FormatStderr(const char *format, ...)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   As "PySys_FormatStdout()", but write to "sys.stderr" or *stderr*
   instead.

   在 3.2 版被加入.

void PySys_AddXOption(const wchar_t *s)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分 自 3.7 版本開始.*

   This API is kept for backward compatibility: setting
   "PyConfig.xoptions" should be used instead, see Python
   Initialization Configuration.

   Parse *s* as a set of "-X" options and add them to the current
   options mapping as returned by "PySys_GetXOptions()". This function
   may be called prior to "Py_Initialize()".

   在 3.2 版被加入.

   在 3.11 版之後被棄用.

PyObject *PySys_GetXOptions()
    *回傳值：借用參照。** 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分 自 3.7 版本開始.*

   Return the current dictionary of "-X" options, similarly to
   "sys._xoptions".  On error, "NULL" is returned and an exception is
   set.

   在 3.2 版被加入.

int PySys_Audit(const char *event, const char *format, ...)

   Raise an auditing event with any active hooks. Return zero for
   success and non-zero with an exception set on failure.

   If any hooks have been added, *format* and other arguments will be
   used to construct a tuple to pass. Apart from "N", the same format
   characters as used in "Py_BuildValue()" are available. If the built
   value is not a tuple, it will be added into a single-element tuple.
   (The "N" format option consumes a reference, but since there is no
   way to know whether arguments to this function will be consumed,
   using it may cause reference leaks.)

   Note that "#" format characters should always be treated as
   "Py_ssize_t", regardless of whether "PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN" was defined.

   "sys.audit()" performs the same function from Python code.

   在 3.8 版被加入.

   在 3.8.2 版的變更: Require "Py_ssize_t" for "#" format characters.
   Previously, an unavoidable deprecation warning was raised.

int PySys_AddAuditHook(Py_AuditHookFunction hook, void *userData)

   Append the callable *hook* to the list of active auditing hooks.
   Return zero on success and non-zero on failure. If the runtime has
   been initialized, also set an error on failure. Hooks added through
   this API are called for all interpreters created by the runtime.

   The *userData* pointer is passed into the hook function. Since hook
   functions may be called from different runtimes, this pointer
   should not refer directly to Python state.

   This function is safe to call before "Py_Initialize()". When called
   after runtime initialization, existing audit hooks are notified and
   may silently abort the operation by raising an error subclassed
   from "Exception" (other errors will not be silenced).

   The hook function is always called with the GIL held by the Python
   interpreter that raised the event.

   See **PEP 578** for a detailed description of auditing.  Functions
   in the runtime and standard library that raise events are listed in
   the audit events table. Details are in each function's
   documentation.

   If the interpreter is initialized, this function raises an auditing
   event "sys.addaudithook" with no arguments. If any existing hooks
   raise an exception derived from "Exception", the new hook will not
   be added and the exception is cleared. As a result, callers cannot
   assume that their hook has been added unless they control all
   existing hooks.

   typedef int (*Py_AuditHookFunction)(const char *event, PyObject *args, void *userData)

      The type of the hook function. *event* is the C string event
      argument passed to "PySys_Audit()". *args* is guaranteed to be a
      "PyTupleObject". *userData* is the argument passed to
      PySys_AddAuditHook().

   在 3.8 版被加入.


行程控制
********

void Py_FatalError(const char *message)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Print a fatal error message and kill the process.  No cleanup is
   performed. This function should only be invoked when a condition is
   detected that would make it dangerous to continue using the Python
   interpreter; e.g., when the object administration appears to be
   corrupted.  On Unix, the standard C library function "abort()" is
   called which will attempt to produce a "core" file.

   The "Py_FatalError()" function is replaced with a macro which logs
   automatically the name of the current function, unless the
   "Py_LIMITED_API" macro is defined.

   在 3.9 版的變更: Log the function name automatically.

void Py_Exit(int status)
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Exit the current process.  This calls "Py_FinalizeEx()" and then
   calls the standard C library function "exit(status)".  If
   "Py_FinalizeEx()" indicates an error, the exit status is set to
   120.

   在 3.6 版的變更: Errors from finalization no longer ignored.

int Py_AtExit(void (*func)())
    * 為 穩定 ABI 的一部分.*

   Register a cleanup function to be called by "Py_FinalizeEx()".  The
   cleanup function will be called with no arguments and should return
   no value.  At most 32 cleanup functions can be registered.  When
   the registration is successful, "Py_AtExit()" returns "0"; on
   failure, it returns "-1".  The cleanup function registered last is
   called first. Each cleanup function will be called at most once.
   Since Python's internal finalization will have completed before the
   cleanup function, no Python APIs should be called by *func*.
